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Le Y, Guo J, Liu Z, Liu J, Liu Y, Chen H, Qiu J, Wang C, Dou X, Lu D. Calenduloside E ameliorates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease via modulating a pyroptosis-dependent pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 319:117239. [PMID: 37777027 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a prevalent chronic liver condition that can have multiple underlying causes. There are no satisfactory chemical or biological drugs for the treatment of NAFLD. Longyasongmu, the bark and root of Aralia elata (Miq.) Seem, is used extensively in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and has been used in treating diverse liver diseases including NAFLD. Based on Aralia elata (Miq.) Seem as the main ingredient, Longya Gantai Capsules have been approved for use in China for the treatment of acute hepatitis and chronic hepatitis. Calenduloside E (CE), a natural pentacyclic triterpenoid saponin, is a significant component of saponin isolated from the bark and root of Aralia elata (Miq.) Seem. However, the role and mechanism of anti-NAFLD effects of CE is still unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY The objective of this study was to examine the potential mechanisms underlying the protective effect of CE on NAFLD. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, an NAFLD model was established by Western diet in apoE-/- mice, followed by treatment with various doses of CE (5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg). The anti-NAFLD effect of CE was assessed by the liver injury, lipid accumulation, inflammation, and pro-fibrotic phenotype. The mechanism of CE in ameliorating NAFLD was studied through transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq). In vitro, the mouse hepatocytes (AML-12) were stimulated in lipid mixtures with CE and performed the exploration and validation of the relevant pathways using Western blot, immunofluorescence, etc. RESULTS: The findings revealed a significant improvement in liver injury, lipid accumulation, inflammation, and pro-fibrotic phenotype upon CE administration. Furthermore, RNAseq analysis indicated that the primary pathway through which CE alleviates NAFLD involves pyroptosis-related inflammatory cascade pathways. Furthermore, it was observed that CE effectively suppressed inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis both in vivo and in vitro. Remarkably, the functional enrichment analysis of RNA-seq data revealed that the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway is the primarily Signaling transduction pathway modulated by CE treatment. Subsequent experimental outcomes provided further validation of CE's ability to hinder inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis through the inhibition of PI3K/AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS These findings present a novel pharmacological role of CE in exerting anti-NAFLD effects by inhibiting pyroptosis signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Le
- School of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jianan Guo
- School of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Zhijun Liu
- School of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jing Liu
- School of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Hang Chen
- School of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jiannan Qiu
- School of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Cui Wang
- School of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xiaobing Dou
- School of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Dezhao Lu
- School of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China.
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Li LX, Wang L, Wang S, Zhang XN, Liu H, Zhang YJ, Wu CT, Zhang CL, Zeng T. Allyl methyl disulfide (AMDS) prevents N,N-dimethyl formamide-induced liver damage by suppressing oxidative stress and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 182:114198. [PMID: 37995826 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), a widely consumed industrial solvent with persistent characteristics, can induce occupational liver damage and pose threats to the general population due to the enormous DMF-containing industrial efflux and emission from indoor facilities. This study was performed to explore the roles of allyl methyl disulfide (AMDS) in liver damage induced by DMF and the underlying mechanisms. AMDS was found to effectively suppress the elevation in the liver weight/body weight ratio and serum aminotransferase activities, and reduce the mortality of mice induced by DMF. In addition, AMDS abrogated DMF-elicited increases in malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) levels and decreases in glutathione (GSH) levels in mouse livers. The increase in macrophage number, mRNA expression of M1 macrophage biomarkers, and protein expression of key components in the NF-κB pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome induced by DMF exposure were all suppressed by AMDS in mouse livers. Furthermore, AMDS inhibited DMF-induced cell damage and NF-κB activation in cocultured AML12 hepatocytes and J774A.1 macrophages. However, AMDS per se did not significantly affect the protein level and activity of CYP2E1. Collectively, these results demonstrate that AMDS effectively ameliorates DMF-induced acute liver damage possibly by suppressing oxidative stress and inactivating the NF-κB pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long-Xia Li
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong, 252059, China
| | - Xiu-Ning Zhang
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Yan-Jing Zhang
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Chuan-Tao Wu
- The Animal Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Cui-Li Zhang
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
| | - Tao Zeng
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
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3
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Liu SX, Liu H, Wang S, Zhang CL, Guo FF, Zeng T. Diallyl disulfide ameliorates ethanol-induced liver steatosis and inflammation by maintaining the fatty acid catabolism and regulating the gut-liver axis. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 164:113108. [PMID: 35526736 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Diallyl disulfide (DADS) has been suggested to possess hepatoprotection against alcoholic liver disease (ALD) by a couple of pilot studies, while the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. This study aimed to investigate the hepatoprotective effects of DADS against ethanol-induced liver steatosis and early inflammation by using the chronic-plus-binge mice model and cultured J774A.1 macrophages and AML12 hepatocytes. We found that DADS significantly attenuated ethanol-induced elevation of serum aminotransferase activities, accumulation of liver triglyceride, hepatocytes apoptosis, oxidative stress, infiltration of macrophages and neutrophils, and proinflammatory polarization of macrophages in mice livers. In addition, chronic-plus-binge drinking induced apparent intestinal mucosa damage and disturbance of gut microbiota, endotoxemia, and activation of hepatic NF-κB signaling and NLRP3 inflammasome, which was inhibited by DADS. In vitro studies using cocultured AML12/J774A.1 cells showed that DADS suppressed ethanol/LPS-induced cell injury and inflammatory activation of macrophages. Furthermore, DADS ameliorated ethanol-induced decline of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), and phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) protein levels in mice liver and AML12 cells. These results demonstrate that DADS could prevent ethanol-induced liver steatosis and early inflammation by regulating the gut-liver axis and maintaining fatty acid catabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Xuan Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong Province, 252059, China
