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de Traux De Wardin H, Cyrta J, Dermawan JK, Guillemot D, Orbach D, Aerts I, Pierron G, Antonescu CR. FGFR1 fusions as a novel molecular driver in rhabdomyosarcoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2024; 63:e23232. [PMID: 38607246 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.23232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The wide application of RNA sequencing in clinical practice has allowed the discovery of novel fusion genes, which have contributed to a refined molecular classification of rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS). Most fusions in RMS result in aberrant transcription factors, such as PAX3/7::FOXO1 in alveolar RMS (ARMS) and fusions involving VGLL2 or NCOA2 in infantile spindle cell RMS. However, recurrent fusions driving oncogenic kinase activation have not been reported in RMS. Triggered by an index case of an unclassified RMS (overlapping features between ARMS and sclerosing RMS) with a novel FGFR1::ANK1 fusion, we reviewed our molecular files for cases harboring FGFR1-related fusions. One additional case with an FGFR1::TACC1 fusion was identified in a tumor resembling embryonal RMS (ERMS) with anaplasia, but with no pathogenic variants in TP53 or DICER1 on germline testing. Both cases occurred in males, aged 7 and 24, and in the pelvis. The 2nd case also harbored additional alterations, including somatic TP53 and TET2 mutations. Two additional RMS cases (one unclassified, one ERMS) with FGFR1 overexpression but lacking FGFR1 fusions were identified by RNA sequencing. These two cases and the FGFR1::TACC1-positive case clustered together with the ERMS group by RNAseq. This is the first report of RMS harboring recurrent FGFR1 fusions. However, it remains unclear if FGFR1 fusions define a novel subset of RMS or alternatively, whether this alteration can sporadically drive the pathogenesis of known RMS subtypes, such as ERMS. Additional larger series with integrated genomic and epigenetic datasets are needed for better subclassification, as the resulting oncogenic kinase activation underscores the potential for targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry de Traux De Wardin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Brussels University Hospital, Academic Children's Hospital Queen Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joanna Cyrta
- Department of Pathology, Institut Curie, PSL University, Paris, France
| | - Josephine K Dermawan
- Robert J. Tomsich Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Daniel Orbach
- SIREDO Oncology Center (Care, Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer), PSL University, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Aerts
- SIREDO Oncology Center (Care, Innovation and Research for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer), PSL University, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Gaelle Pierron
- Unité de Génétique Somatique, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Cristina R Antonescu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
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Chisholm J, Mandeville H, Adams M, Minard-Collin V, Rogers T, Kelsey A, Shipley J, van Rijn RR, de Vries I, van Ewijk R, de Keizer B, Gatz SA, Casanova M, Hjalgrim LL, Firth C, Wheatley K, Kearns P, Liu W, Kirkham A, Rees H, Bisogno G, Wasti A, Wakeling S, Heenen D, Tweddle DA, Merks JHM, Jenney M. Frontline and Relapsed Rhabdomyosarcoma (FAR-RMS) Clinical Trial: A Report from the European Paediatric Soft Tissue Sarcoma Study Group (EpSSG). Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:998. [PMID: 38473359 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16050998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The Frontline and Relapsed Rhabdomyosarcoma (FaR-RMS) clinical trial is an overarching, multinational study for children and adults with rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS). The trial, developed by the European Soft Tissue Sarcoma Study Group (EpSSG), incorporates multiple different research questions within a multistage design with a focus on (i) novel regimens for poor prognostic subgroups, (ii) optimal duration of maintenance chemotherapy, and (iii) optimal use of radiotherapy for local control and widespread metastatic disease. Additional sub-studies focusing on biological risk stratification, use of imaging modalities, including [18F]FDG PET-CT and diffusion-weighted MRI imaging (DWI) as prognostic markers, and impact of therapy on quality of life are described. This paper forms part of a Special Issue on rhabdomyosarcoma and outlines the study background, rationale for randomisations and sub-studies, design, and plans for utilisation and dissemination of results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Chisholm
- Children and Young People's Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital and Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton SM2 5PT, UK
| | - Henry Mandeville
- Children and Young People's Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital and Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton SM2 5PT, UK
| | | | | | - Timothy Rogers
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol BS1 3NU, UK
| | - Anna Kelsey
- Department of Paediatric Histopathology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Janet Shipley
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Rick R van Rijn
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Isabelle de Vries
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roelof van Ewijk
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bart de Keizer
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Susanne A Gatz
- Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B15 2TG, UK
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | | | | | - Charlotte Firth
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Keith Wheatley
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Pamela Kearns
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Wenyu Liu
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Amanda Kirkham
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Helen Rees
- Department of Paediatric Oncology, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol BS1 3NU, UK
| | - Gianni Bisogno
- Department of Women and Children's Health, University of Padova, 35122 Padua, Italy
| | - Ajla Wasti
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, UK
| | | | | | - Deborah A Tweddle
- Vivo Biobank, Translational & Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Johannes H M Merks
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Chauhan S, Sen S, Irshad K, Kashyap S, Pushker N, Meel R, Sharma MC. Receptor tyrosine kinase gene expression profiling of orbital rhabdomyosarcoma unveils MET as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target. Hum Cell 2024; 37:297-309. [PMID: 37914903 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-023-00993-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) serve as molecular targets for the development of novel personalized therapies in many malignancies. In the present study, expression pattern of receptor tyrosine kinases and its clinical significance in orbital RMS has been explored. Eighteen patients with histopathologically confirmed orbital RMS formed part of this study. Comprehensive q-PCR gene expression profiles of 19 RTKs were generated in the cases and controls. The patients were followed up for 59.53 ± 20.93 years. Clustering and statistical analysis tools were applied to identify the significant combination of RTKs associated with orbital rhabdomyosarcoma patients. mRNA overexpression of RTKs which included MET, AXL, EGFR was seen in 60-80% of cases; EGFR3, IGFR2, FGFR1, RET, PDGFR1, VEGFR2, PDGFR2 in 30-60% of cases; and EGFR4, FGFR3,VEGFR3 and ROS,IGFR1, EGFR1, FGFR2, VEGFR1 in 10-30% of cases. Immunoexpression of MET was seen in 89% of cases. A significant association was seen between MET mRNA and its protein expression. In all the cases MET gene expression was associated with worst overall survival (P = 0.03).There was a significant correlation of MET mRNA expression with RET, ROS, AXL, FGFR1, FGFR3, PDGFR1, IGFR1, VEGFR2, and EGFR3 genes. Association between MET gene and collective expression of RTKs was further evaluated by semi-supervised gene cluster analysis and Principal component analysis, which showed well-separated tumor clusters. MET gene overexpression could be a useful biomarker for identifying high risk orbital rhabdomyosarcoma patients. Well-separated tumor clusters confirmed the association between MET gene and collective expression of RTK genes. Therefore, the therapeutic potential of multi-kinase inhibitors targeting MET and the 9 other significant RTKs needs to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheetal Chauhan
- Ocular Pathology, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, Room No. 725, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Seema Sen
- Ocular Pathology, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, Room No. 725, New Delhi, 110029, India.
