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Emery B, Wood TL. Regulators of Oligodendrocyte Differentiation. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2024; 16:a041358. [PMID: 38503504 PMCID: PMC11146316 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Myelination has evolved as a mechanism to ensure fast and efficient propagation of nerve impulses along axons. Within the central nervous system (CNS), myelination is carried out by highly specialized glial cells, oligodendrocytes. The formation of myelin is a prolonged aspect of CNS development that occurs well into adulthood in humans, continuing throughout life in response to injury or as a component of neuroplasticity. The timing of myelination is tightly tied to the generation of oligodendrocytes through the differentiation of their committed progenitors, oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), which reside throughout the developing and adult CNS. In this article, we summarize our current understanding of some of the signals and pathways that regulate the differentiation of OPCs, and thus the myelination of CNS axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Emery
- Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - Teresa L Wood
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA
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Janeckova L, Knotek T, Kriska J, Hermanova Z, Kirdajova D, Kubovciak J, Berkova L, Tureckova J, Camacho Garcia S, Galuskova K, Kolar M, Anderova M, Korinek V. Astrocyte-like subpopulation of NG2 glia in the adult mouse cortex exhibits characteristics of neural progenitor cells. Glia 2024; 72:245-273. [PMID: 37772368 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Glial cells expressing neuron-glial antigen 2 (NG2), also known as oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), play a critical role in maintaining brain health. However, their ability to differentiate after ischemic injury is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the properties and functions of NG2 glia in the ischemic brain. Using transgenic mice, we selectively labeled NG2-expressing cells and their progeny in both healthy brain and after focal cerebral ischemia (FCI). Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we classified the labeled glial cells into five distinct subpopulations based on their gene expression patterns. Additionally, we examined the membrane properties of these cells using the patch-clamp technique. Of the identified subpopulations, three were identified as OPCs, whereas the fourth subpopulation had characteristics indicative of cells likely to develop into oligodendrocytes. The fifth subpopulation of NG2 glia showed astrocytic markers and had similarities to neural progenitor cells. Interestingly, this subpopulation was present in both healthy and post-ischemic tissue; however, its gene expression profile changed after ischemia, with increased numbers of genes related to neurogenesis. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed the temporal expression of neurogenic genes and showed an increased presence of NG2 cells positive for Purkinje cell protein-4 at the periphery of the ischemic lesion 12 days after FCI, as well as NeuN-positive NG2 cells 28 and 60 days after injury. These results suggest the potential development of neuron-like cells arising from NG2 glia in the ischemic tissue. Our study provides insights into the plasticity of NG2 glia and their capacity for neurogenesis after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Janeckova
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Knotek
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kriska
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Hermanova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Denisa Kirdajova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kubovciak
- Laboratory of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Linda Berkova
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Tureckova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Sara Camacho Garcia
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Galuskova
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Kolar
- Laboratory of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslava Anderova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Korinek
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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Ren WJ, Zhao YF, Li J, Rubini P, Yuan ZQ, Tang Y, Illes P. P2X7 receptor-mediated depression-like reactions arising in the mouse medial prefrontal cortex. Cereb Cortex 2023:7161772. [PMID: 37183178 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder is a frequent and debilitating psychiatric disease. We have shown in some of the acute animal models of major depressive disorder (tail suspension test and forced swim test) that depression-like behavior can be aggravated in mice by the microinjection into the medial prefrontal cortex of the P2X7R agonistic adenosine 5'-triphosphate or its structural analog dibenzoyl-ATP, and these effects can be reversed by the P2X7R antagonistic JNJ-47965567. When measuring tail suspension test, the prolongation of immobility time by the P2YR agonist adenosine 5'-[β-thio]diphosphate and the reduction of the adenosine 5'-(γ-thio)triphosphate effect by P2Y1R (MRS 2179) or P2Y12R (PSB 0739) antagonists, but not by JNJ-47965567, all suggest the involvement of P2YRs. In order to elucidate the localization of the modulatory P2X7Rs in the brain, we recorded current responses to dibenzoyl-ATP in layer V astrocytes and pyramidal neurons of medial prefrontal cortex brain slices by the whole-cell patch-clamp procedure; the current amplitudes were not altered in preparations taken from tail suspension test or foot shock-treated mice. The release of adenosine 5'-triphosphate was decreased by foot shock, although not by tail suspension test both in the hippocampus and PFC. In conclusion, we suggest, that in the medial prefrontal cortex, acute stressful stimuli cause supersensitivity of P2X7Rs facilitating the learned helplessness reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jing Ren
- International Joint Research Center on Purinergic Signaling of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu 610075, China
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu 610075, China
| | - Ya-Fei Zhao
- International Joint Research Center on Purinergic Signaling of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu 610075, China
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu 610075, China
| | - Jie Li
- International Joint Research Center on Purinergic Signaling of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu 610075, China
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu 610075, China
| | - Patrizia Rubini
- International Joint Research Center on Purinergic Signaling of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu 610075, China
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu 610075, China
| | - Zeng-Qiang Yuan
- The Brain Science Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
- School of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang 421000, Hunan, China
| | - Yong Tang
- International Joint Research Center on Purinergic Signaling of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu 610075, China
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu 610075, China
- Acupuncture and Chronobiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu 610075, China
| | - Peter Illes
- International Joint Research Center on Purinergic Signaling of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu 610075, China
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu 610075, China
- Rudolf Boehm Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig 04107, Germany
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Orso R, Creutzberg KC, Lumertz FS, Kestering-Ferreira E, Stocchero BA, Perrone MK, Begni V, Grassi-Oliveira R, Riva MA, Viola TW. A systematic review and multilevel meta-analysis of the prenatal and early life stress effects on rodent microglia, astrocyte, and oligodendrocyte density and morphology. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 150:105202. [PMID: 37116770 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to stress during early development may lead to altered neurobiological functions, thus increasing the risk for psychiatric illnesses later in life. One potential mechanism associated with those outcomes is the disruption of glial density and morphology, despite results from rodent studies have been conflicting. To address that we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of rodent studies that investigated the effects of prenatal stress (PNS) and early life stress (ELS) on microglia, astrocyte, and oligodendrocyte density and morphology within the offspring. Our meta-analysis demonstrates that animals exposed to PNS or ELS showed significant increase in microglia density, as well as decreased oligodendrocyte density. Moreover, ELS exposure induced an increase in microglia soma size. However, we were unable to identify significant effects on astrocytes. Meta-regression indicated that experimental stress protocol, sex, age, and type of tissue analyzed are important covariates that impact those results. Importantly, PNS microglia showed higher estimates in young animals, while the ELS effects were stronger in adult animals. This set of data reinforces that alterations in glial cells could play a role in stress-induced dysfunctions throughout development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Orso
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan - Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 - Milan (Italy).
| | - Kerstin Camile Creutzberg
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan - Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 - Milan (Italy).
| | - Francisco Sindermann Lumertz
- School of Medicine, Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul - Avenida Ipiranga 6681, Building 12A, 90619-900 - Porto Alegre (Brazil).
| | - Erika Kestering-Ferreira
- School of Medicine, Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul - Avenida Ipiranga 6681, Building 12A, 90619-900 - Porto Alegre (Brazil).
| | - Bruna Alvim Stocchero
- School of Medicine, Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul - Avenida Ipiranga 6681, Building 12A, 90619-900 - Porto Alegre (Brazil).
| | - Mariana Kude Perrone
- School of Medicine, Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul - Avenida Ipiranga 6681, Building 12A, 90619-900 - Porto Alegre (Brazil).
| | - Veronica Begni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan - Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 - Milan (Italy).
| | - Rodrigo Grassi-Oliveira
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Aarhus University - Entrance A, Palle Juul-Jenses Blvd. 11, 6(th) floor, 8200 - Aarhus (Denmark).
| | - Marco Andrea Riva
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan - Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 - Milan (Italy); Biological Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli - Via Pilastroni 4, 25125- Brescia (Italy).
| | - Thiago Wendt Viola
- School of Medicine, Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul - Avenida Ipiranga 6681, Building 12A, 90619-900 - Porto Alegre (Brazil).
