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Montoro MJ, Rivero E, Teixidó M, Rodriguez Y, Chávez C, Salamero O, Navarrete M, Talavera E, Ortega M, Valcárcel D. Micronuclei, dmin chromosomes and MYC amplifications as a singular presentation of myeloid malignancies. Br J Haematol 2020; 191:e19-e22. [PMID: 32627175 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.16942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Julia Montoro
- Department of Hematology, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain.,Experimental Hematology Unit, Valld'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eugenia Rivero
- Department of Hematology, Arnau de Vilanova University Hospital, Lleida, Spain
| | - Montserrat Teixidó
- Department of Hematology, Arnau de Vilanova University Hospital, Lleida, Spain
| | - Yva Rodriguez
- Department of Hematology, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain.,Experimental Hematology Unit, Valld'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Chávez
- Department of Hematology, Arnau de Vilanova University Hospital, Lleida, Spain
| | - Olga Salamero
- Department of Hematology, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain.,Experimental Hematology Unit, Valld'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mayda Navarrete
- Department of Hematology, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain.,Experimental Hematology Unit, Valld'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisabet Talavera
- Department of Hematology, Arnau de Vilanova University Hospital, Lleida, Spain
| | - Margarita Ortega
- Department of Hematology, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain.,Experimental Hematology Unit, Valld'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Valcárcel
- Department of Hematology, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain.,Experimental Hematology Unit, Valld'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
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2
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Koduru P, Chen W, Haley B, Ho K, Oliver D, Wilson K. Cytogenomic characterization of double minute heterogeneity in therapy related acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer Genet 2019; 238:69-75. [PMID: 31425928 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer patients treated with adjuvant chemotherapy regimens containing alkylating agents and anthracyclines are at an increased risk for secondary myeloid malignancies, either acute myeloid leukemia (AML) or myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Complex genomic changes (karyotypes and/or gene amplification) accompany the development of the secondary neoplasms. Here we present a unique case of a breast cancer patient who developed secondary AML within 18 months of treatment with trastuzumab, pertuzumab, docetaxel, carboplatin (TCHP) and radiation. Leukemia cells had catastrophic alterations in chromosomes 8, 11, and 17. Genetic abnormalities in the leukemia cells included amplification of MYC and KMT2A as double minutes, and deletion and mutational inactivation of TP53 Concurrent amplification of different genes at different levels and on different double minutes, we have named "double minute heterogeneity." Clinically, this case highlights the need to identify genes amplified in secondary myeloid malignancies by cytogenomic microarray (CMA) analysis since these may have therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasad Koduru
- Department of Pathology, and Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA.
| | - Weina Chen
- Department of Pathology, and Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
| | - Barbara Haley
- Department of Pathology, and Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
| | - Kevin Ho
- Department of Pathology, and Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
| | - Dwight Oliver
- Department of Pathology, and Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
| | - Kathleen Wilson
- Department of Pathology, and Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
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3
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Bao Y, Liu J, You J, Wu D, Yu Y, Liu C, Wang L, Wang F, Xu L, Wang L, Wang N, Tian X, Wang F, Liang H, Gao Y, Cui X, Ji G, Bai J, Yu J, Meng X, Jin Y, Sun W, Guan XY, Zhang C, Fu S. Met promotes the formation of double minute chromosomes induced by Sei-1 in NIH-3T3 murine fibroblasts. Oncotarget 2018; 7:56664-56675. [PMID: 27494853 PMCID: PMC5302943 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sei-1 is an oncogene capable of inducing double minute chromosomes (DMs) formation. DMs are hallmarks of amplification and contribute to oncogenesis. However, the mechanism of Sei-1 inducing DMs formation remains unelucidated. RESULTS DMs formation significantly increased during serial passage in vivo and gradually decreased following culture in vitro. micro nuclei (MN) was found to be responsible for the reduction. Of the DMs-carrying genes, Met was found to be markedly amplified, overexpressed and highly correlated with DMs formation. Inhibition of Met signaling decreased the number of DMs and reduced the amplification of the DMs-carrying genes. We identified a 3.57Mb DMs representing the majority population, which consists of the 1.21 Mb AMP1 from locus 6qA2 and the 2.36 Mb AMP2 from locus 6qA2-3. MATERIALS AND METHODS We employed NIH-3T3 cell line with Sei-1 overexpression to monitor and characterize DMs in vivo and in vitro. Array comparative genome hybridization (aCGH) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) were performed to reveal amplification regions and DMs-carrying genes. Metaphase spread was prepared to count the DMs. Western blot and Met inhibition rescue experiments were performed to examine for involvement of altered Met signaling in Sei-1 induced DMs. Genomic walking and PCR were adopted to reveal DMs structure. CONCLUSIONS Met is an important promotor of DMs formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yantao Bao
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jia You
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Di Wu
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Department of Genetics and Eugenics, Maternity and Child Care Center of Qinghuangdao, Qinghuangdao, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Genetic Diagnosis Center, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Yunnan, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lu Xu
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Liqun Wang
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xing Tian
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Falin Wang
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongbin Liang
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yating Gao
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaobo Cui
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Guohua Ji
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jing Bai
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jingcui Yu
- Scientific Research Centre, Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiangning Meng
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yan Jin
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenjing Sun
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xin-Yuan Guan
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunyu Zhang
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Songbin Fu
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Higher Education Institutions, Harbin, China
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4
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MYC amplification in multiple marker chromosomes and EZH2 microdeletion in a man with acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer Genet 2015; 208:96-100. [PMID: 25800664 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The role of MYC and EZH2 in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) pathogenesis is poorly understood. Herein we present a case of AML with MYC amplification in marker chromosomes and a microdeletion of chromosome 7 below cytogenetic resolution. The karyotype of the patient's bone marrow aspirate showed three to five marker chromosomes in all dividing cells without other structural or numerical chromosomal abnormalities. Analysis by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with a probe specific for the human MYC gene revealed amplification of the oncogene localized to the marker chromosomes. Using whole genome single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) microarray analysis, an approximately 4.4 Mb amplicon containing the MYC gene was identified with an estimated amplification of about 30 copies per leukemic cell and, thus, an average of about 8 copies per marker chromosome. A 6.4 Mb hemizygous microdeletion of chromosome 7 within band q36.1 was also found by SNP microarray analysis in a cellular-equivalent dosage of 50%. The microdeletion spans multiple genes, including EZH2, a gene with well-known cancer association. No mutation was found in the remaining EZH2 allele by next generation gene sequencing. The combination of MYC amplification and EZH2 deletion, which has not been described previously in AML, may suggest a synergistic role of the two oncogenes in the pathogenesis of the patient's acute leukemia.
