Parenchymal expression of CD40 exacerbates adenovirus-induced hepatitis in mice

Narciclasine ameliorated T cell mediated acute liver injury through activating AMPK pathway

Hepatitis is closely related to cirrhosis and liver cancer, and it is vital that we develop new drugs and identify new drug targets. Traditional Chinese medicine has demonstrated excellent curative effects on liver diseases. The ingredients from Chinese herbals are important source for drug development in the treatment of hepatitis. Here, we found that narciclasine (NCS), a major component extracted from narcissus bulbs, showed hepatoprotective effect against concanavalin A (Con A) induced hepatitis. NCS treatment significantly reduced hepatocyte death, hepatic inflammatory cells infiltration, and serum cytokine levels in Con A challenged mice. We further observed that NCS directly inhibited Con A induced splenocytes proliferation and cytokine production in vitro. RNA-seq results showed that genes related to immune response were upregulated in Con A treated CD4+ T cells, which were down-regulated in the presence of NCS. Moreover, the AMPK pathway had been found activated in response to NCS treatment, suggesting a potential target for NCS targets. In conclusion, our results reveal that NCS is a powerful immunosuppressor against T cell activation, thus leading to protection against Con A induced liver injury in mice. These findings provide new insights into the use of natural products in the treatment of autoimmune hepatitis.

Urantide prevents CCl4‑induced acute liver injury in rats by regulating the MAPK signalling pathway

A number of drugs and other triggers can cause acute liver injury (ALI) in clinical practice. Therefore, identifying a safe drug for the prevention of liver injury is important. The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential preventive effect and regulatory mechanism of urantide on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)‑induced ALI by investigating the expression of components of the MAPK signalling pathway and the urotensin II (UII)/urotensin receptor (UT) system. Liver oedema and severe fatty degeneration of the cytoplasm were observed in ALI model rats, and the serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels were found to be significantly increased. Compared with those in the ALI model group, ALT and AST levels and the liver index did not significantly increase in each group given the preventive administration of urantide, and the liver tissue morphology was correspondingly protected. Moreover, the gene and protein expression levels of UII, G protein‑coupled receptor (GPR14) and the oxidative stress‑sensitive cytokines, α‑smooth muscle actin and osteopontin were decreased, indicating that the protein translation process was effectively maintained. However, the expression levels of MAPK signalling pathway‑related proteins and genes were decreased. It was found that urantide could effectively block the MAPK signalling pathway by antagonizing the UII/UT system, thus protecting the livers of ALI model rats. Therefore, it was suggested that ALI may be associated with the MAPK signalling pathway, and effective inhibition of the MAPK signalling pathway may be critical in protecting the liver.

Bioassay-Guided Isolation of an Abetiane-Type Diterpenoid from Prunella vulgaris That Protects against Concanavalin A-Induced Autoimmune Hepatitis

Prunella vulgaris is a widely used edible Chinese medicinal plant. In the present study, two new abietane-type diterpenoids, abietoquinones A (1) and B (2), were isolated from this plant by an immunosuppressive bioassay-guided isolation procedure. Their structures were elucidated unambiguously by NMR spectroscopic analysis, single-crystal X-ray crystallography, and electronic circular dichroism calculations. Compounds 1 and 2 bear a cyclohex-2-ene-1,4-dione moiety, which is uncommon among abietane diterpenes. Also, abietoquinone A (1) suppressed murine splenocyte proliferation and decreased the production of proinflammatory cytokines induced by concanavalin A (Con A) in vitro. In Con A-challenged mice, preinjection with 1 significantly ameliorated liver injury. Additionally, abietoquinone A (1) exhibited inhibitory activities against the proliferation of murine splenocytes and human T cells induced by anti-CD3/anti-CD28 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs).