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Xing YL, Poh J, Chuang BH, Moradi K, Mitew S, Richardson WD, Kilpatrick TJ, Osanai Y, Merson TD. High-efficiency pharmacogenetic ablation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells in the adult mouse CNS. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2023; 3:100414. [PMID: 36936074 PMCID: PMC10014347 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2023.100414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Approaches to investigate adult oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) by targeted cell ablation in the rodent CNS have limitations in the extent and duration of OPC depletion. We have developed a pharmacogenetic approach for conditional OPC ablation, eliminating >98% of OPCs throughout the brain. By combining recombinase-based transgenic and viral strategies for targeting OPCs and ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ)-derived neural precursor cells (NPCs), we found that new PDGFRA-expressing cells born in the V-SVZ repopulated the OPC-deficient brain starting 12 days after OPC ablation. Our data reveal that OPC depletion induces V-SVZ-derived NPCs to generate vast numbers of PDGFRA+NG2+ cells with the capacity to proliferate and migrate extensively throughout the dorsal anterior forebrain. Further application of this approach to ablate OPCs will advance knowledge of the function of both OPCs and oligodendrogenic NPCs in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Lulu Xing
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Jasmine Poh
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Bernard H.A. Chuang
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Kaveh Moradi
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Stanislaw Mitew
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - William D. Richardson
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Trevor J. Kilpatrick
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Yasuyuki Osanai
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Tobias D. Merson
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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High, in Contrast to Low Levels of Acute Stress Induce Depressive-like Behavior by Involving Astrocytic, in Addition to Microglial P2X7 Receptors in the Rodent Hippocampus. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031904. [PMID: 35163829 PMCID: PMC8836505 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) in the brain is suggested to be an etiological factor of major depressive disorder (MDD). It has been assumed that stress-released ATP stimulates P2X7 receptors (Rs) at the microglia, thereby causing neuroinflammation; however, other central nervous system (CNS) cell types such as astrocytes also possess P2X7Rs. In order to elucidate the possible involvement of the MDD-relevant hippocampal astrocytes in the development of a depressive-like state, we used various behavioral tests (tail suspension test [TST], forced swim test [FST], restraint stress, inescapable foot shock, unpredictable chronic mild stress [UCMS]), as well as fluorescence immunohistochemistry, and patch-clamp electrophysiology in wild-type (WT) and genetically manipulated rodents. The TST and FST resulted in learned helplessness manifested as a prolongation of the immobility time, while inescapable foot shock caused lower sucrose consumption as a sign of anhedonia. We confirmed the participation of P2X7Rs in the development of the depressive-like behaviors in all forms of acute (TST, FST, foot shock) and chronic stress (UCMS) in the rodent models used. Further, pharmacological agonists and antagonists acted in a different manner in rats and mice due to their diverse potencies at the respective receptor orthologs. In hippocampal slices of mice and rats, only foot shock increased the current responses to locally applied dibenzoyl-ATP (Bz-ATP) in CA1 astrocytes; in contrast, TST and restraint depressed these responses. Following stressful stimuli, immunohistochemistry demonstrated an increased co-localization of P2X7Rs with a microglial marker, but no change in co-localization with an astroglial marker. Pharmacological damage to the microglia and astroglia has proven the significance of the microglia for mediating all types of depression-like behavioral reactions, while the astroglia participated only in reactions induced by strong stressors, such as foot shock. Because, in addition to acute stressors, their chronic counterparts induce a depressive-like state in rodents via P2X7R activation, we suggest that our data may have relevance for the etiology of MDD in humans.
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Ullah R, Rauf N, Nabi G, Yi S, Yu-Dong Z, Fu J. Mechanistic insight into high-fat diet-induced metabolic inflammation in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 142:112012. [PMID: 34388531 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A high-fat diet (HFD) is linked with cytokines production by non-neuronal cells within the hypothalamus, which mediates metabolic inflammation. These cytokines then activate different inflammatory mediators in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARC), a primary hypothalamic area accommodating proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and agouti-related peptide (AGRP) neurons, first-order neurons that sense and integrate peripheral metabolic signals and then respond accordingly. These mediators, such as inhibitor of κB kinase-β (IKKβ), suppression of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3), c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs), protein kinase C (PKC), etc., cause insulin and leptin resistance in POMC and AGRP neurons and support obesity and related metabolic complications. On the other hand, inhibition of these mediators has been shown to counteract the impaired metabolism. Therefore, it is important to discuss the contribution of neuronal and non-neuronal cells in HFD-induced hypothalamic inflammation. Furthermore, understanding few other questions, such as the diets causing hypothalamic inflammation, the gender disparity in response to HFD feeding, and how hypothalamic inflammation affects ARC neurons to cause impaired metabolism, will be helpful for the development of therapeutic approaches to prevent or treat HFD-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahim Ullah
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China; Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Naveed Rauf
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Ghulam Nabi
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, Hebei Province, China; Department of Life Sciences, School of Science, University of Management and Technology (UMT), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shen Yi
- Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Zhou Yu-Dong
- Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Junfen Fu
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou 310052, China; National Children's Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou 310052, China.
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8
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Diversity of Adult Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells in Physiology and Disease. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082045. [PMID: 34440814 PMCID: PMC8392301 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult neural stem and progenitor cells (NSPCs) contribute to learning, memory, maintenance of homeostasis, energy metabolism and many other essential processes. They are highly heterogeneous populations that require input from a regionally distinct microenvironment including a mix of neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells, NG2+ glia, vasculature, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and others. The diversity of NSPCs is present in all three major parts of the CNS, i.e., the brain, spinal cord, and retina. Intrinsic and extrinsic signals, e.g., neurotrophic and growth factors, master transcription factors, and mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM), collectively regulate activities and characteristics of NSPCs: quiescence/survival, proliferation, migration, differentiation, and integration. This review discusses the heterogeneous NSPC populations in the normal physiology and highlights their potentials and roles in injured/diseased states for regenerative medicine.
