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Li S, Xiong F, Zhang S, Liu J, Gao G, Xie J, Wang Y. Oligonucleotide therapies for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2024; 35:102184. [PMID: 38665220 PMCID: PMC11044058 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2024.102184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) represents a severe disease subtype of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) that is thought to be highly associated with systemic metabolic abnormalities. It is characterized by a series of substantial liver damage, including hepatocellular steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis. The end stage of NASH, in some cases, may result in cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Nowadays a large number of investigations are actively under way to test various therapeutic strategies, including emerging oligonucleotide drugs (e.g., antisense oligonucleotide, small interfering RNA, microRNA, mimic/inhibitor RNA, and small activating RNA) that have shown high potential in treating this fatal liver disease. This article systematically reviews the pathogenesis of NASH/NAFLD, the promising druggable targets proven by current studies in chemical compounds or biological drug development, and the feasibility and limitations of oligonucleotide-based therapeutic approaches under clinical or pre-clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sixu Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, West China College of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Feng Xiong
- Department of Cardiology, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Songbo Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jinghua Liu
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Guangping Gao
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Viral Vector Core, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical, School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Jun Xie
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Viral Vector Core, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical, School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, West China College of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610066, China
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Saverino A, Qu X, Mendoza RG, Raha S, Manna D, Ermi AG, Subler MA, Windle JJ, Liu J, Sarkar D. Spatial transcriptomics unravels palmitoylation and zonation-dependent gene regulation by AEG-1 in mouse liver. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107322. [PMID: 38677511 PMCID: PMC11134871 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity-induced metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) leads to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Astrocyte-elevated gene-1/Metadherin (AEG-1/MTDH) plays a key role in promoting MASH and HCC. AEG-1 is palmitoylated at residue cysteine 75 (Cys75) and a knock-in mouse representing mutated Cys75 to serine (AEG-1-C75S) showed activation of MASH- and HCC-promoting gene signature when compared to wild-type littermates (AEG-1-WT). The liver consists of three zones, periportal, mid-lobular, and pericentral, and zone-specific dysregulated gene expression impairs metabolic homeostasis in the liver, contributing to MASH and HCC. Here, to elucidate how palmitoylation influences AEG-1-mediated gene regulation in regard to hepatic zonation, we performed spatial transcriptomics (ST) in the livers of AEG-1-WT and AEG-1-C75S littermates. ST identified six different clusters in livers and using zone- and cell-type-specific markers we attributed specific zones and cell types to specific clusters. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) of differentially expressed genes in each cluster unraveled activation of pro-inflammatory and MASH- and HCC-promoting pathways, mainly in periportal and pericentral hepatocytes, in AEG-1-C75S liver compared to AEG-1-WT. Interestingly, in AEG-1-C75S liver, the mid-lobular zone exhibited widespread inhibition of xenobiotic metabolism pathways and inhibition of PXR/RXR and LXR/RXR activation, versus AEG-1-WT. In conclusion, AEG-1-C75S mutant exhibited zone-specific differential gene expression, which might contribute to metabolic dysfunction and dysregulated drug metabolism leading to MASH and HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alissa Saverino
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Xufeng Qu
- Massey Comprehensive Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Rachel G Mendoza
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Suchismita Raha
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Debashri Manna
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Ali Gawi Ermi
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Mark A Subler
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Jolene J Windle
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA; Massey Comprehensive Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Jinze Liu
- Massey Comprehensive Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Devanand Sarkar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA; Massey Comprehensive Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
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3
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Shah M, Sarkar D. HCC-Related lncRNAs: Roles and Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:597. [PMID: 38203767 PMCID: PMC10779127 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) presents a significant global health threat, particularly in regions endemic to hepatitis B and C viruses, and because of the ongoing pandemic of obesity causing metabolic-dysfunction-related fatty liver disease (MAFLD), a precursor to HCC. The molecular intricacies of HCC, genetic and epigenetic alterations, and dysregulated signaling pathways facilitate personalized treatment strategies based on molecular profiling. Epigenetic regulation, encompassing DNA methyltion, histone modifications, and noncoding RNAs, functions as a critical layer influencing HCC development. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are spotlighted for their diverse roles in gene regulation and their potential as diagnostic and therapeutic tools in cancer. In this review, we explore the pivotal role of lncRNAs in HCC, including MAFLD and viral hepatitis, the most prevalent risk factors for hepatocarcinogenesis. The dysregulation of lncRNAs is implicated in HCC progression by modulating chromatin regulation and transcription, sponging miRNAs, and influencing structural functions. The ongoing studies on lncRNAs contribute to a deeper comprehension of HCC pathogenesis and offer promising routes for precision medicine, highlighting the utility of lncRNAs as early biomarkers, prognostic indicators, and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mimansha Shah
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA;