Metformin Modulates T Cell Function and Alleviates Liver Injury Through Bioenergetic Regulation in Viral Hepatitis

Metformin is not only the first-line medication for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, but it is also effective as an anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and anti-tumor agent. However, the effect of metformin during viral hepatitis remains elusive. Using an adenovirus (Ad)-induced viral hepatitis mouse model, we found that metformin treatment significantly attenuated liver injury, with reduced serum aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) levels and liver histological changes, presumably via decreased effector T cell responses. We then demonstrated that metformin reduced mTORC1 activity in T cells from infected mice, as evidenced by decreased phosphorylation of ribosome protein S6 (p-S6). The inhibitory effects on the mTORC1 signaling by metformin was dependent on the tuberous sclerosis complex 1 (TSC1). Mechanistically, metformin treatment modulated the phosphorylation of dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp-1) and mitochondrial fission 1 protein (FIS1), resulting in increased mass in effector T cells. Moreover, metformin treatment promoted mitochondrial superoxide production, which can inhibit excessive T cell activation in viral hepatitis. Together, our results revealed a protective role and therapeutic potential of metformin against liver injury in acute viral hepatitis via modulating effector T cell activation via regulating the mTORC1 pathway and mitochondrial functions.

Secoemestrin C inhibits activation of NKT/conventional T cells and protects against concanavalin A-induced autoimmune hepatitis in mice

Secoemestrin C is an epitetrathiodioxopiperazine isolated from Aspergillus nidulans, which has only been reported in terms of inhibiting tumor cell proliferation. Here, we determined the immunomodulatory and hepatoprotective effects of secoemestrin C in a mouse model of acute autoimmune hepatitis. In an in vitro assay, purified hepatic mononuclear cells (MNCs) from C57BL/6J mice were stimulated with concanavalin A (Con A) in the presence of secoemestrin C, and cell proliferation and cytokine production were measured. In an in vivo assay, mice with or without secoemestrin C pretreatment were injected with Con A to induce acute hepatitis. The secoemestrin C treatment dose-dependently suppressed cell proliferation and proinflammatory cytokine secretion in Con A-stimulated hepatic MNCs in vitro. In Con A-challenged mice, pre-injection with secoemestrin C significantly decreased the generation of proinflammatory cytokines and ameliorated liver injury. Furthermore, pretreatment with secoemestrin C significantly inhibited the Con A-induced activation of NKT and conventional T cells, and decreased IFN-γ production by these two cell populations. We conclude that secoemestrin C has an immunosuppressive effect on NKT and conventional T cells and has hepatoprotective activity in mouse autoimmune hepatitis. These findings provide new insights into the use of fungus-derived natural products for the treatment of autoimmune diseases.

Retinoic Acid Regulates Immune Responses by Promoting IL-22 and Modulating S100 Proteins in Viral Hepatitis

Although large amounts of vitamin A and its metabolite all-trans retinoic acid (RA) are stored in the liver, how RA regulates liver immune responses during viral infection remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that IL-22, mainly produced by hepatic γδ T cells, attenuated liver injury in adenovirus-infected mice. RA can promote γδ T cells to produce mTORC1-dependent IL-22 in the liver, but inhibits IFN-γ and IL-17. RA also affected the aptitude of T cell responses by modulating dendritic cell (DC) migration and costimulatory molecule expression. These results suggested that RA plays an immunomodulatory role in viral infection. Proteomics data revealed that RA downregulated S100 family protein expression in DCs, as well as NF-κB/ERK pathway activation in these cells. Furthermore, adoptive transfer of S100A4-repressed, virus-pulsed DCs into the hind foot of naive mice failed to prime T cell responses in draining lymph nodes. Our study has demonstrated a crucial role for RA in promoting IL-22 production and tempering DC function through downregulating S100 family proteins during viral hepatitis.