| | - Cui-Li Zhang
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Fang-Fang Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
| | - Tao Zeng
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
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AbdelMassih A, Hozaien R, El Shershaby M, Kamel A, Ismail HA, Arsanyous M, El-Husseiny N, Khalil N, Naeem Y, Fouda R. The potential role of inhaled nitric oxide for postexposure chemoprophylaxis of COVID-19. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2021; 19:165. [PMID: 34677688 PMCID: PMC8532099 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-021-00249-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Several vaccines have been fast-tracked in an attempt to decrease the morbidity and mortality of COVID-19. However, post-exposure prophylaxis has been overlooked in battling COVID-19. Main text Inhaled nitric oxide is a potential tool in post-exposure prophylaxis of COVID-19. It decreases cytosolic calcium levels, which impairs the action of Furin. SARS-CoV-2 uses Furin to replicate in the respiratory tract. Short conclusion Inhaled nitric oxide could decrease the viral load in the upper respiratory tract, abort clinically symptomatic infection, and prevent subsequent complications. Nitric oxide might be a tool for post-exposure chemoprophylaxis in at-risk groups, especially medical personnel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine AbdelMassih
- Pediatric Cardiology unit, Pediatrics' Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt. .,Pediatric Cardio-Oncology Department, Children Cancer Hospital of Egypt, Cairo, 57357, Egypt.
| | - Rafeef Hozaien
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship research program Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Meryam El Shershaby
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship research program Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Aya Kamel
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship research program Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Habiba-Allah Ismail
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship research program Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mariem Arsanyous
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship research program Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nadine El-Husseiny
- Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.,Pixagon Graphic Design Agency, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Noha Khalil
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship research program Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Youstina Naeem
- Research Accessibility Team, Student and Internship research program Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Raghda Fouda
- Clinical and Chemical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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5
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Shi L, Yu B, Cai CH, Huang JD. Angiogenic inhibitors delivered by the type III secretion system of tumor-targeting Salmonella typhimurium safely shrink tumors in mice. AMB Express 2016; 6:56. [PMID: 27558018 PMCID: PMC4996802 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-016-0226-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite of a growing number of bacterial species that apparently exhibit intrinsic tumor-targeting properties, no bacterium is able to inhibit tumor growth completely in the immunocompetent hosts, due to its poor dissemination inside the tumors. Oxygen and inflammatory reaction form two barriers and restrain the spread of the bacteria inside the tumors. Here, we engineered a Salmonella typhimurium strain named ST8 which is safe and has limited ability to spread beyond the anaerobic regions of tumors. When injected systemically to tumor-bearing immunocompetent mice, ST8 accumulated in tumors at levels at least 100-fold greater than parental obligate anaerobic strain ST4. ST8/pSEndo harboring therapeutic plasmids encoding Endostatin fused with a secreted protein SopA could target vasculature at the tumor periphery, can stably maintain and safely deliver a therapeutic vector, release angiogenic inhibitors through a type III secretion system (T3SS) to interfere with the pro-angiogenic action of growth factors in tumors. Mice with murine CT26 colon cancer that had been injected with ST8/pSEndo showed efficient tumor suppression by inducing more severe necrosis and inhibiting blooding vessel density within tumors. Our findings provide a therapeutic platform for indirectly acting therapeutic strategies such as anti-angiogenesis and immune therapy.
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Chaves MM, Canetti C, Coutinho-Silva R. Crosstalk between purinergic receptors and lipid mediators in leishmaniasis. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:489. [PMID: 27595742 PMCID: PMC5011846 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1781-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease affecting millions of people around the world caused by organisms of the genus Leishmania. Parasite escape mechanisms of the immune system confer the possibility of resistance and dissemination of the disease. A group of molecules that has become a target for Leishmania survival strategies are lipid mediators. Among them, leukotriene B4 (LTB4) has been described as a pro-inflammatory molecule capable of activating cells of the immune system to combat Leishmania. In an opposite way, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a lipid mediator described as a deactivator of macrophages and neutrophils. The balance of these two molecules can be generated by extracellular nucleotides, such as adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine (Ado), which activate the purinergic receptors system. Herein, we discuss the role of extracellular nucleotides and the resulting balance of LTB4 and PGE2 in Leishmania fate, survival or death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana M Chaves
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.,Laboratory of Inflammation, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.,National Institute of Translational Research in Health and Environment in the Amazon Region, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Cláudio Canetti
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.,National Institute of Translational Research in Health and Environment in the Amazon Region, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Robson Coutinho-Silva
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil. .,National Institute of Translational Research in Health and Environment in the Amazon Region, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.
