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Nayerpour Dizaj T, Doustmihan A, Sadeghzadeh Oskouei B, Akbari M, Jaymand M, Mazloomi M, Jahanban-Esfahlan R. Significance of PSCA as a novel prognostic marker and therapeutic target for cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2024; 24:135. [PMID: 38627732 PMCID: PMC11020972 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-024-03320-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
One of the contributing factors in the diagnosis and treatment of most cancers is the identification of their surface antigens. Cancer tissues or cells have their specific antigens. Some antigens that are present in many cancers elicit different functions. One of these antigens is the prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) antigen, which was first identified in the prostate. PSCA is a cell surface protein that has different functions in different tissues. It can play an inhibitory role in cell proliferation as well as a tumor-inducing role. PSCA has several genetic variants involved in cancer susceptibility in some tissues, so identifying the characteristics of this antigen and its relationship with clinical features can provide more information on diagnosis and treatment of patients with cancers. Most studies on the PSCA have focused on prostate cancer. While it is also expressed in other cancers, little attention has been paid to its role as a valuable diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic tool in other cancers. PSCA has several genetic variants that seem to play a significant role in cancer susceptibility in some tissues, so identifying the characteristics of this antigen and its relationship and variants with clinical features can be beneficial in concomitant cancer therapy and diagnosis, as theranostic tools. In this study, we will review the alteration of the PSCA expression and its polymorphisms and evaluate its clinical and theranostics significance in various cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Nayerpour Dizaj
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Doustmihan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behnaz Sadeghzadeh Oskouei
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Morteza Akbari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Jaymand
- Nano Drug Delivery Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - MirAhmad Mazloomi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Rana Jahanban-Esfahlan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Li X, Yang X, Xue W, Yang R, He Z, Ai L, Liu H. Identification of gene signatures related to hypoxia and angiogenesis in pancreatic cancer to aid immunotherapy and prognosis. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1119763. [PMID: 37064125 PMCID: PMC10098147 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1119763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundOne of the most diverse tumors is pancreatic cancer (PC), which makes predicting the prognosis challenging. PC development is directly related to hypoxia, angiogenesis, and immunotherapy. It is still unclear how the three features are related.MethodsThe Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) and the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database were employed to obtain sequencing data for healthy pancreatic tissues and PC tissues, respectively. According to the constructed hypoxic prognostic model (HPM) and angiogenic prognostic model (APM), 4 subtypes of PC were identified. Hypoxia and angiogenesis prognostic model (HAPM) was established based on differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between high-angiogenesis/high-hypoxia (HH) and low-angiogenesis/low-hypoxia (LL) subgroups. Base on the median risk score, PC patients were separated into high-risk and low-risk groups, and clinical traits, prognosis, percentage of immune cell infiltration, PD-1 expression, and the fraction of T-cell depletion were compared between the groups. Finally, the predictive accuracy of the tumor immune dysfunction and rejection (TIDE) and tumor inflammatory signature (TIS) models, as well as HAPM, was compared.ResultWe analyzed the mRNA sequencing data from 178 PC tissues and 171 normal pancreatic tissues to obtain 9527 DEGs. We discovered 200 genes linked with hypoxia and 36 genes involved with angiogenesis through the literature. We found the core genes related with hypoxia and angiogenesis in PC by intersecting the DEGs of the HH and LL subgroups with those of PC via WGCNA. IL-17 signaling pathway, ECM-receptor interactions, cytokine receptor interactions, etc. were all enriched in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) results of core genes. HAPM has good predictive efficiency, according to an evaluation of KM survival curves and ROC curves. The external dataset also validated the model’s ability to anticipate outcomes. Patients in the high- and low-risk groups were compared for PD1 expression and T-cell exclusion scores, which suggested that the model might be used to forecast which PC patients might benefit from immunotherapy.ConclusionsThe probable molecular processes connecting hypoxia and angiogenesis are described in this work, and a model is developed that may be utilized to forecast the prognosis for PC patients and the benefits of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiushen Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Ultrasound, The People’s Hospital of Shapingba District, Chongqing, China
| | - Weiqi Xue
- The First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Rui Yang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiwei He
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Lisha Ai
- Department of Teaching and Research, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases and Carson International Cancer, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Hui Liu,
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GluR2Q and GluR2R AMPA Subunits are not Targets of lypd2 Interaction. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0278278. [PMID: 36441793 PMCID: PMC9704558 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A large family of prototoxin-like molecules endogenous to mammals, Ly6 proteins have been implicated in the regulation of cell signaling processes across multiple species. Previous work has shown that certain members of the Ly6 family are expressed in the brain and target nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and potassium channel function. Structural similarities between Ly6 proteins and alpha-neurotoxins suggest the possibility of additional ionotropic receptor targets. Here, we investigated the possibility of lypd2 as a novel regulator of AMPA receptor (AMPAR) function. In particular, we focused on potential interactions with the Q/R isoforms of the GluR2 subunit, which have profound impacts on AMPAR permeability to calcium during neuronal stimulation. We find that although lypd2 and GluR2 share overlapping expression patterns in the mouse hippocampus, there was no interaction between lypd2 and either GluR2Q or GluR2R isoform. These results underscore the importance of continuing to investigate novel targets for Ly6 interaction and regulation.