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5
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Poddighe PJ, Wessels H, Merle P, Westers M, Bhola S, Loonen A, Zweegman S, Ossenkoppele GJ, Wondergem MJ. Genomic amplification of MYC as double minutes in a patient with APL-like leukemia. Mol Cytogenet 2014; 7:67. [PMID: 25392715 PMCID: PMC4228273 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-014-0067-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is a subtype of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) characterized by a PML-RARA fusion due to a translocation t(15;17). Its sensitivity to treatment with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), which causes differentiation of the abnormal promyelocytes, combined with anthracycline based chemotherapy makes it the best curable subtype of acute myeloid leukemia. A rapid and accurate diagnosis is needed in the first place to prevent (more) bleeding problems. Here we present a patient with a leukemia with an APL-like morphology but no detectable PML-RARA fusion, as demonstrated by RT-PCR and cytogenetic analysis. RESULTS Unexpectedly, karyotyping revealed numerous double minutes (dmins). Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with DNA probes specific for the MYC-region showed the presence of multiple MYC amplicons. SNP-array analysis uncovered amplification of the 8q24.13-q24.21 region, including the MYC-gene, flanked by deletions in 8q24.13 and 8q24.21-q24.22, and a homozygous deletion in 9p21.3, flanked by heterozygous deletions in the same chromosome region. CONCLUSIONS The diagnosis was revised to AML, not otherwise specified (AML, NOS) and therefore therapy with ATRA was discontinued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pino J Poddighe
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, PK 0X011, Amsterdam, 1081 HV The Netherlands
| | - Hans Wessels
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, PK 0X011, Amsterdam, 1081 HV The Netherlands
| | - Pauline Merle
- Department of Haematology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marisa Westers
- Department of Haematology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Shama Bhola
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, PK 0X011, Amsterdam, 1081 HV The Netherlands
| | - Anne Loonen
- Department of Haematology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sonja Zweegman
- Department of Haematology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gert J Ossenkoppele
- Department of Haematology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marielle J Wondergem
- Department of Haematology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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6
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Volkert S, Schnittger S, Zenger M, Kern W, Haferlach T, Haferlach C. Amplification of EVI1 on cytogenetically cryptic double minutes as new mechanism for increased expression of EVI1. Cancer Genet 2014; 207:103-8. [PMID: 24726268 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2014.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), increased expression of EVI1 (ecotropic virus integration site 1) was found to be associated with adverse prognosis. Although increased expression of the EVI1 gene is mainly caused by chromosomal rearrangements involving chromosome band 3q26, where EVI1 is located, it can also be identified in cases without these rearrangements. The mechanisms that cause increased EVI1 expression in the absence of 3q26 rearrangements remain unclear. Here, we present four cases with increased EVI1 expression due to EVI1 amplification on cytogenetically cryptic double minutes (dmin). The dmin are small acentric chromosome structures and were observed in about 1% of AML and MDS. We investigated the four cases by conventional cytogenetics, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and array comparative genomic hybridization. Furthermore, EVI1 expression was measured by quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR. By conventional chromosome analysis, the EVI1 dmin cannot be detected, due to the small size of the amplicons of 0.49-0.78 Mbp. Median % EVI1/ABL expression was 88.9% and therefore comparable to the median % EVI1/ABL expression of patients with EVI1 rearrangements. In conclusion, EVI1 amplification on cytogenetically cryptic dmin causes increased expression of EVI1 and is a new mechanism that causes increased EVI1 expression without a 3q26 rearrangement.
