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Abimannan T, Parthibane V, Le SH, Vijaykrishna N, Fox SD, Karim B, Kunduri G, Blankenberg D, Andresson T, Bamba T, Acharya U, Acharya JK. Sphingolipid biosynthesis is essential for metabolic rewiring during T H17 cell differentiation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadk1045. [PMID: 38657065 PMCID: PMC11042737 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk1045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
T helper 17 (TH17) cells are implicated in autoimmune diseases, and several metabolic processes are shown to be important for their development and function. In this study, we report an essential role for sphingolipids synthesized through the de novo pathway in TH17 cell development. Deficiency of SPTLC1, a major subunit of serine palmitoyl transferase enzyme complex that catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step of de novo sphingolipid synthesis, impaired glycolysis in differentiating TH17 cells by increasing intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) through enhancement of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 2 activity. Increased ROS leads to impaired activation of mammalian target of rapamycin C1 and reduced expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha and c-Myc-induced glycolytic genes. SPTLCI deficiency protected mice from developing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and experimental T cell transfer colitis. Our results thus show a critical role for de novo sphingolipid biosynthetic pathway in shaping adaptive immune responses with implications in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Velayoudame Parthibane
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Si-Hung Le
- Division of Metabolomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Nagampalli Vijaykrishna
- Genomic Medicine Institute and Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Stephen D. Fox
- Mass Spectrometry Group, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Baktiar Karim
- Molecular Histopathology Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Govind Kunduri
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Daniel Blankenberg
- Genomic Medicine Institute and Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Takeshi Bamba
- Division of Metabolomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Usha Acharya
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jairaj K. Acharya
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
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Huang Y, Chen X, Liu X, Lin C, Wang Y. The coumarin component isofraxidin targets the G-protein-coupled receptor S1PR1 to modulate IL-17 signaling and alleviate ulcerative colitis. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 131:111814. [PMID: 38479159 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The increasing global prevalence of ulcerative colitis (UC) underscores the imperative to explore novel therapeutic approaches. Traditional Chinese medicine has historically shown potential in addressing this ailment. The current study aimed to elucidate the functional attributes and underlying mechanisms of isofraxidin, a coumarin derivative from Acanthopanax, in the context of UC. METHODS A murine model of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced UC was established, and we conducted a comprehensive assessment of the influence of isofraxidin on UC symptomatology, colonic histopathological manifestations, the inflammatory response, and apoptosis. The potential receptor of isofraxidin was initially identified through the Target database and molecular docking analysis. Subsequent in vivo and in vitro experiments were conducted to determine the effects of isofraxidin on the identified receptor and associated signaling pathways. Transfection was used to examine the receptor's role in the regulatory mechanism of isofraxidin. RESULTS Isofraxidin reduced UC symptoms and colonic histopathological impairments. Furthermore, isofraxidin ameliorated the DSS-induced inflammatory response and apoptosis in tissues. S1PR1 was identified as a target of isofraxidin and effectively suppressed activation of the IL-17 signaling pathway. Intriguingly, cellular experiments indicated that overexpression of S1PR1 counteracted the protective effect of isofraxidin. DISCUSSION In summary, our investigation revealed that isofraxidin could modulate S1PR1 and regulate the IL-17 signaling pathway, thus ameliorating DSS-induced UC. These findings establish a robust foundation for considering isofraxidin as a prospective therapeutic intervention to treat UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yisen Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000, China
| | - Xiangbo Chen
- Digestive Endoscopy Center, Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000, China
| | - Chanchan Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000, China
| | - Yubin Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000, China.
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Chen D, Lu P, Sun T, Ding A. Long non-coding RNA HOX transcript antisense intergenic RNA depletion protects against alcoholic hepatitis through the microRNA-148a-3p/sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 axis. Cell Tissue Res 2023; 394:471-485. [PMID: 37851113 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-023-03835-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
The aggravating role of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) HOTAIR has been indicated in liver injury caused by hepatic ischemia/reperfusion. However, under the condition of alcoholic hepatitis (AH), its effects remain unclear. The present study aimed to examine the effect of lncRNA HOTAIR on hepatic stellate cell viability and apoptosis during liver injury caused by AH. In the liver tissues of AH rats, HOTAIR and S1PR1 were overexpressed, and microRNA (miR)-148a-3p was poorly expressed. Loss-of-function assays revealed that silencing of HOTAIR alleviated liver injury in AH by inhibiting the activated phenotype of hepatic stellate cells, inflammation, and fibrosis. Using the bioinformatics databases, dual-luciferase, RIP, and FISH assays, we observed that HOTAIR was mainly localized in the cytoplasm of hepatic stellate cells, and HOTAIR could bind specifically to miR-148a-3p. In addition, miR-148a-3p could target S1PR1 expression. Rescue experiments showed that silencing of miR-148a-3p or overexpression of S1PR1 reversed the alleviating effects of HOTAIR silencing on liver injury. Taken together, our findings revealed that HOTAIR regulates hepatic stellate cell proliferation via the miR-148a-3p/S1PR1 axis in liver injury, which may serve as the basis for developing novel therapeutic strategies to treat AH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Chen
- Department of Integrated TCM & Western Medicine, Suzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215101, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Lu
- Department of Hepatology, Suzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, No. 39, Xiashatang, Mudu Town, Wuzhong District, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215101, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tianfeng Sun
- Department of Liver Disease Infection, Suzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215101, People's Republic of China
| | - Aliang Ding
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Suzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215101, People's Republic of China