| | - Devanand Sarkar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Massey Comprehensive Cancer Center, and VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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Zhao Y, Tan H, Zhang X, Zhu J. Roles of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cell Mol Med 2023; 28:e18042. [PMID: 37987033 PMCID: PMC10902579 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the main pathological type of liver cancer, is linked to risk factors such as viral hepatitis, alcohol intake and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Recent advances have greatly improved our understanding that NAFLD is playing a major risk factor for HCC. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a class of transcription factors divided into three subtypes: PPARα (PPARA), PPARδ/β (PPARD) and PPARγ (PPARG). As important nuclear receptors, PPARs are involved in many physiological processes, and PPARs can improve NAFLD by regulating lipid metabolism, accelerating fatty acid oxidation and inhibiting inflammation. In recent years, some studies have shown that PPARs can participate in the occurrence and development of HCC by regulating metabolic pathways. In addition, PPAR modulators have been reported to inhibit the proliferation and metastasis of HCC cells and can enhance the curative effect of conventional treatments. This article reviews the role of PPARs in the occurrence and development of HCC, as well as its value in the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of HCC, in order to provide directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqin Zhao
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huabing Tan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Liver Disease Laboratory, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Huai'an, China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing, China
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Komaniecki G, Camarena MDC, Gelsleichter E, Mendoza R, Subler M, Windle JJ, Dozmorov MG, Lai Z, Sarkar D, Lin H. Astrocyte Elevated Gene-1 Cys75 S-Palmitoylation by ZDHHC6 Regulates Its Biological Activity. Biochemistry 2023; 62:543-553. [PMID: 36548985 PMCID: PMC9850907 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.2c00583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is a major risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Astrocyte elevated gene-1/Metadherin (AEG-1/MTDH) augments lipid accumulation (steatosis), inflammation, and tumorigenesis, thereby promoting the whole spectrum of this disease process. Targeting AEG-1 is a potential interventional strategy for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and HCC. Thus, proper understanding of the regulation of this molecule is essential. We found that AEG-1 is palmitoylated at residue cysteine 75 (Cys75). Mutation of Cys75 to serine (Ser) completely abolished AEG-1 palmitoylation. We identified ZDHHC6 as a palmitoyltransferase catalyzing the process in HEK293T cells. To obtain insight into how palmitoylation regulates AEG-1 function, we generated knock-in mice by CRISPR/Cas9 in which Cys75 of AEG-1 was mutated to Ser (AEG-1-C75S). No developmental or anatomical abnormality was observed between AEG-1-wild type (AEG-1-WT) and AEG-1-C75S littermates. However, global gene expression analysis by RNA-sequencing unraveled that signaling pathways and upstream regulators, which contribute to cell proliferation, motility, inflammation, angiogenesis, and lipid accumulation, were activated in AEG-1-C75S hepatocytes compared to AEG-1-WT. These findings suggest that AEG-1-C75S functions as dominant positive and that palmitoylation restricts oncogenic and NASH-promoting functions of AEG-1. We thus identify a previously unknown regulatory mechanism of AEG-1, which might help design new therapeutic strategies for NASH and HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrison Komaniecki
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- C.
Kenneth and Dianne Wright Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Maria Del Carmen Camarena
- C.
Kenneth and Dianne Wright Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Eric Gelsleichter
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Rachel Mendoza
- Department
of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia
Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Mark Subler
- Department
of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia
Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Jolene J. Windle
- Department
of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia
Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
- Massey
Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
- VCU
Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Mikhail G. Dozmorov
- Department
of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth
University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
- Department
of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Zhao Lai
- Greehy
Children’s Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health
Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229, United States
| | - Devanand Sarkar
- Department
of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia
Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
- Massey
Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
- VCU
Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Hening Lin
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Howard
Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology,
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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Sarkar D. Providing meaningful survival benefit to hepatocellular carcinoma patients: combination therapy of future. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr 2022; 11:779-781. [PMID: 36268238 PMCID: PMC9577984 DOI: 10.21037/hbsn-22-322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Chakraborty E, Sarkar D. Emerging Therapies for Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC). Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14112798. [PMID: 35681776 PMCID: PMC9179883 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14112798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) arises from hepatocytes and accounts for 90% of primary liver cancer. According to Global Cancer Incidence, Mortality and Prevalence (GLOBOCAN) 2020, globally HCC is the sixth most common cancer and the third most common cause of cancer-related deaths. Reasons for HCC prognosis remaining dismal are that HCC is asymptomatic in its early stages, leading to late diagnosis, and it is markedly resistant to conventional chemo- and radiotherapy. Liver transplantation is the treatment of choice in early stages, while surgical resection, radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and trans arterial chemoembolization (TACE) are Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved treatments for advanced HCC. Additional first line therapy for advanced HCC includes broad-spectrum tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), such as sorafenib and lenvatinib, as well as a combination of immunotherapy and anti-angiogenesis therapy, namely atezolizumab and bevacizumab. However, these strategies provide nominal extension in the survival curve, cause broad spectrum toxic side effects, and patients eventually develop therapy resistance. Some common mutations in HCC, such as in telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT), catenin beta 1 (CTNNB1) and tumor protein p53 (TP53) genes, are still considered to be undruggable. In this context, identification of appropriate gene targets and specific gene delivery approaches create the potential of gene- and immune-based therapies for the safe and effective treatment of HCC. This review elaborates on the current status of HCC treatment by focusing on potential gene targets and advanced techniques, such as oncolytic viral vectors, nanoparticles, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells, immunotherapy, and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9), and describes future prospects in HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eesha Chakraborty
- C. Kenneth and Dianne Wright Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA;
| | - Devanand Sarkar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Massey Cancer Center, VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-804-827-2339; Fax: +1-804-628-1176
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Rui L, Lin JD. Reprogramming of Hepatic Metabolism and Microenvironment in Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Annu Rev Nutr 2022; 42:91-113. [PMID: 35584814 PMCID: PMC10122183 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-062220-105200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a spectrum of metabolic liver disease associated with obesity, ranges from relatively benign hepatic steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The latter is characterized by persistent liver injury, inflammation, and liver fibrosis, which collectively increase the risk for end-stage liver diseases such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Recent work has shed new light on the pathophysiology of NAFLD/NASH, particularly the role of genetic, epigenetic, and dietary factors and metabolic dysfunctions in other tissues in driving excess hepatic fat accumulation and liver injury. In parallel, single-cell RNA sequencing studies have revealed unprecedented details of the molecular nature of liver cell heterogeneity, intrahepatic cross talk, and disease-associated reprogramming of the liver immune and stromal vascular microenvironment. This review covers the recent advances in these areas, the emerging concepts of NASH pathogenesis, and potential new therapeutic opportunities. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Nutrition, Volume 42 is August 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangyou Rui
- Department of Molecular and Integrated Physiology and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA;
| | - Jiandie D Lin
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA;
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9
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MTDH antisense oligonucleotides reshape the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment to sensitize Hepatocellular Carcinoma to immune checkpoint blockade therapy. Cancer Lett 2022; 541:215750. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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10
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Rajesh Y, Reghupaty SC, Mendoza RG, Manna D, Banerjee I, Subler MA, Weldon K, Lai Z, Giashuddin S, Fisher PB, Sanyal AJ, Martin RK, Dozmorov MG, Windle JJ, Sarkar D. Dissecting the Balance Between Metabolic and Oncogenic Functions of Astrocyte-Elevated Gene-1/Metadherin. Hepatol Commun 2022; 6:561-575. [PMID: 34741448 PMCID: PMC8870024 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is an enormous global health problem, and obesity-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is contributing to a rising incidence and mortality for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Increase in de novo lipogenesis and decrease in fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO) underlie hepatic lipid accumulation in NASH. Astrocyte-elevated gene-1/metadherin (AEG-1) overexpression contributes to both NASH and HCC. AEG-1 harbors an LXXLL motif through which it blocks activation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α (PPARα), a key regulator of FAO. To better understand the role of LXXLL motif in mediating AEG-1 function, using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 technology, we generated a mouse model (AEG-1-L24K/L25H) in which the LXXLL motif in AEG-1 was mutated to LXXKH. We observed increased activation of PPARα in AEG-1-L24K/L25H livers providing partial protection from high-fat diet-induced steatosis. Interestingly, even with equal gene dosage levels, compared with AEG-1-wild-type livers, AEG-1-L24K/L25H livers exhibited increase in levels of lipogenic enzymes, mitogenic activity and inflammation, which are attributes observed when AEG-1 is overexpressed. These findings indicate that while LXXLL motif favors steatotic activity of AEG-1, it keeps in check inflammatory and oncogenic functions, thus maintaining a homeostasis in AEG-1 function. AEG-1 is being increasingly appreciated as a viable target for ameliorating NASH and NASH-HCC, and as such, in-depth understanding of the functions and molecular attributes of this molecule is essential. Conclusion: The present study unravels the unique role of the LXXLL motif in mediating the balance between the metabolic and oncogenic functions of AEG-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yetirajam Rajesh
- Department of Human and Molecular GeneticsVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVAUSA
| | | | - Rachel G Mendoza
- Department of Human and Molecular GeneticsVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVAUSA
| | - Debashri Manna
- Department of Human and Molecular GeneticsVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVAUSA
| | - Indranil Banerjee
- Department of Human and Molecular GeneticsVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVAUSA
| | - Mark A Subler
- Department of Human and Molecular GeneticsVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVAUSA
| | - Korri Weldon
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research InstituteUniversity of Texas Health Science Center San AntonioSan AntonioTXUSA
| | - Zhao Lai
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research InstituteUniversity of Texas Health Science Center San AntonioSan AntonioTXUSA