| | - Khushboo Irshad
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Seema Kashyap
- Ocular Pathology, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, Room No. 725, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Neelam Pushker
- Ophthalmoplasty Services, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Rachna Meel
- Ophthalmoplasty Services, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Mehar Chand Sharma
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
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Casanova M, Bautista F, Campbell-Hewson Q, Makin G, Marshall LV, Verschuur AC, Cañete Nieto A, Corradini N, Ploeger BA, Brennan BJ, Mueller U, Zebger-Gong H, Chung JW, Geoerger B. Regorafenib plus Vincristine and Irinotecan in Pediatric Patients with Recurrent/Refractory Solid Tumors: An Innovative Therapy for Children with Cancer Study. Clin Cancer Res 2023; 29:4341-4351. [PMID: 37606641 PMCID: PMC10618645 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-23-0257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This phase Ib study defined the safety, MTD, and recommended phase II dose (RP2D) of regorafenib combined with vincristine and irinotecan (VI). Secondary objectives were evaluation of antitumor activity and pharmacokinetics (PK) of regorafenib and irinotecan. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients aged 6 months to <18 years with relapsed/refractory solid malignancies [≥50% with rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS)] received regorafenib (starting dose 72 mg/m2/day) concomitantly or sequentially with vincristine 1.5 mg/m2 on days 1 and 8, and irinotecan 50 mg/m2 on days 1-5 (21-day cycle). Adverse events (AE) and tumor response were assessed. PK (regorafenib and irinotecan) were evaluated using a population PK model. RESULTS We enrolled 21 patients [median age, 10 years; 12, RMS; 5, Ewing sarcoma (EWS)]. The MTD/RP2D of regorafenib in the sequential schedule was 82 mg/m2. The concomitant dosing schedule was discontinued because of dose-limiting toxicities in 2 of 2 patients treated. Most common grade 3/4 (>30% of patients) AEs were neutropenia, anemia, thrombocytopenia, and leukopenia. The overall response rate was 48% and disease control rate [complete response (CR)/partial response/stable disease/non-CR/non-progressive disease] was 86%. Median progression-free survival was 7.0 months [95% confidence interval (CI), 2.9-14.8] and median overall survival was 8.7 months (95% CI, 5.5-16.3). When combined with VI, regorafenib PK was similar to single-agent PK in children and adults (treated with regorafenib 160 mg/day). CONCLUSIONS Regorafenib can be combined sequentially with standard dose VI in pediatric patients with relapsed/refractory solid tumors with appropriate dose modifications. Clinical activity was observed in patients with RMS and EWS (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02085148).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Casanova
- Pediatric Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Francisco Bautista
- Department of Paediatric Oncology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Guy Makin
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester and Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Lynley V. Marshall
- Paediatric and Adolescent Oncology Drug Development Team, The Royal Marsden Hospital and The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Arnauld C. Verschuur
- Department of Pediatric Haematology-Oncology, La Timone Children's Hospital, AP-HM, Marseille, France
| | - Adela Cañete Nieto
- Unidad de Oncología Pediátrica, Hospital Universitario y Politecnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Nadège Corradini
- Hematology and Oncology Pediatric Institute, Léon Bérard Center, Lyon, France
| | - Bart A. Ploeger
- Pharmacometrics/Modelling and Simulation, Bayer AG, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Udo Mueller
- Department of Statistics, ClinStat GmbH, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hong Zebger-Gong
- Medical Affairs and Pharmacovigilance, Bayer AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - John W. Chung
- Clinical Development Oncology, Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals, Whippany, New Jersey
| | - Birgit Geoerger
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, INSERM U1015, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
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Brown LM, Ekert PG, Fleuren EDG. Biological and clinical implications of FGFR aberrations in paediatric and young adult cancers. Oncogene 2023:10.1038/s41388-023-02705-7. [PMID: 37130917 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-023-02705-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Rare but recurrent mutations in the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) pathways, most commonly in one of the four FGFR receptor tyrosine kinase genes, can potentially be targeted with broad-spectrum multi-kinase or FGFR selective inhibitors. The complete spectrum of these mutations in paediatric cancers is emerging as precision medicine programs perform comprehensive sequencing of individual tumours. Identification of patients most likely to benefit from FGFR inhibition currently rests on identifying activating FGFR mutations, gene fusions, or gene amplification events. However, the expanding use of transcriptome sequencing (RNAseq) has identified that many tumours overexpress FGFRs, in the absence of any genomic aberration. The challenge now presented is to determine when this indicates true FGFR oncogenic activity. Under-appreciated mechanisms of FGFR pathway activation, including alternate FGFR transcript expression and concomitant FGFR and FGF ligand expression, may mark those tumours where FGFR overexpression is indicative of a dependence on FGFR signalling. In this review, we provide a comprehensive and mechanistic overview of FGFR pathway aberrations and their functional consequences in paediatric cancer. We explore how FGFR over expression might be associated with true receptor activation. Further, we discuss the therapeutic implications of these aberrations in the paediatric setting and outline current and emerging therapeutic strategies to treat paediatric patients with FGFR-driven cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Brown
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul G Ekert
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- University of New South Wales Centre for Childhood Cancer Research, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Emmy D G Fleuren
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- University of New South Wales Centre for Childhood Cancer Research, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Candido MF, Medeiros M, Veronez LC, Bastos D, Oliveira KL, Pezuk JA, Valera ET, Brassesco MS. Drugging Hijacked Kinase Pathways in Pediatric Oncology: Opportunities and Current Scenario. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020664. [PMID: 36839989 PMCID: PMC9966033 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Childhood cancer is considered rare, corresponding to ~3% of all malignant neoplasms in the human population. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports a universal occurrence of more than 15 cases per 100,000 inhabitants around the globe, and despite improvements in diagnosis, treatment and supportive care, one child dies of cancer every 3 min. Consequently, more efficient, selective and affordable therapeutics are still needed in order to improve outcomes and avoid long-term sequelae. Alterations in kinases' functionality is a trademark of cancer and the concept of exploiting them as drug targets has burgeoned in academia and in the pharmaceutical industry of the 21st century. Consequently, an increasing plethora of inhibitors has emerged. In the present study, the expression patterns of a selected group of kinases (including tyrosine receptors, members of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and MAPK pathways, coordinators of cell cycle progression, and chromosome segregation) and their correlation with clinical outcomes in pediatric solid tumors were accessed through the R2: Genomics Analysis and Visualization Platform and by a thorough search of published literature. To further illustrate the importance of kinase dysregulation in the pathophysiology of pediatric cancer, we analyzed the vulnerability of different cancer cell lines against their inhibition through the Cancer Dependency Map portal, and performed a search for kinase-targeted compounds with approval and clinical applicability through the CanSAR knowledgebase. Finally, we provide a detailed literature review of a considerable set of small molecules that mitigate kinase activity under experimental testing and clinical trials for the treatment of pediatric tumors, while discuss critical challenges that must be overcome before translation into clinical options, including the absence of compounds designed specifically for childhood tumors which often show differential mutational burdens, intrinsic and acquired resistance, lack of selectivity and adverse effects on a growing organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Ferreira Candido
- Department of Cell Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariana Medeiros
- Regional Blood Center, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciana Chain Veronez
- Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil
| | - David Bastos
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, SP, Brazil
| | - Karla Laissa Oliveira
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, SP, Brazil
| | - Julia Alejandra Pezuk
- Departament of Biotechnology and Innovation, Anhanguera University of São Paulo, UNIAN/SP, São Paulo 04119-001, SP, Brazil
| | - Elvis Terci Valera
- Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil
| | - María Sol Brassesco
- Departament of Biotechnology and Innovation, Anhanguera University of São Paulo, UNIAN/SP, São Paulo 04119-001, SP, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-16-3315-9144; Fax: +55-16-3315-4886
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Parthasarathy G, Pattison MB, Midkiff CC. The FGF/FGFR system in the microglial neuroinflammation with Borrelia burgdorferi: likely intersectionality with other neurological conditions. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:10. [PMID: 36650549 PMCID: PMC9847051 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02681-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lyme neuroborreliosis, caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi affects both the central and peripheral nervous systems (CNS, PNS). The CNS manifestations, especially at later stages, can mimic/cause many other neurological conditions including psychiatric disorders, dementia, and others, with a likely neuroinflammatory basis. The pathogenic mechanisms associated with Lyme neuroborreliosis, however, are not fully understood. METHODS In this study, using cultures of primary rhesus microglia, we explored the roles of several fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) and fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) in neuroinflammation associated with live B. burgdorferi exposure. FGFR specific siRNA and inhibitors, custom antibody arrays, ELISAs, immunofluorescence and microscopy were used to comprehensively analyze the roles of these molecules in microglial neuroinflammation due to B. burgdorferi. RESULTS FGFR1-3 expressions were upregulated in microglia in response to B. burgdorferi. Inhibition of FGFR 1, 2 and 3 signaling using siRNA and three different inhibitors showed that FGFR signaling is proinflammatory in response to the Lyme disease bacterium. FGFR1 activation also contributed to non-viable B. burgdorferi mediated neuroinflammation. Analysis of the B. burgdorferi conditioned microglial medium by a custom antibody array showed that several FGFs are induced by the live bacterium including FGF6, FGF10 and FGF12, which in turn induce IL-6 and/or CXCL8, indicating a proinflammatory nature. To our knowledge, this is also the first-ever described role for FGF6 and FGF12 in CNS neuroinflammation. FGF23 upregulation, in addition, was observed in response to the Lyme disease bacterium. B. burgdorferi exposure also downregulated many FGFs including FGF 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 16, 20 and 21. Some of the upregulated FGFs have been implicated in major depressive disorder (MDD) or dementia development, while the downregulated ones have been demonstrated to have protective roles in epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, spinal cord injury, blood-brain barrier stability, and others. CONCLUSIONS In this study we show that FGFRs and FGFs are novel inducers of inflammatory mediators in Lyme neuroborreliosis. It is likely that an unresolved, long-term (neuro)-Lyme infection can contribute to the development of other neurologic conditions in susceptible individuals either by augmenting pathogenic FGFs or by suppressing ameliorative FGFs or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetha Parthasarathy
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, 18703, Three Rivers Road, Room 109, Covington, LA, 70433, USA.
