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Amaral DG, Augustinack J, Barbas H, Frosch M, Gabrieli J, Luebke J, Rakic P, Rosene D, Rushmore RJ. The analysis of H.M.'s brain: A brief review of status and plans for future studies and tissue archive. Hippocampus 2024; 34:52-57. [PMID: 38189522 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
The famous amnesic patient Henry Molaison (H.M.) died on December 2, 2008. After extensive in situ magnetic resonance imaging in Boston, his brain was removed at autopsy and transported to the University of California San Diego. There the brain was prepared for frozen sectioning and cut into 2401, 70 μm coronal slices. While preliminary analyses of the brain sections have been reported, a comprehensive microscopic neuroanatomical analysis of the state of H.M.'s brain at the time of his death has not yet been published. The brain tissue and slides were subsequently moved to the University of California Davis and the slides digitized at high resolution. Initial stages of producing a website for the public viewing of the images were also carried out. Recently, the slides, digital images, and tissue have been transferred to Boston University for permanent archiving. A new steering committee has been established and plans are in place for completion of a freely accessible H.M. website. Research publications on the microscopic anatomy and neuropathology of H.M.'s brain at the time of his death are also planned. We write this commentary to provide the hippocampus and memory neuroscience communities with a brief summary of what has transpired following H.M.'s death and outline plans for future publications and a tissue archive.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Amaral
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The MIND Institute University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Jean Augustinack
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Helen Barbas
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Matthew Frosch
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John Gabrieli
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Neurosciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jennifer Luebke
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pasko Rakic
- Departments of Neuroscience and Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Douglas Rosene
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Richard J Rushmore
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Department, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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2
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Kuijer EJ, Steenbergen L. The microbiota-gut-brain axis in hippocampus-dependent learning and memory: current state and future challenges. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 152:105296. [PMID: 37380040 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
A fundamental shift in neuroscience suggests bidirectional interaction of gut microbiota with the healthy and dysfunctional brain. This microbiota-gut-brain axis has mainly been investigated in stress-related psychopathology (e.g. depression, anxiety). The hippocampus, a key structure in both the healthy brain and psychopathologies, is implicated by work in rodents that suggests gut microbiota substantially impact hippocampal-dependent learning and memory. However, understanding microbiota-hippocampus mechanisms in health and disease, and translation to humans, is hampered by the absence of a coherent evaluative approach. We review the current knowledge regarding four main gut microbiota-hippocampus routes in rodents: through the vagus nerve; via the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal-axis; by metabolism of neuroactive substances; and through modulation of host inflammation. Next, we suggest an approach including testing (biomarkers of) the four routes as a function of the influence of gut microbiota (composition) on hippocampal-dependent (dys)functioning. We argue that such an approach is necessary to proceed from the current state of preclinical research to beneficial application in humans to optimise microbiota-based strategies to treat and enhance hippocampal-dependent memory (dys)functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloise J Kuijer
- Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, United Kingdom.
| | - Laura Steenbergen
- Clinical Psychology Unit, Leiden University & Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, the Netherlands
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3
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Tatu L, Bogousslavsky J. Beasts and Gods: Hippocampal quarrels before memory. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2022; 178:991-995. [PMID: 35927101 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2022.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The first description and naming of the hippocampus is usually credited to Arantius (c. 1530 - 1589), whose comparison of the swelling inside the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle to a seahorse (hippocampus) or silkworm (bombyx) was published in the 1587 edition of the Anatomicarum Observationum Liber. However, in the 17th century, the term hippocampus was rarely used and its precise anatomy remained a mystery. The 18th century saw the hippocampus referred to as a wide range of animals and divinities. These terminological issues provoked heated discussions in the French Académie Royale des Sciences, culminating in the seminal description of the hippocampus in the 1780s by Félix Vicq d'Azyr (1748-1794). However, it is striking that no hypothesis concerning the function of the hippocampus was proposed, and its link with memory was not established until the mid-20th century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Tatu
- Department of Neuromuscular diseases and Department of Anatomy, CHU Besançon, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France.
| | - Julien Bogousslavsky
- Center for Brain and Nervous System Disorders, Genolier Swiss Medical Network and department of neurology and neurorehabilitation Clinique Valmont, Glion, Switzerland
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Beadle JN, Heller A, Rosenbaum RS, Davidson PSR, Tranel D, Duff M. Amygdala but not hippocampal damage associated with smaller social network size. Neuropsychologia 2022; 174:108311. [PMID: 35810880 PMCID: PMC9887793 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2022.108311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Social network size has been associated with complex socio-cognitive processes (e.g., memory, perspective taking). Supporting this idea, recent neuroimaging studies in healthy adults have reported a relationship between social network size and brain volumes in regions related to memory and social cognition (e.g., hippocampus, amygdala). Lesion-deficit studies in neurological patients are rare and have been inconclusive due to differences in participant sampling and measurement. The present study uses a multiple case study approach. We investigated patients with focal damage to the hippocampus and/or amygdala (two neural structures thought to be critical for social networks), and examined the patients' social network size, loneliness, and life satisfaction relative to a non-injured comparison group. Patients with amygdalar damage had smaller social networks and reported higher levels of loneliness and lower life satisfaction, on average, than comparison participants. Patients with damage to the hippocampus reported more friends than the comparison participants, but did not differ in their ratings of loneliness or life satisfaction. This lesion study offers new evidence that the amygdala is critical for social networks, life satisfaction, and reduced loneliness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle N Beadle
- Department of Gerontology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, USA.
| | - Abi Heller
- Department of Gerontology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, USA
| | - R Shayna Rosenbaum
- Department of Psychology and Vision: Science to Applications (VISTA) Program, York University, Canada
| | | | - Daniel Tranel
- Departments of Neurology and Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, USA
| | - Melissa Duff
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review traces amnesia's history from its earliest eighteenth century classification as a medical disorder to the present. Sophisticated depictions in the nineteenth century literature containing elaborate compilations of causal factors, including neurologic, consider pathogenesis, course, duration, durability, and temporal features. RECENT FINDINGS Severe amnesia, especially anterograde involving new learning, found archetypal expression in the twentieth century, in the case of H.M. The "pure" amnesia confirmed an independent memory disorder distinct from other cognitive disturbances, with functional dissociations illustrating nuanced manifestations and highlighting the role of some discovered structural correlates (e.g., hippocampal and associated MTL regions). Moreover, neural networks and interconnections have also notably been implicated. Although concepts of illness change across cultures and centuries, portrayal of amnesia remained consistent as it spread internationally. Amnesia's groundbreaking original nosology laid a foundation for contemporary paradigms of the multifactorial nature, specificity, and complexity of a poignantly thought-provoking disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen G Langer
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA.