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7
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Patra S, Muthuraman MS, Meenu M, Priya P, Pemaiah B. Anti-inflammatory effects of royal poinciana through inhibition of toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 34:199-211. [PMID: 26971223 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is part of the non-specific immune response that occurs in reaction to any type of bodily injury. In some disorders the inflammatory process, which under normal conditions is self-limiting, becomes continuous and chronic inflammatory diseases develop subsequently including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer etc. Barks of Delonix regia is used traditionally in the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Therefore, in this study we evaluated the therapeutic potential of D. regia ethanol extract and its active constituent β-Elemene with special interest in inflammation model using standard in vivo anti-inflammatory models: Carrageenan-induced paw edema, Cotton pellet granuloma, and Acetic acid-induced vascular permeability. To explicate the mechanism of action for the possible anti-inflammatory activity, we determined the level of major inflammatory mediators (NO, iNOS, COX-2-dependent prostaglandin E2 or PGE2), and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-a, IL-1b, IL-6, and IL-12). Additionally, we determined the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), Myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88), by mRNA expression in drug treated LPS-induced murine macrophage model. To explore the mechanism of anti-inflammatory activity, we evaluated expression of c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK), nuclear factor kappa-B cells (NF-kB), and NF-kB inhibitor alpha (IK-Ba). Furthermore, we determined the acute and sub-acute toxicity of D. regia extract in BALB/c mice. This study established a significant anti-inflammatory activity of D. regia extract and β-Elemene along with the inhibition of TNF-a, IL-1b, IL-6 and IL-12 expressions. Further, the expression of TLR4, NF-kBp65, MyD88, iNOS and COX-2 molecules were reduced in drug-treated groups, but not in the LPS-stimulated untreated or control groups, Thus, our results collectively indicated that the D. regia extract and β-Elemene can efficiently inhibit inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyajit Patra
- American International Medical University, Bosejour Road, Gros Islet, Saint Lucia
| | | | - M Meenu
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Padma Priya
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Brindha Pemaiah
- Centre for Advanced Research in Indian System of Medicine, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
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8
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Bioassay directed isolation of a novel anti-inflammatory cerebroside from the leaves of Aerva sanguinolenta. Med Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-014-1261-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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9
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Ojha D, Mukherjee H, Mondal S, Jena A, Dwivedi VP, Mondal KC, Malhotra B, Samanta A, Chattopadhyay D. Anti-inflammatory activity of Odina wodier Roxb, an Indian folk remedy, through inhibition of toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104939. [PMID: 25153081 PMCID: PMC4143220 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is part of self-limiting non-specific immune response, which occurs during bodily injury. In some disorders the inflammatory process becomes continuous, leading to the development of chronic inflammatory diseases including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer etc. Several Indian tribes used the bark of Odina wodier (OWB) for treating inflammatory disorders. Thus, we have evaluated the immunotherapeutic potential of OWB methanol extract and its major constituent chlorogenic acid (CA), using three popular in vivo antiinflammatory models: Carrageenan- and Dextran-induced paw edema, Cotton pellet granuloma, and Acetic acid-induced vascular permeability. To elucidate the possible anti-inflammatory mechanism of action we determine the level of major inflammatory mediators (NO, iNOS, COX-2-dependent prostaglandin E2 or PGE2), and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-12). Further, we determine the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), Myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88), c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK), nuclear factor kappa-B cells (NF-κB), and NF-kB inhibitor alpha (IK-Bα) by protein and mRNA expression, and Western blot analysis in drug treated LPS-induced murine macrophage model. Moreover, we determined the acute and sub-acute toxicity of OWB extract in BALB/c mice. Our study demonstrated a significant anti-inflammatory activity of OWB extract and CA along with the inhibition of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-12 expressions. Further, the expression of TLR4, NF-κBp65, MyD88, iNOS and COX-2 molecules were reduced in drug-treated groups, but not in the LPS-stimulated untreated or control groups, Thus, our results collectively indicated that the OWB extract and CA can efficiently inhibit inflammation through the down regulation of TLR4/MyD88/NF-kB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durbadal Ojha
- ICMR Virus Unit, I.D. & B.G. Hospital, Beliaghata, Kolkata, India
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Supriya Mondal
- ICMR Virus Unit, I.D. & B.G. Hospital, Beliaghata, Kolkata, India
| | - Aditya Jena
- ICMR Virus Unit, I.D. & B.G. Hospital, Beliaghata, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Keshab C. Mondal
- Department of Microbiology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapur, West Bengal, India
| | - Bharti Malhotra
- Department of Microbiology, SMS Medical College & Hospital, Jaipur, India
| | - Amalesh Samanta
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
- * E-mail: (DC); (AS)