| | - Melissa B Pattison
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, 18703, Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA, 70433, USA
| | - Cecily C Midkiff
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, 18703, Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA, 70433, USA
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8
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Rose M, Domsch K, Bartle-Schultheis J, Reim I, Schaub C. Twist regulates Yorkie activity to guide lineage reprogramming of syncytial alary muscles. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110295. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Mechanisms of Efficacy of the FGFR1–3 Inhibitor AZD4547 in Pediatric Solid Tumor Models. Invest New Drugs 2020; 38:1677-1686. [DOI: 10.1007/s10637-020-00933-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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10
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Dawson LE, D'Agostino L, Hakim AA, Lackman RD, Brown SA, Sensenig RB, Antonello ZA, Kuzin II. Induction of Myogenic Differentiation Improves Chemosensitivity of Chemoresistant Cells in Soft-Tissue Sarcoma Cell Lines. Sarcoma 2020; 2020:8647981. [PMID: 32300280 PMCID: PMC7136814 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8647981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) and rhabdoid tumors (RT) are rare soft-tissue malignancies with the highest incidence in infants, children, and adolescents. Advanced, recurrent, and/or metastatic RMS and RT exhibit poor response to treatment. One of the main mechanisms behind resistance to treatment is believed to be intratumoral heterogeneity. In this study, we investigated the myogenic determination factor 1 (MYOD1) and Noggin (NOG) markers in an embryonal RMS (ERMS) cell line and an RT cell line and the differential response of the MYOD1 and NOG expressing subpopulations to chemotherapy. Importantly, we found that these markers together identify a subpopulation of cells (MYOD1+ NOG+ cells) with primary resistance to Vincristine and Doxorubicin, two commonly used chemotherapies for ERMS and RT. The chemoresistant MYOD1+ NOG+ cells express markers of undifferentiated cells such as myogenin and ID1. Combination of Vincristine with TPA/GSK126, a drug combination shown to induce differentiation of RMS cell lines, is able to partially overcome MYOD1/NOG cells chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Richard D. Lackman
- Cooper University Hospital, Camden, NJ, USA
- MD Anderson Cancer Center at Cooper, Camden, NJ, USA
| | | | | | - Zeus A. Antonello
- Cooper University Hospital, Camden, NJ, USA
- Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Igor I. Kuzin
- Cooper University Hospital, Camden, NJ, USA
- Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA
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Hayes MN, McCarthy K, Jin A, Oliveira ML, Iyer S, Garcia SP, Sindiri S, Gryder B, Motala Z, Nielsen GP, Borg JP, van de Rijn M, Malkin D, Khan J, Ignatius MS, Langenau DM. Vangl2/RhoA Signaling Pathway Regulates Stem Cell Self-Renewal Programs and Growth in Rhabdomyosarcoma. Cell Stem Cell 2019; 22:414-427.e6. [PMID: 29499154 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Tumor growth and relapse are driven by tumor propagating cells (TPCs). However, mechanisms regulating TPC fate choices, maintenance, and self-renewal are not fully understood. Here, we show that Van Gogh-like 2 (Vangl2), a core regulator of the non-canonical Wnt/planar cell polarity (Wnt/PCP) pathway, affects TPC self-renewal in rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS)-a pediatric cancer of muscle. VANGL2 is expressed in a majority of human RMS and within early mononuclear progenitor cells. VANGL2 depletion inhibited cell proliferation, reduced TPC numbers, and induced differentiation of human RMS in vitro and in mouse xenografts. Using a zebrafish model of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (ERMS), we determined that Vangl2 expression enriches for TPCs and promotes their self-renewal. Expression of constitutively active and dominant-negative isoforms of RHOA revealed that it acts downstream of VANGL2 to regulate proliferation and maintenance of TPCs in human RMS. Our studies offer insights into pathways that control TPCs and identify new potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline N Hayes
- Molecular Pathology, Cancer Center, and Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Karin McCarthy
- Molecular Pathology, Cancer Center, and Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Alexander Jin
- Molecular Pathology, Cancer Center, and Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Mariana L Oliveira
- Molecular Pathology, Cancer Center, and Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sowmya Iyer
- Molecular Pathology, Cancer Center, and Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sara P Garcia
- Molecular Pathology, Cancer Center, and Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sivasish Sindiri
- Oncogenomics Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 37 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Berkley Gryder
- Oncogenomics Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 37 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Zainab Motala
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Hospital for Sick Children and Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G1X8, Canada
| | - G Petur Nielsen
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Jean-Paul Borg
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Aix Marseille Univ UM105, Inst Paoli Calmettes, UMR7258 CNRS, U1068 INSERM, "Cell Polarity, Cell signalling and Cancer - Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer," Marseille, France
| | - Matt van de Rijn
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - David Malkin
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Hospital for Sick Children and Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G1X8, Canada
| | - Javed Khan
- Oncogenomics Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 37 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Myron S Ignatius
- Molecular Medicine and Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, UTHSCSA, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - David M Langenau
- Molecular Pathology, Cancer Center, and Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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12
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Lu X, Wu Z, Zhao XY, Li CF, Kan SF. Systematic tracking of altered modules identifies the key biomarkers involved in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Oncol Lett 2019; 17:2351-2355. [PMID: 30675301 PMCID: PMC6341787 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Key genes in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) were investigated through systematically tracking the dysregulated modules from protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks. Microarray data of normal subjects and CLL patients recruited from ArrayExpress database were applied to extract differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Additionally, we re-weighted the PPI network of normal and CLL conditions by means of Pearsons correlation coefficient (PCC). Furthermore, clique-merging method was applied to extract the modules and then the altered modules were screened out. The intersection genes were selected from miss and add genes in the altered modules. The common genes were screened from the intersection genes and DEGs in CLL. A total of 734 DEGs were screened by statistical analysis. In this investigation, there were 1,805 and 703 modules in normal as well as disease PPI network. In addition, 875 altered modules were obtained which included 145 miss genes, 353 add genes and 85 intersection genes. Finally, in-depth analysis revealed 9 mutual genes between the intersection genes and DEGs in CLL. Our analysis revealed several key genes associated with CLL by systematically tracking the dysregulated modules, which might be candidate targets for diagnosis and management of CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Lu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Wu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, P.R. China
| | - Xue-Ying Zhao
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, P.R. China
| | - Chun-Feng Li
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Feng Kan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
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13
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Feng Z, Peng C, Li D, Zhang D, Li X, Cui F, Chen Y, He Q. E2F3 promotes cancer growth and is overexpressed through copy number variation in human melanoma. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:5303-5313. [PMID: 30214236 PMCID: PMC6124799 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s174103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Melanoma is a malignant tumor that seriously affects patients. The pathogenesis of malignant melanoma is complex, and the cell cycle is closely related to tumor progression. Based on the catalog of cancer somatic mutations, we found that overexpression of the E2F3 gene ranked first in percentage increase in not only melanoma but also in all human cancer tissues. However, there are few studies on the high expression of E2F3 and its carcinogenic mechanism in melanoma. Methods and results We found that E2F3 showed extensive copy number amplification that was positively correlated with the expression level. Patients with high copy number had a significantly poorer prognosis. We also found that E2F3 levels were significantly negatively correlated with promoter methylation. However, we showed that the E2F3 promoter region is hypomethylated, and in normal cells or tumor cells, the methylation level did not correlate with expression. Finally, we knocked down the E2F3 gene in melanoma cells by shRNA. Colony formation, anchorage-dependent growth, and EdU cell proliferation experiments showed a significant decrease in proliferation. Flow cytometry showed a significant increase in the G0/G1 ratio. Conclusion It can be speculated that copy number amplification and other mechanisms result in the high expression of E2F3 in melanoma, which promotes tumor progression by involving the cell cycle. E2F3 is a good target for the treatment of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicai Feng
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,
| | - Cheng Peng
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,
| | - Daojiang Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Danhua Zhang
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Huakang Hospital, Dazhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Xu Li
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,
| | - Fengran Cui
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,
| | - Yanhong Chen
- Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Quanyong He
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,
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14
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Stein-O'Brien G, Kagohara LT, Li S, Thakar M, Ranaweera R, Ozawa H, Cheng H, Considine M, Schmitz S, Favorov AV, Danilova LV, Califano JA, Izumchenko E, Gaykalova DA, Chung CH, Fertig EJ. Integrated time course omics analysis distinguishes immediate therapeutic response from acquired resistance. Genome Med 2018; 10:37. [PMID: 29792227 PMCID: PMC5966898 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-018-0545-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Targeted therapies specifically act by blocking the activity of proteins that are encoded by genes critical for tumorigenesis. However, most cancers acquire resistance and long-term disease remission is rarely observed. Understanding the time course of molecular changes responsible for the development of acquired resistance could enable optimization of patients’ treatment options. Clinically, acquired therapeutic resistance can only be studied at a single time point in resistant tumors. Methods To determine the dynamics of these molecular changes, we obtained high throughput omics data (RNA-sequencing and DNA methylation) weekly during the development of cetuximab resistance in a head and neck cancer in vitro model. The CoGAPS unsupervised algorithm was used to determine the dynamics of the molecular changes associated with resistance during the time course of resistance development. Results CoGAPS was used to quantify the evolving transcriptional and epigenetic changes. Applying a PatternMarker statistic to the results from CoGAPS enabled novel heatmap-based visualization of the dynamics in these time course omics data. We demonstrate that transcriptional changes result from immediate therapeutic response or resistance, whereas epigenetic alterations only occur with resistance. Integrated analysis demonstrates delayed onset of changes in DNA methylation relative to transcription, suggesting that resistance is stabilized epigenetically. Conclusions Genes with epigenetic alterations associated with resistance that have concordant expression changes are hypothesized to stabilize the resistant phenotype. These genes include FGFR1, which was associated with EGFR inhibitors resistance previously. Thus, integrated omics analysis distinguishes the timing of molecular drivers of resistance. This understanding of the time course progression of molecular changes in acquired resistance is important for the development of alternative treatment strategies that would introduce appropriate selection of new drugs to treat cancer before the resistant phenotype develops. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13073-018-0545-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve Stein-O'Brien
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Luciane T Kagohara
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sijia Li
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Manjusha Thakar
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ruchira Ranaweera
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Head and Neck-Endocrine Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Ozawa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haixia Cheng
- Department of Surgery - Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Utah,
- Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Michael Considine
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sandra Schmitz
- Head and Neck Surgery Unit, St Luc University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alexander V Favorov
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Laboratory of Systems Biology and Computational Genetics, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ludmila V Danilova
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Laboratory of Systems Biology and Computational Genetics, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Joseph A Califano
- Department of Surgery, UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Evgeny Izumchenko
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daria A Gaykalova
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christine H Chung
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Department of Head and Neck-Endocrine Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA.