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Ma X, Fisher JA, VoPham T, Vasiliou V, Jones RR. Associations between per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, liver function, and daily alcohol consumption in a sample of U.S. adults. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 235:116651. [PMID: 37451576 PMCID: PMC10948014 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitous in the environment and in the serum of the U.S. POPULATION We sought to evaluate the association of PFAS independently and jointly with alcohol intake on liver function biomarkers in a sample of the U.S. general population. METHODS Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2003-2016; N = 11,794), we examined the five most historically prevalent PFAS with >75% detection rates. We estimated odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between PFAS (quartiles and log-transformed continuous, ng/mL) and high levels (>95th percentile) of liver injury biomarkers using logistic regression models adjusted for key confounders. We evaluated interactions between PFAS and alcohol consumption and sex via stratified analyses and conducted sub-analyses adjusting for daily alcohol intake among those with available drinking history (N = 10,316). RESULT Serum perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was positively associated with high levels of alanine transferase (ALT) without monotonic trend (ORQ4vsQ1 = 1.45, CI: 0.99-2.12; p-trend = 0.18), and with increased aspartate transaminase when modeled continuously (OR = 1.15, CI: 1.02-1.30; p-trend = 0.03). Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) were both inversely associated with alkaline phosphatase while a trend was evident only for PFHxS (p = 0.02). A non-monotonic inverse association was observed with PFOA (p-trend = 0.10). The highest quartile of PFOS was associated with high total bilirubin (TB; ORQ4vsQ1 = 1.57, CI: 1.01-2.43, p-trend = 0.02). No significant associations were found between any PFAS and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase. We found no associations for perfluorodecanoic acid and perfluorononanoic acid. We observed some suggestive interactions with alcohol intake, particularly among heavy drinkers. CONCLUSION Consistent with other studies, serum levels of PFOA, PFHxS and PFNA were positively associated with high levels of ALT, and we also observed weak positive associations between some PFAS and TB. Associations observed among heavy drinkers warrant additional evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuqi Ma
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA; Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA.
| | - Jared A Fisher
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Trang VoPham
- Epidemiology Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Vasilis Vasiliou
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rena R Jones
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA; Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
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Ni S, Yuan X, Cao Q, Chen Y, Peng X, Lin J, Li Y, Ma W, Gao S, Chen D. Gut microbiota regulate migration of lymphocytes from gut to lung. Microb Pathog 2023; 183:106311. [PMID: 37625662 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The community of microorganisms known as gut microbiota that lives in the intestine confers significant health benefits on its host, primarily in the form of immunological homeostasis regulation. Gut microbiota not only can shape immune responses in the gut but also in other organs. This review focus on the gut-lung axis. Aberrant gut microbiota development is associated with greater lung disease susceptibility and respiratory disease induced by a variety of pathogenic bacteria. They are known to cause changes in gut microbiota. Recent research has found that immune cells in the intestine migrate to distant lung to exert anti-infective effects. Moreover, evidence indicates that the gut microbiota and their metabolites influence intestinal immune cells. Therefore, we suspect that intestine-derived immune cells may play a significant role against pulmonary pathogenic infections by receiving instructions from gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silu Ni
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Xiulei Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Qihang Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Yiming Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Xingyu Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Jingyi Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Yanyan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Wentao Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Shikong Gao
- Shenmu Animal Husbandry Development Center, Shenmu, 719399, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Dekun Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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Hao L, Zhong W, Woo J, Wei X, Ma H, Dong H, Guo W, Sun X, Yue R, Zhao J, Zhang Q, Zhou Z. Conventional type 1 dendritic cells protect against gut barrier disruption via maintaining Akkermansia muciniphila in alcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology 2023; 78:896-910. [PMID: 36626632 PMCID: PMC11140646 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Alcohol-perturbed gut immune homeostasis is associated with the development of alcoholic liver disease (ALD). However, the role of intestinal dendritic cells (DCs) in ALD progression is still unknown. This study aimed to investigate the cellular and molecular mechanisms through which intestinal DCs respond to alcohol exposure and contribute to the pathogenesis of ALD. APPROACH AND RESULTS After 8 weeks of alcohol consumption, the number of basic leucine zipper transcription factor ATF-like 3 ( Batf3 )-dependent conventional type 1 DCs (cDC1s) was dramatically decreased in the intestine but not the liver. cDC1 deficient Batf3 knockout mice along with wild-type mice were subjected to chronic-binge ethanol feeding to determine the role of intestinal cDC1s reduction in ALD. cDC1s deficiency exacerbated alcohol-induced gut barrier disruption, bacterial endotoxin translocation into the circulation, and liver injury. Adoptive transfer of cDC1s to alcohol-fed mice ameliorated alcohol-mediated gut barrier dysfunction and liver injury. Further studies revealed that intestinal cDC1s serve as a positive regulator of Akkermansia muciniphila ( A. muciniphila ). Oral administration of A. muciniphila markedly reversed alcoholic steatohepatitis in mice. Mechanistic studies revealed that cDC1s depletion exacerbated alcohol-downregulated intestinal antimicrobial peptides which play a crucial role in maintaining A. muciniphila abundance, by disrupting the IL-12-interferon gamma signaling pathway. Lastly, we identified that intestinal cDC1s were required for the protective role of Lactobacillus reuteri in alcoholic steatohepatitis. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that cDC1s protect alcohol-induced liver injury by maintaining A. muciniphila abundance in mice. Targeting cDC1s may serve as a promising therapeutic approach for treating ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuyi Hao
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research, Kannapolis, North Carolina, USA
| | - Wei Zhong
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research, Kannapolis, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Kannapolis, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jongmin Woo
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research, Kannapolis, North Carolina, USA
| | - Xiaoyuan Wei
- Department of Animal Science, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Hao Ma
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Haibo Dong
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research, Kannapolis, North Carolina, USA
| | - Wei Guo
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research, Kannapolis, North Carolina, USA
| | - Xinguo Sun
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research, Kannapolis, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ruichao Yue
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research, Kannapolis, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jiangchao Zhao
- Department of Animal Science, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Qibin Zhang
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research, Kannapolis, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, North Carolina, USA
| | - Zhanxiang Zhou
