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Shintani T, Higaki M, Rosli SNZ, Okamoto T. Potential treatment of squamous cell carcinoma by targeting heparin-binding protein 17/fibroblast growth factor-binding protein 1 with vitamin D 3 or eldecalcitol. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2024:10.1007/s11626-024-00913-3. [PMID: 38713345 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-024-00913-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Heparin-binding protein 17 (HBp17), first purified in 1991 from the conditioned medium of the human A431 squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cell line, was later renamed fibroblast growth factor-binding protein 1 (FGFBP-1). HBp17/FGFBP-1 is specifically expressed and secreted by epithelial cells, and it reversibly binds to fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-1 and FGF-2, as well as FGFs-7, -10, and -22, indicating a crucial involvement in the transportation and function of these FGFs. Our laboratory has investigated and reported several studies to elucidate the function of HBp17/FGFBP-1 in SCC cells and its potential as a molecular therapeutic target. HBp17/FGFBP-1 transgene exoression in A431-4 cells, a clonal subline of A431 that lacks tumorigenicity and does not express HBp17/FGFBP-1, demonstrated a significantly enhanced proliferation in vitro compared with A431-4 cells, and it acquired tumorigenicity in the subcutis of nude mice. Knockout (KO) of the HBp17/FGFBP-1 by genome editing significantly suppressed tumor growth, cell motility, and tumorigenicity compared with control cells. A comprehensive analysis of expressed molecules in both cell types revealed that molecules that promote epithelial cell differentiation were highly expressed in HBp17/FGFBP-1 KO cells. Additionally, we reported that 1α,25(OH)2D3 or eldecalcitol (ED-71), which is an analog of 1α,25(OH)2D3, suppresses HBp17/FGFBP-1 expression and tumor growth in vitro and in vivo by inhibiting the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells signaling pathway. Here, we discuss the prospects of molecular targeted therapy targeting HBp17/FGFBP-1 with 1α,25(OH)2D3 or ED71 in SCC and oral SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Shintani
- Center of Oral Clinical Examination, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan.
| | - Mirai Higaki
- Department of Molecular Oral Medicine and Maxilofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Siti Nur Zawani Rosli
- Department of Molecular Oral Medicine and Maxilofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Institute for Medical Research, Bacteriology Unit, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, 40170, Setia Alam, Malaysia
| | - Tetsuji Okamoto
- Department of Molecular Oral Medicine and Maxilofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
- School of Medical Sciences, University of East Asia, Shimonoseki, 751-8503, Japan
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Tekin GG, Deveci B, Deveci E. Ellagic acid protected the gingival tissue via fibroblast and epidermal growth factors in rats. Acta Cir Bras 2024; 39:e391224. [PMID: 38477786 DOI: 10.1590/acb391224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effect of ellagic acid (EA) in gingival tissues injury in rats. METHODS Twenty rats were categorized into two groups. In burn group, an excisional wound area was created by removing a 4-mm diameter flap from the left molar region in the mucoperiosteal region of the gingiva. In burn + ellagic acid group, 1.2 mg/mL EA was administered as irrigation for one week. Animals was sacrificed under anesthesia at the end of experiment. Malondialdehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase (MPO) and glutathione (GSH) level were measured. Hematoxylin and eosin, fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) immunostainings were applied to tissues. RESULTS MDA, MPO, inflammation and leukocyte infiltration were high in burn group. Degeneration epithelium, edema and inflammatory cell infiltration in connective tissue areas, and dilatation and congestion in blood vessels were observed in burn group. In burn + EA group, the gingival epithelium improved, collagen fiber production increased and organized dermis were observed. After burn injury, FGF and EGF activity was increased in EA treated groups. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that EA have the potential for better healing outcomes in oral wounds. EA seems to have promising therapeutic efficacy to enhance oral wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülüçağ Giray Tekin
- Batman University - Faculty of Dentistry - Department of Periodontology - Batman, Turkey
| | - Buşra Deveci
- Diyarbakir Oral and Dental Health Center - Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Engin Deveci
- Dicle University - Medical School - Department of Histology and Embryology - Diyarbakir, Turkey
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Zhang W, Luo P, Liu X, Cheng R, Zhang S, Qian X, Liu F. Roles of Fibroblast Growth Factors in the Axon Guidance. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10292. [PMID: 37373438 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) have been widely studied by virtue of their ability to regulate many essential cellular activities, including proliferation, survival, migration, differentiation and metabolism. Recently, these molecules have emerged as the key components in forming the intricate connections within the nervous system. FGF and FGF receptor (FGFR) signaling pathways play important roles in axon guidance as axons navigate toward their synaptic targets. This review offers a current account of axonal navigation functions performed by FGFs, which operate as chemoattractants and/or chemorepellents in different circumstances. Meanwhile, detailed mechanisms behind the axon guidance process are elaborated, which are related to intracellular signaling integration and cytoskeleton dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyun Zhang
- Queen Mary School, Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, China
- Medical Experimental Teaching Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Peiyi Luo
- Queen Mary School, Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Xiaohan Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Ruoxi Cheng
- Queen Mary School, Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Shuxian Zhang
- Queen Mary School, Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Xiao Qian
- Queen Mary School, Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
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Saker Z, Rizk M, Bahmad HF, Nabha SM. Targeting Angiogenic Factors for the Treatment of Medulloblastoma. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2022; 23:864-886. [PMID: 35412196 DOI: 10.1007/s11864-022-00981-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most frequent pediatric brain tumor. Despite conventional therapy, MB patients have high mortality and morbidity rates mainly due to the incomplete understanding of the molecular and cellular processes involved in development of this cancer. Similar to other solid tumors, MB demonstrated high endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenic activity, wherein new blood vessels arise from the pre-existing vasculature, a process named angiogenesis. MB angiogenesis is considered a hallmark for MB development, progression, and metastasis emphasizing its potential target for antitumor therapy. However, angiogenesis is tightly regulated by a set of angiogenic factors making it a complex process to be targeted. Although agents targeting these factors and their receptors are early in development, the potential for their targeting may translate into improvement in the clinical care for MB patients. In this review, we focus on the most potent angiogenic factors and their corresponding receptors, highlighting their basic properties and expression in MB. We describe their contribution to MB tumorigenesis and angiogenesis and the potential therapeutic targeting of these factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahraa Saker
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mahdi Rizk
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hisham F Bahmad
- Arkadi M. Rywlin M.D. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, 4300 Alton Rd, Miami Beach, FL, 33140, USA.