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Xu D, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Liu Z, Chen Y, Zheng J. Systematic Analysis of an Invasion-Related 3-Gene Signature and Its Validation as a Prognostic Model for Pancreatic Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:759586. [PMID: 34976806 PMCID: PMC8715959 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.759586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD) is a malignant tumor of the digestive system that is associated with a poor prognosis in patients owing to its rapid progression and high invasiveness. Methods Ninety-seven invasive-related genes obtained from the CancerSEA database were clustered to obtain the molecular subtype of pancreatic cancer based on the RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) data of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between subtypes were obtained using the limma package in R, and the multi-gene risk model based on DEGs was constructed by Lasso regression analysis. Independent datasets GSE57495 and GSE62452 were used to validate the prognostic value of the risk model. To further explore the expression of the hub genes, immunohistochemistry was performed on PAAD tissues obtained from a large cohort. Results The TCGA-PAAD samples were divided into two subtypes based on the expression of the invasion-related genes: C1 and C2. Most genes were overexpressed in the C1 subtype. The C1 subtype was mainly enriched in tumor-related signaling pathways, and the prognosis of patients with the C1 subtype was significantly worse than those with the C2 subtype. A 3-gene signature consisting of LY6D, BCAT1, and ITGB6 based on 538 DEGs between both subtypes serves as a stable prognostic marker in patients with pancreatic cancer across multiple cohorts. LY6D, BCAT1, and ITGB6 were over-expressed in 120 PAAD samples compared to normal samples. Conclusions The constructed 3-gene signature can be used as a molecular marker to assess the prognostic risk in patients with PAAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafeng Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Geriatric Medicine Center, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Yuliang Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Zhehao Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Yonghai Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Jinfang Zheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
- *Correspondence: Jinfang Zheng,
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Du X, Gu H, Sun Y, Hu Y. Ly-6D of Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) functions as a complement regulator and promotes host clearance of pathogen. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 122:104104. [PMID: 33891970 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Lymphocyte antigen-6 (Ly-6) superfamily has been considered to play an important role in the innate immunity of mammals. The functions of Ly-6 proteins are diverse since their low sequence homology. Currently, the function of Ly-6D, a member of Ly-6 family proteins, is completely unknown in teleost. In the present study, we identified and characterized a Ly-6D homologue (named PoLy-6D) from the teleost fish Paralichthys olivaceus and examined its immune function. PoLy-6D possesses a hydrophobic signal peptide, a LU domain including a conserved "LXCXXC" motif in N-terminus and a "CCXXXXCN" motif in C-terminus. Under normal physiological condition, PoLy-6D expression distributes in all the examined tissues, the highest three tissues are successively spleen, head kidney, and blood. When infected by extracellular and intracellular bacterial pathogens and viral pathogen, PoLy-6D expression was induced and the patterns vary with different types of microbial pathogens infection and different immune tissues. In vitro experiment showed recombinant PoLy-6D (rPoLy-6D) inhibited the lysis of rabbit red blood cells by serum and selectively improved bacterial survival in serum. After serum were treated by antibody of rPoLy-6D, bacteriostatic effect of serum was obviously enhanced. These results indicate the importance of PoLy-6D as a complement regulator. rPoLy-6D possessed the binding activity to multiple bacteria but did not exhibit antimicrobial activities. The interaction between rPoLy-6D and bacteria suggests that PoLy-6D is involved in host clearance of pathogens probably by serving as a receptor for pathogens. Overexpression of PoLy-6D in vivo promoted the host defense against invading E. piscicida. These findings add new insights into the regulation mechanism of the complement system in teleost and emphasize the importance of Ly-6D products for the control of pathogen infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Du
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, PR China; Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hainan Academy of Tropical Agricultural Resource, CATAS, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Hanjie Gu
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hainan Academy of Tropical Agricultural Resource, CATAS, Haikou, 571101, China; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Functional Components Research and Utilization of Marine Bio-resources, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Yun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, PR China.
| | - Yonghua Hu
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hainan Academy of Tropical Agricultural Resource, CATAS, Haikou, 571101, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Functional Components Research and Utilization of Marine Bio-resources, Haikou, 571101, China.
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Izraely S, Witz IP. Site-specific metastasis: A cooperation between cancer cells and the metastatic microenvironment. Int J Cancer 2020; 148:1308-1322. [PMID: 32761606 PMCID: PMC7891572 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The conclusion derived from the information provided in this review is that disseminating tumor cells (DTC) collaborate with the microenvironment of a future metastatic organ site in the establishment of organ‐specific metastasis. We review the basic principles of site‐specific metastasis and the contribution of the cross talk between DTC and the microenvironment of metastatic sites (metastatic microenvironment [MME]) to the establishment of the organ‐specific premetastatic niche; the targeted migration of DTC to the endothelium of the future organ‐specific metastasis; the transmigration of DTC to this site and the seeding and colonization of DTC in their future MME. We also discuss the role played by DTC‐MME interactions on tumor dormancy and on the differential response of tumor cells residing in different MMEs to antitumor therapy. Finally, we summarize some studies dealing with the effects of the MME on a unique site‐specific metastasis—brain metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivan Izraely
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Isaac P Witz
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Wang J, Fan J, Gao W, Wu Y, Zhao Q, Chen B, Ding Y, Wen S, Nan X, Wang B. LY6D as a Chemoresistance Marker Gene and Therapeutic Target for Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Stem Cells Dev 2020; 29:774-785. [PMID: 32178572 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2019.0210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) is a common head and neck cancer that is unresponsive to chemotherapy; therefore, understanding the causes of chemotherapy resistance is important. The cancer stem cell (CSC) theory postulates that CSCs are the source of tumor chemoresistance. We enrich laryngeal CSCs to overcome chemoresistance of LSCC. A laryngeal cancer xenograft model was established, and a low dose of cisplatin was administered until chemoresistance arose. A next-generation xenograft model was established using surviving tumor cells, and the test was repeated four times to screen for CSCs. Cell function experiments were performed on each tumor cell generation (m1, m2, m3, and m4). The m3 line, with the highest stemness, was selected for transcriptome sequencing. LY6D was selected for clinical sample validation and functional verification. LY6D expression was detected in 107 laryngeal cancer samples, with high expression in 91 of these samples. LY6D expression was correlated with pathological T and clinical stages, and with cervical lymph node metastasis. The siLY6D group exhibited reduced adhesion and chemoresistance to cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil, and paclitaxel. LY6D is upregulated in laryngeal cancer and may serve as a biomarker for chemoresistance in CSCs. Moreover, LY6D could serve as an alternative antigenic peptide in the targeted treatment of laryngeal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue Wang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Cancer, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.,Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.,The Key Scientific and Technological Innovation Platform for Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Head and Neck Cancer, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Jiamin Fan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Cancer, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.,Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.,The Key Scientific and Technological Innovation Platform for Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Head and Neck Cancer, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Yongyan Wu
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Cancer, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.,Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.,The Key Scientific and Technological Innovation Platform for Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Head and Neck Cancer, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Qinli Zhao
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Cancer, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.,Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.,The Key Scientific and Technological Innovation Platform for Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Head and Neck Cancer, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Cancer, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.,Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.,The Key Scientific and Technological Innovation Platform for Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Head and Neck Cancer, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Yongxia Ding
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Cancer, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.,Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Shuxin Wen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Xinrong Nan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - BinQuan Wang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Cancer, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.,Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.,The Key Scientific and Technological Innovation Platform for Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Head and Neck Cancer, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
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Impact of PSCA gene polymorphisms in modulating gastric cancer risk in the Chinese population. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20181025. [PMID: 31416884 PMCID: PMC6722488 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20181025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have identified the prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) gene rs2294008 C > T and rs2976392 G > A polymorphisms to be associated with the risk of gastric cancer, the results of which are inconsistent. The present study aimed to evaluate the association between the two polymorphisms and the gastric cancer risk in the Chinese population. A hospital-based case-control study was conducted on 549 cases and 592 healthy controls. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were applied to evaluate the association of the two polymorphisms on the gastric cancer risk. We found that both rs2294008 (CT vs. CC, OR = 1.55, 95% CI = 1.20-1.99, P<0.001 and CT+TT vs. CC, OR = 1.38, 95% CI = 1.09-1.74, P=0.008) and rs2976392 (GA vs. GG, OR = 1.61, 95% CI = 1.25-2.07, P<0.001 and GA+AA vs. GG, OR = 1.52, 95% CI = 1.20-1.92, P<0.001) were associated with an increased gastric cancer. In the combined analysis of the two polymorphisms, subjects with more than one risk genotype have a significantly increased risk of gastric cancer (OR = 1.38, 95% CI = 1.09-1.75, P=0.008) in comparison with those without any risk genotypes. In conclusion, our findings verified that the PSCA gene rs2294008 and rs2976392 polymorphisms were both significantly associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer in the Chinese population. Well-designed functional studies are to be warranted to confirm these findings.