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research, Kannapolis, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Kannapolis, North Carolina, USA
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Chen L, Sun R, Lei C, Xu Z, Song Y, Deng Z. Alcohol-mediated susceptibility to lung fibrosis is associated with group 2 innate lymphoid cells in mice. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1178498. [PMID: 37457733 PMCID: PMC10343460 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1178498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic alcohol ingestion promotes acute lung injury and impairs immune function. However, the mechanisms involved are incompletely understood. Here, we show that alcohol feeding enhances bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis and inflammation via the regulation of type 2 innate immune responses, especially by group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s). Neuroimmune interactions have emerged as critical modulators of lung inflammation. We found alcohol consumption induced the accumulation of ILC2 and reduced the production of the neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), primarily released from sensory nerves and pulmonary neuroendocrine cells (PNECs). CGRP potently suppressed alcohol-driven type 2 cytokine signals in vivo. Vagal ganglia TRPV1+ afferents mediated immunosuppression occurs through the release of CGRP. Inactivation of the TRPV1 receptor enhanced bleomycin-induced fibrosis. In addition, mice lacking the CGRP receptor had the increased lung inflammation and fibrosis and type 2 cytokine production as well as exaggerated responses to alcohol feeding. Together, these data indicate that alcohol consumption regulates the interaction of CGRP and ILC2, which is a critical contributor of lung inflammation and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- Department of Surgery, Division of Immunotherapy, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People’s Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Huai’an, Jiangsu, China
- Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Rui Sun
- Department of Surgery, Division of Immunotherapy, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
- Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Chao Lei
- Department of Surgery, Division of Immunotherapy, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
- Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Zhishan Xu
- Department of Surgery, Division of Immunotherapy, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
- Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Yong Song
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhongbin Deng
- Department of Surgery, Division of Immunotherapy, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
- Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
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Maccioni L, Fu Y, Horsmans Y, Leclercq I, Stärkel P, Kunos G, Gao B. Alcohol-associated bowel disease: new insights into pathogenesis. EGASTROENTEROLOGY 2023; 1:e100013. [PMID: 37662449 PMCID: PMC10472976 DOI: 10.1136/egastro-2023-100013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Excessive alcohol drinking can cause pathological changes including carcinogenesis in the digestive tract from mouth to large intestine, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. In this review, we discuss the effects of alcohol on small and large intestinal functions, such as leaky gut, dysbiosis and alterations of intestinal epithelium and gut immune dysfunctions, commonly referred to as alcohol-associated bowel disease (ABD). To date, detailed mechanistic insights into ABD are lacking. Accumulating evidence suggests a pathogenic role of ethanol metabolism in dysfunctions of the intestinal tract. Ethanol metabolism generates acetaldehyde and acetate, which could potentially promote functional disruptions of microbial and host components of the intestinal barrier along the gastrointestinal tract. The potential involvement of acetaldehyde and acetate in the pathogenesis of the underlying ABD, including cancer, is discussed. We also highlight some gaps in knowledge existing in the field of ABD. Finally, we discuss future directions in exploring the role of acetaldehyde and acetate generated during chronic alcohol intake in various pathologies affecting different sites of the intestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Maccioni
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yaojie Fu
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yves Horsmans
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Leclercq
- Laboratory of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Peter Stärkel
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
- Laboratory of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - George Kunos
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Bin Gao
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Liu N, Liu M, Jiang M, Li Z, Chen W, Wang W, Fu X, Qi M, Ali MH, Zou N, Liu Q, Tang H, Chu S. Isoliquiritigenin alleviates the development of alcoholic liver fibrosis by inhibiting ANXA2. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 159:114173. [PMID: 36680814 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the effect of isoliquiritigenin (ISL) on model of alcoholic liver fibrosis (ALF). C57BL/6 mice were used to establish animal model of ALF, HSC-T6 cells were used to establish alcohol-activated cell model, and tandem mass tag (TMT) assays were used to analyze the proteome. The results showed that ISL obviously alleviated hepatic fibrosis in model mice. ISL visually improved the area of liver pathological stasis and deposition of fibrillar collagen (Sirius Red staining, Masson staining), inhibited the mRNA expression levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β) in liver tissues. ISL down-regulated the mRNA expression levels of IL-6 and transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1) in activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). And ISL significantly reduced annexin A2 (ANXA2) in vitro detected by TMT proteomics technology. Interestingly, it was found for the first time that ISL could inhibit ANXA2 expression both in vivo and in vitro, block the sphingosine kinases (SPHKs)/sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P)/interleukin 17 (IL-17) signaling pathway and regulate the expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) by inhibiting the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) at the downstream signal to finally reverse HSCs activation and hepatic fibrosis. Thus, we demonstrated that ISL is a drug monomer with notable anti-hepatic fibrosis activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Liu
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, North 4th Road 221, Shihezi, China
| | - Min Liu
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, North 4th Road 221, Shihezi, China
| | - Mengwei Jiang
- Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Zhenwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, North 4th Road 221, Shihezi, China
| | - Weijun Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xinjiang Second Medical College, Shengli Road 12, Karamay, China
| | - Wenxuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, North 4th Road 221, Shihezi, China
| | - Xianglei Fu
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, North 4th Road 221, Shihezi, China
| | - Man Qi
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, North 4th Road 221, Shihezi, China
| | - Md Hasan Ali
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, North 4th Road 221, Shihezi, China
| | - Nan Zou
- First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, North 2nd Road 107, Shihezi, China
| | - Qingguang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, North 4th Road 221, Shihezi, China
| | - Hui Tang
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, North 4th Road 221, Shihezi, China.
| | - Shenghui Chu
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, North 4th Road 221, Shihezi, China.