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Li Y, Zeng YM, Liu M, Lu YQ, Liu XY, Zhang YL, Jiang ZS, Yang TT, Sun Y, Lan K, Chen YK. Development of a risk scoring system for prognostication in HIV-related toxoplasma encephalitis. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:923. [PMID: 33276733 PMCID: PMC7716502 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05651-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aims to evaluate specific risk factors influencing prognosis of HIV-infected patients with toxoplasma encephalitis (TE) in order to develop a prognostic risk scoring system for them. METHODS This is a six-center retrospective study of hospitalized HIV/TE patients. Data including six-week mortality after diagnosis, baseline characteristics, clinical features, laboratory tests and radiological characteristics of eligible patients were assimilated for risk model establishing. RESULTS In this study, the six-week mortality among 94 retrospective cases was 11.7% (11/94). Seven specific risk factors, viz. time from symptom onset to presentation, fever, dizziness, CD4+ T-cell counts, memory deficits, patchy brain lesions, and disorders of consciousness were calculated to be statistically associated with mortality. A criterion value of '9' was selected as the optimal cut-off value of the established model. The AUC of the ROC curve of this scoring model was 0.976 (p < 0.001). The sensitivity and specificity of the risk scoring model was 100.0 and 86.9%, respectively, which were 81.8 and 94.1% of this scoring model in the verification cohort, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The developed scoring system was established with simple risk factors, which also allows expeditious implementation of accurate prognostication, and appropriate therapeutic interventions in HIV-infected patients with TE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Li
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, 109 Baoyu Road, Shapingba, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan-Ming Zeng
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, 109 Baoyu Road, Shapingba, Chongqing, China
| | - Min Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, 109 Baoyu Road, Shapingba, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan-Qiu Lu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, 109 Baoyu Road, Shapingba, Chongqing, China
| | - Xue-Yan Liu
- Department of medical imaging, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu-Lin Zhang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong-Sheng Jiang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Liuzhou People's Hospital, Liuzhou, Guangxi, China
| | - Tong-Tong Yang
- Division of Infectious Disease, Chengdu Public Health Clinical Medical Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Sixth People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Ke Lan
- Division of Infectious Disease, Longtan Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Liuzhou, Guangxi, China
| | - Yao-Kai Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, 109 Baoyu Road, Shapingba, Chongqing, China.
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Basile BM, Templer VL, Gazes RP, Hampton RR. Preserved visual memory and relational cognition performance in monkeys with selective hippocampal lesions. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz0484. [PMID: 32832615 PMCID: PMC7439495 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz0484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The theory that the hippocampus is critical for visual memory and relational cognition has been challenged by discovery of more spared hippocampal tissue than previously reported in H.M., previously unreported extra-hippocampal damage in developmental amnesiacs, and findings that the hippocampus is unnecessary for object-in-context memory in monkeys. These challenges highlight the need for causal tests of hippocampal function in nonhuman primate models. Here, we tested rhesus monkeys on a battery of cognitive tasks including transitive inference, temporal order memory, shape recall, source memory, and image recognition. Contrary to predictions, we observed no robust impairments in memory or relational cognition either within- or between-groups following hippocampal damage. These results caution against over-generalizing from human correlational studies or rodent experimental studies, compel a new generation of nonhuman primate studies, and indicate that we should reassess the relative contributions of the hippocampus proper compared to other regions in visual memory and relational cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M. Basile
- Department of Psychology and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Section on the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Victoria L. Templer
- Department of Psychology and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Psychology, Providence College, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Regina Paxton Gazes
- Department of Psychology and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Psychology and Program in Animal Behavior, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA, USA
| | - Robert R. Hampton
- Department of Psychology and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Zooming in and zooming out: the importance of precise anatomical characterization and broader network understanding of MRI data in human memory experiments. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2020.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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9
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Engelhardt E. Cerebral localization of higher functions: Memory-related anatomic structures. Dement Neuropsychol 2020; 14:75-79. [PMID: 32206202 PMCID: PMC7077862 DOI: 10.1590/1980-57642020dn14-010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The nature of memory and the search for its localization have been a subject of
interest since Antiquity. After millennia of theoretical concepts, shifting from
the heart to the brain, then from the ventricles to solid parts, the core
memory-related structures finally began to be identified through modern
scientifically-based methods at the diencephalic and cortical (hippocampal and
neocortical) levels, mostly in the late Modern period, culminating in the
current state of knowledge on the subject.
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10
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Gao AF, Keith JL, Gao FQ, Black SE, Moscovitch M, Rosenbaum RS. Neuropathology of a remarkable case of memory impairment informs human memory. Neuropsychologia 2020; 140:107342. [PMID: 31972232 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Kent Cochrane (K.C.) has been investigated by researchers for nearly three decades after intracranial trauma from a motorcycle accident at age 30 resulted in a striking profile of amnesia. K.C. suffered severe anterograde amnesia in both verbal and non-verbal domains which was accompanied by selective retrograde amnesia for personal events experienced prior to the time of his injury (episodic memory), with relative preservation of memory for personal and world facts (semantic memory), and of implicit memory. This pattern of spared and impaired memory extended to spatial memory for large-scale environments and beyond memory to future imagining and decision-making. Post-mortem brain findings at age 62 included moderate diffuse atrophy, left orbitofrontal contusion, left posterior cerebral artery infarct, and left anterior frontal watershed infarct. Notably, there was severe neuronal loss and gliosis of the hippocampi bilaterally. The left hippocampus was severely affected anteriorly and posteriorly, but CA2, CA4, and the dentate gyrus (DG) were focally spared. There was associated degeneration of the left fornix. The right hippocampus showed near complete destruction anteriorly, with relative preservation posteriorly, mainly of CA4 and DG. Bilateral parahippocampal gyri and left anterior thalamus also showed neuron loss and gliosis. There was no evidence of co-existing neurodegenerative phenomena on beta-amyloid, phosphorylated tau, or TDP-43 immunostaining. The extent of damage to medial temporal lobe structures is in keeping with K.C.'s profound anterograde and retrograde amnesia, with the exception of the unexpected finding of preserved CA2/CA4 and DG. K.C.'s case demonstrates that relatively clean functional dissociations are still possible following widespread brain damage, with structurally compromised brain regions unlikely to be critical to cognitive functions found to be intact. In this way, the findings presented here add to K.C.'s significant contributions to our understanding of clinical-anatomical relationships in memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew F Gao
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Julia L Keith
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Fu-Qiang Gao
- L.C. Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Group, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sandra E Black
- L.C. Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Group, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Morris Moscovitch
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - R Shayna Rosenbaum
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychology and Vision: Science to Applications (VISTA) Program, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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11
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Bauman K, Devinsky O, Liu AA. Temporal lobe surgery and memory: Lessons, risks, and opportunities. Epilepsy Behav 2019; 101:106596. [PMID: 31711868 PMCID: PMC6885125 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.106596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Careful study of the clinical outcomes of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) surgery has greatly advanced our knowledge of the neuroanatomy of human memory. After early cases resulted in profound amnesia, the critical role of the hippocampus and associated medial temporal lobe (MTL) structures to declarative memory became evident. Surgical approaches quickly changed to become unilateral and later, to be more precise, potentially reducing cognitive morbidity. Neuropsychological studies following unilateral temporal lobe resection (TLR) have challenged early models, which simplified the lateralization of verbal and visual memory function. Diagnostic tests, including intracarotid sodium amobarbital procedure (WADA), structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and functional neuroimaging (functional MRI (fMRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)), can more accurately lateralize and localize epileptogenic cortex and predict memory outcomes from surgery. Longitudinal studies have shown that memory may even improve in seizure-free patients. From 70 years of experience with epilepsy surgery, we now have a richer understanding of the clinical, neuroimaging, and surgical predictors of memory decline-and improvement-after TLR. "Special Issue: Epilepsy & Behavior's 20th Anniversary".