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Barros-Silva JD, Linn DE, Steiner I, Guo G, Ali A, Pakula H, Ashton G, Peset I, Brown M, Clarke NW, Bronson RT, Yuan GC, Orkin SH, Li Z, Baena E. Single-Cell Analysis Identifies LY6D as a Marker Linking Castration-Resistant Prostate Luminal Cells to Prostate Progenitors and Cancer. Cell Rep 2018; 25:3504-3518.e6. [PMID: 30566873 PMCID: PMC6315111 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.11.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The exact identity of castrate-resistant (CR) cells and their relation to CR prostate cancer (CRPC) is unresolved. We use single-cell gene profiling to analyze the molecular heterogeneity in basal and luminal compartments. Within the luminal compartment, we identify a subset of cells intrinsically resistant to castration with a bi-lineage gene expression pattern. We discover LY6D as a marker of CR prostate progenitors with multipotent differentiation and enriched organoid-forming capacity. Lineage tracing further reveals that LY6D+ CR luminal cells can produce LY6D- luminal cells. In contrast, in luminal cells lacking PTEN, LY6D+ cells predominantly give rise to LY6D+ tumor cells, contributing to high-grade PIN lesions. Gene expression analyses in patients' biopsies indicate that LY6D expression correlates with early disease progression, including progression to CRPC. Our studies thus identify a subpopulation of luminal progenitors characterized by LY6D expression and intrinsic castration resistance. LY6D may serve as a prognostic maker for advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- João D Barros-Silva
- Prostate Oncobiology, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park SK10 4TG, UK; Belfast-Manchester Movember Centre of Excellence, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Douglas E Linn
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ivana Steiner
- Prostate Oncobiology, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park SK10 4TG, UK; Belfast-Manchester Movember Centre of Excellence, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Guoji Guo
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Adnan Ali
- Prostate Oncobiology, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park SK10 4TG, UK; Belfast-Manchester Movember Centre of Excellence, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Hubert Pakula
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Garry Ashton
- Histology Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Isabel Peset
- Imaging Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Michael Brown
- Genito-Urinary Cancer Research, Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4GJ, UK; Belfast-Manchester Movember Centre of Excellence, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Noel W Clarke
- Genito-Urinary Cancer Research, Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4GJ, UK; Belfast-Manchester Movember Centre of Excellence, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park SK10 4TG, UK; Department of Surgery, The Christie Hospital, Department of Urology, Salford Royal Hospitals, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Guo-Cheng Yuan
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stuart H Orkin
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Zhe Li
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Esther Baena
- Prostate Oncobiology, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park SK10 4TG, UK; Belfast-Manchester Movember Centre of Excellence, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park SK10 4TG, UK.
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Fan H, Lu P, Xu L, Qin Y, Li J. Synchronous occurrence of hereditary gastric adenocarcinoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, and esophageal small cell and squamous carcinoma in situ: an extremely rare case report. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:720. [PMID: 29115925 PMCID: PMC5678561 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3736-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hereditary diffuse gastric carcinoma (HDGC) accounts for 1-3% of all gastric carcinomas. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal tumors in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract but they comprise fewer than 1% of all GI malignancies. Small-cell carcinoma (SmCC) is a rare histological type of esophageal carcinoma, accounting for 0.4% to 2.8% of all esophageal tumors. Co-occurrence of SmCC with esophageal tumors caused by squamous carcinoma is also very uncommon. Although multiple primary malignancies are no longer rare in clinical practice, the simultaneous appearance of HDGC, GIST, esophageal small cell and squamous carcinoma in situ is extremely rare and very few cases have been reported. CASE PRESENTATION We present a case of a 53 year-old woman with synchronous occurrence of four malignancies including HDGC, GIST, esophageal small cell- and local squamous carcinoma in situ. A total gastrectomy with D2 lymph node dissection and postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy with oxaliplatin and paclitaxel liposome were performed. After a 1-year follow-up, this patient was still in good condition with no evidence of recurrence. CONCLUSION This is the unique case that describes the co-existence of the aforementioned four types of neoplasm. This case demonstrates that a diagnosis of gastric cancer does not preclude the presence of other malignancies and every case should be thoroughly analyzed to avoid missing other problems, which may worsen the prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijie Fan
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1, Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Pei Lu
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1, Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Li Xu
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1, Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Yanru Qin
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1, Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1, Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
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Lu B, Shinohara ET, Edwards E, Geng L, Tan J, Hallahan DE. The Use of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Modifying the Response of Tumor Microvasculature to Radiotherapy. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2016; 4:691-8. [PMID: 16292890 DOI: 10.1177/153303460500400614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The response of the tumor microvasculature to ionizing radiation can be modified to improve tumor control in preclinical mouse models of cancer. Recent studies have shown that a variety of cancer drugs can improve the response of cancers to radiotherapy. Protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have been shown to enhance radiation-induced destruction of tumor blood vessels. Among these compounds are inhibitors of a broad spectrum of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). Inhibition of RTKs attenuates downstream signaling from various angiogenic growth factors, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and fibroblast growth factor (FGF). RTK inhibitors with various specificities against the receptors for VEGF, PDGF, and FGF manifest significant antiangiogenic activities as well. We have shown using tumor vascular window model and tumor growth delay assays that these compounds can enhance tumor radiation response by attacking tumor microvasculature. Furthermore, we have shown that radiation and RTK inhibitors exert their antiangiogenic effect through inhibition of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, which results in induction of apoptosis. Our studies have provided a basis for future clinical investigations of combining radiotherapy and RTK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Lu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-5671, USA
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Kupcinskas J, Gyvyte U, Bruzaite I, Leja M, Kupcinskaite-Noreikiene R, Pauzas H, Tamelis A, Jonaitis L, Skieceviciene J, Kiudelis G. Common Genetic Variants of PSCA, MUC1 and PLCE1 Genes are not Associated with Colorectal Cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2016; 16:6027-32. [PMID: 26320491 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.14.6027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polymorphisms of genes encoding PSCA, PLCE1 and MUC1 have been associated with the risk of different cancers in genome wide association studies (GWAS). Up to date there are limited data on the role of these genetic alterations in colorectal cancer (CRC) development. The aim of this study was to evaluate potential associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of genes encoding PSCA, PLCE1 and MUC1 and the presence of CRC in European populations. MATERIALS AND METHODS Gene polymorphisms were analyzed in 574 European subjects (controls: n=382; CRC: n=192). PSCA C>T (rs2294008), PSCA G>A (rs2976392), MUC1 A>G (rs4072037) and PLCE1 A>G (rs2274223) SNPs were genotyped by RT-PCR. RESULTS The distribution of genotypes for all four SNPs was in line with the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (rs2294008, P=0.153; rs2976392, P=0.269; rs4072037, P=0.609; rs2274223, P=0.858). The distribution of genotypes and alleles of PSCA C>T, PSCA G>A, MUC1 A>G and PLCE1 A>G SNPs was similar among controls and CRC patient groups (P>0.05). GG genotype of MUC1 SNP was more frequent in CRC patients (24.0%) than in controls (20.2%); however, this association failed to reach significance (OR-1.45, P=0.15). Overall, in the present study SNPs of PSCA (rs2294008, rs2976392), MUC1 (rs4072037) and PLCE1 (rs2274223) genes were not associated with the presence of CRC. CONCLUSIONS Gene polymorphisms of PSCA, PLCE1 and MUC1 genes are not associated with the presence of CRC in European subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juozas Kupcinskas
- Department of Gastroenterology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania E-mail :