| | - Elana J Fertig
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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15
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Ghosh M, Öner D, Duca RC, Bekaert B, Vanoirbeek JAJ, Godderis L, Hoet PHM. Single-walled and multi-walled carbon nanotubes induce sequence-specific epigenetic alterations in 16 HBE cells. Oncotarget 2018; 9:20351-20365. [PMID: 29755656 PMCID: PMC5945544 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have identified carbon nanotube (CNT)-induced epigenetic changes as one of the key players in patho-physiological response. In the present study, we investigated whether CNT exposure is associated with epigenetic changes in human bronchial epithelial cells (16 HBE), in vitro. We focused on global DNA methylation, methylation of LINE-1 elements and promoter sequence of twelve functionally important genes (SKI, DNMT1, HDAC4, NPAT, ATM, BCL2L11, MAP3K10, PIK3R2, MYO1C, TCF3, FGFR 1 and AGRN). Additionally, we studied the influence of CNT exposure on miRNA expression. Using a LC-MS/MS method and pyrosequencing for LINE-1, we observed no significant changes in global DNA methylation (%) between the concentrations of multi-walled and single-walled CNT (MWCNT and SWCNT, respectively). Significant changes in sequence-specific methylation was observed in at least one CpG site for DNMT1 (SWCNT), HDAC4 (MWCNT), NPAT/ATM (MWCNT and SWCNT), MAP3K10 (MWCNT), PIK3R2 (MWCNT and SWCNT) and MYO1C (SWCNT). While changes in DNA methylation of the genes were relatively small, these changes were associated with changes in RNA expression, especially for MWCNT. However, the study did not reveal any significant alteration in the miRNA expression, associated with MWCNT and SWCNT exposure. Based on our results, mainly MWCNT influence DNA methylation and expression of the studied genes and could have significant impact on several critical cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manosij Ghosh
- KU Leuven, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre Environment and Health, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Deniz Öner
- KU Leuven, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre Environment and Health, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Radu C Duca
- KU Leuven, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre Environment and Health, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bram Bekaert
- Forensic Biomedical Sciences, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Forensic Medicine, Laboratory of Forensic Genetics and Molecular Archaeology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jeroen A J Vanoirbeek
- KU Leuven, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre Environment and Health, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lode Godderis
- KU Leuven, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre Environment and Health, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Idewe, External Service for Prevention and Protection at Work, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Peter H M Hoet
- KU Leuven, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre Environment and Health, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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16
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Parthasarathy G, Philipp MT. Receptor tyrosine kinases play a significant role in human oligodendrocyte inflammation and cell death associated with the Lyme disease bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:110. [PMID: 28558791 PMCID: PMC5450372 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0883-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In previous studies, human oligodendrocytes were demonstrated to undergo apoptosis in the presence of Borrelia burgdorferi under an inflammatory milieu. Subsequently, we determined that the MEK/ERK pathway played a significant role in triggering downstream inflammation as well as apoptosis. However, the identity of receptors triggered by exposure to B. burgdorferi and initiating signaling events was unknown. Methods In this study, we explored the role of several TLR and EGFR/FGFR/PDGFR tyrosine kinase pathways in inducing inflammation in the presence of B. burgdorferi, using siRNA and/or inhibitors, in MO3.13 human oligodendrocytes. Cell death and apoptosis assays were also carried out in the presence or absence of specific receptor inhibitors along with the bacteria to determine the role of these receptors in apoptosis induction. The expression pattern of specific receptors with or without B. burgdorferi was also determined. Results TLRs 2 and 5 had a minimal role in inducing inflammation, particularly IL-6 production. Rather, their effect was mostly inhibitory, with TLR2 downregulation significantly upregulating CXCL8, and CXCL (1,2,3) levels, and TLR5 likely having a similar role in CXCL8, CXCL(1,2,3), and CCL5 levels. TLR4 contributed mostly towards CCL5 production. On the other hand, inhibition of all three EGF/FGF/PDGF receptors significantly downregulated all five of the inflammatory mediators tested even in the presence of B. burgdorferi. Their inhibition also downregulated overall cell death and apoptosis levels. The expression pattern of these receptors, as assessed by immunohistochemistry indicated that the PDGFRβ receptor was the most predominantly expressed receptor, followed by FGFR, although no significant differences were discernible between presence and absence of bacteria. Interestingly, inhibition of individual EGFR, FGFR, or PDGFR receptors did not indicate an individual role for any of these receptors in the overall downregulation of pathogenesis. Contrarily, suppression of FGFR signaling alone in the presence of bacteria significantly upregulated inflammatory mediator levels indicating that it might control an inhibitory pathway when triggered individually. Conclusions Unlike TLRs, EGF/FGF/PDGF receptors collectively play a significant role in the inflammation and apoptosis of human oligodendrocytes as mediated by B. burgdorferi. It is likely that these three receptors need to be triggered simultaneously to achieve this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetha Parthasarathy
- Division of Bacteriology and Parasitology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, 18703, Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA, 70433, USA
| | - Mario T Philipp
- Division of Bacteriology and Parasitology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, 18703, Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA, 70433, USA.
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17
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Jayaprakash C, Varghese VK, Bellampalli R, Radhakrishnan R, Ray S, Kabekkodu SP, Satyamoorthy K. Hypermethylation of Death-Associated Protein Kinase (DAPK1) and its association with oral carcinogenesis - An experimental and meta-analysis study. Arch Oral Biol 2017; 80:117-129. [PMID: 28412611 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The value of abnormal DNA methylation of DAPK1 promoter and its association with various cancers have been suggested in the literature. To establish the significance of DNA methylation of DAPK1 promoter in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), we a) performed a case-control study, b) evaluated published data for its utility in the diagnosis and prognosis of OSCC and c) identified the association of DAPK1 gene expression with promoter DNA methylation status. DESIGN Bisulfite gene sequencing of DAPK1 promoter region was performed on non-malignant and malignant oral samples. Further, using a systematic search, 330 publications were retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar and 11 relevant articles were identified. RESULTS Significant association of DAPK1 promoter methylation with OSCC (p<0.0001) was observed in the case-control study. The studies chosen for meta-analysis showed prognostic and predictive significance of DAPK1 gene promoter, despite defined inconsistencies in few studies. Overall, we obtained a statistically significant (p-value<0.001) association for both sensitivity and specificity of DAPK1 DNA promoter methylation in oral cancer cases, without publication bias. CONCLUSION DNA hypermethylation of DAPK1 gene promoter is a promising biomarker for OSCC prediction/prognostics and suggests further validation in large distinct cohorts to facilitate translation to clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinchu Jayaprakash
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, 576104, India.
| | - Vinay Koshy Varghese
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, 576104, India.
| | - Ravishankara Bellampalli
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, 576104, India.
| | - Raghu Radhakrishnan
- Department of Oral Pathology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, 576104, India.
| | - Satadru Ray
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, 576104, India.
| | - Shama Prasada Kabekkodu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, 576104, India.
| | - Kapaettu Satyamoorthy
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, 576104, India.