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristie Bauman
- NYU Langone Health, Department of Neurology, 222 East 41st Street 9th Floor, New York, NY 10017, United States of America
| | - Orrin Devinsky
- NYU Langone Health, Department of Neurology, 222 East 41st Street 9th Floor, New York, NY 10017, United States of America; NYU Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, 223 East 34th Street, New York, NY 10016, United States of America
| | - Anli A Liu
- NYU Langone Health, Department of Neurology, 222 East 41st Street 9th Floor, New York, NY 10017, United States of America; NYU Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, 223 East 34th Street, New York, NY 10016, United States of America.
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12
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Nilssen ES, Doan TP, Nigro MJ, Ohara S, Witter MP. Neurons and networks in the entorhinal cortex: A reappraisal of the lateral and medial entorhinal subdivisions mediating parallel cortical pathways. Hippocampus 2019; 29:1238-1254. [PMID: 31408260 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we aim to reappraise the organization of intrinsic and extrinsic networks of the entorhinal cortex with a focus on the concept of parallel cortical connectivity streams. The concept of two entorhinal areas, the lateral and medial entorhinal cortex, belonging to two parallel input-output streams mediating the encoding and storage of respectively what and where information hinges on the claim that a major component of their cortical connections is with the perirhinal cortex and postrhinal or parahippocampal cortex in, respectively, rodents or primates. In this scenario, the lateral entorhinal cortex and the perirhinal cortex are connectionally associated and likewise the postrhinal/parahippocampal cortex and the medial entorhinal cortex are partners. In contrast, here we argue that the connectivity matrix emphasizes the potential of substantial integration of cortical information through interactions between the two entorhinal subdivisions and between the perirhinal and postrhinal/parahippocampal cortices, but most importantly through a new observation that the postrhinal/parahippocampal cortex projects to both lateral and medial entorhinal cortex. We suggest that entorhinal inputs provide the hippocampus with high-order complex representations of the external environment, its stability, as well as apparent changes either as an inherent feature of a biological environment or as the result of navigating the environment. This thus indicates that the current connectional model of the parahippocampal region as part of the medial temporal lobe memory system needs to be revised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirik S Nilssen
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Centre for Neural Computation, Egil and Pauline Braathen and Fred Kavli Centre for Cortical Microcircuits, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Thanh P Doan
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Centre for Neural Computation, Egil and Pauline Braathen and Fred Kavli Centre for Cortical Microcircuits, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Maximiliano J Nigro
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Centre for Neural Computation, Egil and Pauline Braathen and Fred Kavli Centre for Cortical Microcircuits, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Shinya Ohara
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Centre for Neural Computation, Egil and Pauline Braathen and Fred Kavli Centre for Cortical Microcircuits, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, Japan
| | - Menno P Witter
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Centre for Neural Computation, Egil and Pauline Braathen and Fred Kavli Centre for Cortical Microcircuits, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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13
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Jonkman LE, Graaf YGD, Bulk M, Kaaij E, Pouwels PJW, Barkhof F, Rozemuller AJM, van der Weerd L, Geurts JJG, van de Berg WDJ. Normal Aging Brain Collection Amsterdam (NABCA): A comprehensive collection of postmortem high-field imaging, neuropathological and morphometric datasets of non-neurological controls. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2019; 22:101698. [PMID: 30711684 PMCID: PMC6360607 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Well-characterized, high-quality brain tissue of non-neurological control subjects is a prerequisite to study the healthy aging brain, and can serve as a control for the study of neurological disorders. The Normal Aging Brain Collection Amsterdam (NABCA) provides a comprehensive collection of post-mortem (ultra-)high-field MRI (3Tesla and 7 Tesla) and neuropathological datasets of non-neurological controls. By providing MRI within the pipeline, NABCA uniquely stimulates translational neurosciences; from molecular and morphometric tissue studies to the clinical setting. We describe our pipeline, including a description of our on-call autopsy team, donor selection, in situ and ex vivo post-mortem MRI protocols, brain dissection and neuropathological diagnosis. A demographic, radiological and pathological overview of five selected cases on all these aspects is provided. Additionally, information is given on data management, data and tissue application procedures, including review by a scientific advisory board, and setting up a material transfer agreement before distribution of tissue. Finally, we focus on future prospects, which includes laying the foundation for a unique platform for neuroanatomical, histopathological and neuro-radiological education, of professionals, students and the general (lay) audience. NABCA provides a collection of correlative post-mortem MRI and pathological datasets. Non-neurological control brains for studies on aging and neurological disorders. Stimulating micro- to macroscale structural exploration within same patient Post-mortem MRI data and tissue available for integrated advanced data analytics
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Jonkman
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Yvon Galis-de Graaf
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Bulk
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Eliane Kaaij
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Petra J W Pouwels
- Department of radiology and nuclear medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frederik Barkhof
- Department of radiology and nuclear medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Institutes of neurology and healthcare engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Annemieke J M Rozemuller
- Department of pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Louise van der Weerd
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen J G Geurts
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wilma D J van de Berg
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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14
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Lin YT, Hsu KS. Oxytocin receptor signaling in the hippocampus: Role in regulating neuronal excitability, network oscillatory activity, synaptic plasticity and social memory. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 171:1-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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15
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Bernard F, Baucher G, Troude L, Fournier HD. The Surgeon in Action: Representations of Neurosurgery in Movies from the Frères Lumière to Today. World Neurosurg 2018; 119:66-76. [PMID: 30071331 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.07.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we examine the portrayal of neurosurgery and neurosurgeons in 61 movies produced from the beginnings of cinema from the Lumière brothers (1895) to 2017, across 4 continents and covering 10 cinematic genres. We find that these movies tend to shape most beliefs and stereotypes about neurosurgery. However, we notice that there is a trend to describe neurosurgery and neurosurgical disorders with more accuracy as we progress in time. Although it is not for the medical profession to dictate or censor fictional content, a keen eye on these depictions will help us to understand, and perhaps combat, some of the stereotypes and myths that continue to surround neurosurgery in the twenty-first century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Bernard
- Department of Neurosurgery, Teaching Hospital, Angers, Laboratory of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Angers, France.
| | - Guillaume Baucher
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hopital Nord, APHM Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Lucas Troude
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hopital Nord, APHM Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Henri-Dominique Fournier
- Department of Neurosurgery, Teaching Hospital, Angers, Laboratory of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Angers, France
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16
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The Rhesus Monkey Hippocampus Critically Contributes to Scene Memory Retrieval, But Not New Learning. J Neurosci 2018; 38:7800-7808. [PMID: 30049888 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0832-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans can recall a large number of memories years after the initial events. Patients with amnesia often have lesions to the hippocampus, but human lesions are imprecise, making it difficult to identify the anatomy underlying memory impairments. Rodent studies enable great precision in hippocampal manipulations, but not investigation of many interleaved memories. Thus it is not known how lesions restricted to the hippocampus affect the retrieval of multiple sequentially encoded memories. Furthermore, disagreement exists as to whether hippocampal inactivations lead to temporally graded or ungraded amnesia, which could be a consequence of differences between rodent and human studies. In the current study, rhesus monkeys of both sexes received either bilateral neurotoxic hippocampal lesions or remained unoperated controls and were tested on recognition and new learning of visual object-in-place scenes. Monkeys with hippocampal lesions were significantly impaired at remembering scenes that were encoded before the lesion. We did not observe any temporal gradient effect of the lesion on memory recognition, with recent and remote memories being equally affected by the lesion. Monkeys with hippocampal lesions showed no deficits in learning new scenes. Thus, the hippocampus, like other cortical regions, may be engaged in the acquisition and storage of new memories, but the role of the damaged hippocampus can be taken over by spared hippocampal tissue or extra-hippocampal regions following a lesion. These findings illustrate the utility of experimental paradigms for studying retrograde and anterograde amnesia that make use of the capacity of nonhuman primates to rapidly acquire many distinct visual memories.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Recalling old memories, creating new memories, and the process by which memories transition from temporary to permanent storage all may rely on the hippocampus. Whether the hippocampus is necessary for encoding and retrieval of multiple related visual memories in primates is not known. Monkeys that learned many visual memory problems before precise lesions of the hippocampus were impaired at recalling those memories after hippocampal damage regardless of when the memories were formed, but could learn new memory problems at a normal rate. This suggests the hippocampus is normally vital for retrieval of complex visual memories regardless of their age, and also points to the importance of investigating mechanisms by which memories may be acquired in the presence of hippocampal damage.