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Geng P, Li J, Wang N, Ou J, Xie G, Liu C, Zhao X, Xiang L, Liao Y, Liang H. PSCA rs2294008 Polymorphism with Increased Risk of Cancer. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136269. [PMID: 26308216 PMCID: PMC4550426 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Published data on the association between PSCA rs2294008 polymorphism and cancer risk have implicated inconclusive results. To determine the relationship and to precisely assess the effect size estimate of the association, we performed a meta-analysis. Methods We searched published literature in Embase and PubMed databases using the search terms “PSCA”, “prostate stem cell antigen”, “variants”, “polymorphism”, “polymorphisms”, and “cancer”. A total of 21 eligible articles were retrieved, with 27, 197 cancer cases and 48, 237 controls. Results On the whole, we found the association between PSCA rs2294008 polymorphism and cancer risk was statistically significant: TT vs CC: OR = 1.18, 95% CI, 1.10 to 1.27; TT + CT vs CC: OR = 1.08, 95% CI, 1.05 to 1.10; TT vs CT + CC: OR = 1.14, 95% CI, 1.07 to 1.21; T vs C: OR = 1.10, 95% CI, 1.06 to 1.14; CT vs CC: OR = 1.10, 95% CI, 1.06 to 1.13. Stratified analyses in cancer type and ethnicity showed similar results. Conclusions Based on the statistical evidence, we can draw a conclusion that the rs2294008 polymorphism of PSCA gene is likely to play a role in cancer carcinogenesis, especially in gastric cancer and bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiliang Geng
- Department of Oncology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Jianjun Li
- Department of Oncology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Oncology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Juanjuan Ou
- Department of Oncology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Ganfeng Xie
- Department of Oncology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Oncology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xiaoxin Zhao
- Department of Oncology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Lisha Xiang
- Department of Oncology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yunmei Liao
- Department of Oncology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Houjie Liang
- Department of Oncology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
- * E-mail:
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Gu Y, Dai QS, Hua RX, Zhang B, Zhu JH, Huang JW, Xie BH, Xiong SQ, Tan GS, Li HP. PSCA s2294008 C>T and rs2976392 G>A polymorphisms contribute to cancer susceptibility: evidence from published studies. Genes Cancer 2015; 6:254-264. [PMID: 26124924 PMCID: PMC4482246 DOI: 10.18632/genesandcancer.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PSCA gene plays an important role in cell adhesion, proliferation and survival. Increasing studies have focused on the association of PSCA gene rs2294008 C>T and rs2976392 G>A with cancer risk. However, the conclusions were inconsistent. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis to elucidate whether there is a true association, or artifact. We systematically searched eligible studies from MEDLINE, EMBASE and CBM database. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were used to evaluate the strength of the association. The final analysis included 32 studies consisting of 30028 cases and 38765 controls for the rs2294008 C>T polymorphism, and 14 studies with 8190 cases and 7176 controls for the rs2976392 G>A polymorphism. Consequently, the PSCA rs2294008 C>T polymorphism was significantly associated with increased overall cancer risk. Further stratifications indicated the increased risk was more pronounced for gastric (diffused type and non-gastric cardia adenocarcinoma) and bladder cancer. A similar association was observed for the rs2976392 G>A polymorphism. This meta-analysis demonstrated that both of the PSCA rs2294008 C>T and rs2976392 G>A polymorphisms are associated with increased cancer risk, especially for gastric cancer and bladder cancer. Further large-scale studies with different ethnicities and subtypes of gastric cancer are required to confirm the results from this meta-analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Gu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiang-Sheng Dai
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Rui-Xi Hua
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Department of Medical Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jin-Hong Zhu
- Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory and Laboratory Medicine, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jian-Wen Huang
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Bin-Hui Xie
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Shi-Qiu Xiong
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Guo-Sheng Tan
- Department of Medical Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - He-Ping Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Medical Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Sun H, Wu X, Wu F, Li Y, Yu Z, Chen X, Chen Y, Yang W. Associations of genetic variants in the PSCA, MUC1 and PLCE1 genes with stomach cancer susceptibility in a Chinese population. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117576. [PMID: 25658482 PMCID: PMC4319726 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several genetic variants including PSCA rs2294008 C>T and rs2976392 G>A, MUC1 rs4072037 T>C, and PLCE1 rs2274223 A>G have shown significant association with stomach cancer risk in the previous genome-wide association studies (GWASs). METHODS To evaluate associations of these SNPs in the Han Chinese, an independent hospital based case-control study was performed by genotyping these four polymorphisms in a total of 692 stomach cancer cases and 774 healthy controls acquired by using frequency matching for age and gender. False-positive report probability (FPRP) analysis was also performed to validate all statistically significant findings. RESULTS In the current study, significant association with stomach cancer susceptibility was observed for all the four polymorphisms of interest. Specifically, a significant increased stomach cancer risk was associated with PSCA rs2294008 (CT vs. CC: adjusted OR = 1.37, 95% CI = 1.07-1.74, and CT/TT vs.CC: adjusted OR = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.03-1.63), PSCA rs2976392 (AG vs. GG: adjusted OR = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.02-1.65, and AG/AA vs. GG: adjusted OR = 1.26, 95% CI = 1.00-1.59), or PLCE1 rs2274223 (AG vs. AA: adjusted OR = 1.48, 95% CI = 1.15-1.90, and AG/GG vs. AA: adjusted OR = 1.45, 95% CI = 1.14-1.84), respectively. In contrast, MUC1 rs4072037 was shown to decrease the cancer risk (CT vs. TT: adjusted OR = 0.77, 95% CI = 0.60-0.98). Patients with more than one risk genotypes had significant increased risk to develop stomach cancer (adjusted OR = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.03-1.64), when compared with those having 0-1 risk genotypes. Stratified analysis indicated that the increased risk was more pronounced in younger subjects, men, ever smokers, smokers with pack years ≤ 27, patients with high BMI, or non-cardia stomach cancer. CONCLUSIONS This study substantiated the associations between four previous reported genetic variants and stomach cancer susceptibility in an independent Han Chinese population. Further studies with larger sample size and different ethnicities are warranted to validate our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Sun
- Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoli Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fang Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Operating room, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhengping Yu
- Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiangrong Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yunzhi Chen
- Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenjun Yang
- Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
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Romeu C, Farré X, Cardesa A, Nadal A. Expression of Ep-CAM, but not of E48, associates with nodal involvement in advanced squamous cell carcinomas of the larynx. Histopathology 2013; 62:954-61. [DOI: 10.1111/his.12108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Coia Romeu
- Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de Reus; Reus; Spain
| | | | - Antonio Cardesa
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Universitat de Barcelona, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona; Barcelona; Spain
| | - Alfons Nadal
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Universitat de Barcelona, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona; Barcelona; Spain
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Miwa JM, Lester HA, Walz A. Optimizing cholinergic tone through lynx modulators of nicotinic receptors: implications for plasticity and nicotine addiction. Physiology (Bethesda) 2012; 27:187-99. [PMID: 22875450 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00002.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The cholinergic system underlies both adaptive (learning and memory) and nonadaptive (addiction and dependency) behavioral changes through its ability to shape and regulate plasticity. Protein modulators such as lynx family members can fine tune the activity of the cholinergic system and contribute to the graded response of the cholinergic system, stabilizing neural circuitry through direct interaction with nicotinic receptors. Release of this molecular brake can unmask cholinergic-dependent mechanisms in the brain. Lynx proteins have the potential to provide top-down control over plasticity mechanisms, including addictive propensity. If this is indeed the case, then, what regulates the regulator? Transcriptional changes of lynx genes in response to pharmacological, physiological, and pathological alterations are explored in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M Miwa
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA.
