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Improvement of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines pharmacokinetic properties: nanosystem approaches for drug delivery. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21509. [PMID: 26898318 PMCID: PMC4761914 DOI: 10.1038/srep21509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines are a class of compounds with a good activity against several cancer cell lines. Despite the promising anticancer activity, these molecules showed a poor aqueous solubility. This issue could threat the future development of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines as clinical drug candidates. With the aim of improving their solubility profile and consequently their pharmacokinetic properties, we have chosen four compounds (1–4) on the base of their anti-neuroblastoma activity and we have developed albumin nanoparticles and liposomes for the selected candidates. Albumin nanoparticles and liposomes were prepared and characterized regarding size and ζ-potential distribution, polidispersity index, entrapment efficiency and activity against SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cell line. The most promising nanosystem, namely LP-2, was chosen to perform further studies: confocal microscopy, stability and drug release in physiological conditions, and biodistribution. Altogether, the obtained data strongly indicate that the encapsulation of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines in liposomes represent an effective method to overcome the poor water solubility.
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2
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Stafman LL, Beierle EA. Cell Proliferation in Neuroblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2016; 8:E13. [PMID: 26771642 PMCID: PMC4728460 DOI: 10.3390/cancers8010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma, the most common extracranial solid tumor of childhood, continues to carry a dismal prognosis for children diagnosed with advanced stage or relapsed disease. This review focuses upon factors responsible for cell proliferation in neuroblastoma including transcription factors, kinases, and regulators of the cell cycle. Novel therapeutic strategies directed toward these targets in neuroblastoma are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L Stafman
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA.
| | - Elizabeth A Beierle
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA.
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3
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Tintori C, Fallacara AL, Radi M, Zamperini C, Dreassi E, Crespan E, Maga G, Schenone S, Musumeci F, Brullo C, Richters A, Gasparrini F, Angelucci A, Festuccia C, Delle Monache S, Rauh D, Botta M. Combining X-ray Crystallography and Molecular Modeling toward the Optimization of Pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines as Potent c-Src Inhibitors Active in Vivo against Neuroblastoma. J Med Chem 2014; 58:347-61. [DOI: 10.1021/jm5013159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Tintori
- Dipartimento
di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Anna Lucia Fallacara
- Dipartimento
di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Tecnologie Farmaceutiche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Marco Radi
- Dipartimento
di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Claudio Zamperini
- Dipartimento
di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Elena Dreassi
- Dipartimento
di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Emmanuele Crespan
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, IGM-CNR, Via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Maga
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, IGM-CNR, Via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Silvia Schenone
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Genova, Viale Benedetto
XV, 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Francesca Musumeci
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Genova, Viale Benedetto
XV, 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Chiara Brullo
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Genova, Viale Benedetto
XV, 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - André Richters
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Technical University of Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Francesca Gasparrini
- Dipartimento
di Medicina Molecolare, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo
Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Adriano Angelucci
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Cliniche Applicate e Biotecnologiche, Università degli Studi dell’Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 Coppito, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Claudio Festuccia
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Cliniche Applicate e Biotecnologiche, Università degli Studi dell’Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 Coppito, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Simona Delle Monache
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Cliniche Applicate e Biotecnologiche, Università degli Studi dell’Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 Coppito, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Daniel Rauh
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Technical University of Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Maurizio Botta
- Dipartimento
di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Sbarro
Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology,
College of Science and Technology, Temple University, BioLife Science
Building, Suite 333, 1900 North 12th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