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17
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Nitsch R, Stahnisch FW. Neuronal Mechanisms Recording the Stream of Consciousness–A Reappraisal of Wilder Penfield’s (1891–1976) Concept of Experiential Phenomena Elicited by Electrical Stimulation of the Human Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2018; 28:3347-3355. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R Nitsch
- Professorship of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Münster, Westfälische-Wilhelms-Universität, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, D5, Münster, Germany
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - F W Stahnisch
- Department of Community Health Sciences and Department of History, Cumming School of Medicine
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute The University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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18
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Cacciaglia R, Molinuevo JL, Sánchez-Benavides G, Falcón C, Gramunt N, Brugulat-Serrat A, Grau O, Gispert JD. Episodic memory and executive functions in cognitively healthy individuals display distinct neuroanatomical correlates which are differentially modulated by aging. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 39:4565-4579. [PMID: 29972619 PMCID: PMC6220988 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuroanatomical bases of episodic memory (EM) and executive functions (EFs) have been widely addressed in patients with brain damage and in individuals with neurologic disorders. These studies reported that larger brain structures support better outcomes in both cognitive domains, thereby supporting the “bigger is better” account. However, relatively few studies have explored the cerebral morphological properties underlying EM and EFs in cognitively healthy individuals and current findings indicate no unitary theoretical explanation for the structure–function relationship. Moreover, existing studies have typically restricted the analyses to a priori defined regions of interest. Here we conducted unbiased voxel‐wise analysis of the associations between regional gray as well as white matter volumes (GMv; WMv) and performance in both cognitive domains in a sample of 463 cognitively intact individuals. We found that efficiency in EM was predicted by lower GMv in brain areas belonging to the default‐mode network (DMN). By contrast, EFs performance was predicted by larger GMv in a distributed set of regions, which overlapped with the executive control network (ECN). Volume of white matter bundles supporting both cross‐cortical and interhemispheric connections was positively related to processing speed. Furthermore, aging modulated the relationship between regional volumes and cognitive performance in several areas including the hippocampus and frontal cortex. Our data extend the critical role of the DMN and ECN by showing that variability in their morphological properties, and not only their activation patterns, affects EM and EFs, respectively. Moreover, our finding that aging reverts these associations supports previously advanced theories of cognitive neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Cacciaglia
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center, Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Luis Molinuevo
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center, Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Carles Falcón
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center, Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nina Gramunt
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center, Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna Brugulat-Serrat
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center, Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oriol Grau
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center, Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Domingo Gispert
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center, Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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19
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Keuken MC, Isaacs BR, Trampel R, van der Zwaag W, Forstmann BU. Visualizing the Human Subcortex Using Ultra-high Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Brain Topogr 2018; 31:513-545. [PMID: 29497874 PMCID: PMC5999196 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-018-0638-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
With the recent increased availability of ultra-high field (UHF) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), substantial progress has been made in visualizing the human brain, which can now be done in extraordinary detail. This review provides an extensive overview of the use of UHF MRI in visualizing the human subcortex for both healthy and patient populations. The high inter-subject variability in size and location of subcortical structures limits the usability of atlases in the midbrain. Fortunately, the combined results of this review indicate that a large number of subcortical areas can be visualized in individual space using UHF MRI. Current limitations and potential solutions of UHF MRI for visualizing the subcortex are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Keuken
- Integrative Model-Based Cognitive Neuroscience Research Unit, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 15926, 1001NK, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Cognitive Psychology Unit, Institute of Psychology and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - B R Isaacs
- Integrative Model-Based Cognitive Neuroscience Research Unit, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 15926, 1001NK, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - R Trampel
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - B U Forstmann
- Integrative Model-Based Cognitive Neuroscience Research Unit, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 15926, 1001NK, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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20
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Abstract
Neurological amnesia has been and remains the focus of intense study, motivated by the drive to understand typical and atypical memory function and the underlying brain basis that is involved. There is now a consensus that amnesia associated with hippocampal (and, in many cases, broader medial temporal lobe) damage results in deficits in episodic memory, delayed recall, and recollective experience. However, debate continues regarding the patterns of preservation and impairment across a range of abilities, including semantic memory and learning, delayed recognition, working memory, and imagination. This brief review highlights some of the influential and recent advances in these debates and what they may tell us about the amnesic condition and hippocampal function.
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21
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McCormick C, Ciaramelli E, De Luca F, Maguire EA. Comparing and Contrasting the Cognitive Effects of Hippocampal and Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex Damage: A Review of Human Lesion Studies. Neuroscience 2018; 374:295-318. [PMID: 28827088 PMCID: PMC6053620 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.07.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The hippocampus and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) are closely connected brain regions whose functions are still debated. In order to offer a fresh perspective on understanding the contributions of these two brain regions to cognition, in this review we considered cognitive tasks that usually elicit deficits in hippocampal-damaged patients (e.g., autobiographical memory retrieval), and examined the performance of vmPFC-lesioned patients on these tasks. We then took cognitive tasks where performance is typically compromised following vmPFC damage (e.g., decision making), and looked at how these are affected by hippocampal lesions. Three salient motifs emerged. First, there are surprising gaps in our knowledge about how hippocampal and vmPFC patients perform on tasks typically associated with the other group. Second, while hippocampal or vmPFC damage seems to adversely affect performance on so-called hippocampal tasks, the performance of hippocampal and vmPFC patients clearly diverges on classic vmPFC tasks. Third, although performance appears analogous on hippocampal tasks, on closer inspection, there are significant disparities between hippocampal and vmPFC patients. Based on these findings, we suggest a tentative hierarchical model to explain the functions of the hippocampus and vmPFC. We propose that the vmPFC initiates the construction of mental scenes by coordinating the curation of relevant elements from neocortical areas, which are then funneled into the hippocampus to build a scene. The vmPFC then engages in iterative re-initiation via feedback loops with neocortex and hippocampus to facilitate the flow and integration of the multiple scenes that comprise the coherent unfolding of an extended mental event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia McCormick
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Elisa Ciaramelli
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Centro studi e ricerche di Neuroscienze Cognitive, Cesena, Italy
| | - Flavia De Luca
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Centro studi e ricerche di Neuroscienze Cognitive, Cesena, Italy
| | - Eleanor A Maguire
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
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22