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Bhattacharjee S, Bhattacharjee A, Majumder S, Majumdar SB, Majumdar S. Glycyrrhizic acid suppresses Cox-2-mediated anti-inflammatory responses during Leishmania donovani infection. J Antimicrob Chemother 2012; 67:1905-14. [PMID: 22589456 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dks159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to characterize glycyrrhizic acid (GA) and assess its immunomodulatory potential in a model of experimental visceral leishmaniasis. METHODS The antileishmanial activity of GA was tested in an amastigote-macrophage model and its non-cytotoxic dose was measured by a cell viability assay. To understand the effector mechanism of GA-treated macrophages against leishmanial parasites, real-time PCR analysis of inducible nitric oxide synthase 2 (iNOS2) was carried out followed by measurement of nitric oxide generation by Griess reagent. The effect of GA on the production of cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-12, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-10 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, was measured by ELISA (protein) and real-time PCR. The expression of iNOS2 and cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) was studied by western blotting. The parasite burden of the liver and spleen following GA treatment was determined by the stamp-smear method, and T cell proliferation was assessed via [³H]thymidine uptake, measured by a liquid scintillation counter. RESULTS Results showed that GA treatment caused an enhanced expression of iNOS2 along with inhibition of Cox-2 in Leishmania donovani-infected macrophages. GA treatment in infected macrophages enhanced the expression of IL-12 and TNF-α, concomitant with a down-regulation of IL-10 and TGF-β. GA increased macrophage effector responses via inhibition of Cox-2-mediated prostaglandin E2 release in L. donovani-infected macrophages. GA also decreased hepatic and splenic parasite burden and increased T cell proliferation in Leishmania-infected BALB/c mice. CONCLUSIONS These results provide a mechanistic understanding of GA-mediated protection against leishmanial parasites within the host.
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Giannandrea M, Pierce RH, Crispe IN. Indirect action of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in liver injury during the CD8+ T cell response to an adeno-associated virus vector in mice. Hepatology 2009; 49:2010-20. [PMID: 19291774 PMCID: PMC2871665 DOI: 10.1002/hep.22869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED CD8+ T cells can cause hepatocellular injury by two distinct mechanisms. In addition to their direct cytotoxic effect, there is also collateral liver injury, which occurs when cells are killed in an antigen-independent manner. Whereas immune effector cytokines interferon-gamma (IFNgamma) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) have both been implicated in various forms of hepatitis, their respective roles in direct and/or collateral liver damage remains unclear. In order to investigate these elements of liver injury, we developed a new experimental model of CD8+ T-cell-mediated hepatitis based on an adeno-associated virus-based gene therapy vector. This vector is used to deliver antigen to hepatocytes, and CD8+ T cells specific for the vector-encoded transgene are adoptively transferred to produce liver immunopathology. In this experimental model, CD8+ T-cell IFNgamma acts on Kupffer cells, inducing TNFalpha secretion and liver injury. Both IFNgamma and TNFalpha are important in this injury process, but TNFalpha acts as an autocrine amplifier of Kupffer cell function, rather than as a direct effector of hepatocellular damage. CONCLUSIONS TNFalpha indirectly promotes liver damage and is not a direct hepatotoxic agent. IFNgamma also indirectly contributes to liver injury through Kupffer cell activation while, in parallel, directly promoting hepatitis through induction of hepatocyte major histocompatability complex class I. In principle, it may be possible to ameliorate this immunopathologic indirect mechanism by developing therapies that target Kupffer cells, without impairing CD8+ T-cell-mediated antiviral immunity. This would have great therapeutic potential in chronic viral hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Giannandrea
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Aab Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester NY 14642-8609, USA.
| | - Robert H. Pierce
- Schering-Plough Biopharma, 901 California Ave, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
| | - Ian Nicholas Crispe
- The Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 307 North Westlake Avenue, Seattle, WA 98019
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Xue F, Wang G, Pang Z, Liu C, Liang T. Protective Effect of Glutathione Against Liver Warm Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Rats is Associated with Regulation of P-Selectin and Neutrophil Infiltration. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2008; 291:1016-22. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.20725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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13
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de Sá-Nakanishi AB, Bracht F, Yamamoto NS, Padilha F, Kelmer-Bracht AM, Bracht A. The action of extracellular NAD+ in the liver of healthy and tumor-bearing rats: model analysis of the tumor-induced modified response. Exp Mol Pathol 2008; 84:218-25. [PMID: 18387605 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2008.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2007] [Revised: 01/30/2008] [Accepted: 02/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The chronic inflammatory state induced by cancer is expected to affect the actions of extracellular NAD(+) in the liver because these are largely mediated by eicosanoids. Under this assumption the present work was planned to investigate the influence of the Walker-256 tumor on the action of extracellular NAD(+) on metabolism and hemodynamics in the perfused rat liver. The experiments were done with livers from healthy and tumor-bearing rats with measurements of gluconeogenesis from lactate, pyruvate production, oxygen consumption and portal pressure. A model describing the biphasic effects of NAD(+) was proposed as an auxiliary worktool for interpretation. The Walker-256 tumor modified the responses of metabolism to extracellular NAD(+) by delaying the peak of maximal responses and by prolonging the inhibitory effects. The transient increase in portal perfusion pressure caused by NAD(+) was enhanced and delayed. The model was constructed assuming the mediation of a down-regulator (inhibition), an up-regulator (stimulation) and receptor dessensitization. Analysis suggested that the productions of both the down- and up-regulators were substantially increased and delayed in time in the tumor-bearing condition. Since the regulators are probably eicosanoids, this analysis is consistent with the increased capacity of producing these agents in the chronic inflammatory state induced by cancer.