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Contribution of a single host genetic locus to mouse adenovirus type 1 infection and encephalitis. mBio 2012; 3:mBio.00131-12. [PMID: 22647790 PMCID: PMC3372963 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00131-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Susceptibility to mouse adenovirus type 1 (MAV-1) is mouse strain dependent; susceptible mice die from hemorrhagic encephalomyelitis. The MAV-1 susceptibility quantitative trait locus Msq1 accounts for ~40% of the phenotypic (brain viral load) variance that occurs between resistant BALB/c and susceptible SJL mice after MAV-1 infection. Using an interval-specific congenic mouse strain (C.SJL-Msq1SJL), in which the SJL-derived allele Msq1SJL is present in a BALB/c background, we demonstrate that Msq1SJL controls the development of high brain viral titers in response to MAV-1 infection, yet does not account for the total extent of brain pathology or mortality in SJL mice. C.SJL-Msq1SJL mice had disruption of the blood-brain barrier and increased brain water content after MAV-1 infection, but these effects occurred later and were not as severe, respectively, as those noted in infected SJL mice. As expected, BALB/c mice showed minimal pathology in these assays. Infection of SJL- and C.SJL-Msq1SJL-derived primary mouse brain endothelial cells resulted in loss of barrier properties, whereas BALB/c-derived cells retained their barrier properties despite being equally capable of supporting MAV-1 infection. Finally, we provide evidence that organ pathology and inflammatory cell recruitment to the brain following MAV-1 infection were both influenced by Msq1. These results validate Msq1 as an important host factor in MAV-1 infection and refine the major role of the locus in development of MAV-1 encephalitis. They further suggest that additional host factors or gene interactions are involved in the mechanism of pathogenesis in MAV-1-infected SJL mice. A successful viral infection requires both host and viral factors; identification of host components involved in viral replication and pathogenesis is important for development of therapeutic interventions. A genetic locus (Msq1) controlling mouse adenovirus type 1 (MAV-1) brain infection was previously identified. Genes in Msq1 belong to the same family of genes associated with susceptibility to other encephalitic viruses, HIV-1 and West Nile virus. We constructed an interval-specific congenic mouse strain to examine the contribution of Msq1 to MAV-1 susceptibility and brain morbidity. We compared infected resistant, susceptible, and congenic mice regarding known MAV-1 disease manifestations in the brain (survival, viral loads, blood-brain barrier disruption, edema, mouse brain endothelial cell barrier properties, pathology, and inflammatory cell recruitment) to determine the extent to which Msq1 influences MAV-1 infection outcome. Our results showed that Msq1 is a critical host genetic factor that controls many aspects of MAV-1 infection.
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Wang T, Zhang L, Li H, Wang B, Chen K. Prostate stem cell antigen polymorphisms and susceptibility to gastric cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2012; 21:843-50. [PMID: 22426141 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-11-1176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many studies have reported that prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) polymorphisms (rs2294008 and/or 2976392) are significantly associated with gastric cancer (GC) risk, although the published results are inconsistent. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis for relevant literatures to quantitatively evaluate the relationship between PSCA polymorphisms and GC susceptibility. METHODS Extensive searches were conducted in three databases up to November 1, 2011. ORs and 95% CIs were used to assess the strength of the associations. The data were further stratified by ethnicity, histopathology, subsite, and study design. All of the associations were evaluated with dominant model and recessive model, respectively. Heterogeneity and publication bias were also assessed by Q test, I(2), and funnel plot accordingly. RESULTS Nine articles including 11 case-control data sets were included, with 10,746 GC cases and 9,158 controls for rs2294008 and 6,060 cases and 4,824 controls for rs2976392. The results showed that risk allele carriers were significantly associated with GC risk compared with nonrisk allele homozygotes. In stratification analyses, these associations remained significant for majority of subgroups except for Caucasians and noncardia tumor in dominant model, and cardia tumor in both dominant and recessive model. Random model was used when heterogeneity among studies was detected. No publication bias was observed. CONCLUSIONS The two loci of PSCA (rs2294008 and rs2976392) were both significantly associated with GC susceptibility and in linkage disequilibrium. IMPACT More prospective studies on PSCA polymorphisms at multicenters with sufficient sample size and less heterogeneity will be needed for further validations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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The CD59 family member Leaky/Coiled is required for the establishment of the blood-brain barrier in Drosophila. J Neurosci 2011; 31:7876-85. [PMID: 21613501 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0766-11.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier of Drosophila is established by the subperineurial glial cells that encase the CNS and PNS. The subperineurial glial cells are thin, highly interdigitated cells with epithelial character. The establishment of extensive septate junctions between these cells is crucial for the prevention of uncontrolled paracellular leakage of ions and solutes from the hemolymph into the nervous system. In the absence of septate junctions, macromolecules such as fluorescently labeled dextran can easily cross the blood-brain barrier. To identify additional components of the blood-brain barrier, we followed a genetic approach and injected Texas-Red-conjugated dextran into the hemolymph of embryos homozygous for chromosomal deficiencies. In this way, we identified the 153-aa-large protein Coiled, a new member of the Ly6 (leukocyte antigen 6) family, as being crucially required for septate junction formation and blood-brain barrier integrity. In coiled mutants, the normal distribution of septate junction markers such as NeurexinIV, Coracle, or Discs large is disturbed. EM analyses demonstrated that Coiled is required for the formation of septate junctions. We further show that Coiled is expressed by the subsperineurial glial cells in which it is anchored to the cell membrane via a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor and mediates adhesive properties. Clonal rescue studies indicate that the presence of Coiled is required symmetrically on both cells engaged in septate junction formation.