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Naumann RK, Preston-Ferrer P, Brecht M, Burgalossi A. Structural modularity and grid activity in the medial entorhinal cortex. J Neurophysiol 2018. [PMID: 29513150 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00574.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the groundbreaking discovery of grid cells, the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) has become the focus of intense anatomical, physiological, and computational investigations. Whether and how grid activity maps onto cell types and cortical architecture is still an open question. Fundamental similarities in microcircuits, function, and connectivity suggest a homology between rodent MEC and human posteromedial entorhinal cortex. Both are specialized for spatial processing and display similar cellular organization, consisting of layer 2 pyramidal/calbindin cell patches superimposed on scattered stellate neurons. Recent data indicate the existence of a further nonoverlapping modular system (zinc patches) within the superficial MEC layers. Zinc and calbindin patches have been shown to receive largely segregated inputs from the presubiculum and parasubiculum. Grid cells are also clustered in the MEC, and we discuss possible structure-function schemes on how grid activity could map onto cortical patch systems. We hypothesize that in the superficial layers of the MEC, anatomical location can be predictive of function; thus relating functional properties and neuronal morphologies to the cortical modules will be necessary for resolving how grid activity maps onto cortical architecture. Imaging or cell identification approaches in freely moving animals will be required for testing this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K Naumann
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Humboldt University of Berlin , Berlin , Germany.,Max-Planck-Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt am Main , Germany.,Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen University Town, Nanshan District, Shenzhen , China
| | | | - Michael Brecht
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Humboldt University of Berlin , Berlin , Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases , Berlin , Germany
| | - Andrea Burgalossi
- Werner-Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience , Tübingen , Germany
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23
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Lømo T. Discovering long-term potentiation (LTP) - recollections and reflections on what came after. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2018; 222. [PMID: 28719040 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Chance events led me to a lifelong career in scientific research. They paved the way for being the first to see long-term potentiation of synaptic efficiency (LTP) in Per Andersen's laboratory in Oslo in 1966. Here I describe my way to this discovery and the experiments with Tim Bliss in 1968-1969 that led to Bliss and Lømo, 1973. Surprisingly, we later failed to reproduce these results. I discuss possible reasons for this failure, which made us both leave LTP research, in my case for good, in Tim's case for several years. After 30 years of work in a different field, I renewed my interest in the hippocampus and LTP in the early 2000s and published, for the first time, results that I had obtained 40 years earlier. Here I present my take on how interest in and research on LTP evolved after the early years. This includes a discussion of the functions of hippocampus as seen in those early days, the case of patient H.M., Donald Hebb's place in the story, the search for 'memory molecules' such as PKMζ, and the primary site for LTP expression (pre- and/or post-synaptic?). Throughout, I reflect on my life in science, how science is done and what drives it. The reflections are quite personal and I admit to mixed feelings about broadcasting them.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Lømo
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
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24
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Clark RE. Current Topics Regarding the Function of the Medial Temporal Lobe Memory System. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2018. [PMID: 29302902 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2017_36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The first clear insight that the medial temporal lobe of the human brain was in fact a system of anatomically connected structures that were organized into a memory system came in 1957 from the observations by Brenda Milner of the noted amnesic patient H.M. Subsequent work in humans, monkeys, and rodents has identified all of the components of the medial temporal lobe (MTL) that formed the memory system. Currently, work is ongoing to identify the specific contributions each structure in the medial temporal lobe makes towards the formation and storage of long-term declarative memory. The historical background of this work is described including what insights the study of noted neurologic patients H.M. and E.P. provided for understanding the function of the medial temporal lobe. The development of an animal model of medial temporal lobe function is described. Additionally, the insights that lead to the understanding that the brain contains multiple, anatomically discrete, memory systems are described. Finally, three current topics of debate are addressed: First, does the perirhinal cortex exclusively support memory, or does it support both memory and higher order visual perception? Second, is there an anatomical separation between recollection and familiarity ? Third, is the organization of spatial memory different between humans and rats, or perhaps the difference is between the working memory capacities of the two species?
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Clark
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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25
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Clark RE. Current Topics Regarding the Function of the Medial Temporal Lobe Memory System. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2018; 37:13-42. [PMID: 29589322 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2017_481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
The first clear insight that the medial temporal lobe of the human brain was in fact a system of anatomically connected structures that were organized into a memory system came in 1957 from the observations by Brenda Milner of the noted amnesic patient H.M. Subsequent work in humans, monkeys, and rodents has identified all of the components of the medial temporal lobe (MTL) that formed the memory system. Currently, work is ongoing to identify the specific contributions each structure in the medial temporal lobe makes towards the formation and storage of long-term declarative memory. The historical background of this work is described including what insights the study of noted neurologic patients H.M. and E.P. provided for understanding the function of the medial temporal lobe. The development of an animal model of medial temporal lobe function is described. Additionally, the insights that lead to the understanding that the brain contains multiple, anatomically discrete, memory systems are described. Finally, three current topics of debate are addressed: First, does the perirhinal cortex exclusively support memory, or does it support both memory and higher order visual perception? Second, is there an anatomical separation between recollection and familiarity? Third, is the organization of spatial memory different between humans and rats, or perhaps the difference is between the working memory capacities of the two species?
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Clark
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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26
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Postle BR, Kensinger E. The Unforgettable career of Suzanne Corkin. Hippocampus 2016; 26:1233-7. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bradley R. Postle
- Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison Wisconsin
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27
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Ali R, Connolly ID, Feroze AH, Awad AJ, Choudhri OA, Grant GA. Epilepsy: A Disruptive Force in History. World Neurosurg 2016; 90:685-690. [PMID: 26709155 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2015.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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28
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Abstract
Fear memory is the best-studied form of memory. It was thoroughly investigated in the past 60 years mostly using two classical conditioning procedures (contextual fear conditioning and fear conditioning to a tone) and one instrumental procedure (one-trial inhibitory avoidance). Fear memory is formed in the hippocampus (contextual conditioning and inhibitory avoidance), in the basolateral amygdala (inhibitory avoidance), and in the lateral amygdala (conditioning to a tone). The circuitry involves, in addition, the pre- and infralimbic ventromedial prefrontal cortex, the central amygdala subnuclei, and the dentate gyrus. Fear learning models, notably inhibitory avoidance, have also been very useful for the analysis of the biochemical mechanisms of memory consolidation as a whole. These studies have capitalized on in vitro observations on long-term potentiation and other kinds of plasticity. The effect of a very large number of drugs on fear learning has been intensively studied, often as a prelude to the investigation of effects on anxiety. The extinction of fear learning involves to an extent a reversal of the flow of information in the mentioned structures and is used in the therapy of posttraumatic stress disorder and fear memories in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Izquierdo