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14
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Granado M, Martín AI, López-Menduiña M, López-Calderón A, Villanúa MA. GH-releasing peptide-2 administration prevents liver inflammatory response in endotoxemia. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2008; 294:E131-41. [PMID: 17986630 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00308.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that growth hormone (GH)-releasing peptide-2 (GHRP-2), a ghrelin receptor agonist, has an anti-inflammatory effect. We investigated whether this GH secretagogue attenuates liver injury in LPS-treated rats. Wistar rats were simultaneously injected (ip) with LPS (1 mg/kg) and/or GHRP-2 (100 microg/kg). Serum levels of aspartate and alanine transaminases were measured as an index of liver damage. Circulating nitrites/nitrates and hepatic IGF-I and TNF-alpha were evaluated as possible mediators of GHRP-2 actions. LPS increased serum levels of transaminases and nitrites/nitrates. Moreover, LPS increased hepatic TNF-alpha and decreased hepatic IGF-I mRNAs. GHRP-2 administration attenuated the effects of LPS on transaminases, nitrites/nitrates, TNF-alpha, and IGF-I in vivo. This GHRP-2 effect does not seem to be due to modifications in food intake, since fasting did not modify serum levels of transaminases, serum nitrites/nitrates, and hepatic TNF-alpha mRNA both in vehicle rats and in LPS-injected rats. To elucidate whether GHRP-2 is acting directly on the liver, cocultures of hepatocytes and nonparenchymal cells and monocultures of isolated hepatocytes were incubated with LPS and GHRP-2. The ghrelin receptor agonist prevented an endotoxin-induced increase in transaminases and nitrite/nitrate release as well as in TNF-alpha mRNA and increased IGF-I mRNA from cocultures of hepatocytes and nonparenchymal cells, but not from monocultures. In summary, these data indicate that GHRP-2 has a protective effect on the liver in LPS-injected rats that seems to be mediated by IGF-I, TNF-alpha, and nitric oxide. Our data also suggest that the anti-inflammatory effect of GHRP-2 in the liver is exerted on nonparenchymal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Granado
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense Univ., Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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15
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Prandota J. Recurrent headache as the main symptom of acquired cerebral toxoplasmosis in nonhuman immunodeficiency virus-infected subjects with no lymphadenopathy: the parasite may be responsible for the neurogenic inflammation postulated as a cause of different types of headaches. Am J Ther 2007; 14:63-105. [PMID: 17303977 DOI: 10.1097/01.mjt.0000208272.42379.aa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Headache and/or migraine, a common problem in pediatrics and internal medicine, affect about 5% to 10% children and adolescents, and nearly 30% of middle-aged women. Headache is also one of the most common clinical manifestations of acquired Toxoplasma gondii infection of the central nervous system (CNS) in immunosuppressed subjects. We present 11 apparently nonhuman immunodeficiency virus-infected children aged 7 to 17 years (8 girls, 3 boys) and 1 adult woman with recurrent severe headaches in whom latent chronic CNS T. gondii infection not manifested by enlarged peripheral lymph nodes typical for toxoplasmosis, was found. In 7 patients, the mean serum IgG Toxoplasma antibodies concentration was 189 +/- 85 (SD) IU/mL (range 89 to 300 IU/mL), and in 5 other subjects, the indirect fluorescent antibody test titer ranged from 1:40 to 1:5120 IU/mL (n= <1:10 IU/mL). Some of the patients suffered also from atopic dermatitis (AD) and were exposed to cat and/or other pet allergens, associated with an increased IL-4 and decreased IFN-gamma production. These cytokine irregularities caused limited control of cerebral toxoplasmosis probably because IL-4 down-regulated both the production of IFN-gamma and its activity, and stimulated production of a low NO-producing population of monocytes, which allowed cysts rupture, increased parasite multiplication and finally reactivation of T. gondii infection. The immune studies performed in 4 subjects showed a decreased percentage of T lymphocytes, increased total number of lymphocytes B and serum IgM concentration, and impaired phagocytosis. In addition, few of them had also urinary tract diseases known to produce IL-6 that can mediate immunosuppressive functions, involving induction of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. These disturbances probably resulted from the host protective immune reactions associated with the chronic latent CNS T. gondii infection/inflammation. This is consistent with significantly lower enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) activity reported in atopic than in nonatopic individuals, and an important role that IDO and tryptophan degradation pathways plays in both, the host resistance to T. gondii infection and its reactivation. Analysis of literature information on the subjects with different types of headaches caused by foods, medications, and other substances, may suggest that their clinical symptoms and changes in laboratory data result at least in part from interference of these factors with dietary tryptophan biotransformation pathways. Several of these agents caused headache attacks through enhancing NO production via the conversion of arginine to citrulline and NO by the inducible