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Butiaeva LI, Slutzki T, Swick HE, Bourguignon C, Robins SC, Liu X, Storch KF, Kokoeva MV. Leptin receptor-expressing pericytes mediate access of hypothalamic feeding centers to circulating leptin. Cell Metab 2021; 33:1433-1448.e5. [PMID: 34129812 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of how leptin receptor (LepR) neurons of the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) access circulating leptin is still rudimentary. Employing intravital microscopy, we found that almost half of the blood-vessel-enwrapping pericytes in the MBH express LepR. Selective disruption of pericytic LepR led to increased food intake, increased fat mass, and loss of leptin-dependent signaling in nearby LepR neurons. When delivered intravenously, fluorescently tagged leptin accumulated at hypothalamic LepR pericytes, which was attenuated upon pericyte-specific LepR loss. Because a paracellular tracer was also preferentially retained at LepR pericytes, we pharmacologically targeted regulators of inter-endothelial junction tightness and found that they affect LepR neuronal signaling and food intake. Optical imaging in MBH slices revealed a long-lasting, tonic calcium increase in LepR pericytes in response to leptin, suggesting pericytic contraction and vessel constriction. Together, our data indicate that LepR pericytes facilitate localized, paracellular blood-brain barrier leaks, enabling MBH LepR neurons to access circulating leptin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliia I Butiaeva
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Center Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal QC H4A 3J1, Canada; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Tal Slutzki
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Center Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal QC H4A 3J1, Canada; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Hannah E Swick
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Center Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal QC H4A 3J1, Canada; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Clément Bourguignon
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal QC H4H 1R3, Canada; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Sarah C Robins
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Center Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Center Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Kai-Florian Storch
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal QC H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Maia V Kokoeva
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Center Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal QC H4A 3J1, Canada.
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Sutiwisesak R, Burns TC, Rodriguez M, Warrington AE. Remyelination therapies for multiple sclerosis: optimizing translation from animal models into clinical trials. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2021; 30:857-876. [PMID: 34126015 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2021.1942840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Demyelination, the main pathology in MS, contributes to clinical symptoms and long-term neurological deficits if left untreated. Remyelination, the natural repair of damaged myelin by cells of the oligodendrocyte lineage, occurs in MS, but eventually fails in most patients as they age. Encouraging timely remyelination can restore axon conduction and minimize deficits.Areas covered: We discuss and correlate human MS pathology with animal models, propose methods to deplete resident oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) to determine whether mature oligodendrocytes support remyelination, and review remyelinating agents, mechanisms of action, and available clinical trial data.Expert opinion: The heterogeneity of human MS may limit successful translation of many candidate remyelinating agents; some patients lack the biological targets necessary to leverage current approaches. Development of therapeutics for remyelination has concentrated almost exclusively on mobilization of innate OPCs. However, mature oligodendrocytes appear an important contributor to remyelination in humans. Limiting the contribution of OPC mediated repair in models of MS would allow the evaluation of remyelination-promoting agents on mature oligodendrocytes. Among remyelinating reagents reviewed, only rHIgM22 targets both OPCs and mature oligodendrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rujapope Sutiwisesak
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Terry C Burns
- Departments of Neurology and Neurologic Surgery Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Moses Rodriguez
- Departments of Neurology and Neurologic Surgery Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Arthur E Warrington
- Departments of Neurology and Neurologic Surgery Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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11
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Sharif A, Fitzsimons CP, Lucassen PJ. Neurogenesis in the adult hypothalamus: A distinct form of structural plasticity involved in metabolic and circadian regulation, with potential relevance for human pathophysiology. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2021; 179:125-140. [PMID: 34225958 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819975-6.00006-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The adult brain harbors specific niches where stem cells undergo substantial plasticity and, in some regions, generate new neurons throughout life. This phenomenon is well known in the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles and the subgranular zone of the hippocampus and has recently also been described in the hypothalamus of several rodent and primate species. After a brief overview of preclinical studies illustrating the pathophysiologic significance of hypothalamic neurogenesis in the control of energy metabolism, reproduction, thermoregulation, sleep, and aging, we review current literature on the neurogenic niche of the human hypothalamus. A comparison of the organization of the niche between humans and rodents highlights some common features, but also substantial differences, e.g., in the distribution and extent of the hypothalamic neural stem cells. Exploring the full dynamics of hypothalamic neurogenesis in humans raises a formidable challenge however, given among others, inherent technical limitations. We close with discussing possible functional role(s) of the human hypothalamic niche, and how gaining more insights into this form of plasticity could be relevant for a better understanding of pathologies associated with disturbed hypothalamic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Sharif
- Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, University of Lille, Lille, France.
| | - Carlos P Fitzsimons
- Brain Plasticity Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul J Lucassen
- Brain Plasticity Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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12
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Glia and Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells of the Healthy and Ischemic Brain: The Workplace for the Wnt Signaling Pathway. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11070804. [PMID: 32708801 PMCID: PMC7397164 DOI: 10.3390/genes11070804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt signaling plays an important role in the self-renewal, fate-commitment and survival of the neural stem/progenitor cells (NS/PCs) of the adult central nervous system (CNS). Ischemic stroke impairs the proper functioning of the CNS and, therefore, active Wnt signaling may prevent, ameliorate, or even reverse the negative effects of ischemic brain injury. In this review, we provide the current knowledge of Wnt signaling in the adult CNS, its status in diverse cell types, and the Wnt pathway’s impact on the properties of NS/PCs and glial cells in the context of ischemic injury. Finally, we summarize promising strategies that might be considered for stroke therapy, and we outline possible future directions of the field.
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13
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Goodman T, Nayar SG, Clare S, Mikolajczak M, Rice R, Mansour S, Bellusci S, Hajihosseini MK. Fibroblast growth factor 10 is a negative regulator of postnatal neurogenesis in the mouse hypothalamus. Development 2020; 147:147/13/dev180950. [PMID: 32661019 PMCID: PMC7375484 DOI: 10.1242/dev.180950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
New neurons are generated in the postnatal rodent hypothalamus, with a subset of tanycytes in the third ventricular (3V) wall serving as neural stem/progenitor cells. However, the precise stem cell niche organization, the intermediate steps and the endogenous regulators of postnatal hypothalamic neurogenesis remain elusive. Quantitative lineage-tracing in vivo revealed that conditional deletion of fibroblast growth factor 10 (Fgf10) from Fgf10-expressing β-tanycytes at postnatal days (P)4-5 results in the generation of significantly more parenchymal cells by P28, composed mostly of ventromedial and dorsomedial neurons and some glial cells, which persist into adulthood. A closer scrutiny in vivo and ex vivo revealed that the 3V wall is not static and is amenable to cell movements. Furthermore, normally β-tanycytes give rise to parenchymal cells via an intermediate population of α-tanycytes with transient amplifying cell characteristics. Loss of Fgf10 temporarily attenuates the amplification of β-tanycytes but also appears to delay the exit of their α-tanycyte descendants from the germinal 3V wall. Our findings suggest that transience of cells through the α-tanycyte domain is a key feature, and Fgf10 is a negative regulator of postnatal hypothalamic neurogenesis. Summary: Generation of new hypothalamic neurons after birth is a multistep process involving cell division and cell movements that are controlled by Fgf10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Goodman
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Stuart G Nayar
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Shaun Clare
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Marta Mikolajczak
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Ritva Rice
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Suzanne Mansour
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5330, USA
| | - Saverio Bellusci
- Pediatrics, Saban Research Institute of Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA.,Excellence Cluster Cardio Pulmonary System, University Justus Liebig, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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14
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Boshans LL, Sherafat A, Nishiyama A. The effects of developmental and current niches on oligodendrocyte precursor dynamics and fate. Neurosci Lett 2019; 715:134593. [PMID: 31678373 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), whose primary function is to generate myelinating oligodendrocytes, are distributed widely throughout the developing and mature central nervous system. They originate from several defined subdomains in the embryonic germinal zones at different developmental stages and in the adult. While many phenotypic differences have been observed among OPCs in different anatomical regions and among those arising from different germinal zones, we know relatively little about the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which the historical and current niches shape the behavior of oligodendrocyte lineage cells. This minireview will discuss how the behavior of oligodendrocyte lineage cells is influenced by the developmental niches from which subpopulations of OPCs emerge, by the current niches surrounding OPCs in different regions, and in pathological states that cause deviations from the normal density of oligodendrocyte lineage cells and myelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda L Boshans
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Amin Sherafat
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Akiko Nishiyama
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA; Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, USA; Institute for Brain and Cognitive Science, University of Connecticut, USA.