| | - Shah Giashuddin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineNew York Presbyterian Health System at Weill Cornell Medical CollegeNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Paul B Fisher
- Department of Human and Molecular GeneticsVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVAUSA.,Massey Cancer CenterVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVAUSA.,VCU Institute of Molecular MedicineVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVAUSA
| | - Arun J Sanyal
- Department of Internal MedicineVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVAUSA
| | - Rebecca K Martin
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVAUSA
| | - Mikhail G Dozmorov
- Department of BiostatisticsVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVAUSA
| | - Jolene J Windle
- Department of Human and Molecular GeneticsVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVAUSA.,Massey Cancer CenterVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVAUSA
| | - Devanand Sarkar
- Department of Human and Molecular GeneticsVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVAUSA.,Massey Cancer CenterVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVAUSA.,VCU Institute of Molecular MedicineVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVAUSA
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11
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Ebeid K, Geary SM, Salem AK. Preparation and Characterization of a Liver Targeted, Poly(amidoamine) Based, Gene Delivery System. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2455:319-332. [PMID: 35213004 PMCID: PMC9670859 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2128-8_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is an aggressive liver disease that is considered a major cause of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. NASH is characterized by multiple underlying genetic mutations, with no approved cure to date. Gene therapies that target those genetic mutations may play a major role in treating this disease, once delivered specifically to the hepatocytes. In this chapter we present, in detail, the synthesis and the characterization of an efficient gene delivery system capable of targeting hepatocytes by exploiting the overexpression of asialoglycoprotein receptors on their cell surface. The targeting ligand, galactose derivative, lactobionic acid (Gal), is first conjugated to bifunctional poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), and then the formed PEG-Gal is further conjugated to the positively charged polymer, poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) to form a PAMAM-PEG-Gal construct that can complex and deliver genetic material (e.g., pDNA, siRNA, mRNA) specifically to hepatocytes. We first synthesize PAMAM-PEG-Gal using carbodiimide click chemistry. The synthesized conjugate is characterized using 1H NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Next, nanoplexes are prepared by combining the positively charged conjugate and the negatively charged genetic material at different nitrogen to phosphate (N/P) ratios; then the size, charge, electrophoretic mobility, and surface morphology of those nanoplexes are estimated. The simplicity of complexing our conjugate with any type of genetic material, the ability of our delivery system to overcome the current limitations of delivering naked genetic material, and the efficiency of delivering its payload specifically to hepatocytes, makes our formulation a promising tool to treat any type of genetic abnormality that arises in hepatocytes, and specifically NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kareem Ebeid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Manufacturing, Deraya University, New Minia, Egypt
| | - Sean M Geary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Aliasger K Salem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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12
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Wang L, Zhang N, Han D, Su P, Chen B, Zhao W, Liu Y, Zhang H, Hu G, Yang Q. MTDH Promotes Intestinal Inflammation by Positively Regulating TLR Signalling. J Crohns Colitis 2021; 15:2103-2117. [PMID: 33987665 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjab086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages in the intestinal mucosa can rapidly engage Toll-like receptor [TLR]-mediated inflammatory responses to protect against pathogen invasion, but these same innate immune responses can also drive the induction of colitis. Our previous research revealed that metadherin [MTDH] is overexpressed in multiple cancers and plays vital roles in tumour progression. However, the role of MTDH in intestinal inflammation is largely unknown. In this study, we found the MTDH expression in colonic lamina propria [CLP] macrophages was positively correlated with inflammatory colitis severity. MTDH-/- mice were protected against the symptoms of dextran sodium sulphate [DSS]-induced colitis; however, adoptive transfer of MTDH wild-type [WT] monocytes partially restored the susceptibility of MTDH-/- mice to DSS-induced colitis. TLR stimulation was sufficient to induce the expression of MTDH, whereas the absence of MTDH was sufficient to suppress TLR-induced production of inflammatory cytokines by macrophages. From a mechanistic perspective, MTDH recruited TRAF6 to TAK1, leading to TRAF6-mediated TAK1 K63 ubiquitination and phosphorylation, ultimately facilitating TLR-induced NF-κB and MAPK signalling. Taken together, our results indicate that MTDH contributes to colitis development by promoting TLR-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production in CLP macrophages and might represent a potential therapeutic approach for intestine inflammation intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Wang
- Pathology Tissue Bank, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Dianwen Han
- Department of Breast Surgery, General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Peng Su
- Department of Pathology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Bing Chen
- Pathology Tissue Bank, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Wenjing Zhao
- Pathology Tissue Bank, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Hanwen Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Guohong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qifeng Yang
- Pathology Tissue Bank, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China.,Department of Breast Surgery, General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China.,Research Institute of Breast Cancer, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
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13