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10
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Zi C, Wang D, Gao Y, He L. The role of Th17 cells in endocrine organs: Involvement of the gut, adipose tissue, liver and bone. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1104943. [PMID: 36726994 PMCID: PMC9884980 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1104943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
T Helper 17 (Th17) cells are adaptive immune cells that play myriad roles in the body. Immune-endocrine interactions are vital in endocrine organs during pathological states. Th17 cells are known to take part in multiple autoimmune diseases over the years. Current evidence has moved from minimal to substantial that Th17 cells are closely related to endocrine organs. Diverse tissue Th17 cells have been discovered within endocrine organs, including gut, adipose tissue, liver and bone, and these cells are modulated by various secretions from endocrine organs. Th17 cells in these endocrine organs are key players in the process of an array of metabolic disorders and inflammatory conditions, including obesity, insulin resistance, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), osteoporosis and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We reviewed the pathogenetic or protective functions played by Th17 cells in various endocrine tissues and identified potential regulators for plasticity of it. Furthermore, we discussed the roles of Th17 cells in crosstalk of gut-organs axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyan Zi
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Die Wang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yongxiang Gao
- School of International Education, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China,*Correspondence: Yongxiang Gao, ; Lisha He,
| | - Lisha He
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China,*Correspondence: Yongxiang Gao, ; Lisha He,
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11
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Koda Y, Nakamoto N, Kanai T. Regulation of Progression and Resolution of Liver Fibrosis by Immune Cells. Semin Liver Dis 2022; 42:475-488. [PMID: 36208620 DOI: 10.1055/a-1957-6384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins results in fibrosis-a condition implicated in several diseased conditions, such as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, viral hepatitis, and autoimmune hepatitis. Despite its prevalence, direct and effective treatments for fibrosis are lacking, warranting the development of better therapeutic strategies. Accumulating evidence has shown that liver fibrosis-a condition previously considered irreversible-is reversible in specific conditions. Immune cells residing in or infiltrating the liver (e.g., macrophages) are crucial in the pathogenesis of fibrosis. Given this background, the roles and action mechanisms of various immune cells and their subsets in the progression and recovery of liver fibrosis, particularly concerning nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, are discussed in this review. Furthermore, the development of better therapeutic strategies based on stage-specific properties and using advanced techniques as well as the mechanisms underlying recovery are elaborated. In conclusion, we consider the review comprehensively provides the present achievements and future possibilities revolving around fibrosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzo Koda
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Nakamoto
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takanori Kanai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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12
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Lei C, Sun R, Xu G, Tan Y, Feng W, McClain CJ, Deng Z. Enteric VIP-producing neurons maintain gut microbiota homeostasis through regulating epithelium fucosylation. Cell Host Microbe 2022; 30:1417-1434.e8. [PMID: 36150396 PMCID: PMC9588764 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between the enteric nervous system (ENS) and intestinal epithelium are thought to play a vital role in intestinal homeostasis. How the ENS monitors the frontier with commensal and pathogenic microbes while maintaining epithelial function remains unclear. Here, by combining subdiaphragmatic vagotomy with transcriptomics, chemogenetic strategy, and coculture of enteric neuron-intestinal organoid, we show that enteric neurons expressing VIP shape the α1,2-fucosylation of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). Mechanistically, neuropeptide VIP activates fut2 expression via the Erk1/2-c-Fos pathway through the VIPR1 receptor on IECs. We further demonstrate that perturbation of enteric neurons leads to gut dysbiosis through α1,2-fucosylation in the steady state and results in increased susceptibility to alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD). This was attributed to an imbalance between beneficial Bifidobacterium and opportunistic pathogenic Enterococcus faecalis in ALD. In addition, Bifidobacterium α1,2-fucosidase may promote Bifidobacterium adhesion to the mucosal surface, which restricts Enterococcus faecalis overgrowth and prevents ALD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Lei
- Department of Surgery, Division of Immunotherapy, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Rui Sun
- Department of Surgery, Division of Immunotherapy, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Central Laboratory and Department of Oncology, Wuhan Fourth Hospital, Puai Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430033, China
| | - Guangzhong Xu
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Yi Tan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Wenke Feng
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Hepatobiology & Toxicology Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Craig J McClain
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Hepatobiology & Toxicology Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Robley Rex VA Medical Center, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Zhongbin Deng
- Department of Surgery, Division of Immunotherapy, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Hepatobiology & Toxicology Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.