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15
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Tsata V, Kroehne V, Reinhardt S, El-Armouche A, Brand M, Wagner M, Reimer MM. Electrophysiological Properties of Adult Zebrafish Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:102. [PMID: 31031593 PMCID: PMC6473327 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Low remyelination efficiency after spinal cord injury (SCI) is a major restraint to successful axonal and functional regeneration in mammals. In contrast, adult zebrafish can: (i) regenerate oligodendrocytes and myelin sheaths within 2 weeks post lesion; (ii) re-grow axonal projections across the lesion site and (iii) recover locomotor function within 6 weeks after spinal cord transection. However, little is known about the intrinsic properties of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), the remyelinating cells of the central nervous system (CNS). Here, we demonstrate that purified OPCs from the adult zebrafish spinal cord are electrically active. They functionally express voltage-gated K+ and Na+ channels, glutamate receptors and exhibit depolarizing, tetrodotoxin (TTX)-sensitive spikes, as previously seen in rodent and human OPCs. Furthermore, we show that the percentage of zebrafish OPCs exhibiting depolarizing spikes and Nav-mediated currents is lower as compared to rodent white matter OPCs, where these membrane characteristics have been shown to underlie OPC injury susceptibility. These findings imply that adult zebrafish OPCs resemble electrical properties found in mammals and represent a relevant cell type towards understanding the biology of the primary cells targeted in remyelination therapies for non-regenerative species. The in vitro platform introduced in this study could be used in the future to: (i) elucidate how membrane characteristics of zebrafish OPCs change upon injury and (ii) identify potential signaling components underlying OPC injury recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Tsata
- Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden (CRTD) and Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universitaet, Dresden, Germany
| | - Volker Kroehne
- Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden (CRTD) and Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universitaet, Dresden, Germany
| | - Susanne Reinhardt
- Dresden Genome Center, Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden (CRTD), Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universitaet Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ali El-Armouche
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Technische Universitaet Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Brand
- Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden (CRTD) and Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universitaet, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Wagner
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Technische Universitaet Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Rhythmology, Heart Center Dresden, Technische Universitaet Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michell M Reimer
- Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden (CRTD) and Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universitaet, Dresden, Germany
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16
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NG2/CSPG4 and progranulin in the posttraumatic glial scar. Matrix Biol 2018; 68-69:571-588. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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17
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Batailler M, Chesneau D, Derouet L, Butruille L, Segura S, Cognié J, Dupont J, Pillon D, Migaud M. Pineal-dependent increase of hypothalamic neurogenesis contributes to the timing of seasonal reproduction in sheep. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6188. [PMID: 29670193 PMCID: PMC5906660 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24381-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To survive in temperate latitudes, species rely on the photoperiod to synchronize their physiological functions, including reproduction, with the predictable changes in the environment. In sheep, exposure to decreasing day length reactivates the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis, while during increasing day length, animals enter a period of sexual rest. Neural stem cells have been detected in the sheep hypothalamus and hypothalamic neurogenesis was found to respond to the photoperiod. However, the physiological relevance of this seasonal adult neurogenesis is still unexplored. This longitudinal study, therefore aimed to thoroughly characterize photoperiod-stimulated neurogenesis and to investigate whether the hypothalamic adult born-cells were involved in the seasonal timing of reproduction. Results showed that time course of cell proliferation reached a peak in the middle of the period of sexual activity, corresponding to decreasing day length period. This enhancement was suppressed when animals were deprived of seasonal time cues by pinealectomy, suggesting a role of melatonin in the seasonal regulation of cell proliferation. Furthermore, when the mitotic blocker cytosine-b-D-arabinofuranoside was administered centrally, the timing of seasonal reproduction was affected. Overall, our findings link the cyclic increase in hypothalamic neurogenesis to seasonal reproduction and suggest that photoperiod-regulated hypothalamic neurogenesis plays a substantial role in seasonal reproductive physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Batailler
- INRA, UMR 85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, F-37380, Nouzilly, France.,CNRS, UMR7247, F-37380, Nouzilly, France.,Université de Tours, F-37041, Tours, France.,Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation (IFCE), F-37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Didier Chesneau
- INRA, UMR 85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, F-37380, Nouzilly, France.,CNRS, UMR7247, F-37380, Nouzilly, France.,Université de Tours, F-37041, Tours, France.,Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation (IFCE), F-37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Laura Derouet
- INRA, UMR 85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, F-37380, Nouzilly, France.,CNRS, UMR7247, F-37380, Nouzilly, France.,Université de Tours, F-37041, Tours, France.,Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation (IFCE), F-37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Lucile Butruille
- INRA, UMR 85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, F-37380, Nouzilly, France.,CNRS, UMR7247, F-37380, Nouzilly, France.,Université de Tours, F-37041, Tours, France.,Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation (IFCE), F-37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Stéphanie Segura
- INRA, UMR 85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, F-37380, Nouzilly, France.,CNRS, UMR7247, F-37380, Nouzilly, France.,Université de Tours, F-37041, Tours, France.,Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation (IFCE), F-37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Juliette Cognié
- INRA, UMR 85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, F-37380, Nouzilly, France.,CNRS, UMR7247, F-37380, Nouzilly, France.,Université de Tours, F-37041, Tours, France.,Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation (IFCE), F-37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Joëlle Dupont
- INRA, UMR 85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, F-37380, Nouzilly, France.,CNRS, UMR7247, F-37380, Nouzilly, France.,Université de Tours, F-37041, Tours, France.,Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation (IFCE), F-37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Delphine Pillon
- INRA, UMR 85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, F-37380, Nouzilly, France.,CNRS, UMR7247, F-37380, Nouzilly, France.,Université de Tours, F-37041, Tours, France.,Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation (IFCE), F-37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Martine Migaud
- INRA, UMR 85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, F-37380, Nouzilly, France. .,CNRS, UMR7247, F-37380, Nouzilly, France. .,Université de Tours, F-37041, Tours, France. .,Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation (IFCE), F-37380, Nouzilly, France.