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Abstract
There is great potential for targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT) in the treatment of head and neck cancer. In recent years, developments in fields such as antigen screening, protein engineering, and cancer biology have facilitated the rational design of targeted pharmaceuticals, with monoclonal antibodies forming the most rapidly expanding category. TRT may be a promising way to improve targeted treatment, especially in head and neck cancer, because of the intrinsic radiosensitivity of this tumor type. TRT may also provide a good foundation on which to build rational biologic combination therapies. In the next few years the use of TRT may offer new opportunities for further improvement of the therapeutic ratio that potentially may obviate or reduce the need for conventional cytotoxics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika V Nestor
- Unit of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Ushizawa K, Takahashi T, Hosoe M, Kizaki K, Hashizume K. Characterization and expression analysis of SOLD1, a novel member of the retrotransposon-derived Ly-6 superfamily, in bovine placental villi. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5814. [PMID: 19503832 PMCID: PMC2686098 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2009] [Accepted: 05/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ly-6 superfamily members have a conserved Ly-6 domain that is defined by a distinct disulfide bonding pattern between eight or ten cysteine residues. These members are divided into membrane-type and secretory-type proteins. In the present study, we report the identification of a novel Ly-6 domain protein, secreted protein of Ly-6 domain 1 (SOLD1), from bovine placenta. Principal Findings SOLD1 mRNA was expressed in trophoblast mononucleate cells and the protein was secreted into and localized in the extracellular matrix of the mesenchyme in cotyledonary villi. SOLD1 bound mainly with type I collagen telopeptide. We confirmed secretion of SOLD1 from the basolateral surface of a bovine trophoblast cell line (BT-1). It may be related to the organization of the extra-cellular matrix in the mesenchyme of fetal villi. Since trophoblast mononucleate cells are epithelial cells, their polar organization is expected to have a crucial role in the SOLD1 secretion system. We established that SOLD1 is an intronless bovine gene containing the Alu retrotransposon, which was integrated via cytoplasmic reverse transcription. Conclusion We identified a novel retrotransposon-like Ly-6 domain protein in bovine placenta. SOLD1 is a crucial secreted protein that is involved in the organization of the mesenchyme of the cotyledonary villi. Furthermore, the gene encoding SOLD1 has an interesting genomic structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Ushizawa
- Reproductive Biology Research Unit, Division of Animal Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Toru Takahashi
- Reproductive Biology Research Unit, Division of Animal Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Misa Hosoe
- Reproductive Biology Research Unit, Division of Animal Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Keiichiro Kizaki
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Hashizume
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
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Flanagan K, Modrusan Z, Cornelius J, Chavali A, Kasman I, Komuves L, Mo L, Diehl L. Intestinal epithelial cell up-regulation of LY6 molecules during colitis results in enhanced chemokine secretion. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:3874-81. [PMID: 18322195 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.6.3874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In the healthy colon, intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) form a physical barrier separating the myriad of gut Ags from the cells of the immune system. Simultaneously, IEC use several mechanisms to actively maintain immunologic tolerance to nonpathogenic Ags, including commensal bacteria. However, during inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), the line of defense provided by IEC is breached, resulting in uncontrolled immune responses. As IEC are a principal mediator of immune responses in the gut, we were interested in discerning the gene expression pattern of IEC during development and progression of IBD. Laser capture microdissection and microarray analysis were combined to identify the LY6 superfamily as strongly up-regulated genes in inflamed IEC of the colon in two models of murine colitis. Surface expression of LY6A and LY6C on IEC is induced by several cytokines present within the colitic gut, including IL-22 and IFN-gamma. Furthermore, cross-linking of LY6C results in production of a number of chemokines which are known to be involved in the immunopathogenesis of IBD. Increased chemokine production was cholesterol dependent, suggesting a role for lipid raft structures in the mechanism. As such, LY6 molecules represent novel targets to down-regulate chemokine expression in the colon and limit subsequent inflammation associated with IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Flanagan
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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24
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25
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Dessaud E, Salaün D, Gayet O, Chabbert M, deLapeyrière O. Identification of lynx2, a novel member of the ly-6/neurotoxin superfamily, expressed in neuronal subpopulations during mouse development. Mol Cell Neurosci 2006; 31:232-42. [PMID: 16236524 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2005.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2005] [Accepted: 09/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We isolated a new gene which shares all the features of the Ly-6/neurotoxin superfamily, from gene organization to predicted 3D structure. As it is preferentially expressed in the nervous system, we called this gene lynx2, by analogy with lynx1, a nAChR modulator. In embryonic and postnatal mouse, lynx2 is expressed in postmitotic central and peripheral neurons. These include subpopulations of motor neurons, sensory neurons, interneurons and neurons of the autonomous nervous system. In addition, lynx2 is transiently expressed around the growing nerves in the limb bud. Comparison of its spatio-temporal expression pattern with that of two other members of this family, lynx1 and ly-6h, shows that these genes are detected both in distinct and overlapping neuron populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Dessaud
- INSERM UMR 623, Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille (INSERM, CNRS), Case 907, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
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26
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Rubinfeld B, Upadhyay A, Clark SL, Fong SE, Smith V, Koeppen H, Ross S, Polakis P. Identification and immunotherapeutic targeting of antigens induced by chemotherapy. Nat Biotechnol 2006; 24:205-9. [PMID: 16444269 DOI: 10.1038/nbt1185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2005] [Accepted: 12/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells differ from normal cells in their response to chemotherapy. We exploited this dissimilarity by identifying and targeting tumor-specific, cell-surface proteins whose expression is induced by the chemotherapeutic irinotecan (CPT-11; Camptosar). A cytotoxin-armed antibody reactive with one of these drug-induced surface proteins, the LY6D/E48 antigen, originally identified as the target of a monoclonal antibody reactive with squamous cell carcinomas, caused complete regression of colorectal tumor xenografts in mice treated with CPT-11, whereas either agent alone was less effective. These results suggest that a positive therapeutic index may be generated for other drug combinations by immunotherapeutic targeting of chemotherapy-induced antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnee Rubinfeld
- Departments of Molecular Oncology, Pathology and Translational Oncology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, S. San Francisco, California 94080, USA
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27
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Witz IP. The involvement of selectins and their ligands in tumor-progression. Immunol Lett 2005; 104:89-93. [PMID: 16368149 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2005.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2005] [Revised: 11/10/2005] [Accepted: 11/10/2005] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
About 70 years ago, Peyton Rous described the progression of cancer towards metastasis formation as "the process whereby tumors go from bad to worse". The interactions of tumor cells with endothelium are pivotal steps in this process. This review focuses on the role played by the selectins and their ligands in these interactions and especially in tumor cell extravasation. The working hypothesis of researchers studying tumor cell extravasation is that the tumor cells follow the extravasation strategy of leukocytes in their migration towards inflammatory sites. A significant portion of this review is, therefore, dedicated to the molecular mechanisms underlying leukocyte extravasation and to a comparison between the extravasation strategy employed by leukocytes and tumor cells. The review also summarizes some of the available data on signals generated by selectin-selectin ligand interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac P Witz
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