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18
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Tombolan L, Poli E, Martini P, Zin A, Millino C, Pacchioni B, Celegato B, Bisogno G, Romualdi C, Rosolen A, Lanfranchi G. Global DNA methylation profiling uncovers distinct methylation patterns of protocadherin alpha4 in metastatic and non-metastatic rhabdomyosarcoma. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:886. [PMID: 27842508 PMCID: PMC5109816 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2936-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), which can be classified as embryonal RMS (ERMS) and alveolar RMS (ARMS), represents the most frequent soft tissue sarcoma in the pediatric population; the latter shows greater aggressiveness and metastatic potential with respect to the former. Epigenetic alterations in cancer include DNA methylation changes and histone modifications that influence overall gene expression patterns. Different tumor subtypes are characterized by distinct methylation signatures that could facilitate early disease detection and greater prognostic accuracy. Methods A genome-wide approach was used to examine methylation patterns associated with different prognoses, and DNA methylome analysis was carried out using the Agilent Human DNA Methylation platform. The results were validated using bisulfite sequencing and 5-aza-2′deoxycytidine treatment in RMS cell lines. Some in vitro functional studies were also performed to explore the involvement of a target gene in RMS tumor cells. Results In accordance with the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study (IRS) grouping, study results showed that distinct methylation patterns distinguish RMS subgroups and that a cluster of protocadherin genes are hypermethylated in metastatic RMS. Among these, PCDHA4, whose expression was decreased by DNA methylation, emerged as a down-regulated gene in the metastatic samples. As PCDHA4-silenced cells have a significantly higher cell proliferation rate paralleled by higher cell invasiveness, PCDHA4 seems to behave as a tumor suppressor in metastatic RMS. Conclusion Study results demonstrated that DNA methylation patterns distinguish between metastatic and non-metastatic RMS and suggest that epigenetic regulation of specific genes could represent a novel therapeutic target that could enhance the efficiency of RMS treatments. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-016-2936-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Tombolan
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy. .,Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
| | - E Poli
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - P Martini
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - A Zin
- Institute of Pediatric Research, IRP, Padova, Italy
| | - C Millino
- C.R.I.B.I.-Biotechnology Centre, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - B Pacchioni
- C.R.I.B.I.-Biotechnology Centre, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - B Celegato
- C.R.I.B.I.-Biotechnology Centre, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - G Bisogno
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Hematology Oncology Division, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - C Romualdi
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - A Rosolen
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Hematology Oncology Division, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - G Lanfranchi
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy. .,C.R.I.B.I.-Biotechnology Centre, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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19
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Linscott ML, Chung WCJ. Fibroblast Growth Factor 8 Expression in GT1-7 GnRH-Secreting Neurons Is Androgen-Independent, but Can Be Upregulated by the Inhibition of DNA Methyltransferases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 4:34. [PMID: 27200347 PMCID: PMC4853385 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF8) is a potent morphogen that regulates the embryonic development of hypothalamic neuroendocrine cells. Indeed, using Fgf8 hypomorphic mice, we showed that reduced Fgf8 mRNA expression completely eliminated the presence of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons. These findings suggest that FGF8 signaling is required during the embryonic development of mouse GnRH neurons. Additionally, in situ hybridization studies showed that the embryonic primordial birth place of GnRH neurons, the olfactory placode, is highly enriched for Fgf8 mRNA expression. Taken together these data underscore the importance of FGF8 signaling for GnRH emergence. However, an important question remains unanswered: How is Fgf8 gene expression regulated in the developing embryonic mouse brain? One major candidate is the androgen receptor (AR), which has been shown to upregulate Fgf8 mRNA in 60-70% of newly diagnosed prostate cancers. Therefore, we hypothesized that ARs may be involved in the regulation of Fgf8 transcription in the developing mouse brain. To test this hypothesis, we used chromatin-immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays to elucidate whether ARs interact with the 5'UTR region upstream of the translational start site of the Fgf8 gene in immortalized mouse GnRH neurons (GT1-7) and nasal explants. Our data showed that while AR interacts with the Fgf8 promoter region, this interaction was androgen-independent, and that androgen treatment did not affect Fgf8 mRNA levels, indicating that androgen signaling does not induce Fgf8 transcription. In contrast, inhibition of DNA methyltransferases (DNMT) significantly upregulated Fgf8 mRNA levels indicating that Fgf8 transcriptional activity may be dependent on DNA methylation status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Linscott
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University Kent, OH, USA
| | - Wilson C J Chung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State UniversityKent, OH, USA; School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State UniversityKent, OH, USA
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Chung WCJ, Linscott ML, Rodriguez KM, Stewart CE. The Regulation and Function of Fibroblast Growth Factor 8 and Its Function during Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neuron Development. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2016; 7:114. [PMID: 27656162 PMCID: PMC5011149 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last few years, numerous studies solidified the hypothesis that fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling regulates neuroendocrine progenitor cell proliferation, fate specification, and cell survival and, therefore, is critical for the regulation and maintenance of homeostasis of the body. One important example that underscores the involvement of FGF signaling during neuroendocrine cell development is gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neuron ontogenesis. Indeed, transgenic mice with reduced olfactory placode (OP) Fgf8 expression do not have GnRH neurons. This observation indicates the requirement of FGF8 signaling for the emergence of the GnRH neuronal system in the embryonic OP, the putative birth place of GnRH neurons. Mammalian reproductive success depends on the presence of GnRH neurons to stimulate gonadotropin secretion from the anterior pituitary, which activates gonadal steroidogenesis and gametogenesis. Together, these observations are critical for understanding the function of GnRH neurons and their control of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis to maintain fertility. Taken together, these studies illustrate that GnRH neuron emergence and hence HPG function is vulnerable to genomic and molecular signals that abnormally modify Fgf8 expression in the developing mouse OP. In this short review, we focus on research that is aimed at unraveling how androgen, all-trans retinoic acid, and how epigenetic factors modify control mouse OP Fgf8 transcription in the context of GnRH neuronal development and mammalian reproductive success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson C. J. Chung
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
- *Correspondence: Wilson C. J. Chung,
| | - Megan L. Linscott
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Karla M. Rodriguez
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Courtney E. Stewart
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
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21
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Dequéant ML, Fagegaltier D, Hu Y, Spirohn K, Simcox A, Hannon GJ, Perrimon N. Discovery of progenitor cell signatures by time-series synexpression analysis during Drosophila embryonic cell immortalization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:12974-9. [PMID: 26438832 PMCID: PMC4620889 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1517729112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of time series profiling to identify groups of functionally related genes (synexpression groups) is a powerful approach for the discovery of gene function. Here we apply this strategy during Ras(V12) immortalization of Drosophila embryonic cells, a phenomenon not well characterized. Using high-resolution transcriptional time-series datasets, we generated a gene network based on temporal expression profile similarities. This analysis revealed that common immortalized cells are related to adult muscle precursors (AMPs), a stem cell-like population contributing to adult muscles and sharing properties with vertebrate satellite cells. Remarkably, the immortalized cells retained the capacity for myogenic differentiation when treated with the steroid hormone ecdysone. Further, we validated in vivo the transcription factor CG9650, the ortholog of mammalian Bcl11a/b, as a regulator of AMP proliferation predicted by our analysis. Our study demonstrates the power of time series synexpression analysis to characterize Drosophila embryonic progenitor lines and identify stem/progenitor cell regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yanhui Hu
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Kerstin Spirohn
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Amanda Simcox
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Gregory J Hannon
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratories, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - Norbert Perrimon
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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22
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Zhao M, Ma L, Liu Y, Qu H. Pedican: an online gene resource for pediatric cancers with literature evidence. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11435. [PMID: 26073932 PMCID: PMC4466794 DOI: 10.1038/srep11435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Pediatric cancer (PC), that is cancer occurring in children, is the leading cause of death among children worldwide, with an incidence of 175,000 per year. Elucidating the genetic abnormalities and underlying cellular mechanisms may provide less toxic curative treatments. Therefore, it is important to understand the pathology of pediatric cancer at the genetic, genomic and epigenetic level. To unveil the cellular complexity of PC, we have developed a database of pediatric cancers (Pedican), the first literature-based pediatric gene data resource by comprehensive literature curation and data integration. In the current release, Pedican contains 735 human genes, 88 gene fusion and 24 chromosome abnormal events curated from 2245 PubMed abstracts. Pedican provides detailed annotations for each gene, such as Entrez gene information, involved pathways, protein–protein interactions, mutations, gene expression, methylation sites, TF regulation, and post-translational modification. Additionally Pedican has a user-friendly web interface, which allows sophisticated text query, sequence searches, and browsing by highlighted literature evidence and hundreds of cancer types. Overall, our curated pediatric cancer-related gene list maps the genomic and cellular landscape for various pediatric cancers, providing a valuable resource for further experiment design. The Pedican is available at http://pedican.bioinfo-minzhao.org/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhao
- Center for Bioinformatics, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China
| | - Lei Ma
- Center for Bioinformatics, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China
| | - Yining Liu
- Center for Bioinformatics, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China
| | - Hong Qu
- Center for Bioinformatics, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China
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23
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Carrió E, Suelves M. DNA methylation dynamics in muscle development and disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:19. [PMID: 25798107 PMCID: PMC4350440 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation is an essential epigenetic modification for mammalian development and is crucial for the establishment and maintenance of cellular identity. Traditionally, DNA methylation has been considered as a permanent repressive epigenetic mark. However, the application of genome-wide approaches has allowed the analysis of DNA methylation in different genomic contexts revealing a more dynamic regulation than originally thought, since active DNA methylation and demethylation occur during cellular differentiation and tissue specification. Satellite cells are the primary stem cells in adult skeletal muscle and are responsible for postnatal muscle growth, hypertrophy, and muscle regeneration. This review outlines the published data regarding DNA methylation changes along the skeletal muscle program, in both physiological and pathological conditions, to better understand the epigenetic mechanisms that control myogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Carrió
- Institute of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (IMPPC) and Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias I Pujol (IGTP) Badalona, Spain
| | - Mònica Suelves
- Institute of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (IMPPC) and Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias I Pujol (IGTP) Badalona, Spain
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24
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FGFR1 amplification is associated with poor prognosis and smoking in non-small-cell lung cancer. Virchows Arch 2014; 465:547-58. [PMID: 25086725 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-014-1634-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
FGFR1 amplification has been identified recently as an important therapeutic target in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), particularly squamous cell carcinoma (SqCC). However, data from previous studies on the clinical implications of FGFR amplification in NSCLC are inconsistent. We evaluated FGFR1 gene copy number (GCN) in 369 cases of surgically resected NSCLC using five previously reported criteria and investigated associations between clinicopathologic parameters and FGFR1 amplification. FGFR1 amplification was found in 32/369 (8.7 %) of NSCLC and was more frequent in SqCC (18.0 % in SqCC, 3.0 % in adenocarcinoma; p < 0.001) and in smokers (p < 0.001). On univariate analysis, FGFR1 amplification was significantly associated with shorter overall survival (OS, 58.6 vs 80.0 months; p = 0.033) and shorter disease-free survival (DFS, 58.5 vs 80.0 months; p = 0.042) in patients with SqCC, but this was not statistically significant on multivariate analysis (OS: hazard ratio [HR] = 1.79, 95 % confidence interval [CI] = 0.83-3.87, p = 0.139; DFS: HR = 1.73, 95 % CI = 0.93-3.21, p = 0.081). The correlation between FGFR1 amplification and protein expression was poor (rho = 0.08; p = 0.123). These results suggest that FGFR1 amplification is associated with smoking history and squamous cell carcinoma histology and might indicate poor prognosis.