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Gao Y, Tian R, Liu H, Xue H, Zhang R, Han S, Ji L, Huang W, Zhan J, You Y. Research progress on intervention effect and mechanism of protocatechuic acid on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:9053-9075. [PMID: 34142875 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1939265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become a surge burden worldwide due to its high prevalence, with complicated deterioration symptoms such as liver fibrosis and cancer. No effective drugs are available for NALFD so far. The rapid growth of clinical demand has prompted the treatment of NAFLD to become a research hotspot. Protocatechuic acid (PCA) is a natural secondary metabolite commonly found in fruits, vegetables, grains, and herbal medicine. It is also the major internal metabolites of anthocyanins and other polyphenols. In the present manuscript, food sources, metabolic absorption, and efficacy of PCA were summarized while analyzing its role in improving NAFLD, as well as the mechanism involved. The results indicated that PCA could ameliorate NAFLD by regulating glucose and lipid metabolism, oxidative stress and inflammation, gut microbiota and metabolites. It was proposed for the first time that PCA might reduce NAFLD by enhancing the energy consumption of brown adipose tissue (BAT). However, the PCA administration mode and dose for NAFLD remain inconclusive. Fresh insights into the specific molecular mechanisms are required, while clinical trials are essential in the future. This review provides new targets and reasoning for the clinical application of PCA in the prevention and treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxiao Gao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Rongrong Tian
- Department of Biomedicine, Beijing City University, Beijing, China
| | - Haiyue Liu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Huimin Xue
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruizhe Zhang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Suping Han
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Ji
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Weidong Huang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jicheng Zhan
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yilin You
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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14
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Banerjee I, Fisher PB, Sarkar D. Astrocyte elevated gene-1 (AEG-1): A key driver of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Adv Cancer Res 2021; 152:329-381. [PMID: 34353442 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An array of human cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), overexpress the oncogene Astrocyte elevated gene-1 (AEG-1). It is now firmly established that AEG-1 is a key driver of carcinogenesis, and enhanced expression of AEG-1 is a marker of poor prognosis in cancer patients. In-depth studies have revealed that AEG-1 positively regulates different hallmarks of HCC progression including growth and proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion, migration, metastasis and resistance to therapeutic intervention. By interacting with a plethora of proteins as well as mRNAs, AEG-1 regulates gene expression at transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and translational levels, and modulates numerous pro-tumorigenic and tumor-suppressive signal transduction pathways. Even though extensive research over the last two decades using various in vitro and in vivo models has established the pivotal role of AEG-1 in HCC, effective targeting of AEG-1 as a therapeutic intervention for HCC is yet to be achieved in the clinic. Targeted delivery of AEG-1 small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) has demonstrated desired therapeutic effects in mouse models of HCC. Peptidomimetic inhibitors based on protein-protein interaction studies has also been developed recently. Continuous unraveling of novel mechanisms in the regulation of HCC by AEG-1 will generate valuable knowledge facilitating development of specific AEG-1 inhibitory strategies. The present review describes the current status of AEG-1 in HCC gleaned from patient-focused and bench-top studies as well as transgenic and knockout mouse models. We also address the challenges that need to be overcome and discuss future perspectives on this exciting molecule to transform it from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indranil Banerjee
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Paul B Fisher
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Devanand Sarkar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States.
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15
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Manna D, Sarkar D. Multifunctional Role of Astrocyte Elevated Gene-1 (AEG-1) in Cancer: Focus on Drug Resistance. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13081792. [PMID: 33918653 PMCID: PMC8069505 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Chemotherapy is a major mode of treatment for cancers. However, cancer cells adapt to survive in stressful conditions and in many cases, they are inherently resistant to chemotherapy. Additionally, after initial response to chemotherapy, the surviving cancer cells acquire new alterations making them chemoresistant. Genes that help adapt the cancer cells to cope with stress often contribute to chemoresistance and one such gene is Astrocyte elevated gene-1 (AEG-1). AEG-1 levels are increased in all cancers studied to date and AEG-1 contributes to the development of highly aggressive, metastatic cancers. In this review, we provide a comprehensive description of the mechanism by which AEG-1 augments tumor development with special focus on its ability to regulate chemoresistance. We also discuss potential ways to inhibit AEG-1 to overcome chemoresistance. Abstract Cancer development results from the acquisition of numerous genetic and epigenetic alterations in cancer cells themselves, as well as continuous changes in their microenvironment. The plasticity of cancer cells allows them to continuously adapt to selective pressures brought forth by exogenous environmental stresses, the internal milieu of the tumor and cancer treatment itself. Resistance to treatment, either inherent or acquired after the commencement of treatment, is a major obstacle an oncologist confronts in an endeavor to efficiently manage the disease. Resistance to chemotherapy, chemoresistance, is an important hallmark of aggressive cancers, and driver oncogene-induced signaling pathways and molecular abnormalities create the platform for chemoresistance. The oncogene Astrocyte elevated gene-1/Metadherin (AEG-1/MTDH) is overexpressed in a diverse array of cancers, and its overexpression promotes all the hallmarks of cancer, such as proliferation, invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis and chemoresistance. The present review provides a comprehensive description of the molecular mechanism by which AEG-1 promotes tumorigenesis, with a special emphasis on its ability to regulate chemoresistance.