Betulin from Hedyotis hedyotidea ameliorates concanavalin A-induced and T cell-mediated autoimmune hepatitis in mice

Hedyotis hedyotidea has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. However, the mechanisms underlying for the effect remain unknown. We previously showed that, among 11 compounds extracted from H hedyotidea, betulin produced the strongest suppressive effect on T cell activation. Here, we examined the hepatoprotective effects of betulin against acute autoimmune hepatitis in mice and the mechanisms underlying the effects. Freshly isolated mouse splenocytes were stimulated with concanavalin A (Con A, 5 μg/mL) in the presence of betulin, the cell proliferation was assessed with CSFE-dilution assay. Mice were injected with betulin (10, 20 mg·kg^-1·d^-1, ip) for 3 d. One hour after the last injection, the mice were injected with Con A (15 mg/kg, iv) to induce acute hepatitis. Blood samples and liver tissues were harvested at 10 h after Con A injection, and serum transaminase levels and liver histopathology were detected; serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines, hepatic T lymphocyte ratios, and functional statuses of conventional T and NKT cells were also analyzed. Betulin (16 and 32 μmol/L) dose-dependently suppressed the proliferation of Con A-stimulated mouse splenocytes in vitro. In Con A-challenged mice, preinjection with betulin (20 mg·kg^-1·d^-1) significantly decreased the levels of proinflammatory cytokines IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-6, and ameliorated liver injury. Furthermore, pretreatment with betulin (20 mg·kg^-1·d^-1) significantly inhibited the Con A-induced activation of NKT and conventional T cells, and decreased production of proinflammatory cytokines IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-6 in these two cell populations. Betulin has immunomodulatory effect on overly activated conventional T and NKT cells and exerts hepatoprotective action in mouse autoimmune hepatitis. The findings provide evidence for the use of H hedyotidea and its constituent betulin in the treatment of autoimmune diseases.

Serum soluble CD40 is associated with liver injury in patients with chronic hepatitis B

Soluble cluster of differentiation 40 (sCD40) is proteolytically cleaved from membrane-bound CD40 and binds to CD154, thereby inhibiting CD40-CD154-mediated immune responses. The aim of the present study was to clarify the role of sCD40 in chronic hepatitis B (CHB). The sCD40 levels in sera from 132 patients with CHB and 33 healthy individuals were retrospectively measured. sCD40 concentrations in patients with CHB were higher than those in healthy controls, and sCD40 levels correlated positively with serum levels of the liver dysfunction biomarkers alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST). sCD40 concentrations increased with a rise in the severity of liver necroinflammation and fibrosis. Patients with >75% liver tissue staining positive for hepatitis B virus (HBV) antigen expression showed significantly lower sCD40 levels than those who stained negative for the HBV antigen. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of sCD40 was greater than that of ALT and AST; thus, sCD40 levels have a high diagnostic accuracy for detecting severe liver inflammation in patients with CHB, and could serve as an immunological marker of hepatic tissue injury.

Cell-based therapy for acute and chronic liver failures: distinct diseases, different choices

Cell-based therapies (CBTs) are considered the effective approaches to treat liver failure. However, which cell type is the most suitable source of CBTs for acute liver failure (ALF) or chronic liver failure (CLF) remains unclear. To investigate this, mature hepatocytes in adult liver (adult HCs), fetal liver cells (FLCs), induced hepatic stem cells (iHepSCs) and bone marrow derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs) were used to CBTs for ConA-induced ALF and Fah-deficient induced CLF in mice. The results showed that only BMSCs remitted liver damage and rescued ALF in ConA-treated mice. In this process, BMSCs inhibited ConA-induced inflammatory response by decreasing the mRNA expressions of TNF-α, IFN-γ and FasL and increasing IL-10 mRNA expression. However, in the CLF model, not BMSCs but adult HCs transplantation lessened liver injury, recovered liver function and rescued the life of Fah-/- mice after NTBC withdrawal. Further study showed that adult HCs offered more effective liver regeneration compared to other cells in Fah-/- mice without NTBC. These results demonstrated that BMSCs and adult HCs are the optimal sources of CBTs for ConA-induced ALF and Fah-deficient induced CLF in mice, respectively. This finding deepens our understanding about how to select a proper CBT for different liver failure.