- National Institute of Translational Neuroscience, National Research Council of Brazil, and Memory Center, Brain Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Cristiane R. G. Furini
- National Institute of Translational Neuroscience, National Research Council of Brazil, and Memory Center, Brain Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Jociane C. Myskiw
- National Institute of Translational Neuroscience, National Research Council of Brazil, and Memory Center, Brain Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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29
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Acute amnestic syndrome due to MDMA exposure. J Neurol 2016; 263:1022-1023. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-016-8087-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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30
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Blusztajn JK, Rinnofner J. Intrinsic Cholinergic Neurons in the Hippocampus: Fact or Artifact? Front Synaptic Neurosci 2016; 8:6. [PMID: 27014052 PMCID: PMC4785141 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2016.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is generally agreed that hippocampal acetylcholine (ACh) is synthesized and released exclusively from the terminals of the long-axon afferents whose cell bodies reside in the medial septum and diagonal band. The search for intrinsic cholinergic neurons in the hippocampus has a long history; however evidence for the existence of these neurons has been inconsistent, with most investigators failing to detect them using in situ hybridization or immunohistochemical staining of the cholinergic markers, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) or vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT). Advances in the use of bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) transgenic mice expressing a reporter protein under the control of the genomic elements of the Chat gene (Chat-BAC mice) have facilitated studies of cholinergic neurons. Such mice show robust and faithful expression of the reporter proteins in all known cholinergic cell populations. The availability of the Chat-BAC mice re-ignited interest in hippocampal cholinergic interneurons, because a small number of such reporter-expressing cells is frequently observed in the hippocampus of these mice. However, to date, attempts to confirm that these neurons co-express the endogenous cholinergic marker ChAT, or release ACh, have been unsuccessful. Without such confirmatory evidence it is best to conclude that there are no cholinergic neurons in the hippocampus. Similar considerations apply to other BAC transgenic lines, whose utility as a discovery tool for cell populations heretofore not known to express the genes of interest encoded by the BACs, must be validated by methods that detect expression of the endogenous genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Krzysztof Blusztajn
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jasmine Rinnofner
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Vienna, Austria
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31
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Whitaker EE, Bissonnette B, Miller AD, Koppert TL, Tobias JD, Pierson CR, Christofi FL. A novel, clinically relevant use of a piglet model to study the effects of anesthetics on the developing brain. Clin Transl Med 2016; 5:2. [PMID: 26757938 PMCID: PMC4710621 DOI: 10.1186/s40169-015-0079-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anesthesia-induced neurotoxicity research in the developing brain must rely upon an unimpeachable animal model and a standardized treatment approach. In this manner, identification of mechanisms of action may be undertaken. The goal of this study was to develop a novel, clinically relevant, translational way to use a piglet model to investigate anesthesia effects on the developing brain. Methods 29 newborn piglets were assigned to either: (1) control (no intervention, n = 10); (2) lipopolysaccharide (LPS; positive inflammatory control, n = 9); or (3) isoflurane anesthesia (n = 10). Positive inflammatory control animals were given 100 mcg/kg LPS from Escherichia coli intraperitoneally (IP) on the same day as those receiving isoflurane. Isoflurane was administered for 3 h while care was taken to ensure human perioperative conditions. To establish a clinical scenario, each animal was intubated and monitored with pulse oximetry, invasive and non-invasive blood pressure, electrocardiogram, temperature, end-tidal CO2, anesthetic concentration, and iSTAT blood analysis. All animals were sacrificed after 48 h using transcardiac perfusion of ice-cold, heparinized phosphate buffered saline (PBS) followed by 4 % paraformaldehyde (PFA). Brains were collected and histopathological analysis focused on the entorhinal cortex looking for degenerative changes due to its critical role in learning and memory. Reliable identification of entorhinal cortex was achieved by using colored ink on the surface of the brains, which was then cross-referenced with microscopic anatomy. Hematoxylin & eosin-stained high-power fields was used to quantify cells. ImageJ™ (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA) was used to count absolute number of progenitor glial cells (PGC) and number of PGCs per cluster. Immunohistochemistry was also utilized to ensure positive identification of cellular structures. Results Histopathological sections of 28 brains were analyzed. One animal in the LPS group died shortly after administration, presumably from inadvertent intravascular injection. There was an acute basal ganglia ischemic infarct in one isoflurane-treated animal. A large number of small, round nucleated cells were seen throughout layer II of the entorhinal cortex in all animals. These cells were identified as PGCs using immunohistochemistry and light microscopy. Although there was no difference in the absolute number of PGCs between the groups, animals given isoflurane or LPS demonstrated a significant increase in cells forming ‘clusters’ in the entorhinal cortex. An apparent change in the pattern of doublecortin labeling also suggests changes in neuronal precursors and undifferentiated neurons. Conclusions This study represents the first novel use of a clinically relevant neonatal piglet model to study anesthesia effects on the developing brain. LPS induces neuroinflammation, and this is a potential mechanism for LPS and perhaps isoflurane in causing a change in progenitor cell distribution. We postulate that the isoflurane-induced change in glial progenitor cell distribution could have important implications for cell differentiation, maturation and neural circuit behavior in the rapidly developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmett E Whitaker
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 410 W 10th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA. .,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA.
| | - Bruno Bissonnette
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 410 W 10th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA. .,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA. .,Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Toronto, 123 Edward Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 1E2, Canada.
| | - Andrew D Miller
- Section of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, T5-006A Veterinary Research Tower, Tower Rd., Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Tanner L Koppert
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 410 W 10th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA. .,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA.
| | - Joseph D Tobias
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 410 W 10th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA. .,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA.
| | - Christopher R Pierson
- Department of Pathology and Anatomy, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 410 W 10th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA. .,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA.
| | - Fievos L Christofi
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 410 W 10th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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32
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Augustinack JC, van der Kouwe AJW. Postmortem imaging and neuropathologic correlations. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2016; 136:1321-39. [PMID: 27430472 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-53486-6.00069-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Postmortem imaging refers to scanning autopsy specimens using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or optical imaging. This chapter summarizes postmortem imaging and its usefulness in brain mapping. Standard in vivo MRI has limited resolution due to time constraints and does not deliver cortical boundaries (e.g., Brodmann areas). Postmortem imaging offers a means to obtain ultra-high-resolution images with appropriate contrast for delineating cortical regions. Postmortem imaging provides the ability to validate MRI properties against histologic stained sections. This approach has enabled probabilistic mapping that is based on ex vivo MRI contrast, validated to histology, and subsequently mapped on to an in vivo model. This chapter emphasizes structural imaging, which can be validated with histologic assessment. Postmortem imaging has been applied to neuropathologic studies as well. This chapter includes many ex vivo studies, but focuses on studies of the medial temporal lobe, often involved in neurologic disease. New research using optical imaging is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean C Augustinack
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA.