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7
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Jeon Y, Kim SY, Kim M, Park HK, Lee SH, See CJ, Kwon J, Lee DS. Fluorescence in situ hybridization panel for monitoring of minimal residual disease in patients with double minute chromosomes. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2013; 52:208-13. [PMID: 24211232 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A double minute chromosome (dmin) is a small fragment of extrachromosomal DNA bearing amplified genes observed in malignancies. We investigated the incidence and characteristics of dmins in hematologic malignancies, and the quantitative changes during the treatment follow-up. Once a dmin was observed in conventional G-banding, it was characterized using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with the panel of MYC, NMYC, and MLL probes. Quantitative changes of malignant cells were measured using G-banding and FISH during the follow up. Dmins were observed in 1.23% of patients (6/489) at the initial diagnosis including 4 with MYC amplification, 1 with MLL and 1 with NMYC. All 6 had complex karyotypes and showed short overall survival (7.7 months). In follow-up specimens, FISH detected dmins in 11 cases out of which G-banding detected dmins in 9 cases. The number of dmins detected by FISH and G-banding did not correlate well. Amplification of NMYC in dmins is reported for the first time. A FISH panel composed of frequently amplified oncogenes (MYC, NMYC, and MLL) in dmins is useful for characterization of dmins. FISH is a sensitive method in detecting dmins and will be useful in monitoring of the minimal residual disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbum Jeon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Young Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Miyoung Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Kyung Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul Medical Science Institute, 7-14 Dongbinggo-dong Yongsan-gu, Seoul 140-809, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ho Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Cha Ja See
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiseok Kwon
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Soon Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea; Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Rayeroux KC, Campbell LJ. Gene amplification in myeloid leukemias elucidated by fluorescence in situ hybridization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 193:44-53. [PMID: 19602463 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2009.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2008] [Accepted: 04/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Gene amplification in hematologic malignancies is uncommon. When karyotyping leukemia cells, gene amplification is generally seen as double-minute (dmin) chromosomes and homogeneously staining regions (hsr). One of the more commonly amplified regions is MYC at 8q24.21, but amplification of MLL at 11q23 and regions on 9p, 19q, and elsewhere on 11q have been reported. Increased copy number of these genes has been associated with poor prognosis. Over an 11-year period, we identified 31 cases of possible gene amplification, 27 of which had enough sample material for further investigations. A total of 17 cases had dmin only, 13 cases had hsr only, and 1 case had both dmin and hsr in the karyotype. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis identified amplification of MYC in 12 cases, all on dmin, and amplification of MLL in eight cases, all on hsr. Regions other than MYC and MLL were amplified in eight cases and, using multicolor FISH and multicolor banding, we identified a number of novel regions of amplification: 13q11 approximately q12.1, 15q26.1 approximately q26.3, and 17q12. We also identified one case where two different chromosomal regions were simultaneously amplified in the same cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen C Rayeroux
- Victorian Cancer Cytogenetics Service, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, P.O. Box 2900, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia.
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9
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Herry A, Douet-Guilbert N, Guéganic N, Morel F, Le Bris MJ, Berthou C, De Braekeleer M. Del(5q) and MLL amplification in homogeneously staining region in acute myeloblastic leukemia: a recurrent cytogenetic association. Ann Hematol 2006; 85:244-9. [PMID: 16425025 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-005-0059-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2005] [Accepted: 09/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We report here a 71 year-old female presenting with acute myeloblastic leukemia (FAB-M1) after treatment of essential thrombocythemia with Vercyte. Conventional cytogenetic techniques showed a complex karyotype, 44,XX,-5,-7,-11,add(11)(q23),-14,+mar,+r. The use of several fluorescent in situ hybridizations (FISH) lead to the identification of these complex rearrangements. The marker was found to be tricentric, with pericentromeric material of chromosome 7 inserted in the short arm of chromosome 5, resulting in monosomy 5q and 7q. The derivative chromosome 11 was dicentric and had subtelomeric sequences of 11p on both ends; several copies of the MLL gene were located in two different regions separated by a centromere of chromosome 11. Twenty-one cases, including ours, of myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myelogenous leukemia with MLL amplification present in hsr or dmin were found in the literature. Most of these patients shared some characteristics: they were old, they had de novo acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with a complex karyotype and a short survival, 90% of them having also a del(5q). Therefore, the simultaneous presence of MLL amplification and del(5q) appears to be a nonrandom association that could be the signature of AML in elderly patients with a poor prognosis.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Chromosome Deletion
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7/genetics
- Cytogenetic Analysis
- Fatal Outcome
- Female
- Gene Amplification
- Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence/methods
- Karyotyping
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Mercaptopurine/therapeutic use
- Myeloid-Lymphoid Leukemia Protein/genetics
- Pipobroman/therapeutic use
- Prognosis
- Sensitivity and Specificity
- Thrombocytosis/diagnosis
- Thrombocytosis/drug therapy
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Affiliation(s)
- Angèle Herry
- Laboratoire d'Histologie, Embryologie et Cytogénétique, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Brest, France
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10
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Sait SNJ, Qadir MU, Conroy JM, Matsui SI, Nowak NJ, Baer MR. Double minute chromosomes in acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome: identification of new amplification regions by fluorescence in situ hybridization and spectral karyotyping. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2002; 34:42-7. [PMID: 11921281 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.10038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Double minute chromosomes (dmin) are small chromatin bodies consisting of genes amplified in an extrachromosomal location. dmins are uncommon in hematologic malignancies; they are seen primarily in acute myeloid leukemia, with amplification of the MYC oncogene or, less frequently, the MLL transcription factor. Nine patients with hematologic malignancies with dmin were seen at the Roswell Park Cancer Institute between 1985 and 2000; eight had acute myeloid leukemia and one a myelodysplastic syndrome. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) demonstrated MYC amplification on dmin in four patients, but MLL amplification was not seen. Spectral karyotyping showed that the dmin derived from chromosome 11 in one patient and from chromosome 19 in two others without MYC or MLL amplification; derivation from these chromosomes was confirmed by FISH with chromosome paint probes. The dmin of chromosome 11 origin hybridized to a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) RP11-112M22 that maps to 11q24.3 and is predicted to contain ETS1 and other markers, including D11S11351 and D11S4091. The dmin of chromosome 19 origin in one patient hybridized to BACs RP11-46I12 and RP11-110J19; in the other patient, these clones did not hybridize with the dmin, but were found to be amplified on a marker chromosome that was derived from chromosome 19 in that patient's cells. These BACs have been mapped to 19q12-19q13.1 and 19q11-19q13.1, respectively, and are predicted to contain the markers D19S409 and D19S919 and the gene for ubiquinol-cytochrome C reductase, Rieske iron-sulfur polypeptide1 (UQCRFS1). dmin originating from chromosome 19 have not been reported previously in hematologic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila N J Sait