Type 1 interferon-induced IL-7 maintains CD8+ T-cell responses and homeostasis by suppressing PD-1 expression in viral hepatitis

Type 1 interferon (IFN-I) promotes antigen-presenting cell maturation and was recently shown to induce hepatic IL-7 production during infection. Herein, we further explored the underlying mechanisms used by IFN-I to orchestrate antiviral immune responses in the liver. Acute viral hepatitis was induced by i.v. injection of adenovirus (Ad) in IFN-α receptor knockout (IFNAR(-/-)) and control mice. To disrupt signaling, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against IL-7 receptor alpha (IL-7Rα) or PD-L1 were i.p. injected. We found that CD8(+) T cells in IFNAR(-/-) mice were less effective than those in control mice. The reduced T-cell function was accompanied by increased levels of PD-1 expression, apoptosis and decreased IFN-γ production. The lack of IFN-I signaling also impaired the expression of accessory molecules in both intrahepatic dendritic cell (DCs) and hepatocytes. PD-L1 was comparably and highly expressed on hepatocytes in both IFNAR(-/-) and control mice. Injection of PD-L1-specific mAb in IFNAR(-/-) mice reversed the compromised immune responses in the liver. Further investigation showed that hepatic IL-7 elevation was less pronounced in IFNAR(-/-) mice compared to the controls. A treatment with recombinant IL-7 suppressed PD-1 expression on CD8(+) T cells in vitro. Accordingly, blocking IL-7R signaling in vivo resulted in increased PD-1 expression on CD8(+) T cells in Ad-infected mice. Collectively, the results suggest that IFN-I-induced hepatic IL-7 production maintains antiviral CD8(+) T-cell responses and homeostasis by suppressing PD-1 expression in acute viral hepatitis.

Hepatocyte growth factor in dampening liver immune-mediated pathology in acute viral hepatitis without compromising antiviral activity

BACKGROUND AND AIM

Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a pleiotropic cytokine related with cell proliferation and survival; however, its role in viral hepatitis is not elucidated. In this study, we studied HGF immune role in viral hepatitis.

METHODS

Mice received hydrodynamically delivered HGF plasmid or control plasmid and then infected with adenovirus, and parameters of immune-mediated liver damage were evaluated. We studied dendritic cell (DC) activation in the presence of HGF. T cells collected from infected mice were restimulated with virally infected DC to measure cytokine production in vitro.

RESULTS

HGF ameliorated the liver inflammation during viral hepatitis as alanine transferase, intrahepatic lymphocytes, and splenocyte counts were diminished by HGF. Lower histological scores of liver pathology were observed in the HGF group. DC from the HGF group expressed reduced CD40. The hepatic expression and serum concentration of IL-12p40 were diminished in HGF-transfected mice. In vitro experiments with DC confirmed that HGF diminished CD40 expression and IL-12p40 production. The expression and serum levels of IFN-γ, IL-6 and CXCL9 were significantly decreased in the HGF group. HGF overexpression diminished the expression and concentration of IL-10 and TGF-β. The frequency of PD-1(+) Tim-3(+) in CD8 T cells was decreased by HGF overexpression. Moreover, T cells in the HGF group at day 14 secreted more IFN-γ and TNF-α than those in the control group when restimulated with virally infected DC.

CONCLUSION

HGF modulated DC activation and T cell priming, thereby limiting the immune-mediated damage in the liver. However, viral clearance was not compromised by HGF.

Intrahepatic innate lymphoid cells secrete IL-17A and IL-17F that are crucial for T cell priming in viral infection