| | - André J W van der Kouwe
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
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Kros L, Eelkman Rooda OHJ, De Zeeuw CI, Hoebeek FE. Controlling Cerebellar Output to Treat Refractory Epilepsy. Trends Neurosci 2015; 38:787-799. [PMID: 26602765 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Generalized epilepsy is characterized by recurrent seizures caused by oscillatory neuronal firing throughout thalamocortical networks. Current therapeutic approaches often intervene at the level of the thalamus or cerebral cortex to ameliorate seizures. We review here the therapeutic potential of cerebellar stimulation. The cerebellum forms a prominent ascending input to the thalamus and, whereas stimulation of the foliated cerebellar cortex exerts inconsistent results, stimulation of the centrally located cerebellar nuclei (CN) reliably stops generalized seizures in experimental models. Stimulation of this area indicates that the period of stimulation with respect to the phase of the oscillations in thalamocortical networks can optimize its effect, opening up the possibility of developing on-demand deep brain stimulation (DBS) treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieke Kros
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Oscar H J Eelkman Rooda
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chris I De Zeeuw
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Dutch Academy for Arts and Sciences, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Freek E Hoebeek
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Oliveira-Pinto AV, Andrade-Moraes CH, Oliveira LM, Parente-Bruno DR, Santos RM, Coutinho RA, Alho ATL, Leite REP, Suemoto CK, Grinberg LT, Pasqualucci CA, Jacob-Filho W, Lent R. Do age and sex impact on the absolute cell numbers of human brain regions? Brain Struct Funct 2015; 221:3547-59. [PMID: 26416171 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-015-1118-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
What is the influence of sex and age on the quantitative cell composition of the human brain? By using the isotropic fractionator to estimate absolute cell numbers in selected brain regions, we looked for sex- and age-related differences in 32 medial temporal lobes (comprised basically by the hippocampal formation, amygdala and parahippocampal gyrus), sixteen male (29-92 years) and sixteen female (25-82); and 31 cerebella, seventeen male (29-92 years) and fourteen female (25-82). These regions were dissected from the brain, fixed and homogenized, and then labeled with a DNA-marker (to count all nuclei) and with a neuron-specific nuclear marker (to estimate neuron number). Total number of cells in the medial temporal lobe was found to be 1.91 billion in men, and 1.47 billion in women, a difference of 23 %. This region showed 34 % more neurons in men than in women: 525.1 million against 347.4 million. In contrast, no sex differences were found in the cerebellum. Regarding the influence of age, a quadratic correlation was found between neuronal numbers and age in the female medial temporal lobe, suggesting an early increase followed by slight decline after age 50. The cerebellum showed numerical stability along aging for both neurons and non-neuronal cells. In sum, results indicate a sex-related regional difference in total and neuronal cell numbers in the medial temporal lobe, but not in the cerebellum. On the other hand, aging was found to impact on cell numbers in the medial temporal lobe, while the cerebellum proved resilient to neuronal losses in the course of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana V Oliveira-Pinto
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos H Andrade-Moraes
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lays M Oliveira
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Raquel M Santos
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renan A Coutinho
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana T L Alho
- Brazilian Aging Brain Study Group, LIM 22, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.,Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Brain Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Renata E P Leite
- Brazilian Aging Brain Study Group, LIM 22, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.,Discipline of Geriatrics, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Claudia K Suemoto
- Brazilian Aging Brain Study Group, LIM 22, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.,Discipline of Geriatrics, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lea T Grinberg
- Brazilian Aging Brain Study Group, LIM 22, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Neurology and Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Carlos A Pasqualucci
- Brazilian Aging Brain Study Group, LIM 22, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wilson Jacob-Filho
- Brazilian Aging Brain Study Group, LIM 22, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.,Discipline of Geriatrics, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Roberto Lent
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. .,National Institute of Translational Neuroscience, Ministry of Science and Technology, São Paulo, Brazil. .,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas 373, Sl. F1-31, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 21941-902, Brazil.
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Abstract
The lesion-deficit model dominates neuropsychology. This is unsurprising given powerful demonstrations that focal brain lesions can affect specific aspects of cognition. Nowhere is this more evident than in patients with bilateral hippocampal damage. In the past 60 years, the amnesia and other impairments exhibited by these patients have helped to delineate the functions of the hippocampus and shape the field of memory. We do not question the value of this approach. However, less prominent are the cognitive processes that remain intact following hippocampal lesions. Here, we collate the piecemeal reports of preservation of function following focal bilateral hippocampal damage, highlighting a wealth of information often veiled by the field's focus on deficits. We consider how a systematic understanding of what is preserved as well as what is lost could add an important layer of precision to models of memory and the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A Clark
- Wellcome Trust Center for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom; ,
| | - Eleanor A Maguire
- Wellcome Trust Center for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom; ,
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36
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Robinson JL, Barron DS, Kirby LAJ, Bottenhorn KL, Hill AC, Murphy JE, Katz JS, Salibi N, Eickhoff SB, Fox PT. Neurofunctional topography of the human hippocampus. Hum Brain Mapp 2015; 36:5018-37. [PMID: 26350954 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Much of what was assumed about the functional topography of the hippocampus was derived from a single case study over half a century ago. Given advances in the imaging sciences, a new era of discovery is underway, with potential to transform the understanding of healthy processing as well as the ability to treat disorders. Coactivation-based parcellation, a meta-analytic approach, and ultra-high field, high-resolution functional and structural neuroimaging to characterize the neurofunctional topography of the hippocampus was employed. Data revealed strong support for an evolutionarily preserved topography along the long-axis. Specifically, the left hippocampus was segmented into three distinct clusters: an emotional processing cluster supported by structural and functional connectivity to the amygdala and parahippocampal gyrus, a cognitive operations cluster, with functional connectivity to the anterior cingulate and inferior frontal gyrus, and a posterior perceptual cluster with distinct structural connectivity patterns to the occipital lobe coupled with functional connectivity to the precuneus and angular gyrus. The right hippocampal segmentation was more ambiguous, with plausible 2- and 5-cluster solutions. Segmentations shared connectivity with brain regions known to support the correlated processes. This represented the first neurofunctional topographic model of the hippocampus using a robust, bias-free, multimodal approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Robinson
- Department of Psychology, Auburn University, 226 Thach Hall, Auburn, Alabama.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn University Magnetic Resonance Imaging Research Center, 560 Devall Drive, Auburn, Alabama.,Department of Kinesiology, Auburn University, 226 Thach Hall, Auburn, Alabama
| | | | - Lauren A J Kirby
- Department of Psychology, Auburn University, 226 Thach Hall, Auburn, Alabama.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn University Magnetic Resonance Imaging Research Center, 560 Devall Drive, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Katherine L Bottenhorn
- Department of Psychology, Auburn University, 226 Thach Hall, Auburn, Alabama.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn University Magnetic Resonance Imaging Research Center, 560 Devall Drive, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Ashley C Hill
- Department of Psychology, Auburn University, 226 Thach Hall, Auburn, Alabama.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn University Magnetic Resonance Imaging Research Center, 560 Devall Drive, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Jerry E Murphy
- Department of Psychology, Auburn University, 226 Thach Hall, Auburn, Alabama.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn University Magnetic Resonance Imaging Research Center, 560 Devall Drive, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Jeffrey S Katz
- Department of Psychology, Auburn University, 226 Thach Hall, Auburn, Alabama.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn University Magnetic Resonance Imaging Research Center, 560 Devall Drive, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Nouha Salibi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn University Magnetic Resonance Imaging Research Center, 560 Devall Drive, Auburn, Alabama.,Siemens Healthcare, MR Research & Development, 51 Valley Stream Parkway, Malvern, Pennsylvania
| | - Simon B Eickhoff
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Peter T Fox
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas.,South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Research Service, 7400 Merton Minter, San Antonio, Texas.,Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Neuroimaging Laboratory, Nanhai Ave 3688, Shenzhen, Guangong, 518060, People's Republic of China
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37
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Thiebaut de Schotten M, Dell'Acqua F, Ratiu P, Leslie A, Howells H, Cabanis E, Iba-Zizen MT, Plaisant O, Simmons A, Dronkers NF, Corkin S, Catani M. From Phineas Gage and Monsieur Leborgne to H.M.: Revisiting Disconnection Syndromes. Cereb Cortex 2015; 25:4812-27. [PMID: 26271113 PMCID: PMC4635921 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