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13
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Chen H, Wang J, Zhang C, Ding P, Tian S, Chen J, Ji G, Wu T. Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor, a new therapeutic direction in different diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 153:113341. [PMID: 35785704 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor (S1PR), as a kind of G protein-coupled receptor, has five subtypes, including S1PR1, S1PR2, S1PR3, S1PR4, and S1PR5. Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor (S1P) and S1PR regulate the trafficking of neutrophils and some cells, which has great effects on immune systems, lung tissue, and liver tissue. Presently, many related reports have proved that S1PR has a strong effect on the migration of lymphocytes, tumor cells, neutrophils, and many other cells via the regulation of signals, pathways, and enzymes. In this way, S1PR can regulate the relative response of the organism. Thus, S1PR has become a possible target for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, pulmonary disease, liver disease, and cancer. In this review, we mainly focus on the research of the S1PR for the new therapeutic directions of different diseases and is expected to assist support in the clinic and drug use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Chen
- Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201199, China; Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Junmin Wang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Caiyun Zhang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Peilun Ding
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shuxia Tian
- Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201199, China
| | - Junming Chen
- Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201199, China.
| | - Guang Ji
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Tao Wu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
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14
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Xu Q, Zhang R, Mu Y, Song Y, Hao N, Wei Y, Wang Q, Mackay CR. Propionate Ameliorates Alcohol-Induced Liver Injury in Mice via the Gut-Liver Axis: Focus on the Improvement of Intestinal Permeability. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:6084-6096. [PMID: 35549256 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c00633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol-related liver disease (ALD) is a major cause of chronic liver disease worldwide with limited therapeutic options. Here, we first revealed the promising beneficial effect of gut microbiota-derived propionate on alcoholic liver injury in mice. This effect was dependent on the modulation of homeostasis of the gut-liver axis, especially the improvement of intestinal permeability. Dietary supplementation with propionate protected against ethanol-induced loss of hepatic function and hepatic steatosis in mice. Meanwhile, propionate treatment attenuated intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction, restored the expression of intestinal mucus layer components, suppressed intestinal inflammation, and altered intestinal microbiota dysbiosis, which inhibited the intestinal hyperpermeability and subsequently reduced lipopolysaccharide leakage in ALD mice. Furthermore, as a consequence of endotoxemia amelioration, the liver inflammation-related TLR4-NF-κB pathway was inhibited. Collectively, our results suggested that propionate supplementation may be a promising option for the prevention and treatment of ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Immunology for Environment and Health, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Renshuai Zhang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yan Mu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Immunology for Environment and Health, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Yue Song
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Immunology for Environment and Health, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Na Hao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Immunology for Environment and Health, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Yunbo Wei
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Immunology for Environment and Health, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Quanbo Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Immunology for Environment and Health, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Charles R Mackay
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Immunology for Environment and Health, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
- Department of Microbiology, Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia
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15
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Zhao H, Guo P, Zuo Y, Wang Y, Zhao H, Lan T, Xue M, Zhang H, Liang H. Folic acid intervention changes liver Foxp3 methylation and ameliorates the damage caused by Th17/Treg imbalance after long-term alcohol exposure. Food Funct 2022; 13:5262-5274. [PMID: 35438698 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo04267j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Folic acid, as a key source of methyl donor in DNA methylation, has been proved to play a beneficial role in inflammation modulation, which is usually impaired in alcoholic liver disease (ALD). However, the role of folic acid in alcoholic liver inflammation and injury remain elusive. In this study, we sought to uncover the potential protective mechanism by which folic acid ameliorates alcoholic liver injury. 100 male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into 5 groups: normal saline group, folic acid control group (5 mg per kg BW), ethanol model group (56% v/v, 10 mL per kg BW), folic acid + ethanol group, and 5-Aza + ethanol group (0.1 mL per 20 g BW). Liquor (10 mL per kg BW) was orally administered 1 h after the folic acid treatment for 10 consecutive weeks. The results showed that folic acid-inhibited ethanol-induced serum TG, TC, and LDL elevation attenuated hepatic fat accumulation and maintained ALT at a normal level. 10 weeks of ethanol administration simultaneously upregulated the hepatic proportion of Th17 and Treg cells to different extents and broke the homeostasis of liver immunization. Folic acid limited ethanol-induced inflammatory injury by increasing the frequency of hepatic Treg cells. Importantly, this effect may be caused by decreased DNMT3a, which in turn downregulates the methylated levels of CPG2 and CPG3 in the Foxp3 promoter region, changing the abundance of Foxp3 expression and improving the Th17/Treg imbalance. In summary, our findings demonstrated that folic acid supplementation may relieve ethanol-induced Th17/Treg disbalance through altering Foxp3 promoter methylation patterns, suggesting that folic acid may be a feasible preventive strategy for ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huichao Zhao
- Departmnt of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Qingdao University, Ning Xia Road 308, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Peiyu Guo
- Departmnt of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Qingdao University, Ning Xia Road 308, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Yuwei Zuo
- Departmnt of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Qingdao University, Ning Xia Road 308, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Yanhui Wang
- Departmnt of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Qingdao University, Ning Xia Road 308, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Hui Zhao
- Departmnt of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Qingdao University, Ning Xia Road 308, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Tongtong Lan
- Departmnt of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Qingdao University, Ning Xia Road 308, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Meilan Xue
- Basic Medical College, Qingdao University, Ning Xia Road 308, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Huaqi Zhang
- Departmnt of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Qingdao University, Ning Xia Road 308, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Hui Liang
- Departmnt of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Qingdao University, Ning Xia Road 308, Qingdao 266071, China.