nitric oxide synthase enzyme, which results in the high-output pathway of NO synthesis. This increased production of NO is, however, quickly down-regulated by NO itself because this biomolecule can directly inactivate NOS, may inhibit Ia expression on IFN-gamma-activated macrophages, which would limit antigen-presenting capability, and block T-cell proliferation, thus decreasing the antitoxoplasmatic activity. Moreover, NO inhibits IDO activity, thereby suppressing kynurenine formation, and at least one member of the kynurenine pathway, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid, has been shown to inhibit NOS enzyme activity, the expression of NOS mRNA, and activation of the inflammatory transcription factor, nuclear factor-kB. In addition, the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and IL-10, TGF-beta, and a cytokine known as macrophage deactivating factor, have been shown to directly modulate NO production, sometimes expressing synergistic activity. On the other hand, IL-4 and TGF-beta can suppress IDO activity in some cells, for example human monocytes and fibroblasts, which is consistent with metabolic pathways controlled by IDO being a significant contributor to the proinflammatory system. Also, it seems that idiopathic intracranial hypertension, pseudotumor cerebri, and aseptic meningitis, induced by various factors, may result from their interference with IDO and inducible nitric oxide synthase activities, endogenous NO level, and cytokine irregularities which finally affect former T. gondii status 2mo in the brain. All these biochemical disturbances caused by the CNS T. gondii infection/inflammation may also be responsible for the relationship found between neurologic symptoms, such as headache, vertigo, and syncope observed in apparently immunocompetent children and adolescents, and physical and psychiatric symptoms in adulthood. We therefore believe that tests for T. gondii should be performed obligatorily in apparently immunocompetent patients with different types of headaches, even if they have no enlarged peripheral lymph nodes. This may help to avoid overlooking this treatable cause of the CNS disease, markedly reduce costs of hospitalization, diagnosis and treatment, and eventually prevent developing serious neurologic and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Prandota
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University Medical School, Wroclaw, Poland.
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16
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Kapoor M, Kojima F, Qian M, Yang L, Crofford LJ. Shunting of prostanoid biosynthesis in microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 null embryo fibroblasts: regulatory effects on inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and nitrite synthesis. FASEB J 2006; 20:2387-9. [PMID: 17023389 PMCID: PMC4415996 DOI: 10.1096/fj.06-6366fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Microsomal prostaglandin (PG) E synthase (mPGES)-1 is an inducible enzyme that acts downstream of cyclooxygenase (COX) and specifically catalyzes the conversion of prostaglandin (PG)H2 to PGE2, most prominently in inflammatory conditions. Specific inhibitors of mPGES-1 are not yet available, however, mice with genetic deletion of mPGES-1 have been generated that have given insight into the specific role of mPGES-1 in eicosanoid biosynthesis in vivo and in peritoneal macrophages. We created mouse embryo fibroblast (MEF) cell lines that would facilitate investigation of the effect of mPGES-1 genetic deletion on prostanoid biosynthesis in fibroblast lineage cells and its subsequent effect on the expression of inducible NOS (iNOS) and nitrite biosynthesis using cells derived from mPGES-1 wild-type (WT), heterozygous (Het), and null mice. The results show that genetic deletion of mPGES-1 results in a dramatic decrease in PGE2 production in Het and null MEFs under basal conditions and after stimulation with interleukin (IL)-1beta, suggesting that mPGES-1 is critically important for PGE2 production. Furthermore, we show that mPGES-1 gene deletion results in diversion of prostanoid production from PGE2 to 6-keto PGF1alpha (the stable metabolic product of PGI2; prostacyclin) in a gene dose-dependent manner in Het and null MEFs compared with their WT counterparts, suggesting a shunting phenomenon within the arachidonic acid (AA) metabolic pathway. In addition, we show that mPGES-1 gene deletion and subsequent decrease in PGE2 levels results in a differential induction profile of iNOS and nitrite levels (the stable breakdown product of nitric oxide (NO) in mPGES-1 WT MEFs compared with null MEFs. These results provide important information regarding the therapeutic potential for pharmacologic inhibition of mPGES-1 in inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Kapoor
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Kentucky Clinic, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Fumiaki Kojima
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Kentucky Clinic, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Min Qian
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Lihua Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Kentucky Clinic, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Leslie J. Crofford
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Kentucky Clinic, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Correspondence: Department of Internal Medicine, Rheumatology Division, Rm. J-509, Kentucky Clinic, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0284, USA.