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18
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Larson VA, Mironova Y, Vanderpool KG, Waisman A, Rash JE, Agarwal A, Bergles DE. Oligodendrocytes control potassium accumulation in white matter and seizure susceptibility. eLife 2018; 7:34829. [PMID: 29596047 PMCID: PMC5903864 DOI: 10.7554/elife.34829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The inwardly rectifying K+ channel Kir4.1 is broadly expressed by CNS glia and deficits in Kir4.1 lead to seizures and myelin vacuolization. However, the role of oligodendrocyte Kir4.1 channels in controlling myelination and K+ clearance in white matter has not been defined. Here, we show that selective deletion of Kir4.1 from oligodendrocyte progenitors (OPCs) or mature oligodendrocytes did not impair their development or disrupt the structure of myelin. However, mice lacking oligodendrocyte Kir4.1 channels exhibited profound functional impairments, including slower clearance of extracellular K+ and delayed recovery of axons from repetitive stimulation in white matter, as well as spontaneous seizures, a lower seizure threshold, and activity-dependent motor deficits. These results indicate that Kir4.1 channels in oligodendrocytes play an important role in extracellular K+ homeostasis in white matter, and that selective loss of this channel from oligodendrocytes is sufficient to impair K+ clearance and promote seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie A Larson
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Yevgeniya Mironova
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Kimberly G Vanderpool
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, United States
| | - Ari Waisman
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - John E Rash
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, United States
| | - Amit Agarwal
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Dwight E Bergles
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
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19
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Robins SC, Kokoeva MV. NG2-Glia, a New Player in Energy Balance. Neuroendocrinology 2018; 107:305-312. [PMID: 29506015 DOI: 10.1159/000488111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that glia act not only as neuronal support cells, but that they can also influence physiological outcomes via effects on neural signalling. The role of NG2-glia in this regard is especially enigmatic, as they are known to interact with neural circuits but their precise functions other than as oligodendrocyte progenitor cells remain elusive. Here, we summarise recent evidence suggesting that NG2-glia play a role in the maintenance of energy homeostasis, most notably via the support of leptin-sensing neural circuits. We also discuss the potential clinical implication of these findings specifically in the context of cranial radiation therapy.
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20
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Zhou YD. Glial Regulation of Energy Metabolism. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1090:105-121. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-1286-1_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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21
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Begolly S, Olschowka JA, Love T, Williams JP, O'Banion MK. Fractionation enhances acute oligodendrocyte progenitor cell radiation sensitivity and leads to long term depletion. Glia 2017; 66:846-861. [PMID: 29288597 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) is commonly used to treat central nervous system (CNS) cancers and metastases. While IR promotes remission, frequent side effects including impaired cognition and white matter loss occur following treatment. Fractionation is used to minimize these CNS late side effects, as it reduces IR effects in differentiated normal tissue, but not rapidly proliferating normal or tumor tissue. However, side effects occur even with the use of fractionated paradigms. Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) are a proliferative population within the CNS affected by radiation. We hypothesized that fractionated radiation would lead to OPC loss, which could contribute to the delayed white matter loss seen after radiation exposure. We found that fractionated IR induced a greater early loss of OPCs than an equivalent single dose exposure. Furthermore, OPC recovery was impaired following fractionated IR. Finally, reduced OPC differentiation and mature oligodendrocyte numbers occurred in single dose and fractionated IR paradigms. This work demonstrates that fractionation does not spare normal brain tissue and, importantly, highlights the sensitivity of OPCs to fractionated IR, suggesting that fractionated schedules may promote white matter dysfunction, a point that should be considered in radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sage Begolly
- Departments of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, New York
| | - John A Olschowka
- Department of Neuroscience and Del Monte Neuroscience Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, New York
| | - Tanzy Love
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, New York
| | - Jacqueline P Williams
- Departments of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, New York.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, New York
| | - M Kerry O'Banion
- Department of Neuroscience and Del Monte Neuroscience Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, New York.,Department of Neurology, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, New York
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22
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Boulanger JJ, Messier C. Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells are paired with GABA neurons in the mouse dorsal cortex: Unbiased stereological analysis. Neuroscience 2017; 362:127-140. [PMID: 28827179 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPC) are glial cells that differentiate into myelinating oligodendrocytes during early stages of post-natal life. However, OPCs persist beyond developmental myelination and represent an important population of cycling cells in the gray and white matter of the adult brain. While adult OPCs form unique territories that are maintained through self-avoidance, some cortical OPCs appear to position their cell body very close to that of a neuron, forming what are known as OPC-neuron pairs. We used unbiased systematic stereological analysis of the NG2-CreERTM:EYFP reporter mouse to determine that close to 170,000 OPC-neuron pairs can be found in the dorsal portion of the adult neocortex, with approximately 40% of OPCs and 4% of neurons in pairs. Through stereological analysis, we also determined that reference memory training does not change the prevalence of OPC-neuron pairs or the proportion of OPCs and neurons that form them. GABAergic agent administration did not affect the proportion of OPCs and neurons that can be found in pairs. However, the GABAB-receptor agonist baclofen and the GABAA receptor antagonist picrotoxin significantly increased the estimated number of pairs when compared to the control group and the GABAB-receptor antagonist (i.e. saclofen) group. Density of OPC-neuron pairs was increased by the GABAA receptor antagonist picrotoxin. Finally, histological analysis of OPC-neuron pairs suggested that in the dorsal portion of the cortex, GABAergic interneurons represent the most common neuronal component of the pairs, and that calbindin, calretinin and parvalbumin GABAergic interneurons found in the cortex take part in these pairs. Using previous estimates of the number of GABAergic neurons in the rodent cortex, we estimate that roughly one in four GABAergic neurons are paired with an OPC.
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23
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Belkind-Gerson J, Graham HK, Reynolds J, Hotta R, Nagy N, Cheng L, Kamionek M, Shi HN, Aherne CM, Goldstein AM. Colitis promotes neuronal differentiation of Sox2+ and PLP1+ enteric cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2525. [PMID: 28566702 PMCID: PMC5451421 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02890-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms mediating adult enteric neurogenesis are largely unknown. Using inflammation-associated neurogenesis models and a transgenic approach, we aimed to understand the cell-source for new neurons in infectious and inflammatory colitis. Dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) and Citrobacter rodentium colitis (CC) was induced in adult mice and colonic neurons were quantified. Sox2GFP and PLP1GFP mice confirmed the cell-type specificity of these markers. Sox2CreER:YFP and PLP1creER:tdT mice were used to determine the fate of these cells after colitis. Sox2 expression was investigated in colonic neurons of human patients with Clostridium difficile or ulcerative colitis. Both DSS and CC led to increased colonic neurons. Following colitis in adult Sox2CreER:YFP mice, YFP initially expressed predominantly by glia becomes expressed by neurons following colitis, without observable DNA replication. Similarly in PLP1CreER:tdT mice, PLP1 cells that co-express S100b but not RET also give rise to neurons following colitis. In human colitis, Sox2-expressing neurons increase from 1–2% to an average 14% in colitis. The new neurons predominantly express calretinin, thus appear to be excitatory. These results suggest that colitis promotes rapid enteric neurogenesis in adult mice and humans through differentiation of Sox2- and PLP1-expressing cells, which represent enteric glia and/or neural progenitors. Further defining neurogenesis will improve understanding and treatment of injury-associated intestinal motility/sensory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Belkind-Gerson
- Neurogastroenterology Program, Digestive Health Institute, Children's Hospital Colorado University of Colorado, Aurora, USA.