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25
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Dumont SN, Yang D, Dumont AG, Reynoso D, Blay JY, Trent JC. Targeted polytherapy in small cell sarcoma and its association with doxorubicin. Mol Oncol 2014; 8:1458-68. [PMID: 24998445 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2014.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A paradigm shift has occurred in the last decade from chemotherapy to targeted therapy for the management of many patients with advanced sarcoma. This work identifies a combination of targeted agents and doxorubicin that are effective against small cell sarcoma cell lines. Three small cell sarcoma cell lines were studied: RD18 (rhabdomyosarcoma), A204 (undifferentiated sarcoma) and TC 71 (Ewing's sarcoma). Each cell line was exposed to increasing concentrations of vorinostat (HDAC inhibitor), 17-DMAG (HSP90 inhibitor), abacavir (anti-telomerase) or sorafenib (tyrosine kinase inhibitor) alone, combined with one another, or combined with doxorubicin. Cell viability, cell cycle analysis and apoptosis were assessed by MTS assay, propidium iodide-Annexin V staining, and caspase 3/7 activity, respectively. The Chou and Talalay combination index (CI) was used to determine whether the effects were additive (CI = 1), synergistic (CI < 1) or antagonistic (CI > 1). In monotherapy, targeted agents achieved 30-90% reductions in viability, with the exception of abacavir. Dual-targeted combination therapies with vorinostat, sorafenib and 17-DMAG demonstrated synergy. Abacavir was antagonistic with every other drug and was not further studied. Both vorinostat and 17-DMAG synergized with doxorubicin, achieving 60% cell killing compared to 12% with doxorubicin alone. No synergy was observed for sorafenib with doxorubicin. The triple therapy vorinostat, 17-DMAG and doxorubicin did not show synergy, but increased the subG1 population at 24H, from 30% to 70% compared to monotherapies with an increase in apoptosis. This work provides evidence of synergy of combinations of vorinostat, 17-DMAG and sorafenib in small cell sarcoma. In addition to doxorubicin, these combinations enhance doxorubicin cytotoxicity at therapeutically relevant concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Dumont
- University of Miami, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL, USA; Medical Oncology Department, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Public Assistance of Paris Hospitals, Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris VI, Paris, France
| | - D Yang
- University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - A G Dumont
- University of Miami, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL, USA
| | - D Reynoso
- University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - J-Y Blay
- Claude Bernard Lyon I University, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - J C Trent
- University of Miami, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL, USA.
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26
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Jennings EM, Morris JS, Carroll RJ, Manyam GC, Baladandayuthapani V. Bayesian methods for expression-based integration of various types of genomics data. EURASIP JOURNAL ON BIOINFORMATICS & SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2013; 2013:13. [PMID: 24053265 PMCID: PMC3849593 DOI: 10.1186/1687-4153-2013-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
: We propose methods to integrate data across several genomic platforms using a hierarchical Bayesian analysis framework that incorporates the biological relationships among the platforms to identify genes whose expression is related to clinical outcomes in cancer. This integrated approach combines information across all platforms, leading to increased statistical power in finding these predictive genes, and further provides mechanistic information about the manner in which the gene affects the outcome. We demonstrate the advantages of the shrinkage estimation used by this approach through a simulation, and finally, we apply our method to a Glioblastoma Multiforme dataset and identify several genes potentially associated with the patients' survival. We find 12 positive prognostic markers associated with nine genes and 13 negative prognostic markers associated with nine genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeffrey S Morris
- Department of Biostatistics, UT M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Raymond J Carroll
- Department of Statistics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Ganiraju C Manyam
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, UT M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Sokolowski E, Turina CB, Kikuchi K, Langenau DM, Keller C. Proof-of-concept rare cancers in drug development: the case for rhabdomyosarcoma. Oncogene 2013; 33:1877-89. [PMID: 23665679 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Rare diseases typically affect fewer than 200,000 patients annually, yet because thousands of rare diseases exist, the cumulative impact is millions of patients worldwide. Every form of childhood cancer qualifies as a rare disease-including the childhood muscle cancer, rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS). The next few years promise to be an exceptionally good era of opportunity for public-private collaboration for rare and childhood cancers. Not only do certain governmental regulation advantages exist, but these advantages are being made permanent with special incentives for pediatric orphan drug-product development. Coupled with a growing understanding of sarcoma tumor biology, synergy with pharmaceutical muscle disease drug-development programs, and emerging publically available preclinical and clinical tools, the outlook for academic-community-industry partnerships in RMS drug development looks promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sokolowski
- Department of Student Affairs, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - C B Turina
- 1] Department of Student Affairs, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA [2] Pediatric Cancer Biology Program, Department of Pediatrics, Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - K Kikuchi
- Pediatric Cancer Biology Program, Department of Pediatrics, Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - D M Langenau
- 1] Division of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA [2] Harvard Medical School and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C Keller
- Pediatric Cancer Biology Program, Department of Pediatrics, Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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28
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Sui W, He H, Yan Q, Chen J, Zhang R, Dai Y. Genome-wide analysis of histone H3 lysine9 trimethylation by ChIP-seq in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of uremia patients. Hemodial Int 2013; 17:493-501. [PMID: 23621585 DOI: 10.1111/hdi.12051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2012] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of uremia is now dominated by dialysis, in some cases, patients are treated with dialysis for decades, but overall outcomes are disappointing. A number of studies have confirmed the relevance of several experimental insights to the pathogenesis of uremia, but the specific biomarkers of uremia have not been fully elucidated. Studies of the epigenome have attracted little interest in nephrology, especially in uremia. However, to date, our knowledge about the alterations in histone methylation in uremia is unclear. H3K9me3 variations were analyzed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 10 uremia patients and 10 healthy subjects, using chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by high-throughput sequencing (ChIP-seq). There were 96 genes with significantly different expressions in the uremia patients compared with the normal controls. Forty-two increased and 54 decreased H3K9me3 genes displaying significant differences were found in uremia patients compared with healthy subjects. Five positive genes, ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 3 (RAC3), polycomb group ring finger 2 (PCGF2), myosin heavy chain 3 (MYH3), noggin (NOG), serpin peptidase inhibitor 8 (SERPINB8), were selected and quantified. Our studies indicate that there are significant alterations of H3K9me3 in uremia patients; these significant H3K9me3 candidates may help to explain the immunological disturbance and high cardiovascular complications in uremia patients. Such novel findings show the significance of H3K9me3 as a potential biomarker or promising target for epigenetic-based uremia therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguo Sui
- Guangxi Key laboratory of Metabolic Diseases Research, Nephrology Department of 181st Hospital, Guilin, Guangxi, China
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29
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Genome-scale DNA methylation analyses of cancer in children. Epigenomics 2012. [DOI: 10.1017/cbo9780511777271.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Bennani-Baiti IM. Epigenetic and epigenomic mechanisms shape sarcoma and other mesenchymal tumor pathogenesis. Epigenomics 2012; 3:715-32. [PMID: 22126291 DOI: 10.2217/epi.11.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcomas comprise a large number of rare, histogenetically heterogeneous, mesenchymal tumors. Cancers such as Ewing's sarcoma, liposarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma and synovial sarcoma can be generated by the transduction of mesenchymal stem cell progenitors with sarcoma-pathognomonic oncogenic fusions, a neoplastic transformation process accompanied by profound locus-specific and pangenomic epigenetic alterations. The epigenetic activities of histone-modifying and chromatin-remodeling enzymes such as SUV39H1/KMT1A, EZH2/KMT6A and BMI1 are central to epigenetic-regulated transformation, a property we coin oncoepigenic. Sarcoma-specific oncoepigenic aberrations modulate critical signaling pathways that control cell growth and differentiation including several miRNAs, Wnt, PI3K/AKT, Sav-RASSF1-Hpo and regulators of the G1 and G2/M checkpoints of the cell cycle. Herein an overview of the current knowledge of this rapidly evolving field that will undoubtedly uncover additional oncoepigenic mechanisms and yield druggable targets in the near future is discussed.