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17
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Ranchal I, González R, López-Sánchez LM, Barrera P, López-Cillero P, Serrano J, Bernardos A, De la Mata M, Rodríguez-Ariza A, Muntané J. The differential effect of PGE(1) on d-galactosamine-induced nitrosative stress and cell death in primary culture of human hepatocytes. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2006; 79:245-59. [PMID: 16647638 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2006.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2006] [Revised: 02/16/2006] [Accepted: 02/17/2006] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The pre-administration of PGE(1) reduced inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS-2) expression and cell death induced by d-galactosamine (d-GalN) in cultured rat hepatocytes. The present study evaluated the role of nitric oxide (NO) during PGE(1) treatment in fully established d-GalN-induced cytotoxicity in cultured human hepatocytes. Human hepatocytes were isolated from liver resections by classic collagenase perfusion. PGE(1) (1 microM) was administered at 2 h before d-GalN (40 mM), or 2 or 10 h after d-GalN in cultured hepatocytes. The production of NO was inhibited by N-omega-nitroso-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) (0.5 mM). Various parameters related to oxidative and nitrosative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, NF-kappaB activation, NOS-2 expression and cell death were evaluated in hepatocytes. NO mediated mitochondrial disturbances, nitrosative stress and cell death in d-GalN-treated hepatocytes. The administration of PGE(1) 10 h after d-GalN enhanced NF-kappaB activation, NOS-2 expression and nitrosative stress. Although PGE(1) administered at 2 h before or 2h after d-GalN reduced apoptosis and necrosis, its administration 10 h after d-GalN had no beneficial effect on cell death. In conclusion, the administration of PGE(1) during advanced d-GalN cytotoxicity induced nitrosative stress and lost its cytoprotective properties in cultured human hepatocytes.
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18
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Siendones E, Fouad D, Díaz-Guerra MJM, de la Mata M, Boscá L, Muntané J. PGE1-induced NO reduces apoptosis by D-galactosamine through attenuation of NF-kappaB and NOS-2 expression in rat hepatocytes. Hepatology 2004; 40:1295-303. [PMID: 15565661 DOI: 10.1002/hep.20448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) reduces cell death in experimental and clinical liver dysfunction. We have previously shown that PGE1 preadministration protects against NO-dependent cell death induced by D-galactosamine (D-GalN) through a rapid increase of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) activity, inducible NO synthase (NOS-2) expression, and NO production. The present study investigates whether PGE1-induced NO was able to abolish NF-kappaB activation, NOS-2 expression, and apoptosis elicited by D-GalN. Rat hepatocytes were isolated following the classical method of collagenase perfusion of liver. PGE1 (1 micromol/L) was administered 2 hours before D-GalN (5 mmol/L) in primary culture rat hepatocytes. PGE1 reduced inhibitor kappaBalpha degradation, NF-kappaB activation, NOS-2 expression, and apoptosis induced by D-GalN. The administration of an inhibitor of NOS-2 abolished the inhibitory effect of PGE1 on NF-kappaB activation and NOS-2 expression in D-GalN-treated hepatocytes. Transfection studies using different plasmids corresponding to the NOS-2 promoter region showed that D-GalN and PGE1 regulate NOS-2 expression through NF-kappaB during the initial stage of hepatocyte treatment. PGE1 was able to reduce the promoter activity induced by D-GalN. In addition, a NO donor reduced NOS-2 promoter activity in transfected hepatocytes. In conclusion, administration of PGE1 to hepatocytes produces low levels of NO, which inhibits its own formation during D-GalN-induced cell death through the attenuation of NF-kappaB-dependent NOS-2 expression. Therefore, a dual role for NO in PGE1-treated D-GalN-induced toxicity in hepatocytes is characterized by a rapid NO release that attenuates the late and proapoptotic NOS-2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Siendones
- Unidad de Investigación, Unidad Clínica Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain.
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19
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Abstract
Cycloocygenases 2 (COX2)-prostanoid pathway plays important and complex roles in the pathogenesis of various liver diseases. Most studies indicated that COX2-prostanoid pathway might suppress hepatic fibrogenesis by decreasing proliferation, migration, and contractility of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). In animal model, COX2-prostanoid pathway increases portal hypertension, which can be reduced by treatment with COX2 inhibitor. In cirrhosis, COX2-prostanoid pathway may reduce formation of ascites by enhancing free water excretion, and protect gastric mucosa from ulcerative insults. Aberrant expression of COX2 has been well associated with hepatocarcinogenesis. COX2 inhibitors can effectively suppress proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. This provided rationale for further testing COX2 inhibitors as clinical agents for HCC chemoprovention. Further studies will be needed to examine how COX2 inhibitors affect pathogenesis of various liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Qin Hu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange, CA 92868, USA.
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20
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Tuñón MJ, Sánchez-Campos S, Gutiérrez B, Culebras JM, González-Gallego J. Effects of FK506 and rapamycin on generation of reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide production and nuclear factor kappa B activation in rat hepatocytes. Biochem Pharmacol 2003; 66:439-45. [PMID: 12907243 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(03)00288-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of two immunosuppressant drugs, FK506 and rapamycin, on reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, nitric oxide (NO) production, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) activation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated rat hepatocytes. Primary culture of rat hepatocytes was treated with LPS in the presence and absence of FK506 or rapamycin. LPS increased the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and nitrite into the culture medium. Western blot and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analyses demonstrated increased levels of iNOS protein and mRNA. Both immunosuppressant agents inhibited the induction of iNOS mRNA and protein stimulated by LPS. ROS generation, assessed by flow cytometry using dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate, was significantly decreased by FK506 and rapamycin. Moreover, electrophoretic mobility shift assay experiments indicated that both drugs blocked the LPS-induced activation of NF-kappaB. Inhibitor kappa B protein levels were decreased by LPS and this effect was partly blocked by FK506 or rapamycin. In summary, both immunosuppressant agents decreased the intracellular generation of ROS and inhibited NO production and iNOS expression at mRNA level in association to NF-kappaB activation. In addition to its capacity to reduce acute allograft rejection, this study highlights the anti-inflammatory properties of FK506 and rapamycin.