| | - Hannah K Graham
- Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Justin Reynolds
- Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ryo Hotta
- Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nandor Nagy
- Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lily Cheng
- Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michal Kamionek
- Pathology department, Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Hai Ning Shi
- Neurogastroenterology Program, Digestive Health Institute, Children's Hospital Colorado University of Colorado, Aurora, USA
| | - Carol M Aherne
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, USA
| | - Allan M Goldstein
- Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Center for Neurointestinal Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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24
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Boulanger JJ, Messier C. Unbiased stereological analysis of the fate of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells in the adult mouse brain and effect of reference memory training. Behav Brain Res 2017; 329:127-139. [PMID: 28442356 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) are glial cells that differentiate into myelinating oligodendrocytes during early stages of post-natal life. However, OPCs persist beyond developmental myelination and represent an important population of cycling cells in the gray and white matter of the adult brain. Here, we used unbiased systematic stereological analysis to determine the total number of OPCs in the neocortex and corpus callosum of the adult mouse. We found that the ratio of OPCs to neurons is of 1:10 in the adult neocortex. Likewise, the ratio of OPCs to oligodendrocytes is of 1:1 in the cortex and 1:7 in the corpus callosum. We also used BrdU labeling and the NG2-CreER™:EYFP reporter mouse to determine the proportion of proliferating adult OPCs and their fate. We show that OPCs continue to differentiate into oligodendrocytes in adulthood, with white matter OPCs being more likely to differentiate into an oligodendrocyte phenotype than gray matter OPCs. The differentiation of OPCs into an oligodendrocyte phenotype can occur either directly from a spontaneous differentiation by an OPC or following OPC cell division. We also provide evidence for the neuronal differentiation of adult OPCs in the cortical gray matter. Although activity-dependent neural network activity has been hypothesized to serve as a modulator of OPC proliferation and differentiation, we found that reference memory training did not affect the proportion of proliferating and differentiated OPCs in the adult mouse brain.
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25
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Jäkel S, Dimou L. Glial Cells and Their Function in the Adult Brain: A Journey through the History of Their Ablation. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:24. [PMID: 28243193 PMCID: PMC5303749 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glial cells, consisting of microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocyte lineage cells as their major components, constitute a large fraction of the mammalian brain. Originally considered as purely non-functional glue for neurons, decades of research have highlighted the importance as well as further functions of glial cells. Although many aspects of these cells are well characterized nowadays, the functions of the different glial populations in the brain under both physiological and pathological conditions remain, at least to a certain extent, unresolved. To tackle these important questions, a broad range of depletion approaches have been developed in which microglia, astrocytes, or oligodendrocyte lineage cells (i.e., NG2-glia and oligodendrocytes) are specifically ablated from the adult brain network with a subsequent analysis of the consequences. As the different glial populations are very heterogeneous, it is imperative to specifically ablate single cell populations instead of inducing cell death in all glial cells in general. Thanks to modern genetic manipulation methods, the approaches can now directly be targeted to the cell type of interest making the ablation more specific compared to general cell ablation approaches that have been used earlier on. In this review, we will give a detailed summary on different glial ablation studies, focusing on the adult mouse central nervous system and the functional readouts. We will also provide an outlook on how these approaches could be further exploited in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Jäkel
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians UniversityMunich, Germany; MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, UK
| | - Leda Dimou
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians UniversityMunich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems NeurologyMunich, Germany; Molecular and Translational Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, University of UlmUlm, Germany
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Torper O, Götz M. Brain repair from intrinsic cell sources: Turning reactive glia into neurons. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2017; 230:69-97. [PMID: 28552236 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The replacement of lost neurons in the brain due to injury or disease holds great promise for the treatment of neurological disorders. However, logistical and ethical hurdles in obtaining and maintaining viable cells for transplantation have proven difficult to overcome. In vivo reprogramming offers an alternative, to bypass many of the restrictions associated with an exogenous cell source as it relies on a source of cells already present in the brain. Recent studies have demonstrated the possibility to target and reprogram glial cells into functional neurons with high efficiency in the murine brain, using virally delivered transcription factors. In this chapter, we explore the different populations of glial cells, how they react to injury and how they can be exploited for reprogramming purposes. Further, we review the most significant publications and how they have contributed to the understanding of key aspects in direct reprogramming needed to take into consideration, like timing, cell type targeted, and regional differences. Finally, we discuss future challenges and what remains to be explored in order to determine the potential of in vivo reprogramming for future brain repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olof Torper
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Planegg, Germany; Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany; SYNERGY, Excellence Cluster of Systems Neurology, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Planegg, Germany
| | - Magdalena Götz
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Planegg, Germany; Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany; SYNERGY, Excellence Cluster of Systems Neurology, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Planegg, Germany.
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Miyata S. Advances in Understanding of Structural Reorganization in the Hypothalamic Neurosecretory System. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:275. [PMID: 29089925 PMCID: PMC5650978 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamic neurosecretory system synthesizes neuropeptides in hypothalamic nuclei and releases them from axonal terminals into the circulation in the neurohypophysis (NH) and median eminence (ME). This system plays a crucial role in regulating body fluid homeostasis and social behaviors as well as reproduction, growth, metabolism, and stress responses, and activity-dependent structural reorganization has been reported. Current knowledge on dynamic structural reorganization in the NH and ME, in which the axonal terminals of neurosecretory neurons directly contact the basement membrane (BM) of a fenestrated vasculature, is discussed herein. Glial cells, pituicytes in the NH and tanycytes in the ME, engulf axonal terminals and interpose their cellular processes between axonal terminals and the BM when hormonal demands are low. Increasing demands for neurosecretion result in the retraction of the cellular processes of glial cells from axonal terminals and the BM, permitting increased neurovascular contact. The shape conversion of pituicytes and tanycytes is mediated by neurotransmitters and sex steroid hormones, respectively. The NH and ME have a rough vascular BM profile of wide perivascular spaces and specialized extension structures called "perivascular protrusions." Perivascular protrusions, the insides of which are occupied by the cellular processes of vascular mural cells pericytes, contribute to increasing neurovascular contact and, thus, the efficient diffusion of hypothalamic neuropeptides. A chronic physiological stimulation has been shown to increase perivascular protrusions via the shape conversion of pericytes and the profile of the vascular surface. Continuous angiogenesis occurs in the NH and ME of healthy normal adult rodents depending on the signaling of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The inhibition of VEGF signaling suppresses the proliferation of endothelial cells (ECs) and promotes their apoptosis, which results in decreases in the population of ECs and axonal terminals. Pituicytes and tanycytes are continuously replaced by the proliferation and differentiation of stem/progenitor cells, which may be regulated by matching those of ECs and axonal terminals. In conclusion, structural reorganization in the NH and ME is caused by the activity-dependent shape conversion of glial cells and vascular mural cells as well as the proliferation of endothelial and glial cells by angiogenesis and gliogenesis, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Miyata
- Department of Applied Biology, The Center for Advanced Insect Research Promotion (CAIRP), Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan
- *Correspondence: Seiji Miyata,
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Schneider S, Gruart A, Grade S, Zhang Y, Kröger S, Kirchhoff F, Eichele G, Delgado García JM, Dimou L. Decrease in newly generated oligodendrocytes leads to motor dysfunctions and changed myelin structures that can be rescued by transplanted cells. Glia 2016; 64:2201-2218. [PMID: 27615452 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
NG2-glia in the adult brain are known to proliferate and differentiate into mature and myelinating oligodendrocytes throughout lifetime. However, the role of these newly generated oligodendrocytes in the adult brain still remains little understood. Here we took advantage of the Sox10-iCreERT2 x CAG-eGFP x Esco2fl/fl mouse line in which we can specifically ablate proliferating NG2-glia in adult animals. Surprisingly, we observed that the generation of new oligodendrocytes in the adult brain was severely affected, although the number of NG2-glia remained stable due to the enhanced proliferation of non-recombined cells. This lack of oligodendrogenesis led to the elongation of the nodes of Ranvier as well as the associated paranodes, which could be locally rescued by myelinating oligodendrocytes differentiated from transplanted NG2-glia deriving from wildtype mice. Repetitive measurements of conduction velocity in the corpus callosum of awake animals revealed a progressive deceleration specifically in the mice lacking adult oligodendrogenesis that resulted in progressive motor deficits. In summary, here we demonstrated for the first time that axon function is not only controlled by the reliable organization of myelin, but also requires a dynamic and continuous generation of new oligodendrocytes in the adult brain. GLIA 2016;64:2201-2218.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Schneider
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum, Neuherberg, Germany.,Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Agnès Gruart
- División de Neurosciencias, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Sofia Grade
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Yina Zhang
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephan Kröger
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Molecular Physiology, Center of Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany
| | - Gregor Eichele
- Department of Genes and Behavior, MPI for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Leda Dimou
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany. .,Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum, Neuherberg, Germany. .,Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany. .,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.