On the 50th anniversary of Norman Geschwind's seminal paper entitled ‘Disconnexion syndrome in animal and man’, we pay tribute to his ideas by applying contemporary tractography methods to understand white matter disconnection in 3 classic cases that made history in behavioral neurology. We first documented the locus and extent of the brain lesion from the computerized tomography of Phineas Gage's skull and the magnetic resonance images of Louis Victor Leborgne's brain, Broca's first patient, and Henry Gustave Molaison. We then applied the reconstructed lesions to an atlas of white matter connections obtained from diffusion tractography of 129 healthy adults. Our results showed that in all 3 patients, disruption extended to connections projecting to areas distant from the lesion. We confirmed that the damaged tracts link areas that in contemporary neuroscience are considered functionally engaged for tasks related to emotion and decision-making (Gage), language production (Leborgne), and declarative memory (Molaison). Our findings suggest that even historic cases should be reappraised within a disconnection framework whose principles were plainly established by the associationist schools in the last 2 centuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Thiebaut de Schotten
- Natbrainlab, Department of FANS, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience and Brain Connectivity and Behaviour, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris, France Inserm U 1127; UPMC-Paris6, UMR_S 1127; CNRS UMR 7225, CRICM, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France
| | - F Dell'Acqua
- Natbrainlab, Department of FANS, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience and Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - P Ratiu
- Natbrainlab, Department of FANS, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience and
| | - A Leslie
- Natbrainlab, Department of FANS, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience and Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - H Howells
- Natbrainlab, Department of FANS, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience and Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - E Cabanis
- Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, Paris, France
| | - M T Iba-Zizen
- Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, Paris, France
| | - O Plaisant
- University of Paris-Descartes, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, URDIA, EA4465, Paris, France
| | - A Simmons
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - N F Dronkers
- VA Northern California Health Care System, Martinez, CA, USA Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA National Research University Higher School of Economics, Russian Federation
| | - S Corkin
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - M Catani
- Natbrainlab, Department of FANS, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience and Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
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38
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Hamilton GF, Rhodes JS. Exercise Regulation of Cognitive Function and Neuroplasticity in the Healthy and Diseased Brain. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 135:381-406. [PMID: 26477923 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Regular exercise broadly enhances physical and mental health throughout the lifespan. Animal models have provided us with the tools to gain a better understanding of the underlying biochemical, physiological, and morphological mechanisms through which exercise exerts its beneficial cognitive effects. One brain region in particular, the hippocampus, is especially responsive to exercise. It is critically involved in learning and memory and is one of two regions in the mammalian brain that continues to generate new neurons throughout life. Exercise prevents the decline of the hippocampus from aging and ameliorates many neurodegenerative diseases, in part by increasing adult hippocampal neurogenesis but also by activating a multitude of molecular mechanisms that promote brain health. In this chapter, we first describe some rodent models used to study effects of exercise on the brain. Then we review the rodent work focusing on the mechanisms behind which exercise improves cognition and brain health in both the normal and the diseased brain, with emphasis on the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilian F Hamilton
- Department of Psychology, The Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.
| | - Justin S Rhodes
- Department of Psychology, The Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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39
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Raslau FD, Augustinack JC, Klein AP, Ulmer JL, Mathews VP, Mark LP. Memory Part 3: The Role of the Fornix and Clinical Cases. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2015; 36:1604-8. [PMID: 26045575 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a4371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F D Raslau
- From the Department of Radiology (F.D.R.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - J C Augustinack
- Department of Radiology (J.C.A.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (J.C.A.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - A P Klein
- Department of Radiology (A.P.K., J.L.U., V.P.M., L.P.M.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - J L Ulmer
- Department of Radiology (A.P.K., J.L.U., V.P.M., L.P.M.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - V P Mathews
- Department of Radiology (A.P.K., J.L.U., V.P.M., L.P.M.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - L P Mark
- Department of Radiology (A.P.K., J.L.U., V.P.M., L.P.M.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
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40
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Dossani RH, Missios S, Nanda A. The Legacy of Henry Molaison (1926-2008) and the Impact of His Bilateral Mesial Temporal Lobe Surgery on the Study of Human Memory. World Neurosurg 2015; 84:1127-35. [PMID: 25913428 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2015.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In 1953, neurosurgeon William Beecher Scoville performed a bilateral mesial temporal lobe resection on patient Henry Molaison, who suffered from epilepsy. The operation was novel as a treatment for epilepsy and had an unexpected consequence: a severe compromise of Molaison's anterograde memory. In a landmark 1957 publication, Scoville and Milner concluded that mesial temporal lobe structures, particularly the hippocampi, were integral to the formation of new, recent memories. Over the next 5 decades, more than 100 researchers studied Molaison's memory, behavior, and learning skills, making him one of the most famous patients in the history of cognitive neuroscience. Following his death in 2008, his brain was scanned in situ and ex vivo and then sectioned into 2401 sections. Histological evaluation of Molaison's brain further elucidated which mesial temporal lobe structures were preserved or resected in his operation, shedding new light on the neuroanatomic underpinnings of short-term memory. Scoville regretted Molaison's surgical outcome and spoke vigorously about the dangers of bilateral mesial temporal lobe surgery. This report is the first historical account of Molaison's case in the neurosurgical literature, serving as a reminder of Molaison's contributions and of the perils of bilateral mesial temporal lobe surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rimal Hanif Dossani
- Department of Neurosurgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Symeon Missios
- Department of Neurosurgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Anil Nanda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.
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41
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Cholinergic basal forebrain structure influences the reconfiguration of white matter connections to support residual memory in mild cognitive impairment. J Neurosci 2015; 35:739-47. [PMID: 25589767 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3617-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The fornix and hippocampus are critical to recollection in the healthy human brain. Fornix degeneration is a feature of aging and Alzheimer's disease. In the presence of fornix damage in mild cognitive impairment (MCI), a recognized prodrome of Alzheimer's disease, recall shows greater dependence on other tracts, notably the parahippocampal cingulum (PHC). The current aims were to determine whether this shift is adaptive and to probe its relationship to cholinergic signaling, which is also compromised in Alzheimer's disease. Twenty-five human participants with MCI and 20 matched healthy volunteers underwent diffusion MRI, behavioral assessment, and volumetric measurement of the basal forebrain. In a regression model for recall, there was a significant group × fornix interaction, indicating that the association between recall and fornix structure was weaker in patients. The opposite trend was present for the left PHC. To further investigate this pattern, two regression models were generated to account for recall performance: one based on fornix microstructure and the other on both fornix and left PHC. The realignment to PHC was positively correlated with free recall but not non-memory measures, implying a reconfiguration that is beneficial to residual memory. There was a positive relationship between realignment to PHC and basal forebrain gray matter volume despite this region demonstrating atrophy at a group level, i.e., the cognitive realignment to left PHC was most apparent when cholinergic areas were relatively spared. Therefore, cholinergic systems appear to enable adaptation to injury even as they degenerate, which has implications for functional restoration.
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42
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Squire LR, Dede AJO. Conscious and unconscious memory systems. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2015; 7:a021667. [PMID: 25731765 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a021667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The idea that memory is not a single mental faculty has a long and interesting history but became a topic of experimental and biologic inquiry only in the mid-20th century. It is now clear that there are different kinds of memory, which are supported by different brain systems. One major distinction can be drawn between working memory and long-term memory. Long-term memory can be separated into declarative (explicit) memory and a collection of nondeclarative (implicit) forms of memory that include habits, skills, priming, and simple forms of conditioning. These memory systems depend variously on the hippocampus and related structures in the parahippocampal gyrus, as well as on the amygdala, the striatum, cerebellum, and the neocortex. This work recounts the discovery of declarative and nondeclarative memory and then describes the nature of declarative memory, working memory, nondeclarative memory, and the relationship between memory systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry R Squire
- Veterans Affairs, San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92161 Departments of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093 Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Adam J O Dede
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
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Mauguière F, Corkin S. H.M. never again! An analysis of H.M.’s epilepsy and treatment. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2015; 171:273-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 01/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Cassel JC, Pereira de Vasconcelos A. Importance of the ventral midline thalamus in driving hippocampal functions. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2015; 219:145-61. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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