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Blancafort P, Chen EI, Gonzalez B, Bergquist S, Zijlstra A, Guthy D, Brachat A, Brakenhoff RH, Quigley JP, Erdmann D, Barbas CF. Genetic reprogramming of tumor cells by zinc finger transcription factors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:11716-21. [PMID: 16081541 PMCID: PMC1187960 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0501162102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer arises by the accumulation of genetic alterations in DNA leading to aberrant gene transcription. Expression-profiling studies have correlated genomewide expression signatures with malignancy. However, functional analysis elucidating the contribution and synergy of genes in specific cancer cell phenotypes remains a formidable obstacle. Herein, we describe an alternative genetic approach for identification of genes involved in tumor progression by using a library of zinc finger artificial transcription factors (ATFs) and functional screening of tumor cells as a source of genetic plasticity and clonal selection. We isolated a six-zinc finger transcriptional activator (TF 20-VP, TF 20 containing the VP64 activator domain) that acts to reprogram a drug-sensitive, poorly invasive, and nonmetastatic cell line into a cell line with a drug-resistant, highly invasive, and metastatic phenotype. Differential expression profiles of cells expressing TF 20-VP followed by functional studies, both in vitro and in animal models, revealed that invasion and metastasis requires co-regulation of multiple target genes. Significantly, the E48 antigen, associated with poor metastasis-free survival in head and neck cancer, was identified as one specific target of TF 20-VP. We have shown phenotypic modulation of tumor cell behavior by E48 expression, including enhanced cell migration in vitro and tumor cell dissemination in vivo. This study demonstrates the use of ATFs to identify the group of genes that cooperate during tumor progression. By co-regulating multiple targets, ATFs can be used as master genetic switches to reprogram and modulate complex neoplastic phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Blancafort
- Department of Molecular Biology and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Leclerc D, Deng L, Trasler J, Rozen R. ApcMin/+ mouse model of colon cancer: gene expression profiling in tumors. J Cell Biochem 2005; 93:1242-54. [PMID: 15486983 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The Apc(Min/+) mouse is a popular animal model for studies of human colon cancer, but the molecular changes associated with neoplasia in this system have only been partially characterized. Our aim was to identify novel genes involved in tumorigenesis in this model. RNA from intestinal adenomas and from pre-neoplastic small intestine were prepared from six Apc(Min/+) mice. The tumor transcriptomes were analyzed with high-density oligonucleotide microarrays representing approximately 12,000 probe sets; we compared their profiles with those of matched pre-neoplastic intestine. Stringent analysis revealed reproducible changes for 98 probe sets representing 90 genes, including novel observations regarding 50 genes whose involvement in this mouse model has never been reported. In addition to the expected changes in growth regulatory genes, the altered gene products could be assigned to four functional groupings that should enhance tumorigenesis: metabolic changes that would result in a high rate of glycolysis, alterations in enzymes involved in reactive oxygen species or carcinogen metabolism, cytoskeletal elements, and proteins involved in tumor invasion or angiogenesis. A fifth group consisted of expression changes that might restrict tumor progression, suggesting that the adenomatous state reflects a balance of pro- and anti-tumorigenic factors. Since many of the altered genes had not previously been reported to be involved in any tumorigenic processes, our observations provide a host of new candidates for potential modulation to prevent or treat intestinal neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Leclerc
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University--Montreal Children's Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3H 1P3
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30
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Zender CA, Petruzzelli GJ. Why do patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma experience distant metastases: can they be prevented? Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2005; 13:101-4. [PMID: 15761284 DOI: 10.1097/01.moo.0000156171.70521.dc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article will examine recent publications that enhance our understanding of this process, and current areas of investigation for therapeutic intervention in preventing and treating metastatic disease. RECENT FINDINGS Recent investigations have led to insights into the mechanisms of cellular adhesion, invasion, and angiogenesis. E-cadherin, integrins, and selectins are all pivotal in cell-cell adhesion and communication. Recent advances in the area of tumor angiogenesis have led to our discovery of endostatin, an anti-angiogenic peptide that has potential in treating metastatic head and neck cancer. Current trials looking at sentinel node mapping may allow us to evaluate the nodal status of early head and neck cancer and identify a subset of patients at risk for distant metastasis. SUMMARY As our understanding of metastatic disease increases, so will our ability to intervene in the various pathways involved in metastatic evolution. Metastatic cells are likely to respond differently to chemotherapeutic agents. Agents inhibiting specific aspects of invasion, adhesion, and angiogenesis will need to be combined to intervene at these key steps. Continued investigation into the biology of the epidermal growth factor receptor has led to an increased understanding of the mechanisms of abrogation of apoptosis, increased cellular motility, and metastasis. Inhibition of the epidermal growth factor receptor pathway with the monoclonal antibody C-255 has been shown to inhibit these processes and will likely be effective in reducing the development of distant metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad A Zender
- Department of Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL 60135, USA
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Zipin A, Israeli-Amit M, Meshel T, Sagi-Assif O, Yron I, Lifshitz V, Bacharach E, Smorodinsky NI, Many A, Czernilofsky PA, Morton DL, Witz IP. Tumor-microenvironment interactions: the fucose-generating FX enzyme controls adhesive properties of colorectal cancer cells. Cancer Res 2004; 64:6571-8. [PMID: 15374970 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-03-4038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Extravasation of tumor cells is a pivotal step in metastasis formation. This step is initiated by an interaction of extravasating tumor cells with endothelial cells. Among the molecules mediating tumor-endothelium interactions are selectins and their fucosylated ligands. In a previous study, we demonstrated that the fucose-generating FX enzyme regulates the expression of selectin ligands by B and T lymphocytes and by head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells. It was also shown that the FX enzyme regulated important interaction parameters between these cancer cells and endothelial cells. The present study was aimed to determine whether the FX enzyme controls adhesive interactions between colorectal cancer cells and endothelial cells. The results clearly indicate that this is indeed the case. Overexpressing the FX enzyme by the transfer of FX cDNA to low FX-expressing colorectal cancer cells resulted in an increased adhesive capacity of the transfectants to activated endothelial cells and to recombinant E-selectin. Down-regulating FX levels in colorectal cancer cells expressing high levels of endogenous FX by transfection with small-interfering RNA resulted in a down-regulated expression of the selectin ligand sialyl Lewis-a and a decrease in the adhesive capacity of the transfectants to activated endothelial cells and to recombinant E-selectin. These transfection experiments also indicated that manipulating the levels of the FX enzyme affected global cellular fucosylation and altered the interaction of colorectal cancer cells with some extracellular matrix components such as fibronectin. We also found that highly metastatic colorectal cancer variants express higher levels of FX and of sialyl Lewis-a than low metastatic variants originating in the same tumors. These results lead us to hypothesize that the FX enzyme controls the capacity of colorectal cancer to extravasate and form metastasis. If this hypothesis will be confirmed the FX enzyme could become a target molecule for metastasis prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Zipin
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Kannagi R, Izawa M, Koike T, Miyazaki K, Kimura N. Carbohydrate-mediated cell adhesion in cancer metastasis and angiogenesis. Cancer Sci 2004; 95:377-84. [PMID: 15132763 PMCID: PMC11159147 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2004.tb03219.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 407] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2004] [Accepted: 03/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant transformation is associated with abnormal glycosylation, resulting in the synthesis and expression of altered carbohydrate determinants including sialyl Lewisa and sialyl Lewisx. The sialyl Lewisa and sialyl Lewisx determinants appear in the sera of patients with cancer, and are extensively utilized for serum diagnosis of cancers in Japan. Sialyl Lewisa and sialyl Lewisx are involved in selectin-mediated adhesion of cancer cells to vascular endothelium, and these determinants are thought to be closely associated with hematogenous metastasis of cancers. Recent progress in this area includes the following: 1. Substantial increases in solid clinical statistics that further confirm the contribution of these determinants in the progression of a wide variety of cancers; 2. Elucidation of the ligand specificity of the three family members of selectins and evaluation of the roles of these molecules in cancer cell adhesion; and 3. Advances in the study of the mechanism that leads to the enhanced expression of the sialyl Lewis(a/x) determinants in malignant cells. These recent results have confirmed that these determinants are not merely markers for cancers, but are functionally implicated in the malignant behavior of cancer cells. The results also suggested that the increase of these determinants in malignant cells is an inevitable consequence of the malignant transformation of cells. Considerable new knowledge has also been accumulated regarding the therapeutic implications for suppression of hematogenous metastasis targeting this cell adhesion system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiji Kannagi
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan.