- Clinical Cytogenetics Laboratory, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA
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11
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Dolan M, McGlennen RC, Hirsch B. MLL amplification in myeloid malignancies: clinical, molecular, and cytogenetic findings. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 2002; 134:93-101. [PMID: 12034519 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(01)00602-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Structural rearrangements involving the MLL gene at 11q23 are common recurring abnormalities in de novo and therapy-related hematologic disorders. MLL rearrangement most often results from translocation or partial tandem duplication, although recent published reports suggest a different mechanism by which MLL might participate in leukemogenesis: MLL amplification. We report two patients with myeloid disorders who showed amplification of MLL at diagnosis and who, like the majority of reported cases, had an older age at onset and on aggressive clinical course. Additionally, we summarize the salient clinical, cytogenetic and molecular findings of the 29 other cases of MLL amplification that have thus far been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Dolan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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12
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Golovleva I, Hultdin J, Roos G, Wahlin A, Holmgren G. Co-existence of pseudo-Chediak-Higashi anomaly and double minutes containing C-MYC oncogene in three patients with AML M2. Leukemia 2002; 16:152-4. [PMID: 11840276 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2402323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2001] [Accepted: 08/13/2001] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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13
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Reddy KS, Parsons L, Mak L, Dighe P, Saphner T, Crow MK, Scott M. Segmental amplification of 11q23 region identified by flourescence in situ hybridization in four patients with myeloid disorders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001; 126:139-46. [PMID: 11376807 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(00)00406-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Four cases with a segmental amplification of 11q23 region were detected by FISH. The amplification was either contiguous amplification on chromosome 11, or multiple markers involving the 11q23 region. The markers were derivative chromosomes, or isochromosomes. Amplification of 11q23 region was associated with complex karyotypes at the time of diagnosis or following treatment in secondary leukemias. Three were AML cases belonging to either AML-M5a or AML-1 subtypes and one was a myeloproliferative disorder. These cases were resistant to treatment. Conventional cytogenetic analysis and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) studies using MLL, 11 painting, or 11 centromere probes ascertained the segmental amplification. Since the patients did not respond to treatment the amplification of gene or genes that map to 11q23 may be responsible for the unfavorable prognosis. Hence, this type of amplifications could have clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Reddy
- Quest Diagnostics Inc., Nichols Institute, Cytogenetics Department, 33608 Ortega Highway, San Juan Capistrano, CA 92690-6130, USA.
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14
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Govberg IJ, Wolf JL, Cotter PD. Trisomy 4 and double minutes in acute myeloid leukemia: further evidence that double minutes can occur as the primary cytogenetic abnormality. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 2000; 121:212-5. [PMID: 11063811 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(00)00244-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The specific association of trisomy 4 and double minutes (dmin) is rare and is usually reported in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), primarily M2 and M4 subtypes. Several previous reports describing this combination suggested that trisomy 4 was the primary cytogenetic abnormality, and that the presence of the dmin was secondary. We describe a 79-year-old male who presented with myelodysplasia, transforming to AML-M2. Cytogenetic analysis of bone marrow aspirate cultures showed a 46,XY,dmin[12]/47,XY,+4,dmin[7]/46, XY[6] karyotype. The number of dmin ranged from 1 to 150. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis showed that the dmin were derived from amplification of the MYC oncogene. Dual-color interphase FISH analysis was performed with D4Z1 and MYC probes and showed no evidence of a clone containing trisomy 4 without dmin. These data suggest that dmin may also occur as the primary cytogenetic abnormality in patients with trisomy 4 and dmin.
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Affiliation(s)
- I J Govberg
- Division of Medical Genetics, Children's Hospital Oakland, Oakland, California 94609, USA
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15
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Bruckert P, Kappler R, Scherthan H, Link H, Hagmann F, Zankl H. Double minutes and c-MYC amplification in acute myelogenous leukemia: Are they prognostic factors? CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 2000; 120:73-9. [PMID: 10913679 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(99)00235-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A case of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) with double minutes (dmin) and X chromosome loss is presented. Using comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), a region of high-level DNA amplification was detected at 8q24, the locus of the c-MYC proto-oncogene. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with a DNA probe specific for the human c-MYC gene confirmed the extrachromosomal amplification of this proto-oncogene in the dmin of the leukemic cells. During the course of the disease, three relapses occurred; two complete remissions could be achieved by treatment with various chemotherapy regimens. The patient's survival time of 25 months was considerably longer than in most reported cases of AML with extrachromosomal c-MYC amplification. Therefore, the present case challenges the view that the occurrence of dmin in AML is generally an indication of poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bruckert
- Department of Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
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16
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Streubel B, Valent P, Jäger U, Edelhäuser M, Wandt H, Wagner T, Büchner T, Lechner K, Fonatsch C. Amplification of the
MLL
gene on double minutes, a homogeneously staining region, and ring chromosomes in five patients with acute myeloid leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2264(200004)27:4<380::aid-gcc7>3.0.co;2-#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Berthold Streubel
- Institut für Medizinische Biologie der Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Valent
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrich Jäger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Edelhäuser
- Institut für Medizinische Biologie der Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hannes Wandt