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16
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Rajesh Y, Sarkar D. Association of Adipose Tissue and Adipokines with Development of Obesity-Induced Liver Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042163. [PMID: 33671547 PMCID: PMC7926723 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is rapidly dispersing all around the world and is closely associated with a high risk of metabolic diseases such as insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), leading to carcinogenesis, especially hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It results from an imbalance between food intake and energy expenditure, leading to an excessive accumulation of adipose tissue (AT). Adipocytes play a substantial role in the tumor microenvironment through the secretion of several adipokines, affecting cancer progression, metastasis, and chemoresistance via diverse signaling pathways. AT is considered an endocrine organ owing to its ability to secrete adipokines, such as leptin, adiponectin, resistin, and a plethora of inflammatory cytokines, which modulate insulin sensitivity and trigger chronic low-grade inflammation in different organs. Even though the precise mechanisms are still unfolding, it is now established that the dysregulated secretion of adipokines by AT contributes to the development of obesity-related metabolic disorders. This review focuses on several obesity-associated adipokines and their impact on obesity-related metabolic diseases, subsequent metabolic complications, and progression to HCC, as well as their role as potential therapeutic targets. The field is rapidly developing, and further research is still required to fully understand the underlying mechanisms for the metabolic actions of adipokines and their role in obesity-associated HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yetirajam Rajesh
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA;
| | - Devanand Sarkar
- Massey Cancer Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-804-827-2339
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17
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Khan M, Sarkar D. The Scope of Astrocyte Elevated Gene-1/Metadherin (AEG-1/MTDH) in Cancer Clinicopathology: A Review. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12020308. [PMID: 33671513 PMCID: PMC7927008 DOI: 10.3390/genes12020308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its initial cloning in 2002, a plethora of studies in a vast number of cancer indications, has strongly established AEG-1 as a bona fide oncogene. In all types of cancer cells, overexpression and knockdown studies have demonstrated that AEG-1 performs a seminal role in regulating proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, metastasis and chemoresistance, the defining cancer hallmarks, by a variety of mechanisms, including protein-protein interactions activating diverse oncogenic pathways, RNA-binding promoting translation and regulation of inflammation, lipid metabolism and tumor microenvironment. These findings have been strongly buttressed by demonstration of increased tumorigenesis in tissue-specific AEG-1 transgenic mouse models, and profound resistance of multiple types of cancer development and progression in total and conditional AEG-1 knockout mouse models. Additionally, clinicopathologic correlations of AEG-1 expression in a diverse array of cancers establishing AEG-1 as an independent biomarker for highly aggressive, chemoresistance metastatic disease with poor prognosis have provided a solid foundation to the mechanistic and mouse model studies. In this review a comprehensive analysis of the current and up-to-date literature is provided to delineate the clinical significance of AEG-1 in cancer highlighting the commonality of the findings and the discrepancies and discussing the implications of these observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maheen Khan
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA;
| | - Devanand Sarkar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Massey Cancer Center, VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-804-827-2339
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18
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Gu H, Yang K, Shen Z, Jia K, Liu P, Pan M, Sun C. ER stress-induced adipocytes secrete-aldo-keto reductase 1B7-containing exosomes that cause nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in mice. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 163:220-233. [PMID: 33359683 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is an increasingly prevalent liver disease linked to obesity and associated complications. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress provokes dysfunction in lipid metabolism, which often leads to a progression of obesity-induced hepatic steatosis to NASH. However, the underlying mechanisms in which ER stress in adipose tissue induces hepatic pathology remain elusive. Here, we used male C57BL/6J mice to develop an animal model of NASH induced by a high fat (HFD) diet and methionine- and choline-deficient (MCD) diets. Using a gene-silencing approach with a recombinant lentiviral vector and extensive LC-MS/MS-based proteomics and lipidomics, we demonstrate that the ER stress-induced adipocyte-secreted exosome (ATEx) orchestrates lipid dynamics in the liver. We also noted that ATEx causes hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis that lead to NASH through initial accumulation of glycerol and triglycerides in hepatocytes. We also determined that aldo-keto-reductase 1B7 (Akr1b7), a key mediator in liver lipid metabolism, is involved in ATEx-mediated NASH induction. Of note, Akr1b7 deficiency in ER stress-induced ATEx strongly protected the murine liver against HFD and MCD-induced NASH. Our results indicated that ER stress-induced, adipocyte-secreted ATEx triggers NASH by delivering exosomal AKR1B7 to, and elevating glycerol level, in hepatocytes. These findings suggest potential therapeutic strategie that target ATEx to prevent or manage obesity-induced NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Gu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Kun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Zhentong Shen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Kai Jia
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Miao Pan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Chao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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19