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Mahoney SE, Yao Z, Keyes CC, Tapscott SJ, Diede SJ. Genome-wide DNA methylation studies suggest distinct DNA methylation patterns in pediatric embryonal and alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas. Epigenetics 2012; 7:400-8. [PMID: 22419069 DOI: 10.4161/epi.19463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common soft-tissue sarcoma in children. While cytogenetic abnormalities have been well characterized in this disease, aberrant epigenetic events such as DNA hypermethylation have not been described in genome-wide studies. We have analyzed the methylation status of 25,500 promoters in normal skeletal muscle, and in cell lines and tumor samples of embryonal and alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma from pediatric patients. We identified over 1,900 CpG islands that are hypermethylated in rhabdomyosarcomas relative to skeletal muscle. Genes involved in tissue development, differentiation, and oncogenesis such as DNAJA4, HES5, IRX1, BMP8A, GATA4, GATA6, ALX3, and P4HTM were hypermethylated in both RMS cell lines and primary samples, implicating aberrant DNA methylation in the pathogenesis of rhabdomyosarcoma. Furthermore, cluster analysis revealed embryonal and alveolar subtypes had distinct DNA methylation patterns, with the alveolar subtype being enriched in DNA hypermethylation of polycomb target genes. These results suggest that DNA methylation signatures may aid in the diagnosis and risk stratification of pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma and help identify new targets for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Mahoney
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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Downregulation of microRNAs miR-1, -206 and -29 stabilizes PAX3 and CCND2 expression in rhabdomyosarcoma. J Transl Med 2012; 92:571-83. [PMID: 22330340 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2012.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated levels of PAX3 and cell proliferation genes are characteristic features of rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS). We hypothesize that the increased levels of these genes are stabilized due to downregulation of specific miRNAs. In this study, we show that downregulation of miR-1, -206 and -29 stabilizes the expression of PAX3 and CCND2 in both embryonal (ERMS) and alveolar (ARMS) RMS types. Ectopic expression of miR-1 and 206 in JR1, an ERMS cell line, show significant downregulation of PAX3 protein expression, whereas overexpression of these miRNAs in Rh30, an ARMS cell line, did not show any effect in PAX3 protein levels. In ARMS, PAX3 forms a fusion transcript with FOXO1 and the resultant loss of PAX3 3'UTR in the fusion transcript indicate an oncogenic mechanism to evade miRNA-mediated regulation of PAX3. Further, we show that miR-1, -206 and -29 can regulate the expression of CCND2, a cell cycle gene. In addition to CCND2, miR-29 also targets E2F7, another cell cycle regulator. Cell function analysis shows that overexpression of miR-29 downregulates the expression of these cell cycle genes, induces partial G1 arrest leading to decreased cell proliferation. Taken together our data suggest that the RMS state is stabilized by the deregulation of multiple miRNAs and their target genes, supporting a tumor suppressor role for these miRNA.
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Abstract
FGFs (fibroblast growth factors) and their receptors (FGFRs) play essential roles in tightly regulating cell proliferation, survival, migration and differentiation during development and adult life. Deregulation of FGFR signalling, on the other hand, has been associated with many developmental syndromes, and with human cancer. In cancer, FGFRs have been found to become overactivated by several mechanisms, including gene amplification, chromosomal translocation and mutations. FGFR alterations are detected in a variety of human cancers, such as breast, bladder, prostate, endometrial and lung cancers, as well as haematological malignancies. Accumulating evidence indicates that FGFs and FGFRs may act in an oncogenic fashion to promote multiple steps of cancer progression by inducing mitogenic and survival signals, as well as promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transition, invasion and tumour angiogenesis. Therapeutic strategies targeting FGFs and FGFRs in human cancer are therefore currently being explored. In the present review we will give an overview of FGF signalling, the main FGFR alterations found in human cancer to date, how they may contribute to specific cancer types and strategies for therapeutic intervention.
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Kukwa W, Wojtowicz P, Jagielska B, Sobczyk G, Kukwa A, Czarnecka AM. Laryngeal embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma in an adult - a case presentation in the eyes of geneticists and clinicians. BMC Cancer 2011; 11:166. [PMID: 21569414 PMCID: PMC3118944 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
1. Abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Kukwa
- Department of Otolaryngology, Czerniakowski Hospital, Medical University of Warsaw, ul. Stepinska 19/25, Warsaw, Poland.
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35
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Zhu Q, Jin Z, Yuan Y, Lu Q, Ge D, Zong M. Impact of MTHFR gene C677T polymorphism on Bcl-2 gene methylation and protein expression in colorectal cancer. Scand J Gastroenterol 2011; 46:436-45. [PMID: 21128871 DOI: 10.3109/00365521.2010.537682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the impact of MTHFR C677T polymorphism on Bcl-2 gene promoter CpG island (CGI) methylation and Bcl-2 protein expression. MATERIAL AND METHODS MTHFR polymorphisms of 86 sporadic colorectal cancer (CRC) patients and 100 healthy volunteers were analyzed by PCR-based restriction fragment length polymorphism, and Bcl-2 promoter CGI methylation in 86 CRC tissues and 86 paired nonneoplastic adjacent tissues was determined by methylation-specific PCR. Bcl-2 oncoprotein expression in 70 CRC tissues and paired nonneoplastic adjacent tissues was detected by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The frequency of MTHFR 677 T allele and combined variant genotypes (677CT + TT) in CRC patients was significantly higher than that in healthy controls (p = 0.023 and p = 0.035, respectively), and there is a significant association between 677TT or 677(CT + TT) genotypes and CRC (OR = 2.534, p = 0.045 and OR = 1.888, p = 0.035, respectively). The frequency of methylated Bcl-2 promoter CGI in tumor tissues was significantly lower than that in nonneoplastic adjacent tissues (p = 0.014). The frequency of methylated Bcl-2 promoter CGI in CRC tissues of the individuals with CC genotype was significantly higher than that of those with CT/TT genotypes (p = 0.018), there was significant distribution difference of C and T alleles between individuals with methylated and unmethylated Bcl-2 promoter CGI in colorectal cancer tissues (p = 0.023). Bcl-2 promoter hypomethylation was significantly correlated with Bcl-2 oncoprotein expression in colorectal cancer tissues (r = 0.558, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Bcl-2 promoter is hypomethylated in colorectal cancer tissue, and there is a significant correlation between MTHFR 677 TT or CT/TT genotypes and CRC or Bcl-2 promoter CGI methylation/oncoprotein expression in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghui Zhu
- Experimental Center for Medical Science Research of Teaching Hospital of Jiangsu University, Shanghai People's Hospital of Putuo District, Shanghai, PR China.
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36
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Receptor tyrosine kinases as therapeutic targets in rhabdomyosarcoma. Sarcoma 2011; 2011:756982. [PMID: 21253475 PMCID: PMC3022188 DOI: 10.1155/2011/756982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcomas (RMSs) are the most common soft tissue sarcomas of childhood and adolescence. To date, there are no effective treatments that target the genetic abnormalities in RMS, and current treatment options for high-risk groups are not adequate. Over the past two decades, research into the molecular mechanisms of RMS has identified key genes and signaling pathways involved in disease pathogenesis. In these studies, members of the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) family of cell surface receptors have been characterized as druggable targets for RMS. Through small molecule inhibitors, ligand-neutralizing agents, and monoclonal receptor-blocking antibodies, RTK activity can be manipulated to block oncogenic properties associated with RMS. Herein, we review the members of the RTK family that are implicated in RMS tumorigenesis and discuss both the problems and promise of targeting RTKs in RMS.