- Medizinische Klinik 5, Hämatologie/Onkologie, Klinikum der Stadt Nürnberg, Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Wagner
- Medizinische Klinik I, Medizinische Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Thomas Büchner
- Abteilung für Innere Medizin A, Westfälische Wilhelms‐Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - Klaus Lechner
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christa Fonatsch
- Institut für Medizinische Biologie der Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria
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17
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Huhta T, Vettenranta K, Heinonen K, Kanerva J, Larramendy ML, Mahlamäki E, Saarinen-Pihkala UM, Knuutila S. Comparative genomic hybridization and conventional cytogenetic analyses in childhood acute myeloid leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 1999; 35:311-5. [PMID: 10706455 DOI: 10.3109/10428199909145735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) analysis was performed on bone marrow specimens from 19 children with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) at diagnosis. The results of CGH were compared to those of conventional cytogenetic analysis. The most common CGH aberrations were gains of whole chromosomes 6 and 8, both of which appeared three times. Two losses were seen twice; losses of whole chromosomes 7 and X. The CGH findings were concordant with the results of conventional karyotyping. CGH did not add new information to the karyotypes. Since no high-level amplification was found among the samples and standard karyotyping was highly successful, we do not advocate routine use of CGH in the diagnostic evaluation of childhood AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Huhta
- Department of Medical Genetics, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland
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18
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Avet-Loiseau H, Godon C, Li JY, Daviet A, Mellerin MP, Talmant P, Harousseau JL, Bataille R. Amplification of the 11q23 region in acute myeloid leukemia. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2264(199910)26:2<166::aid-gcc9>3.0.co;2-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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19
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Crossen PE, Morrison MJ, Rodley P, Cochrane J, Morris CM. Identification of amplified genes in a patient with acute myeloid leukemia and double minute chromosomes. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1999; 113:126-33. [PMID: 10484978 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(99)00018-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
A case of acute myeloid leukemia (M2) with double minute chromosomes and complex karyotypic abnormalities was analyzed cytogenetically and molecularly. Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) showed that the 8q24 region that contains the MYC oncogene was not amplified. Instead, amplification of chromosomal regions 11q23-->qter and 9p11-->pter was identified. Southern blot analysis confirmed the CGH findings and showed that the ETS1, FLI1, SRPR, NFRKB, and KCNJ5 genes located at 11q23-->24 were amplified, whereas the MLL at 11q23 was not amplified. Additionally, the IFN beta 1 and CDKN2A genes at 9p were amplified, but to a lesser degree. This is the first example of a case of acute myeloid leukemia with double minute chromosomes that has not involved amplification of either the MYC or the MLL genes.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Aged
- Blotting, Southern
- Chromosome Aberrations
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Gene Amplification
- Genes, myc
- Genes, p16
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization/methods
- Interferon-beta/genetics
- Karyotyping
- Leukemia, Myeloid/genetics
- Male
- Potassium Channels/genetics
- Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying
- Proto-Oncogene Protein c-ets-1
- Proto-Oncogene Protein c-fli-1
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ets
- Trans-Activators/genetics
- Transcription Factors/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Crossen
- Cytogenetic and Molecular Oncology Unit, Christchurch Hospital, New Zealand
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20
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Crossen PE, Savage LM, Heaton DC, Morrison MJ. Characterization of the C-MYC amplicon in a case of acute myeloid leukemia with double minute chromosomes. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1999; 112:144-8. [PMID: 10686942 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(98)00260-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We have characterized the double minute chromosomes in a case of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Southern blot analysis showed that the C-MYC was amplified. Further analysis with probes located both 3' and 5' of MYC indicated that the amplicon was at least 700 kb in size, extending from the papilloma virus integration site situated 500 kb 5' of MYC to the PVT gene located 280 kb 3' of MYC. This appears to be the largest MYC-containing amplicon in human leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Crossen
- Cytogenetic and Molecular Oncology Unit, Christchurch Hospital, New Zealand
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21
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Yoshida T, Kimura N, Akiyoshi T, Ohshima K, Nagano M, Morioka E, Hisano S, Ohyashiki K, Kamada N, Tamura K. Jumping translocation of homogeneously staining region and tetraploidy with double minutes in acute myelomonocytic leukemia. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1999; 109:40-4. [PMID: 9973958 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(98)00144-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We report a 71-year-old patient with acute myelomonocytic leukemia (AMMoL) who had complicated chromosomal abnormalities showing diploidy with a jumping translocation of a homogeneously staining region (hsr) and tetraploidy with double minutes (dmin). The analysis of gene amplification showed that hsr and dmin were the results of C-ETS 1 gene amplification. After induction chemotherapy, tetraploidy with dmin completely disappeared, while diploidy with hsr and del(11)(q23) remained until the patient died. It is speculated that hsr is more stable than dmin during chemotherapy and that the presence of tetraploidy is not necessarily a factor of poor response to chemotherapy for acute leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yoshida
- First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Japan
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22
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Murray JC, Poplack DG, Mahoney DH, Gresik MV, Harrison WR, Cooley LD. Detection of double minute chromosomes in a child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1998; 101:138-42. [PMID: 9494616 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(97)00256-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) whose predominant leukemic clone demonstrated double minute chromosomes (dmin) is presented. The patient had no history of mutagen or carcinogen exposure and responded well to combination chemotherapy. Although dmin have been described in acute myelogenous leukemia and various solid tumors in adults, their presence in childhood neoplasms is less frequent and limited primarily to neurogenic tumors. This is the first documentation of dmin in childhood ALL, suggesting that there may be an unrecognized subgroup of ALL patients with gene amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Murray
- Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, USA
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23