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16
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Ramadori P, Kam S, Heikenwalder M. T cells: Friends and foes in NASH pathogenesis and hepatocarcinogenesis. Hepatology 2022; 75:1038-1049. [PMID: 35023202 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In association with the pandemic spreading of obesity and metabolic syndrome, the prevalence of NAFLD-related HCC is increasing almost exponentially. In recent years, many of the underlining multifactorial causes of NAFLD have been identified, and the cellular mechanisms sustaining disease development have been dissected up to the single-cell level. However, there is still an urgent need to provide clinicians with more therapeutic targets, with particular attention on NAFLD-induced HCC, where immune checkpoint inhibitors do not work as efficiently. Whereas much effort has been invested in elucidating the role of innate immune response in the hepatic NAFLD microenvironment, only in the past decade have novel critical roles been unraveled for T cells in driving chronic inflammation toward HCC. The metabolic and immune microenvironment interact to recreate a tumor-promoting and immune-suppressive terrain, responsible for resistance to anticancer therapy. In this article, we will review the specific functions of several T-cell populations involved in NAFLD and NAFLD-driven HCC. We will illustrate the cellular crosstalk with other immune cells, regulatory networks or stimulatory effects of these interactions, and role of the metabolic microenvironment in influencing immune cell functionality. Finally, we will present the pros and cons of the current therapeutic strategies against NAFLD-related HCC and delineate possible novel approaches for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierluigi Ramadori
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and CancerGerman Center for Cancer Research (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
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17
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Neutral ceramidase-dependent regulation of macrophage metabolism directs intestinal immune homeostasis and controls enteric infection. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110560. [PMID: 35354041 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is not clear how the complex interactions between diet and intestinal immune cells protect the gut from infection. Neutral ceramidase (NcDase) plays a critical role in digesting dietary sphingolipids. We find that NcDase is an essential factor that controls intestinal immune cell dynamics. Mice lacking NcDase have reduced cluster of differentiation (CD) 8αβ+ T cells and interferon (IFN)-γ+ T cells and increased macrophages in the intestine and fail to clear bacteria after Citrobacter rodentium infection. Mechanistically, cellular NcDase or extracellular vesicle (EV)-related NcDase generates sphingosine, which promotes macrophage-driven Th1 immunity. Loss of NcDase influences sphingosine-controlled glycolytic metabolism in macrophages, which regulates the bactericidal activity of macrophages. Importantly, administration of dietary sphingomyelin and genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition of SphK1 can protect against C. rodentium infection. Our findings demonstrate that sphingosine profoundly alters macrophage glycolytic metabolism, leading to intestinal macrophage activation and T cell polarization, which prevent pathogen colonization of the gut.
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18
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Sun R, Lei C, Chen L, He L, Guo H, Zhang X, Feng W, Yan J, McClain CJ, Deng Z. Alcohol-driven metabolic reprogramming promotes development of RORγt-deficient thymic lymphoma. Oncogene 2022; 41:2287-2302. [PMID: 35246617 PMCID: PMC9018612 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02257-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
RORγt is a master regulator of Th17 cells. Despite evidence
linking RORγt deficiency/inhibition with metastatic thymic T cell
lymphomas, the role of RORγt in lymphoma metabolism is unknown. Chronic
alcohol consumption plays a causal role in many human cancers. The risk of T
cell lymphoma remains unclear in humans with alcohol use disorders (AUD) after
chronic RORγt inhibition. Here we demonstrated that alcohol consumption
accelerates RORγt deficiency-induced lymphomagenesis. Loss of
RORγt signaling in the thymus promotes aerobic glycolysis and
glutaminolysis and increases allocation of glutamine carbon into lipids.
Importantly, alcohol consumption results in a shift from aerobic glycolysis to
glutaminolysis. Both RORγt deficiency- and alcohol-induced metabolic
alterations are mediated by c-Myc, as silencing of c-Myc decreases the effects
of alcohol consumption and RORγt deficiency on glutaminolysis,
biosynthesis, and tumor growth in vivo. The ethanol-mediated c-Myc activation
coupled with increased glutaminolysis underscore the critical role of
RORγt-Myc signaling and translation in lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Sun
- Department of Surgery, Division of Immunotherapy, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Department of Oncology, Wuhan Fourth Hospital, Puai Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430033, China.,Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Chao Lei
- Department of Surgery, Division of Immunotherapy, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Surgery, Division of Immunotherapy, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Liqing He
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Haixun Guo
- Department of Radiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Hepatobiology & Toxicology Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Wenke Feng
- Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Hepatobiology & Toxicology Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Jun Yan
- Department of Surgery, Division of Immunotherapy, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Craig J McClain
- Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Hepatobiology & Toxicology Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Robley Rex VA Medical Center, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Zhongbin Deng
- Department of Surgery, Division of Immunotherapy, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA. .,Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA. .,Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA. .,Hepatobiology & Toxicology Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.
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19
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Th17 cells in the liver: balancing autoimmunity and pathogen defense. Semin Immunopathol 2022; 44:509-526. [PMID: 35211777 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-022-00917-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In addition to carcinogenesis, T helper 17 (Th17) cells (a subtype of CD4 + T lymphocytes) are involved in the acute, chronic, and cirrhotic phases of liver diseases; however, their role in the development and progression of liver diseases remains unclear. It is difficult to elucidate the role of Th17 cells in liver diseases due to their dichotomous nature, i.e., plasticity in terms of pathogenic or host protective function depending on environmental and time phase factors. Moreover, insufficient depletion of Th17 cells by inhibiting the cytokines and transcription factors involved in their production causes difficulties in analyzing their specific role in vitro and in vivo murine models, partially due to complex interaction. This review summarizes the recent progress in understanding the plasticity and function of hepatic Th17 cells and type 3 cytokines.