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Sun R, Kang X, Zhao Y, Wang Z, Wang R, Fu R, Li Y, Hu Y, Wang Z, Shan W, Zhou J, Tian X, Yao J. Sirtuin 3-mediated deacetylation of acyl-CoA synthetase family member 3 by protocatechuic acid attenuates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:4166-4180. [PMID: 32520409 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Hepatic fatty acid metabolism disorder, a key pathogenic mechanism underlying non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is associated with the hyperacetylation of mitochondrial enzymes. Acyl-CoA synthetase family member 3 (ACSF3), which is involved in the regulation of fatty acid metabolism, was predicted to contain lysine acetylation sites related to the mitochondrial deacetylase sirtuin 3 (SIRT3). The purpose of this study was to explore the underlying mechanism by which SIRT3 deacetylates ACSF3 in NAFLD and the protective effect of the natural phenolic compound protocatechuic acid (PCA) against fatty acid metabolism disorder via the SIRT3/ACSF3 pathway. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The role of protocatechuic acid and its molecular mechanism in NAFLD were detected in rats and SIRT3-knockout mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) and in AML-12 cells treated with palmitic acid (PA). KEY RESULTS Pharmacological treatment with protocatechuic acid significantly attenuated high-fat diet-induced fatty acid metabolism disorder in NAFLD. Molecular docking assays showed that protocatechuic acid specifically bound SIRT3 as a substrate and increased SIRT3 protein expression. However, the protective role of protocatechuic acid was abolished by SIRT3 knockdown, which increased ACSF3 expression and exacerbated fatty acid metabolism disorder. Mechanistically, SIRT3 was shown to specifically regulate the acetylation and degradation of ACSF3, which govern the capacity of ACSF3 to mediate fatty acid metabolism disorder during NAFLD. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS SIRT3-mediated ACSF3 deacetylation is a novel molecular mechanism in NAFLD therapy and protocatechuic acid confers protection against high-fat diet- and palmitic acid-induced hepatic fatty acid metabolism disorder through the SIRT3/ACSF3 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruimin Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaohui Kang
- Department of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Zhanyu Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Ruiwen Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Rong Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yan Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Zhecheng Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Wen Shan
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Junjun Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaofeng Tian
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jihong Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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20
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Molecular Mechanisms Regulating Obesity-Associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12051290. [PMID: 32443737 PMCID: PMC7281233 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a global, intractable issue, altering inflammatory and stress response pathways, and promoting tissue adiposity and tumorigenesis. Visceral fat accumulation is correlated with primary tumor recurrence, poor prognosis and chemotherapeutic resistance. Accumulating evidence highlights a close association between obesity and an increased incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Obesity drives HCC, and obesity-associated tumorigenesis develops via nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL), progressing to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and ultimately to HCC. The better molecular elucidation and proteogenomic characterization of obesity-associated HCC might eventually open up potential therapeutic avenues. The mechanisms relating obesity and HCC are correlated with adipose tissue remodeling, alteration in the gut microbiome, genetic factors, ER stress, oxidative stress and epigenetic changes. During obesity-related hepatocarcinogenesis, adipokine secretion is dysregulated and the nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 1 (Nrf-1), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN)/Akt, and Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling pathways are activated. This review captures the present trends allied with the molecular mechanisms involved in obesity-associated hepatic tumorigenesis, showcasing next generation molecular therapeutic strategies and their mechanisms for the successful treatment of HCC.
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21
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Hong W, Li S, Wu L, He B, Jiang J, Chen Z. Prediction of VEGF-C as a Key Target of Pure Total Flavonoids From Citrus Against NAFLD in Mice via Network Pharmacology. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:582. [PMID: 31214028 PMCID: PMC6558193 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Pure total flavonoids from Citrus (PTFC) effectively reduce the symptoms of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Our previous microarray analysis uncovered the alterations of important signaling pathways in the treatment of NAFLD with PTFC. However, the underlying core genes that might be targeted by PTFC, which play important roles in the progression of NALFD are yet to be identified. In this study, we predicted the vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) as potential key molecular target of PTFC against NAFLD via network pharmacology analysis. The network pharmacology approach presented here provided important clues for understanding the mechanisms of PTFC treatment in the development of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hong
- The Second Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Circulatory Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Songsong Li
- The Second Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Circulatory Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liyan Wu
- The Second Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Circulatory Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Beihui He
- The Second Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Circulatory Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianping Jiang
- The Second Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Circulatory Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyun Chen
- The Second Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Circulatory Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
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22
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Qing Z, Ye J, Wu S. Lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of astrocyte elevated gene-1 promotes degeneration and inflammation of chondrocytes via activation of nuclear factor-κB signaling. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 71:84-92. [PMID: 30878819 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is an inflammatory disease characterized by joint degeneration and inflammation. Astrocyte elevated gene-1 (AEG-1) has been suggested as a novel inflammation-related factor in the pathological processes of various inflammatory diseases. To date, little is known about the role of AEG-1 in osteoarthritis. The aim of the present study was to explore the potential role of AEG-1 in the regulation of lipopolysaccharide-induced apoptosis and inflammation of chondrocytes. The results showed that AEG-1 expression was significantly upregulated in chondrocytes following exposure to lipopolysaccharide. Knockdown of AEG-1 increased the survival and decreased the expression of matrix metalloproteinases in chondrocytes treated with lipopolysaccharide. Moreover, silencing of AEG-1 restricted the lipopolysaccharide-induced production of proinflammatory cytokines. In contrast, AEG-1 overexpression caused opposite effects. Notably, we found that AEG-1 inhibition blocked the lipopolysaccharide-induced activation of nuclear factor-κB signaling through impeding the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-κB p65 subunit. Additionally, inhibition of nuclear factor-κB partially reversed the AEG-1-mediated promotion of lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory injury in chondrocytes. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that inhibition of AEG-1 expression attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced degeneration and inflammation of chondrocytes through suppressing the activation of nuclear factor-κB signaling. This work therefore highlights a potential role of AEG-1 in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis, and indicates its potential as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Qing