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Keung YK, Cobos E, Morgan D, Whitehead RP, Tonk V. Double minute chromosomes and myelodysplastic syndrome: a case report and literature review. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1997; 97:94-6. [PMID: 9283588 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(96)00340-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Double minute chromosomes (dmin) occur in about 3.3-10.6% of acute leukemia, especially in the elderly. However, dmins are relatively rare in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). We describe a case of refractory anemia with excess blasts associated with complex cytogenetic abnormalities, dmins, and brief survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y K Keung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock 79430, USA
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24
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Karasawa M, Okamoto K, Maehara T, Tsukamoto N, Morita K, Naruse T, Omine M. Detection of c-myc oncogene amplification in a CML blastic phase patient with double minute chromosomes. Leuk Res 1996; 20:85-91. [PMID: 8632682 DOI: 10.1016/0145-2126(95)00125-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Double minute chromosomes (dmin) are relatively rare in leukemias. Cytogenetic analysis of blood cells from a woman with blastic phase chronic myelogenous leukemia (BC-CML) showed numerous dmin chromosomes and complex abnormalities including a Philadelphia (ph(1))-chromosome. Oncogene amplification in hematopoietic malignancies is also rare. Using PCR, we retrospectively investigated the extent of c-myc gene amplification in DNA extracted from stored blood smears from the patient. To qualify the PCR products, the beta-globin gene was used as the internal reference gene and it was co-amplified with the c-myc gene. The extent of amplified c-myc was about 6.8-fold. This finding suggests that the c-myc gene was amplified in dmin and that the gene amplification contributes to the progression to acute leukemia or rapid growth of leukemic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Karasawa
- The Third Department of Internal Medicine, Gunma University School of Medicine, Japan
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25
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Brunel V, Sainty D, Carbuccia N, Arnoulet C, Costello R, Mozziconacci MJ, Simonetti J, Coignet L, Gabert J, Stoppa AM. Unbalanced translocation t(5;17) in an typical acute promyelocytic leukemia. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1995; 14:307-12. [PMID: 8605120 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.2870140410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL; M3 in the FAB classification) is specifically associated with the t(15;17)(q23;q12) and the consequent formation of a PML/RARA fusion gene. A few cases of APL with a t(11;17)(q23;q12) and a PLZF/RARA fusion gene have recently been reported. In addition, a new variant, t(5;17)(q32;q12), with a RARA rearrangement was described in a child with atypical APL. We report an unbalanced der(5)t(5;17) in an atypical APL case showing unusual dysgranulopoiesis and some M2 features. The breakpoints were difficult to localize precisely on chromosome 5, because the translocation may have occurred on a previous del(5q). The karyotype also showed del(8q) and multiple double-minutes (dmin). Molecular studies evidenced RARA rearrangement but showed neither PML rearrangement nor PML/RARA fusion. Fluorescence in situ hybridization revealed that the dmin were of chromosome 8 origin and that they accounted for the MYC amplification observed in Southern blots. The patient did very poorly despite chemotherapy and all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) treatment. Thus, the t(5;17) could represent a second type of variant translocation in APL that, like the disease associated with t(11;17), does not seem to respond to ATRA therapy. Whereas RARA rearrangement appears sufficient for an APL-like phenotype, it seems that the presence of a classical PML/RARA is required for typical APL with response to ATRA.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Brunel
- Department of Biology, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
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26
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Fegan CD, White D, Sweeney M. C-myc amplification, double minutes and homogenous staining regions in a case of AML. Br J Haematol 1995; 90:486-8. [PMID: 7540858 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1995.tb05183.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
c-myc amplification is usually associated with lymphoid malignancies and Burkitt's lymphoma in particular. We present a case of AML with c-myc amplification which was associated with homogenous staining regions (hsr) and double minutes (dmin). The administration of GCSF following induction chemotherapy resulted in a marked increase in blast numbers. The GCSF was stopped and further courses of chemotherapy given, which resulted in complete remission. The patient relapsed 7 months after diagnosis and failed to go into a second remission with reinduction therapy. We conclude that c-myc amplification is a rare event in AML, but may be associated with chemotherapy resistance and a poor prognosis, are as dmins and hsr. Growth factors should be used with caution in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Fegan
- Department of Haematology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff
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27
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Bentz M, Döhner H, Huck K, Schütz B, Ganser A, Joos S, du Manoir S, Lichter P. Comparative genomic hybridization in the investigation of myeloid leukemias. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1995; 12:193-200. [PMID: 7536458 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.2870120306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) was used for the examination of ten cases of myeloid leukemia (eight acute myeloid leukemias and two myelodysplastic syndromes). In five cases, genomic gains or losses were identified, which mapped to chromosomal regions known to be involved in this group of malignancies. In comparison to the results obtained by banding analysis, discrepancies were found in three of the ten cases; in two cases, chromosomal imbalances were not identified by CGH because they were present only in small subclones. In the other case, there were no evaluable metaphase cells for banding analysis; CGH revealed an overrepresentation of chromosome 8, which was confirmed by interphase cytogenetics with a chromosome 8-specific alphoid probe. All abnormalities revealed by CGH were confirmed by G-banding or subsequent interphase cytogenetic analysis, which demonstrates the high specificity of the method. Furthermore, in all cases, CGH identified the chromosomal imbalances present in the major clone as detected by banding analysis. The good correlation between CGH and chromosome banding results in myeloid leukemias makes this tumor a good model for the assessment of tools that are developed for automated and quantitative CGH analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bentz
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Abteilung Organisation komplexer Genome, Heidelberg, Germany
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28
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Abstract
We report here a rare case of biphenotypic M0 acute myeloid leukemia (AML) associated with trisomy 4. The literature of trisomy 4 in acute leukemia was reviewed. M2 and M4 AML are the most common FAB subtypes associated with trisomy 4. The clinical course of this entity is generally comparable with other non-trisomy 4 cases of AML. Despite the speculation made when first described, no specific environmental toxin has been found to be associated with this entity. C-kit oncogene has been mapped to chromosome 4 recently, and the role of this proto-oncogene in leukemogenesis of trisomy 4 associated leukemia should be further investigated.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Adult
- Antigens, CD/analysis
- Antigens, CD7
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/analysis
- Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis
- CD13 Antigens/analysis
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4
- DNA Nucleotidylexotransferase/analysis
- Diagnosis, Differential
- Fatal Outcome
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid/classification