Intrahepatic cell-derived, early IL-17 is important for activating APCs in viral infection; however, the source and regulation of this IL-17 surge in the liver microenvironment are not well defined. In this article, we present evidence for a significant expansion of IL-17A/F-producing cells in mouse liver within 24 h of adenovirus infection. In addition to γδ T cells, a subset of IL-17A/F(+) cells expressed no myeloid or lymphoid lineage markers. Instead, they expressed high levels of stem cell markers, IL-7R and RORγt, consistent with the newly described innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). Based on their unique surface markers and cytokine profiles, these cells were confirmed as group 3 ILCs. In addition to adenovirus infection, group 3 ILCs were also found in mouse liver within 24 h of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection. They contributed significantly to the establishment of the early cytokine milieu in virus-infected liver. Functional studies with mice deficient of IL-17R, IL-17A, and IL-17F further revealed that IL-17 signaling was critical for priming T cell responses in viral hepatitis. IL-17A repressed IL-17F secretion in vitro and in vivo; IL-17F(+) intrahepatic cells expanded more vigorously in IL-17A knockout animals, permitting efficient Ag presentation and T cell function. However, IL-17F neither inhibited IL-17A in vitro nor regulated its secretion in vivo. Together, this study has demonstrated the importance of a unique intrahepatic subpopulation and subsequent IL-17A/F regulation at initial stages of viral infection in the liver. These results have important implications for anticytokine biologic therapy and vaccine development.

IL-33 induces nuocytes and modulates liver injury in viral hepatitis

Molecules containing damage-associated molecular patterns play an important role in many pathogenic processes. In this study, our aim was to investigate the role of IL-33, a damage-associated molecular pattern molecule, in adenovirus (Ad)-induced liver inflammation. Ad-infected mice exhibited a steadily increased IL-33 and its receptor IL-1R-like 1 expression in the liver during the first week of infection. Treatment of exogenous IL-33 resulted in a great decrease in the serum alanine aminotransferase levels and the number of Councilman bodies in the liver. Attenuated liver injury by IL-33 correlated with an increase in T regulatory cells but with a decrease in macrophages, dendritic cells, and NK cells in the liver. IL-33 enhanced both type 1 (IL-2 and IFN-γ) and type 2 (IL-5 and IL-13) immune responses in infected mice. However, IL-33 inhibited TNF-α expression in hepatic T cells and macrophages, and significantly reduced TNF-α levels in the liver. We found that in addition to its direct effects, IL-33 strongly induced novel nuocytes in the livers and spleens of infected mice. When cocultured with nuocytes, hepatic T cells and macrophages expressed lower levels of TNF-α. The IL-33-treated mice also demonstrated a slight delay, but no significant impairment, in eliminating an intrahepatic infection with Ad. In conclusion, this study reveals that IL-33 acts as a potent immune stimulator and a hepatoprotective cytokine in acute viral hepatitis. Its direct immunoregulatory functions and ability to induce novel nuocytes further suggest to us that it may be a potentially promising therapeutic candidate for the management of viral hepatitis.

Early IL-17 production by intrahepatic T cells is important for adaptive immune responses in viral hepatitis

This study was conducted to examine the interactions among the innate and adaptive immune components of the liver parenchyma during acute viral hepatitis. Mice were i.v. infected with a recombinant adenovirus, and within the first 24 h of infection, we found a transient but significant accumulation of IL-17 and IL-23 in the liver. In vivo neutralization of these interleukins alleviated the liver injury. Further investigations showed that IL-17 neutralization halted the intrahepatic accumulation of CTLs and Th1 cells. A majority of the IL-17-producing cells in the liver were γδ T cells. Additionally, intrahepatic IL-17(+) γδ T cells, but not the IFN-γ(+) ones, preferentially expressed IL-7Rα (CD127) on their surface, which coincided with an elevation of hepatocyte-derived IL-7 at 12 h postinfection. IL-7Rα blockade in vivo severely impeded the expansion of IL-17-producing cells after viral infection. In vitro, IL-7 synergized with IL-23 and directly stimulated IL-17 production from γδ T cells in response to TCRγδ stimulation. Finally, type I IFN (IFN-I) signaling was found to be critical for hepatic IL-7 induction. Collectively, these results showed that the IFN-I/IL-7/IL-17 cascade was important in priming T cell responses in the liver. Moreover, the highly coordinated cross talk among hepatocytes and innate and adaptive immune cells played a critical role in anti-viral immunity in hepatitis.