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Tringali C, Cirillo F, Lamorte G, Papini N, Anastasia L, Lupo B, Silvestri I, Tettamanti G, Venerando B. NEU4L sialidase overexpression promotes β-catenin signaling in neuroblastoma cells, enhancing stem-like malignant cell growth. Int J Cancer 2012; 131:1768-78. [PMID: 22287118 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is a frequently lethal tumor that occurs in childhood and originates from embryonic neural crest cells. The malignant and aggressive phenotype of NB is strictly related to the deregulation of pivotal pathways governing the proliferation/differentiation status of neural crest precursor cells, such as MYCN, Delta/Notch and Wnt/β-catenin (CTNNB1) signaling. In this article, we demonstrate that sialidase NEU4 long (NEU4L) influences the differentiation/proliferation behavior of NB SK-N-BE cells by determining hyperactivation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. NEU4L overexpression in SK-N-BE cells induced significant increases in active, nonphosphorylated β-catenin content, β-catenin/TCF transcriptional activity and β-catenin gene target expression including MYCN, MYC, CCND2 (cyclin D2) and CDC25A. In turn, these molecular features strongly modified the behavior of NEU4L SK-N-BE overexpressing cells, promoting the following: (1) an enhanced proliferation rate, mainly due to a faster transition from G1 to S phase in the cell cycle; (2) a more undifferentiated cell phenotype, which was similar to stem-like NB cells and possibly mediated by an increase of the expression of the pluripotency genes, MYC, NANOG, OCT-4, CD133 and NES (nestin); (3) the failure of NB cell differentiation after serum withdrawal. The molecular link between NEU4L and Wnt/β-catenin signaling appeared to rely most likely on the capability of the enzyme to modify the sialylation level of cell glycoproteins. These findings could provide a new candidate for therapeutic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Tringali
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Milan, Segrate, Milan, Italy
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5
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Radi M, Brullo C, Crespan E, Tintori C, Musumeci F, Biava M, Schenone S, Dreassi E, Zamperini C, Maga G, Pagano D, Angelucci A, Bologna M, Botta M. Identification of potent c-Src inhibitors strongly affecting the proliferation of human neuroblastoma cells. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:5928-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.07.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Revised: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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6
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Src kinase family inhibitor PP2 induces aggregation and detachment of neuroblastoma cells and inhibits cell growth in a PI3 kinase/Akt pathway-independent manner. Pediatr Surg Int 2011; 27:225-30. [PMID: 21046121 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-010-2775-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Neuroblastoma (NB) is one of the most common extracranial solid tumors in children and is known for its clinical and biological heterogeneity. The aim of this study is to reveal the functional role of src family kinases in the biological behavior of NB by inhibiting their kinase activities with a specific inhibitor, PP2 (4-amino-5-(4-chloro-phenyl)-7-(t-butyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine). METHODS NB cell lines (SH-SY5Y, IMR32, RT-BM-1, CHP134, NLF, and LA-N-5) were treated with 0.1-10 µM of PP2. Morphological changes, cell growth, and cell death were assessed, as well as all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-induced neuronal differentiation and epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced proliferation. RESULTS At 24 h after PP2 treatment, NB cell lines showed drastic cell aggregation. PP2 also inhibited cell growth of NB in a dose-dependent manner. Apoptosis was detected in these cells. ATRA-induced neuronal differentiation of RT-BM-1 was not affected by PP2. PP2 reduced the proliferative effect of EGF. EGF-induced rapid activation of Akt, which was not blocked by PP2 treatment, suggesting that the cellular events triggered by PP2 were independent to PI3 kinase/Akt signaling pathway. CONCLUSION Our data suggests that src family kinases promote cell survival/proliferation and reduces cell aggregation of NBs. Src family kinase inhibitors may be good candidates for a novel molecular target therapy.
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7
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Beierle EA, Ma X, Trujillo A, Kurenova EV, Cance WG, Golubovskaya VM. Inhibition of focal adhesion kinase and src increases detachment and apoptosis in human neuroblastoma cell lines. Mol Carcinog 2010; 49:224-34. [PMID: 19885861 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumor of childhood. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is an intracellular kinase that is overexpressed in a number of human tumors including neuroblastoma, and regulates both cellular adhesion and survival. We have studied the effects of FAK inhibition upon neuroblastoma using adenovirus-containing FAK-CD (AdFAK-CD). Utilizing an isogenic MYCN+/MYCN- neuroblastoma cell line, we found that the MYCN+ cells are more sensitive to FAK inhibition with AdFAK-CD than their MYCN negative counterparts. In addition, we have shown that phosphorylation of Src is increased in the untreated isogenic MYCN- neuroblastoma cells, and that the decreased sensitivity of the MYCN- neuroblastoma cells to FAK inhibition with AdFAK-CD is abrogated by the addition of the Src family kinase inhibitor, PP2. The results of the current study suggest that both FAK and Src play a role in protecting neuroblastoma cells from apoptosis, and that dual inhibition of these kinases may be important when designing therapeutic interventions for this tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Beierle
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama 35233, USA
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8
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Macy ME, Sawczyn KK, Garrington TP, Graham DK, Gore L. Pediatric developmental therapies: interesting new drugs now in early-stage clinical trials. Curr Oncol Rep 2009; 10:477-90. [PMID: 18928662 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-008-0073-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The current high cure rates for children diagnosed with cancer can be attributed in part to emphasis on large cooperative group clinical trials. The significant improvement in pediatric cancer survival over the past few decades is the result of optimized chemotherapy drug dosing, timing, and intensity; however, further alterations in traditional chemotherapy agents are unlikely to produce substantially better outcomes. Furthermore, there remains a subset of patients who have a very poor prognosis due to tumor type or stage at presentation, or who have a dismal prognosis with relapse or recurrence. As such, innovative approaches to therapy and new drugs are clearly needed for introduction into the current pediatric oncology arsenal. A variety of biologically targeted therapies that have shown promise in preclinical studies and early-phase adult clinical trials are now being explored in pediatric clinical trials. These novel agents hold the promise for continuing to drive forward improvements in patient survival, with potentially less toxicity than exists with traditional chemotherapy drugs.