- Leukemia, Myeloid/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Myeloid/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid/pathology
- Male
- Neoplasm Proteins/analysis
- Phenotype
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/diagnosis
- Proto-Oncogene Mas
- Proto-Oncogenes
- Trisomy
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Affiliation(s)
- Y K Keung
- Division of Hematology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90033
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29
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Slovak ML, Ho JP, Pettenati MJ, Khan A, Douer D, Lal S, Traweek ST. Localization of amplified MYC gene sequences to double minute chromosomes in acute myelogenous leukemia. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1994; 9:62-7. [PMID: 7507702 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.2870090111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytogenetic and molecular studies were performed on two dmin-bearing acute myelogenous leukemia (FAB-M2) samples. Both cases were characterized by complex karyotypes containing interstitial deletions of the long arm of chromosome 8 altering band 8q24.1, aberrations affecting the short arm of chromosome 17, and multiple double minute chromosomes (dmin). Using a 1.4 kb cDNA probe coding for the third exon of the MYC oncogene, DNA slot blots indicated MYC gene sequences were amplified in both samples. Fluorescence in situ hybridization using a 9.0 kb genomic probe for MYC was performed in one case and localized the amplified MYC gene sequences to the dmin. Neither patient achieved a complete remission using traditional induction chemotherapy. The complex karyology with amplification of MYC gene sequences appears to represent a poor prognostic subgroup of acute myelogenous leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Slovak
- Department of Cytogenetics, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010
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30
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Mohamed AN, Macoska JA, Kallioniemi A, Kallioniemi OP, Waldman F, Ratanatharathorn V, Wolman SR. Extrachromosomal gene amplification in acute myeloid leukemia; characterization by metaphase analysis, comparative genomic hybridization, and semi-quantitative PCR. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1993; 8:185-9. [PMID: 7509627 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.2870080308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A case of acute myeloid leukemia (M-3) with complex karyotypic aberrations and double minute (dmin) chromosomes is presented. The patient had no history of prior exposure to mutagenic or carcinogenic agents or of other malignancies. She died from CNS involvement six weeks after the initial diagnosis. We used comparative genomic hybridization to identify the amplified sequences presumed to represent the dmin of the leukemic cells; the tumor/normal ratios indicated increased signal intensity at 8q24. This localization prompted investigation by semi-quantitative PCR that revealed amplification of the MYC oncogene. The extent of chromosome aberrations and the oncogene amplification, both linked with poor prognosis, may relate to the rapid course of this patient's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Mohamed
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
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31
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Thompson PW, Whittaker JA, Brennan H. Trisomy 4 with double minute chromosomes in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1993; 69:41-4. [PMID: 8374899 DOI: 10.1016/0165-4608(93)90111-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We report on three further cases of trisomy 4 in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. In one case the trisomy 4 was accompanied by double minute (dmin) chromosomes. Of the 34 reports of trisomy 4, dmin were also found in five cases, showing a clear nonrandom association between the two cytogenetic abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Thompson
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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32
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Aventin A. Isochromosome 11q in acute erythroblastic leukemia. Leuk Res 1992; 16:727. [PMID: 1635390 DOI: 10.1016/0145-2126(92)90027-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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33
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Saito H, Kishi K, Narita M, Furukawa T, Nagura E, Maekawa T, Abe T, Shibata A. A new myeloblastic leukemia cell line with double minute chromosomes. Induction of methotrexate resistance and dihydrofolate reductase gene amplification. Leuk Res 1992; 16:217-26. [PMID: 1560671 DOI: 10.1016/0145-2126(92)90059-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
To test the relationship between DMs and drug resistance in newly established AML cell lines, KY821, and its clone KY821A3, the latter had lost DMs during cloning, were cultured in increasing concentrations of MTX. KY821 became resistant against 2 x 10(-4) M MTX, whereas KY821A3 did against 2 x 10(-5) M MTX in a same period. Enhanced enzyme activities of DHFR were correspondent to the increased DMs numbers and DHFR gene amplification in both resistant clones. The amplified DHFR gene was located on DMs by in situ hybridization. These data indicated that the presence of DMs in KY821 would facilitate the acquisition of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Saito
- Niigata University School of Medicine, First Department of Internal Medicine, Japan
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Parry SH, Gibbons B, Czepulkowski BH, Amess JA, Oxley VE. A further case of acute myelogenous leukemia with trisomy 4 and double minutes. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1989; 39:295-7. [PMID: 2752379 DOI: 10.1016/0165-4608(89)90195-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S H Parry
- Department of Medical Oncology, St Bartholomew's Hospital, West Smithfield, London, U.K
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Abstract
Erythroleukemia (EL) is a heterogeneous disease in terms of cell type affected, chromosome abnormalities found in the malignant clone, and clinical course. In this article, cases of erythroid EL from the recent medical literature are reviewed using cytogenetic criteria to distinguish such cases from those of myeloid EL. Although most patients with erythroid EL were elderly men, 20% of the cases occurred in the under-3 age group, where boys and girls were equally affected. Chromosomes 5 and 7 were found to be lost or partially deleted in two thirds of the adult patients only, but not in the pediatric patients; this suggests that EL is associated with cumulative mutagen exposure in adult patients only. It is proposed that cytogenetic criteria may be of use prospectively in distinguishing patients with erythroid EL from those with myeloid EL.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Stamberg
- Division of Human Genetics, Schneider Children's Hospital, Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park, New York 11042
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Alitalo K, Koskinen P, Mäkelä TP, Saksela K, Sistonen L, Winqvist R. myc oncogenes: activation and amplification. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1987; 907:1-32. [PMID: 3552050 DOI: 10.1016/0304-419x(87)90016-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Ohyashiki JH, Ohyashiki K, Miller KB, Cuiffo BP, Sandberg AA. Acute myelomonocytic leukemia with double minute chromosomes and a normal karyotype. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1987; 25:1-6. [PMID: 3467824 DOI: 10.1016/0165-4608(87)90152-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A case of acute myelomonocytic leukemia in a 74-year-old male patient is described whose bone marrow cells had a normal male karyotype but with double minutes chromosomes (DM). The patient had no history of exposure to mutagenic or carcinogenic agents, or a history of other malignancies. The clinical and etiologic implications of DM as a sole karyotypic anomaly in the leukemic cells are discussed.