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Burns KH, Owens GE, Ogbonna SC, Nilson JH, Matzuk MM. Expression profiling analyses of gonadotropin responses and tumor development in the absence of inhibins. Endocrinology 2003; 144:4492-507. [PMID: 12959983 DOI: 10.1210/en.2003-0476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic mice with engineered disruptions in bidirectional endocrine signaling between the pituitary and gonad have shed light on the specific effects of the loss of function of gonadotropins and inhibins. These models are valuable tools for studying ovarian biology because they phenocopy specific pathological states and have variations in ovarian tissue composition that allow us to identify genes expressed in specific cell types. We have used emerging mRNA expression profiling technologies to gain a more comprehensive view of genes that are expressed in the mammalian ovary and adrenal gland in the FSHbeta and inhibin alpha knockout mouse models. Oligonucleotide array hybridization experiments using Affymetrix GeneChip technology and NIA 15K murine cDNA microarray studies identified hundreds of transcripts differentially expressed compared with wild type, over 30 of which were selected for further characterization by Northern blot analyses. Additionally, we performed in situ hybridization studies to localize 10 mRNAs, melanocyte-specific gene 1, amino acid transporter SN2, overexpressed and amplified in teratocarcinoma (Bcat1), Forkhead box protein FOXO1, 24p3, vascular cell adhesion molecule, epiregulin, Bcl2-like10, PC3B, and retinoblastoma binding protein 7. These 10 genes have expression patterns and postulated functions suggesting that they mediate important processes in the physiology and pathology of ovarian and adrenal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen H Burns
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Levy-Nissenbaum O, Sagi-Assif O, Raanani P, Avigdor A, Ben-Bassat I, Witz IP. Overexpression of the dual-specificity MAPK phosphatase PYST2 in acute leukemia. Cancer Lett 2003; 199:185-92. [PMID: 12969791 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(03)00352-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In a previous study we used gene expression arrays to identify genes that are more highly expressed by leukemic than by non-leukemic leukocytes from acute myelogenous leukemia patients. One of such genes was Phosphorylates tyrosine serine threonine 2 (PYST2), a dual-specificity Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase (MAPK) phosphatase. In the present study, high levels of PYST2 mRNA were detected by RT-PCR and by Northern blotting in bone marrow (BM) leukocytes and in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from additional eight AML patients. No PYST2 mRNA was detected in nine out of twelve samples of Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy blood bank donors and very low levels were detected by the same techniques in the other three PBMC samples from the healthy donors. Relatively high levels of PYST2 were detected in a variety of myeloid leukemia and other cancer cell lines. In view of the potential role played by PYST2 in MAPK signaling cascades we propose that an over expression of PYST2 in malignant cells may reflect a disrupted or an altered MAPK signaling pathway in malignancy processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orlev Levy-Nissenbaum
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, George S Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
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35
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de Nooij-van Dalen AG, van Dongen GAMS, Smeets SJ, Nieuwenhuis EJC, Stigter-van Walsum M, Snow GB, Brakenhoff RH. Characterization of the human Ly-6 antigens, the newly annotated member Ly-6K included, as molecular markers for head-and-neck squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2003; 103:768-74. [PMID: 12516096 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.10903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The E48 antigen is a successfully explored molecular marker for the diagnosis and therapy of HNSCC. The applicability of E48 as an HNSCC-associated antigen, however, is restricted due to its heterogeneous expression in 30% of tumors; and identification of additional target antigens is therefore desired. E48 belongs to the Ly-6 antigen family, comprising a group of highly homologous, low m.w., GPI-anchored surface proteins, of which some show tissue-restricted expression patterns. To identify novel human HNSCC-associated Ly-6 members with squamous cell-associated expression patterns, we performed comprehensive gene-screening consisting of BLAST searches within GenBank databases, followed by expression analysis. Using this approach, the Ly-6K gene could be annotated as a novel member of the human Ly-6 family. Expression of the human Ly-6 genes E48, Ly-6K, PSCA, GML, RIG-E, G6C and Ly-6H was prescreened by qualitative RT-PCR and subsequently analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR in normal keratinocytes, HNSCC cell lines, normal mucosa, HNSCC tumors as well as normal peripheral blood and bone marrow cells. PSCA was highly expressed in normal mucosa, but 100-fold decreased expression was seen in HNSCC. For Ly-6H, GML and G6C, no or very low expression was observed in keratinocytes and HNSCC. Expression of RIG-E was high in normal and malignant squamous cells and in peripheral blood and bone marrow cells, thus limiting its applicability as an HNSCC-associated marker. In contrast, besides the E48 gene, the Ly-6K gene also appeared to be selectively expressed in HNSCC and normal squamous cells. Moreover, expression of Ly-6K was shown in HNSCC cell lines, in which no E48 expression could be detected. These data justify further evaluation of Ly-6K as potential target antigen for the diagnosis and therapy of HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnolda G de Nooij-van Dalen
- Section Tumor Biology, Department of Otolaryngology/Head-and-Neck Surgery, Vrije University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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