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21
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Ahmad N, Chen LC, Gordon MA, Laskin JD, Laskin DL. Regulation of cyclooxygenase‐2 by nitric oxide in activated hepatic macrophages during acute endotoxemia. J Leukoc Biol 2002. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.71.6.1005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nosheen Ahmad
- Rutgers University and University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway
| | - Li C. Chen
- Rutgers University and University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway
| | - Marion A. Gordon
- Rutgers University and University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway
| | - Jeffrey D. Laskin
- Rutgers University and University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway
| | - Debra L. Laskin
- Rutgers University and University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway
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22
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Pigeon C, Ilyin G, Courselaud B, Leroyer P, Turlin B, Brissot P, Loréal O. A new mouse liver-specific gene, encoding a protein homologous to human antimicrobial peptide hepcidin, is overexpressed during iron overload. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:7811-9. [PMID: 11113132 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m008923200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1156] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Considering that the development of hepatic lesions related to iron overload diseases might be a result of abnormally expressed hepatic genes, we searched for new genes up-regulated under the condition of iron excess. By suppressive subtractive hybridization performed between livers from carbonyl iron-overloaded and control mice, we isolated a 225-base pair cDNA. By Northern blot analysis, the corresponding mRNA was confirmed to be overexpressed in livers of experimentally (carbonyl iron and iron-dextran-treated mice) and spontaneously (beta(2)-microglobulin knockout mice) iron-overloaded mice. In addition, beta(2)-microglobulin knockout mice fed with a low iron content diet exhibited a decrease of hepatic mRNA expression. The murine full-length cDNA was isolated and was found to encode an 83-amino acid protein presenting a strong homology in its C-terminal region to the human antimicrobial peptide hepcidin. In addition, we cloned the corresponding rat and human orthologue cDNAs. Both mouse and human genes named HEPC are constituted of 3 exons and 2 introns and are located on chromosome 7 and 19, respectively, in close proximity to USF2 gene. In mouse and human, HEPC mRNA was predominantly expressed in the liver. During both in vivo and in vitro studies, HEPC mRNA expression was enhanced in mouse hepatocytes under the effect of lipopolysaccharide. Finally, to analyze the intracellular localization of the predicted protein, we used the green fluorescent protein chimera expression vectors. The murine green fluorescent protein-prohepcidin protein was exclusively localized in the nucleus. When the putative nuclear localization signal was deleted, the resulting protein was addressed to the cytoplasm. Taken together, our data strongly suggest that the product of the new liver-specific gene HEPC might play a specific role during iron overload and exhibit additional functions distinct from its antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pigeon
- INSERM U522, CHRU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France.
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23
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Ndengele MM, Bellone CJ, Lechner AJ, Matuschak GM. Brief hypoxia differentially regulates LPS-induced IL-1beta and TNF-alpha gene transcription in RAW 264.7 cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2000; 278:L1289-96. [PMID: 10835336 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.2000.278.6.l1289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Episodes of tissue hypoxia and reoxygenation frequently occur during gram-negative bacteremia that progresses to septic shock. However, few studies have evaluated modulation by hypoxia and reoxygenation of the proinflammatory cytokine gene expression that is normally induced by gram-negative bacteremia or endotoxemia. In buffer-perfused organs, hypoxia downregulates Escherichia coli-induced expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-1beta in the liver but upregulates these cytokines in the lungs. To identify molecular mechanisms underlying these events, we investigated the effects of brief (1.5-h) hypoxia on TNF-alpha and IL-1beta expression in cultured RAW 264.7 cells during their continuous exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxin derived from E. coli (serotype 055:B5) for up to 24 h. IL-1beta and TNF-alpha concentrations in cell lysates and culture supernatants were measured by ELISA, and steady-state mRNA was measured by Northern analysis. LPS-induced IL-1beta synthesis was downregulated by hypoxia at both the protein and mRNA levels despite no change in cellular redox status as measured by levels of GSH. In contrast, LPS-induced TNF-alpha production was unaffected by hypoxia as assessed by cell lysate mRNA and lysate and supernatant protein levels. Nuclear runoff analysis showed that downregulation of IL-1beta gene expression by hypoxia occurred transcriptionally. Allopurinol or catalase treatment did not alter modulation of LPS-induced IL-1beta expression by hypoxia, suggesting that this suppression was not caused by reactive oxygen species. Cycloheximide pretreatment suggested that hypoxia-induced downregulation of IL-1beta expression did not require de novo protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Ndengele
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, MO 63110-0250, USA
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