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China; The Department of Joint Surgery, Knee Word, Honghui Hospital, Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Jiumin Ye
- Department of Anesthesiology, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Shufang Wu
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
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23
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Kong Q, Li N, Cheng H, Zhang X, Cao X, Qi T, Dai L, Zhang Z, Chen X, Li C, Li Y, Xue B, Fang L, Liu L, Ding Z. HSPA12A Is a Novel Player in Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis via Promoting Nuclear PKM2-Mediated M1 Macrophage Polarization. Diabetes 2019; 68:361-376. [PMID: 30455376 DOI: 10.2337/db18-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is the most prevalent cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. Macrophage-mediated inflammation plays a critical role in NASH pathogenesis; however, optimum therapies for macrophage activation and NASH remain elusive. HSPA12A encodes a novel member of the HSP70 family. Here, we report that NASH patients showed increased hepatic HSPA12A expression and serum HSPA12A contents. Intriguingly, knockout of HSPA12A (Hspa12a-/- ) in mice attenuated high-fat diet (HFD)-induced hepatic steatosis and injury. HFD-induced macrophage polarization toward an M1 phenotype and inflammatory responses in the liver of Hspa12a-/- mice were also attenuated. Loss- and gain-of-function studies revealed that the de novo lipogenesis in hepatocytes was regulated by the paracrine effects of macrophage HSPA12A rather than by hepatocyte HSPA12A. In-depth molecular analysis revealed that HSPA12A interacted with the M2 isoform of pyruvate kinase (PKM2) in macrophages and increased its nuclear translocation, thereby promoting M1 polarization and secretion of proinflammatory M1 cytokines; this led, ultimately, to hepatocyte steatosis via paracrine effects. Taken together, these findings show that HSPA12A acts as a novel regulator of M1 macrophage polarization and NASH pathogenesis by increasing nuclear PKM2. Strategies that inhibit macrophage HSPA12A might be a potential therapeutic intervention for NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyue Kong
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Nan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao Cheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaojin Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaofei Cao
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Qi
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Leyang Dai
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhihong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuan Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chuanfu Li
- Department of Surgery, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN
| | - Yuehua Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bin Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Fang
- Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhengnian Ding
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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24
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Robertson CL, Mendoza RG, Jariwala N, Dozmorov M, Mukhopadhyay ND, Subler MA, Windle JJ, Lai Z, Fisher PB, Ghosh S, Sarkar D. Astrocyte Elevated Gene-1 Regulates Macrophage Activation in Hepatocellular Carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 2018; 78:6436-6446. [PMID: 30181179 PMCID: PMC6239947 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-0659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is a known hallmark of cancer and is central to the onset and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Hepatic macrophages play a critical role in the inflammatory process leading to HCC. The oncogene Astrocyte elevated gene-1 (AEG-1) regulates NFκB activation, and germline knockout of AEG-1 in mice (AEG-1-/-) results in resistance to inflammation and experimental HCC. In this study, we developed conditional hepatocyte- and myeloid cell-specific AEG-1-/- mice (AEG-1ΔHEP and AEG-1ΔMAC, respectively) and induced HCC by treatment with N-nitrosodiethylamine (DEN) and phenobarbital (PB). AEG-1ΔHEP mice exhibited a significant reduction in disease severity compared with control littermates, while AEG-1ΔMAC mice were profoundly resistant. In vitro, AEG-1-/- hepatocytes exhibited increased sensitivity to stress and senescence. Notably, AEG-1-/- macrophages were resistant to either M1 or M2 differentiation with significant inhibition in migration, endothelial adhesion, and efferocytosis activity, indicating that AEG-1 ablation renders macrophages functionally anergic. These results unravel a central role of AEG-1 in regulating macrophage activation and indicate that AEG-1 is required in both tumor cells and tumor microenvironment to stimulate hepatocarcinogenesis.Significance: These findings distinguish a novel role of macrophage-derived oncogene AEG-1 from hepatocellular AEG-1 in promoting inflammation and driving tumorigenesis. Cancer Res; 78(22); 6436-46. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chadia L Robertson
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Rachel G Mendoza
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Nidhi Jariwala
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Mikhail Dozmorov
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Nitai D Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Mark A Subler
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Jolene J Windle
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Zhao Lai
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Paul B Fisher
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
- VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Shobha Ghosh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Devanand Sarkar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
- VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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25
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Wang Q, Seki E. Astrocyte elevated gene-1 (AEG-1): a new potential therapeutic target for the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr 2018; 7:44-47. [PMID: 29531945 PMCID: PMC5835612 DOI: 10.21037/hbsn.2017.11.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qinglan Wang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- E-Institute of Shanghai Municipal Education Committee, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ekihiro Seki
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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