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9
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Xu X, Harder J, Flynn DC, Lanier LM. AFAP120 regulates actin organization during neuronal differentiation. Differentiation 2009; 77:38-47. [PMID: 19281763 PMCID: PMC2664250 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2008.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2008] [Revised: 06/11/2008] [Accepted: 06/12/2008] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
During development, dynamic changes in the actin cytoskeleton determine both cell motility and morphological differentiation. In most mature tissues, cells are generally minimally motile and have morphologies specialized to their functions. In metastatic cancer, cells generally lose their specialized morphology and become motile. Therefore, proteins that regulate the transition between the motile and morphologically differentiated states can play important roles in determining cancer outcomes. AFAP120 is a neuronal-specific protein that binds Src kinase and protein kinase C (PKC) and cross-links actin filaments. Here we report that expression and tyrosine phosphorylation of AFAP120 are developmentally regulated in the cerebellum. In cerebellar cultures, PKC activation induces Src kinase-dependent phosphorylation of AFAP120, indicating that AFAP120 may be a downstream effector of Src. In neuroblastoma cells induced to differentiate by treatment with a PKC activator, tyrosine phosphorylation of AFAP120 appears to regulate the formation of the lamellar actin structures and subsequent neurite initiation. Together, these results indicate that AFAP120 plays a role in organizing dynamic actin structures during neuronal differentiation and suggest that AFAP120 may help regulate the transition from motile precursor to morphologically differentiated neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Xu
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Jennifer Harder
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Daniel C. Flynn
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506
| | - Lorene M. Lanier
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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10
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Terui E, Matsunaga T, Yoshida H, Kouchi K, Kuroda H, Hishiki T, Saito T, Yamada SI, Shirasawa H, Ohnuma N. Shc family expression in neuroblastoma: high expression of shcC is associated with a poor prognosis in advanced neuroblastoma. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11:3280-7. [PMID: 15867224 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-1681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The biological features and prognosis of neuroblastoma, a neural crest-derived pediatric tumor, are closely associated with expression of the Trk receptor. Because the Shc family proteins (ShcA, ShcB, and ShcC) are adaptors for various receptors, including Trk receptors, and are regulators of neuronal cell development, we speculated that they may play a role in neuroblastoma. Therefore, in this study, we used semiquantitative reverse transcription-PCR to examine the expression of these three genes in 15 neuroblastoma cell lines, an all-trans-retinoic acid-treated neuroblastoma cell line, and 52 tumor samples. In neuroblastoma cell lines and tumor samples, shcA was ubiquitously and highly expressed. Little expression of shcA was observed. Also, shcB was hardly expressed in neuroblastoma cell lines, but its expression in RT-BM-1 cells was enhanced after all-trans-retinoic acid-induced differentiation, and it was highly expressed in low-stage tumors (P = 0.0095). This suggests that ShcB participates in cellular differentiation and may correlate with a favorable prognosis in neuroblastoma. Finally, the expression of shcC was observed in most of the neuroblastoma cell lines and in some stage 4 patients. Patients with a high expression of shcC had a very poor prognosis (P < 0.0001) and amplification of MYCN, and all died within 31 months after diagnosis. Therefore, ShcC seems to be associated with an aggressive tumor phenotype, perhaps by enhancing TrkB signals. Our results suggest that the expressions of shcB and shcC are important biological factors in neuroblastoma and are useful prognostic indicators.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Infant
- Male
- N-Myc Proto-Oncogene Protein
- Neuroblastoma/genetics
- Neuroblastoma/mortality
- Neuroblastoma/pathology
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Prognosis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptor, trkA/genetics
- Receptor, trkB/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Shc Signaling Adaptor Proteins
- Src Homology 2 Domain-Containing, Transforming Protein 1
- Src Homology 2 Domain-Containing, Transforming Protein 2
- Survival Analysis
- Survival Rate
- Tretinoin/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Terui
- Department of Pediatric Surgery (E6), Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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11