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Kovacs G, Freund M, Poliwoda H, Leithauser H, Thiel E. Homogeneously staining chromosomal region in a case of erythroleukaemia. SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF HAEMATOLOGY 1986; 36:232-7. [PMID: 3458295 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.1986.tb00834.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cytogenetical analysis of bone marrow and peripheral blood cells in a case of erythroleukaemia revealed a complex karyotype with a stemline of 44 chromosomes. 1 marker chromosome bearing a homogeneously staining region (hsr) was found in each of the aneuploid cells examined. The hsr was localised to the chromosome regions 15q12 and 15p12. The possible function of amplified DNA sequences and the relationship of hsr to cell proliferation are discussed.
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Alitalo K, Saksela K, Winqvist R, Alitalo R, Keski-Oja J, Laiho M, Ilvonen M, Knuutila S, de la Chapelle A. Acute myelogenous leukaemia with c-myc amplification and double minute chromosomes. Lancet 1985; 2:1035-9. [PMID: 2865517 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(85)90907-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cytogenetic analysis of bone-marrow cells from a woman with preleukaemia showed numerous mitoses with trisomy 4 and double minute chromosomes. These abnormalities were later seen in blood cells during subsequent acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). Complete remission was achieved with three courses of doxorubicin, cytosine arabinoside, and prednisone. A further clonal abnormality, trisomy 6, was seen in leukaemic cells after the first relapse. Analyses of total DNA from the peripheral-blood cells during relapse showed that the c-myc oncogene was amplified about 30-fold in the leukaemic cells. The N-myc, c-mos, and c-myb oncogenes showed only single-copy signals. On average about two copies of c-myc resided on each dmin chromosome. The finding of amplification of a cellular oncogene (c-myc) in fresh AML cells containing double minute chromosomes suggests that clonal evolution of some leukaemia cell populations may involve selection for increased dosage of oncogenes.
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Gallagher RE, Bilello PA, Ferrari AC, Chang CS, Yen RW, Nickols WA, Muly EC. Characterization of differentiation-inducer-resistant HL-60 cells. Leuk Res 1985; 9:967-86. [PMID: 3862924 DOI: 10.1016/0145-2126(85)90067-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Sub-lines of the cultured human promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL-60 were individually selected for their ability to sustain exponential growth in the presence of 3 structurally-unrelated inducers of granulocytic differentiation - retinoic acid (RA), dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), and 6-thioguanine (6TG). Selections were made by step-wise augmentation to final drug concentrations of 10(-3)mM RA, 169mM (1.2%) DMSO and 0.12mM (20 micrograms ml-1) 6TG. In addition to growth resistance, cells in each sub-line displayed variable cytodifferentiation resistance to each of the 3 selective agents, which was quantitated as the ratio of the concentration of drug required to induce differentiation in 50% of the cells in each resistant sub-line versus comparably-passaged wild-type HL-60 cells. The levels of resistance/cross-resistance were as follows: RA-resistant (res) sub-line greater than 2700-fold to RA, 1.3-fold to DMSO and greater than 1.5-fold to hypoxanthine (HXN; the noncytotoxic purine base inducer analogue of 6TG); DMSO-res sub-line 2.5-fold to DMSO, 137-fold to RA and greater than 1.5-fold to HXN; and 6TG-res sub-line greater than 1.5-fold to HXN, 9-fold to RA and 1.6-fold to DMSO. These sub-lines were not cross-resistant to sodium butyrate (NaBut), a monocyte inducer, or to 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA), a macrophage inducer. HL-60 sub-lines selected by exposure to a single high concentration of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BUdR; 3.3 X 10(-2)mM) or oubain (Ou; 5 X 10(-3)mM) were not or were slightly cross-resistant to either granulocyte or monocyte inducers. Although some variations in line/sub-line phenotype were observed, this was minor compared to the quantitative variations in response to individual inducing agents. The RA-res and 6TG-res sub-lines contained numerous double minute chromosomes (indicators of amplified genes) which were either absent or present in much smaller numbers in the parental wild-type cells or in the other drug-resistant sub-lines. There was little change or a decrease in the amplification level of the known amplified oncogene c-myc in the various drug-resistant sub-lines compared to wild-type HL-60 cells. These results (a) confirm that the neutrophilic granulocytic and monocytic/macrophagic differentiation programs in HL-60 cells are mechanistically different and separable; (b) suggest that both agent-specific and common quantitative alterations contribute to the mechanism(s) for resistance to granulocyte differentiation; and (c) suggest that the latter quantitative defects could be related to amplification of genes other than c-myc.
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