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20
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Warner JB, Larsen IS, Hardesty JE, Song YL, Warner DR, McClain CJ, Sun R, Deng Z, Jensen BAH, Kirpich IA. Human Beta Defensin 2 Ameliorated Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease in Mice. Front Physiol 2022; 12:812882. [PMID: 35153819 PMCID: PMC8829467 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.812882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) is a prevalent liver disorder and significant global healthcare burden with limited effective therapeutic options. The gut-liver axis is a critical factor contributing to susceptibility to liver injury due to alcohol consumption. In the current study, we tested whether human beta defensin-2 (hBD-2), a small anti-microbial peptide, attenuates experimental chronic ALD. Male C57Bl/6J mice were fed an ethanol (EtOH)-containing diet for 6 weeks with daily administration of hBD-2 (1.2 mg/kg) by oral gavage during the final week. Two independent cohorts of mice with distinct baseline gut microbiota were used. Oral hBD-2 administration attenuated liver injury in both cohorts as determined by decreased plasma ALT activity. Notably, the degree of hBD-2-mediated reduction of EtOH-associated liver steatosis, hepatocellular death, and inflammation was different between cohorts, suggesting microbiota-specific mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of hBD-2. Indeed, we observed differential mechanisms of hBD-2 between cohorts, which included an induction of hepatic and small intestinal IL-17A and IL-22, as well as an increase in T regulatory cell abundance in the gut and mesenteric lymph nodes. Lastly, hBD-2 modulated the gut microbiota composition in EtOH-fed mice in both cohorts, with significant decreases in multiple genera including Barnesiella, Parabacteroides, Akkermansia, and Alistipes, as well as altered abundance of several bacteria within the family Ruminococcaceae. Collectively, our results demonstrated a protective effect of hBD-2 in experimental ALD associated with immunomodulation and microbiota alteration. These data suggest that while the beneficial effects of hBD-2 on liver injury are uniform, the specific mechanisms of action are associated with baseline microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey B. Warner
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Ida S. Larsen
- Québec Heart and Lung Institute (IUCPQ), Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec city, QC, Canada
| | - Josiah E. Hardesty
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Ying L. Song
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Dennis R. Warner
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Craig J. McClain
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
- University of Louisville Alcohol Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
- University of Louisville Hepatobiology and Toxicology Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
- Robley Rex Veterans Medical Center, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Rui Sun
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Zhongbin Deng
- University of Louisville Alcohol Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
- University of Louisville Hepatobiology and Toxicology Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
- Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Benjamin A. H. Jensen
- Québec Heart and Lung Institute (IUCPQ), Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec city, QC, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Irina A. Kirpich
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
- University of Louisville Alcohol Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
- University of Louisville Hepatobiology and Toxicology Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
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21
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22
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Chen L, Li L, Song Y, Lv T. Blocking SphK1/S1P/S1PR1 Signaling Pathway Alleviates Lung Injury Caused by Sepsis in Acute Ethanol Intoxication Mice. Inflammation 2021; 44:2170-2179. [PMID: 34109517 PMCID: PMC8189277 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-021-01490-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Acute ethanol intoxication increases the risk of sepsis and aggravates the symptoms of sepsis and lung injury. Therefore, this study aimed to explore whether sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1)/sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P)/S1P receptor 1 (S1PR1) signaling pathway functions in lung injury caused by acute ethanol intoxication-enhanced sepsis, as well as its underlying mechanism. The acute ethanol intoxication model was simulated by intraperitoneally administering mice with 32% ethanol solution, and cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) was used to construct the sepsis model. The lung tissue damage was observed by hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining, and the wet-to-dry (W/D) ratio was used to evaluate the degree of pulmonary edema. Inflammatory cell counting and protein concentration in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were, respectively, detected by hemocytometer and bicinchoninic acid (BCA) method. The levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and IL-18 in BALF were detected by their commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. The myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and expression of apoptosis-related proteins and SphK1/S1P/S1PR1 pathway-related proteins were, respectively, analyzed by MPO ELISA kit and Western blot analysis. The cell apoptosis in lung tissues was observed by TUNEL assay. Acute ethanol intoxication (EtOH) decreased the survival rate of mice and exacerbated the lung injury caused by sepsis through increasing pulmonary vascular permeability, neutrophil infiltration, release of inflammatory factors, and cell apoptosis. In addition, EtOH could activate the SphK1/S1P/S1PR1 pathway in CLP mice. However, PF-543, as a specific inhibitor of SphK1, could partially reverse the deleterious effects on lung injury of CLP mice. PF-543 alleviated lung injury caused by sepsis in acute ethanol intoxication rats by suppressing the SphK1/S1P/S1PR1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, 223300, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lingling Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, 223300, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yong Song
- Jinling Clinical Medical College, Nanjing Medical University, 305 Zhongshan East Road, Xuanwu District, Nanjing City, 210002, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Tangfeng Lv
- Jinling Clinical Medical College, Nanjing Medical University, 305 Zhongshan East Road, Xuanwu District, Nanjing City, 210002, Jiangsu Province, China.