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Palm K, Metsis M, Timmusk T. Neuron-specific splicing of zinc finger transcription factor REST/NRSF/XBR is frequent in neuroblastomas and conserved in human, mouse and rat. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 1999; 72:30-9. [PMID: 10521596 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-328x(99)00196-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Neuron-restrictive silencer factor (NRSF), also known as repressor element RE1 binding transcription factor (REST) or repressor binding to the X2 box (XBR) (REST/NRSF/XBR), is a zinc finger transcription factor that during early embryogenesis is required to repress a subset of neuron-specific genes in non-neural tissues and undifferentiated neural precursors. We have previously shown that splicing within the coding region of rat REST/NRSF/XBR (rREST) generates several different transcripts all of which are expressed in the adult nervous system. rREST transcripts with short neuron-specific exons (exon N) have in-frame stop codons and encode truncated proteins which have an N-terminal repressor domain and weakened DNA binding activity. The aim of this study was to analyze the regulatory mechanisms underlying REST/NRSF/XBR activity in human and mouse as compared to rat. We show that the structure of REST/NRSF/XBR gene and its regulation by neuron-specific splicing is conserved in human, mouse and rat. Expression levels of REST/NRSF/XBR transcripts with the insertion of exon N are increased during the neuronal differentiation of mouse teratocarcinoma PCC7 and rat pheocromocytoma PC12 cells and are high in several human and mouse neuroblastoma cells as compared to the relatively low levels in the developing and adult nervous system. The exclusive expression of the neuronal forms of REST/NRSF/XBR mRNAs in mouse neuroblastoma Neuro-2A cells is not caused by rearrangement of the REST/NRSF/XBR gene nor by mutations in the sequence of the splice sites flanking exon N. These data suggest that changes in REST/NRSF/XBR splicing pattern may result from altered levels of splicing factors reflecting the formation and/or progression of neuroblastoma tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Palm
- Department of Neuroscience, Developmental Neuroscience, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Box 587, S-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
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12
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Matsunaga T, Shirasawa H, Hishiki T, Enomoto H, Kouchi K, Ohtsuka Y, Iwai J, Yoshida H, Tanabe M, Kobayashi S, Asano T, Etoh T, Nishi Y, Ohnuma N. Expression of MRP and cMOAT in childhood neuroblastomas and malignant liver tumors and its relevance to clinical behavior. Jpn J Cancer Res 1998; 89:1276-83. [PMID: 10081488 PMCID: PMC5921738 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1998.tb00524.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced neuroblastoma and malignant liver tumor are representative childhood cancers for which combined chemotherapy including cisplatin and doxorubicin is routinely performed. The prognosis of patients with tumors which develop multiple drug resistance (MDR) is unfavorable. To elucidate the role of multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) and canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter (cMOAT) in the clinical behavior of the tumors, we examined 42 neuroblastomas and 10 malignant liver tumors for the expressions of MRP and cMOAT by quantitative RNA-polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The amplification and expression of N-myc oncogene in the neuroblastomas were also investigated. We found a close association between MRP and N-myc expression in each neuroblastoma sample but no significant relationship between MRP expression and the patients' outcome. The forced expression of N-myc failed to enhance the expression of MRP in N-myc transfected neuroblastoma cell lines. cMOAT was rarely expressed in the neuroblastomas, but was frequently expressed in the malignant liver tumors. The expression of MRP and cMOAT in the childhood liver tumors was more common and higher, especially in advanced cases with a poor outcome, than that observed in normal liver or in 9 hepatocellular carcinomas from adult patients. The enhanced expression of these genes might be characteristic of childhood malignant liver tumors and related to their clinical chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Matsunaga
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Chiba University, School of Medicine
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13
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Matsunaga T, Shirasawa H, Enomoto H, Yoshida H, Iwai J, Tanabe M, Kawamura K, Etoh T, Ohnuma N. Neuronal src and trk a protooncogene expression in neuroblastomas and patient prognosis. Int J Cancer 1998; 79:226-31. [PMID: 9645342 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19980619)79:3<226::aid-ijc3>3.0.co;2-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neuroblastomas present a wide variety of clinical and biological behaviors, which are reflected by the heterogeneous expressions of protooncogenes related to the neuronal differentiation and amplification of the N-myc gene. High expression of trk A and Ha-ras in neuroblastomas has been shown to be associated with an excellent patient outcome. We have previously reported that neuron-specific src mRNA was increased in chemically differentiated neuroblastoma cell lines and in clinically observed neuroblastomas without N-myc amplification. In the present study, to clarify both the value of neuronal c-srcN2 expression as a prognostic indicator and the significance of the coexpression of these protooncogenes, we examined the expression of 3 alternatively spliced src, trk A and Ha-ras in neuroblastoma tissues from 60 patients by competitive RNA-polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The results indicate that protooncogene expression in neuroblastomas correlated with a favorable outcome for c-srcN2 and trk A. N-myc gene was amplified exclusively in tumors with low levels of trk A. Low expression of c-srcN2 and trk A might thus characterize different aggressive phenotypes due to different signal transduction pathways of neural differentiation in neuroblastoma. The combined analyses for c-srcN2 and trk A expression by RNA-PCR should provide information about the biological phenotype of a neuroblastoma within a short period of time after obtaining tumor material.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Matsunaga
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Chiba University, School of Medicine, Japan
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