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Djogo T, Robins SC, Schneider S, Kryzskaya D, Liu X, Mingay A, Gillon CJ, Kim JH, Storch KF, Boehm U, Bourque CW, Stroh T, Dimou L, Kokoeva MV. Adult NG2-Glia Are Required for Median Eminence-Mediated Leptin Sensing and Body Weight Control. Cell Metab 2016; 23:797-810. [PMID: 27166944 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
While leptin is a well-known regulator of body fat mass, it remains unclear how circulating leptin is sensed centrally to maintain energy homeostasis. Here we show that genetic and pharmacological ablation of adult NG2-glia (also known as oligodendrocyte precursors), but not microglia, leads to primary leptin resistance and obesity in mice. We reveal that NG2-glia contact the dendritic processes of arcuate nucleus leptin receptor (LepR) neurons in the median eminence (ME) and that these processes degenerate upon NG2-glia elimination, which explains the consequential attenuation of these neurons' molecular and electrical responses to leptin. Our data therefore indicate that LepR dendrites in the ME represent the principal conduits of leptin's anorexigenic action and that NG2-glia are essential for their maintenance. Given that ME-directed X-irradiation confirmed the pharmacological and genetically mediated ablation effects on body weight, our findings provide a rationale for the known obesity risk associated with cranial radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Djogo
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Center Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Sarah C Robins
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Center Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Sarah Schneider
- Physiological Genomics, Institute of Physiology, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Darya Kryzskaya
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Center Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Center Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Andrew Mingay
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Center Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Colleen J Gillon
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Center Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Joo Hyun Kim
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Center Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Kai-Florian Storch
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Ulrich Boehm
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Saarland School of Medicine, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Charles W Bourque
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Montreal General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - Thomas Stroh
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Leda Dimou
- Physiological Genomics, Institute of Physiology, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Maia V Kokoeva
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Center Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada.
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30
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Birey F, Kloc M, Chavali M, Hussein I, Wilson M, Christoffel DJ, Chen T, Frohman MA, Robinson JK, Russo SJ, Maffei A, Aguirre A. Genetic and Stress-Induced Loss of NG2 Glia Triggers Emergence of Depressive-like Behaviors through Reduced Secretion of FGF2. Neuron 2015; 88:941-956. [PMID: 26606998 PMCID: PMC5354631 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
NG2-expressing glia (NG2 glia) are a uniformly distributed and mitotically active pool of cells in the central nervous system (CNS). In addition to serving as progenitors of myelinating oligodendrocytes, NG2 glia might also fulfill physiological roles in CNS homeostasis, although the mechanistic nature of such roles remains unclear. Here, we report that ablation of NG2 glia in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of the adult brain causes deficits in excitatory glutamatergic neurotransmission and astrocytic extracellular glutamate uptake and induces depressive-like behaviors in mice. We show in parallel that chronic social stress causes NG2 glia density to decrease in areas critical to Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) pathophysiology at the time of symptom emergence in stress-susceptible mice. Finally, we demonstrate that loss of NG2 glial secretion of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) suffices to induce the same behavioral deficits. Our findings outline a pathway and role for NG2 glia in CNS homeostasis and mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fikri Birey
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; Graduate Program in Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Michelle Kloc
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Manideep Chavali
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Israa Hussein
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Michael Wilson
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Daniel J Christoffel
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Tony Chen
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Michael A Frohman
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - John K Robinson
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Scott J Russo
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Arianna Maffei
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Adan Aguirre
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
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31
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Goodman T, Hajihosseini MK. Hypothalamic tanycytes-masters and servants of metabolic, neuroendocrine, and neurogenic functions. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:387. [PMID: 26578855 PMCID: PMC4624852 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a resurgent interest in tanycytes, a radial glial-like cell population occupying the floor and ventro-lateral walls of the third ventricle (3V). Tanycytes reside in close proximity to hypothalamic neuronal nuclei that regulate appetite and energy expenditure, with a subset sending projections into these nuclei. Moreover, tanycytes are exposed to 3V cerebrospinal fluid and have privileged access to plasma metabolites and hormones, through fenestrated capillaries. Indeed, some tanycytes act as conduits for trafficking of these molecules into the brain parenchyma. Tanycytes can also act as neural stem/progenitor cells, supplying the postnatal and adult hypothalamus with new neurons. Collectively, these findings suggest that tanycytes regulate and integrate important trophic and metabolic processes and possibly endow functional malleability to neuronal circuits of the hypothalamus. Hence, manipulation of tanycyte biology could provide a valuable tool for modulating hypothalamic functions such as energy uptake and expenditure in order to tackle prevalent eating disorders such as obesity and anorexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Goodman
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia Norwich, UK
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32
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Homeostasis of Microglia in the Adult Brain: Review of Novel Microglia Depletion Systems. Trends Immunol 2015; 36:625-636. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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33
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Viganò F, Dimou L. The heterogeneous nature of NG2-glia. Brain Res 2015; 1638:129-137. [PMID: 26388262 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In the central nervous system, NG2-glia are the cells responsible for the generation of mature oligodendrocytes during development and adulthood. Some studies could show that NG2-glia can give origin also to astrocytes and neurons, a property that makes them similar to neural stem cells. Beside their important role as progenitors, NG2-glia are believed also to have more functions due to their unique interaction with neurons through synapses. It is however not clear whether these features are common to all NG2-glia or different subpopulations of NG2-glia devoted to different functions exist. Therefore the aim of this review is to highlight the state of the art on NG2-glia heterogeneity from development to adulthood and in different brain areas, and discuss the impact of it on our understanding of the glial neurobiology. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI:NG2-glia(Invited only).