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Ono Y, Calhabeu F, Morgan JE, Katagiri T, Amthor H, Zammit PS. BMP signalling permits population expansion by preventing premature myogenic differentiation in muscle satellite cells. Cell Death Differ 2010; 18:222-34. [PMID: 20689554 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2010.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Satellite cells are the resident stem cells of adult skeletal muscle, supplying myonuclei for homoeostasis, hypertrophy and repair. In this study, we have examined the role of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signalling in regulating satellite cell function. Activated satellite cells expressed BMP receptor type 1A (BMPR-1A/Alk-3) and contained phosphorylated Smad proteins, indicating that BMP signalling is operating during proliferation. Indeed, exogenous BMP4 stimulated satellite cell division and inhibited myogenic differentiation. Conversely, interfering with the interactions between BMPs and their receptors by the addition of either the BMP antagonist Noggin or soluble BMPR-1A fragments, induced precocious differentiation. Similarly, blockade of BMP signalling by siRNA-mediated knockdown of BMPR-1A, disruption of the intracellular pathway by either Smad5 or Smad4 knockdown or inhibition of Smad1/5/8 phosphorylation with Dorsomorphin, also caused premature myogenic differentiation. BMP signalling acted to inhibit the upregulation of genes associated with differentiation, in part, through regulating Id1. As satellite cells differentiated, Noggin levels increased to antagonise BMP signalling, since Noggin knockdown enhanced proliferation and impeded myoblast fusion into large multinucleated myotubes. Finally, interference of normal BMP signalling after muscle damage in vivo perturbed the regenerative process, and resulted in smaller regenerated myofibres. In conclusion, BMP signalling operates during routine satellite cell function to help coordinate the balance between proliferation and differentiation, before Noggin is activated to antagonise BMPs and facilitate terminal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ono
- King's College London, Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London, UK
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De Giovanni C, Landuzzi L, Nicoletti G, Lollini PL, Nanni P. Molecular and cellular biology of rhabdomyosarcoma. Future Oncol 2009; 5:1449-75. [DOI: 10.2217/fon.09.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma is a group of soft-tissue sarcomas that share features of skeletal myogenesis, but show extensive heterogeneity in histology, age and site of onset, and prognosis. This review matches recent molecular data with biological features of rhabdomyosarcoma. Alterations in molecular pathways, animal models, cell of origin and potential new therapeutic targets are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla De Giovanni
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Cancer Research Section, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lorena Landuzzi
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giordano Nicoletti
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Pier-Luigi Lollini
- Department of Hematology and Oncological Sciences ‘L. e A. Seragnoli’, Viale Filopanti 22, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Patrizia Nanni
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Cancer Research Section, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Pogribny IP, Beland FA. DNA hypomethylation in the origin and pathogenesis of human diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2009; 66:2249-61. [PMID: 19326048 PMCID: PMC11115809 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-0015-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2009] [Revised: 02/25/2009] [Accepted: 03/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of any given human disease is a complex multifactorial process characterized by many biologically significant and interdependent alterations. One of these changes, specific to a wide range of human pathologies, is DNA hypomethylation. DNA hypomethylation signifies one of the major DNA methylation states that refers to a relative decrease from the "normal" methylation level. It is clear that disease by itself can induce hypomethylation of DNA; however, a decrease in DNA methylation can also have an impact on the predisposition to pathological states and disease development. This review presents evidence suggesting the involvement of DNA hypomethylation in the pathogenesis of several major human pathologies, including cancer, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor P Pogribny
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
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40
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Li Y, Meng G, Huang L, Guo QN. Hypomethylation of the P3 promoter is associated with up-regulation of IGF2 expression in human osteosarcoma. Hum Pathol 2009; 40:1441-7. [PMID: 19427670 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2009.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2008] [Revised: 02/25/2009] [Accepted: 03/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Gene hypomethylation and hypermethylation can lead to a loss of genetic imprinting in malignancies. The mechanism responsible for overexpression of the imprinted insulin-like growth factor II (IGF2) gene has not been investigated in osteosarcoma. In this study, the expression levels, imprinting status, and the extent of cytosine methylation of the IGF2 gene was evaluated in 20 of 24 cases of osteosarcoma using immunohistochemistry, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, restriction fragment length polymorphism, and bisulfite genomic sequencing. Promoter use analysis indicated that P3- and P4-derived messenger RNAs were more highly expressed than P1 transcripts in the osteosarcoma samples. Loss of imprinting of IGF2 was observed in 3 of 20 of the osteosarcoma samples, but this was not associated with IGF2-specific transcripts. Methylation analysis revealed that the methylation patterns of the differentially methylated region of IGF2 were not uniform, regardless of IGF2-P3 expression. However, the average degree of methylation of the 14 CpG sites in the IGF2-P3 promoter was significantly lower in osteosarcoma samples with P3 transcripts than in osteosarcoma samples without P3 expression (P < .05). This observation was also observed in nontumor samples. These data suggest that hypomethylation of the IGF2-P3 promoter correlates with expression of P3 transcripts in osteosarcoma. Furthermore, elevated IGF2-P3 expression in osteosarcoma tissues is due to P3 promoter hypomethylation, which may represent an early event in progression of osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Institute of Pathology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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41
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Missiaglia E, Selfe J, Hamdi M, Williamson D, Schaaf G, Fang C, Koster J, Summersgill B, Messahel B, Versteeg R, Pritchard-Jones K, Kool M, Shipley J. Genomic imbalances in rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines affect expression of genes frequently altered in primary tumors: an approach to identify candidate genes involved in tumor development. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2009; 48:455-67. [PMID: 19235922 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcomas (RMS) are the most common pediatric soft tissue sarcomas. They resemble developing skeletal muscle and are histologically divided into two main subtypes; alveolar and embryonal RMS. Characteristic genomic aberrations, including the PAX3- and PAX7-FOXO1 fusion genes in alveolar cases, have led to increased understanding of their molecular biology. Here, we determined the effect of genomic copy number on gene expression levels through array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) analysis of 13 RMS cell lines, confirmed by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification copy number analyses, combined with their corresponding expression profiles. Genes altered at the transcriptional level by genomic imbalances were identified and the effect on expression was proportional to the level of genomic imbalance. Extrapolating to a public expression profiling dataset for 132 primary RMS identified features common to the cell lines and primary samples and associations with subtypes and fusion gene status. Genes identified such as CDK4 and MYCN are known to be amplified, overexpressed, and involved in RMS tumorigenesis. Of the many genes identified, those with likely functional relevance included CENPF, DTL, MYC, EYA2, and FGFR1. Copy number and expression of FGFR1 was validated in additional primary material and found amplified in 6 out of 196 cases and overexpressed relative to skeletal muscle and myoblasts, with significantly higher expression levels in the embryonal compared with alveolar subtypes. This illustrates the ability to identify genes of potential significance in tumor development through combining genomic and transcriptomic profiles from representative cell lines with publicly available expression profiling data from primary tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Missiaglia
- Molecular Cytogenetics Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
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Butcher LM, Beck S. Future impact of integrated high-throughput methylome analyses on human health and disease. J Genet Genomics 2009; 35:391-401. [PMID: 18640619 DOI: 10.1016/s1673-8527(08)60057-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2008] [Revised: 06/08/2008] [Accepted: 06/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A spate of high-powered genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have recently identified numerous single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) robustly linked with complex disease. Despite interrogating the majority of common human variation, these SNPs only account for a small proportion of the phenotypic variance, which suggests genetic factors are acting in concert with non-genetic factors. Although environmental measures are logical covariants for genotype-phenotype investigations, another non-genetic intermediary exists: epigenetics. Epigenetics is the analysis of somatically-acquired and, in some cases, transgenerationally inherited epigenetic modifications that regulate gene expression, and offers to bridge the gap between genetics and environment to understand phenotype. The most widely studied epigenetic mark is DNA methylation. Aberrant methylation at gene promoters is strongly implicated in disease etiology, most notably cancer. This review will highlight the importance of DNA methylation as an epigenetic regulator, outline techniques to characterize the DNA methylome and present the idea of reverse phenotyping, where multiple layers of analysis are integrated at the individual level to create personalized digital phenotypes and, at a phenotype level, to identify novel molecular signatures of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee M Butcher
- UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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Zhu J, Yao X. Use of DNA methylation for cancer detection: Promises and challenges. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2009; 41:147-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2008.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2008] [Revised: 09/08/2008] [Accepted: 09/10/2008] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Sadikovic B, Al-Romaih K, Squire J, Zielenska M. Cause and consequences of genetic and epigenetic alterations in human cancer. Curr Genomics 2008; 9:394-408. [PMID: 19506729 PMCID: PMC2691666 DOI: 10.2174/138920208785699580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2008] [Revised: 05/06/2008] [Accepted: 05/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Both genetic and epigenetic changes contribute to development of human cancer. Oncogenomics has primarily focused on understanding the genetic basis of neoplasia, with less emphasis being placed on the role of epigenetics in tumourigenesis. Genomic alterations in cancer vary between the different types and stages, tissues and individuals. Moreover, genomic change ranges from single nucleotide mutations to gross chromosomal aneuploidy; which may or may not be associated with underlying genomic instability. Collectively, genomic alterations result in widespread deregulation of gene expression profiles and the disruption of signalling networks that control proliferation and cellular functions. In addition to changes in DNA and chromosomes, it has become evident that oncogenomic processes can be profoundly influenced by epigenetic mechanisms. DNA methylation is one of the key epigenetic factors involved in regulation of gene expression and genomic stability, and is biologically necessary for the maintenance of many cellular functions. While there has been considerable progress in understanding the impact of genetic and epigenetic mechanisms in tumourigenesis, there has been little consideration of the importance of the interplay between these two processes. In this review we summarize current understanding of the role of genetic and epigenetic alterations in human cancer. In addition we consider the associated interactions of genetic and epigenetic processes in tumour onset and progression. Furthermore, we provide a model of tumourigenesis that addresses the combined impact of both epigenetic and genetic alterations in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Sadikovic
- Department of Pediatric Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- The Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - K Al-Romaih
- The Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - J.A Squire
- The Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - M Zielenska
- Department of Pediatric Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
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