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23
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Warner J, Hardesty J, Song Y, Sun R, Deng Z, Xu R, Yin X, Zhang X, McClain C, Warner D, Kirpich I. Fat-1 Transgenic Mice With Augmented n3-Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Are Protected From Liver Injury Caused by Acute-On-Chronic Ethanol Administration. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:711590. [PMID: 34531743 PMCID: PMC8438569 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.711590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) is the leading cause of liver disease worldwide, and alcohol-associated hepatitis (AH), a severe form of ALD, is a major contributor to the mortality and morbidity due to ALD. Many factors modulate susceptibility to ALD development and progression, including nutritional factors such as dietary fatty acids. Recent work from our group and others showed that modulation of dietary or endogenous levels of n6-and n3-polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) can exacerbate or attenuate experimental ALD, respectively. In the current study, we interrogated the effects of endogenous n3-PUFA enrichment in a mouse model which recapitulates features of early human AH using transgenic fat-1 mice which endogenously convert n6-PUFAs to n3-PUFAs. Male wild type (WT) and fat-1 littermates were provided an ethanol (EtOH, 5% v/v)-containing liquid diet for 10 days, then administered a binge of EtOH (5 g/kg) by oral gavage on the 11th day, 9 h prior to sacrifice. In WT mice, EtOH treatment resulted in liver injury as determined by significantly elevated plasma ALT levels, whereas in fat-1 mice, EtOH caused no increase in this biomarker. Compared to their pair-fed controls, a significant EtOH-mediated increase in liver neutrophil infiltration was observed also in WT, but not fat-1 mice. The hepatic expression of several cytokines and chemokines, including Pai-1, was significantly lower in fat-1 vs WT EtOH-challenged mice. Cultured bone marrow-derived macrophages isolated from fat-1 mice expressed less Pai-1 and Cxcl2 (a canonical neutrophil chemoattractant) mRNA compared to WT when stimulated with lipopolysaccharide. Further, we observed decreased pro-inflammatory M1 liver tissue-resident macrophages (Kupffer cells, KCs), as well as increased liver T regulatory cells in fat-1 vs WT EtOH-fed mice. Taken together, our data demonstrated protective effects of endogenous n3-PUFA enrichment on liver injury caused by an acute-on-chronic EtOH exposure, a paradigm which recapitulates human AH, suggesting that n3-PUFAs may be a viable nutritional adjuvant therapy for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Warner
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Josiah Hardesty
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Ying Song
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Rui Sun
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Zhongbin Deng
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Raobo Xu
- University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States.,University of Louisville Hepatobiology & Toxicology Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Center for Regulatory and Environmental Analytical Metabolomics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Xinmin Yin
- University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States.,University of Louisville Hepatobiology & Toxicology Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Center for Regulatory and Environmental Analytical Metabolomics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Xiang Zhang
- University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States.,University of Louisville Hepatobiology & Toxicology Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Center for Regulatory and Environmental Analytical Metabolomics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Craig McClain
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States.,University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States.,University of Louisville Hepatobiology & Toxicology Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States.,Robley Rex Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Dennis Warner
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Irina Kirpich
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States.,University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States.,University of Louisville Hepatobiology & Toxicology Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
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24
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Jiang L, Stärkel P, Fan JG, Fouts DE, Bacher P, Schnabl B. The gut mycobiome: a novel player in chronic liver diseases. J Gastroenterol 2021; 56:1-11. [PMID: 33151407 PMCID: PMC7819863 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-020-01740-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The human gut microbiome (bacteria, fungi, viruses, and archaea) is a complex and diverse ecosystem. It plays an important role in human health, but is involved in several intestinal and extraintestinal diseases. Most research to date has focused on the role of bacteria, while studies focusing on fungi (also referred to as "mycobiome" or "fungome") are still in its infancy. In this review, we focus on the existing literature available about the gut mycobiome with an emphasis on compositional mycobiome changes associated with liver diseases, the impact on pathogenesis of disease, and its potential use as therapeutic targets. We also provide insights into current methodologies of studying mycobiome, and we highlight the interkingdom interactions in the context of disease and how they affect health of the host. Herein, by focusing on the gut mycobiome, this review provides novel insights and directions for liver research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Jiang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, MC0063, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA ,Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Peter Stärkel
- Cliniques Universitaires Saint Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jian-Gao Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Petra Bacher
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel and UKSH Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany ,Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Bernd Schnabl
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, MC0063, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA ,Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA USA
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25
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Bruellman R, Llorente C. A Perspective Of Intestinal Immune-Microbiome Interactions In Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:307-327. [PMID: 33390852 PMCID: PMC7757023 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.53589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Uncovering the intricacies of the gut microbiome and how it interacts with the host immune system has opened up pathways in the search for the treatment of disease conditions. Alcohol-associated liver disease is a major cause of death worldwide. Research has shed light on the breakdown of the protective gut barriers, translocation of gut microbes to the liver and inflammatory immune response to microbes all contributing to alcohol-associated liver disease. This knowledge has opened up avenues for alternative therapies to alleviate alcohol-associated liver disease based on the interaction of the commensal gut microbiome as a key player in the regulation of the immune response. This review describes the relevance of the intestinal immune system, the gut microbiota, and specialized and non-specialized intestinal cells in the regulation of intestinal homeostasis. It also reflects how these components are altered during alcohol-associated liver disease and discusses new approaches for potential future therapies in alcohol-associated liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Bruellman
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Cristina Llorente
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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26
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Immunological mechanisms and therapeutic targets of fatty liver diseases. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 18:73-91. [PMID: 33268887 PMCID: PMC7852578 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00579-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are the two major types of chronic liver disease worldwide. Inflammatory processes play key roles in the pathogeneses of fatty liver diseases, and continuous inflammation promotes the progression of alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Although both ALD and NAFLD are closely related to inflammation, their respective developmental mechanisms differ to some extent. Here, we review the roles of multiple immunological mechanisms and therapeutic targets related to the inflammation associated with fatty liver diseases and the differences in the progression of ASH and NASH. Multiple cell types in the liver, including macrophages, neutrophils, other immune cell types and hepatocytes, are involved in fatty liver disease inflammation. In addition, microRNAs (miRNAs), extracellular vesicles (EVs), and complement also contribute to the inflammatory process, as does intertissue crosstalk between the liver and the intestine, adipose tissue, and the nervous system. We point out that inflammation also plays important roles in promoting liver repair and controlling bacterial infections. Understanding the complex regulatory process of disrupted homeostasis during the development of fatty liver diseases may lead to the development of improved targeted therapeutic intervention strategies.
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