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Affiliation(s)
- F Viganò
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich 80336, Germany
| | - L Dimou
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich 80336, Germany; Institute for Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg 85764, Germany; SYNERGY, Excellence Cluster of Systemic Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich 81377, Germany.
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34
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Sakry D, Yigit H, Dimou L, Trotter J. Oligodendrocyte precursor cells synthesize neuromodulatory factors. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127222. [PMID: 25966014 PMCID: PMC4429067 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
NG2 protein-expressing oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPC) are a persisting and major glial cell population in the adult mammalian brain. Direct synaptic innervation of OPC by neurons throughout the brain together with their ability to sense neuronal network activity raises the question of additional physiological roles of OPC, supplementary to generating myelinating oligodendrocytes. In this study we investigated whether OPC express neuromodulatory factors, typically synthesized by other CNS cell types. Our results show that OPC express two well-characterized neuromodulatory proteins: Prostaglandin D2 synthase (PTGDS) and neuronal Pentraxin 2 (Nptx2/Narp). Expression levels of the enzyme PTGDS are influenced in cultured OPC by the NG2 intracellular region which can be released by cleavage and localizes to glial nuclei upon transfection. Furthermore PTGDS mRNA levels are reduced in OPC from NG2-KO mouse brain compared to WT cells after isolation by cell sorting and direct analysis. These results show that OPC can contribute to the expression of these proteins within the CNS and suggest PTGDS expression as a downstream target of NG2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Sakry
- Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, D-55122 Mainz, Germany
- * E-mail: (JT); (DS)
| | - Hatice Yigit
- Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, D-55122 Mainz, Germany
| | - Leda Dimou
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, D-80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Jacqueline Trotter
- Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, D-55122 Mainz, Germany
- * E-mail: (JT); (DS)
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Crawford A, Stockley J, Tripathi R, Richardson W, Franklin R. Oligodendrocyte progenitors: Adult stem cells of the central nervous system? Exp Neurol 2014; 260:50-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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36
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Boda E, Di Maria S, Rosa P, Taylor V, Abbracchio MP, Buffo A. Early phenotypic asymmetry of sister oligodendrocyte progenitor cells after mitosis and its modulation by aging and extrinsic factors. Glia 2014; 63:271-86. [PMID: 25213035 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) persist in the adult central nervous system and guarantee oligodendrocyte turnover throughout life. It remains obscure how OPCs avoid exhaustion during adulthood. Similar to stem cells, OPCs could self-maintain by undergoing asymmetric divisions generating a mixed progeny either keeping a progenitor phenotype or proceeding to differentiation. To address this issue, we examined the distribution of stage-specific markers in sister OPCs during mitosis and later after cell birth, and assessed its correlation with distinct short-term fates. In both the adult and juvenile cerebral cortex a fraction of dividing OPCs gives rise to sister cells with diverse immunophenotypic profiles and short-term behaviors. Such heterogeneity appears as cells exit cytokinesis, but does not derive from the asymmetric segregation of molecules such as NG2 or PDGFRa expressed in the mother cell. Rather, rapid downregulation of OPC markers and upregulation of molecules associated with lineage progression contributes to generate early sister OPC asymmetry. Analyses during aging and upon exposure to physiological (i.e., increased motor activity) and pathological (i.e., trauma or demyelination) stimuli showed that both intrinsic and environmental factors contribute to determine the fraction of symmetric and asymmetric OPC pairs and the phenotype of the OPC progeny as soon as cells exit mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Boda
- Department of Neuroscience, Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Università degli Studi di Torino, Regione Gonzole, 10-10043, Orbassano (Turin), Italy
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37
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Abstract
Microglia are highly dynamic components of the innate immune system. In this issue of Neuron, Elmore et al. (2014) report that global depletion of microglia triggers mobilization of latent microglial progenitors throughout the CNS, resulting in rapid repopulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan G Hughes
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Dwight E Bergles
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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38
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Spatiotemporally different origins of NG2 progenitors produce cortical interneurons versus glia in the mammalian forebrain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:7444-9. [PMID: 24799701 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1400422111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The studies on the exact lineage composition of NG2 expressing progenitors in the forebrain have been controversial. A number of studies have revealed the heterogeneous nature of postnatal NG2 cells. However, NG2 cells found in embryonic dates are far less understood. Our study indicates that early NG2 progenitors from a ventral origin (i.e., before embryonic day 16.5) tangentially migrate out of the medial ganglionic eminence and give rise to interneurons in deep layers of the dorsal cerebral cortex. The majority of myelinating oligodendrocytes found in both cortical gray and white matters are, in contrast, derived from NG2 progenitors with a neonatal subventricular zone origin. Our lineage tracing data reflect the heterogeneous nature of NG2 progenitor populations and define the relationship between lineage divergence and spatiotemporal origins. Beyond the typical lineage tracing studies of NG2(+) cells, by costaining with lineage-specific markers, our study addresses the origins of heterogeneity and its implications in the differentiation potentials of NG2(+) progenitors.
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39
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Robins SC, Trudel E, Rotondi O, Liu X, Djogo T, Kryzskaya D, Bourque CW, Kokoeva MV. Evidence for NG2-glia derived, adult-born functional neurons in the hypothalamus. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78236. [PMID: 24205170 PMCID: PMC3812154 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that the adult murine hypothalamus, a control site of several fundamental homeostatic processes, has neurogenic capacity. Correspondingly, the adult hypothalamus exhibits considerable cell proliferation that is ongoing even in the absence of external stimuli, and some of the newborn cells have been shown to mature into cells that express neuronal fate markers. However, the identity and characteristics of proliferating cells within the hypothalamic parenchyma have yet to be thoroughly investigated. Here we show that a subset of NG2-glia distributed throughout the mediobasal hypothalamus are proliferative and express the stem cell marker Sox2. We tracked the constitutive differentiation of hypothalamic NG2-glia by employing genetic fate mapping based on inducible Cre recombinase expression under the control of the NG2 promoter, demonstrating that adult hypothalamic NG2-glia give rise to substantial numbers of APC+ oligodendrocytes and a smaller population of HuC/D+ or NeuN+ neurons. Labelling with the cell proliferation marker BrdU confirmed that some NG2-derived neurons have proliferated shortly before differentiation. Furthermore, patch-clamp electrophysiology revealed that some NG2-derived cells display an immature neuronal phenotype and appear to receive synaptic input indicative of their electrical integration in local hypothalamic circuits. Together, our studies show that hypothalamic NG2-glia are able to take on neuronal fates and mature into functional neurons, indicating that NG2-glia contribute to the neurogenic capacity of the adult hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric Trudel
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Olivia Rotondi
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Tina Djogo
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Charles W. Bourque
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Maia V. Kokoeva
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- * E-mail:
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