| | - Sanaa M Nabha
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon.
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Heparin-Binding Protein 17/Fibroblast Growth Factor-Binding Protein-1 Knockout Inhibits Proliferation and Induces Differentiation of Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13112684. [PMID: 34072393 PMCID: PMC8199440 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) plays an important role in tumor growth by inducing angiogenesis in addition to promoting the proliferation of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells. Heparin-binding protein 17/fibroblast growth factor-binding protein-1 (HBp17/FGFBP-1) purified from A431 cell-conditioned media based on its capacity to bind to FGF-1 and FGF-2 is recognized as a pro-angiogenic molecule as a consequence of its interaction with FGF-2. In this study, we have examined the functional role of HBp17/FGFBP-1 in A431 and HO-1-N-1 cells using the CRISPR/Cas9 technology. Our results showed that HBp17/FGFBP-1 knockout inhibited cell proliferation, colony formation, and cell motility compared to control. The amount of FGF-2 was decreased in culture medium conditioned by HBp17/FGFBP-1 knockout cells compared to control. We performed cDNA/protein expression analysis followed by Gene Ontology and protein–protein interaction analysis. The results demonstrate that both gene and protein expression related to epidermal development, cornification, and keratinization were upregulated in HBp17/FGFBP-1-knockout A431 and HO-1-N-1 cells. Abstract Heparin-binding protein 17/fibroblast growth factor-binding protein-1 (HBp17/FGFBP-1) has been observed to induce the tumorigenic potential of epithelial cells and is highly expressed in oral cancer cell lines and tissues. It is also recognized as a pro-angiogenic molecule because of its interaction with fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2. In this study, we examined the functional role of HBp17/FGFBP-1 in A431 and HO-1-N-1 cells. Originally, HBp17/FGFBP-1 was purified from A431 cell-conditioned media based on its capacity to bind to FGF-1 and FGF-2. We isolated and established HBp17/FGFBP-1-knockout (KO)-A431 and KO-HO-1-N-1 cell lines using the clusters of regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) gene editing technology. The amount of FGF-2 secreted into conditioned medium decreased for A431-HBp17-KO and HO-1-N-1-HBp17-KO cells compared to their WT counterparts. Functional assessment showed that HBp17/FGFBP-1 KO inhibited cell proliferation, colony formation, and cell motility in vitro. It also inhibited tumor growth in vivo compared to controls, which confirmed the significant difference in growth in vitro between HBp17-KO cells and wild-type (WT) cells, indicating that HBp17/FGFBP-1 is a potent therapeutic target in squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) and oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC). In addition, complementary DNA/protein expression analysis followed by Gene Ontology and protein–protein interaction (PPI) analysis using the Database for Visualization and Integrated Discovery and Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins showed that both gene and protein expression related to epidermal development, cornification, and keratinization were upregulated in A431-HBp17-KO and HO-1-N-1-KO cells. This is the first discovery of a novel role of HBp17/FGFBP-1 that regulates SCC and OSCC cell differentiation.
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Agrawal S, Maity S, AlRaawi Z, Al-Ameer M, Kumar TKS. Targeting Drugs Against Fibroblast Growth Factor(s)-Induced Cell Signaling. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 22:214-240. [PMID: 33045958 DOI: 10.2174/1389450121999201012201926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family is comprised of 23 highly regulated monomeric proteins that regulate a plethora of developmental and pathophysiological processes, including tissue repair, wound healing, angiogenesis, and embryonic development. Binding of FGF to fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR), a tyrosine kinase receptor, is facilitated by a glycosaminoglycan, heparin. Activated FGFRs phosphorylate the tyrosine kinase residues that mediate induction of downstream signaling pathways, such as RAS-MAPK, PI3K-AKT, PLCγ, and STAT. Dysregulation of the FGF/FGFR signaling occurs frequently in cancer due to gene amplification, FGF activating mutations, chromosomal rearrangements, integration, and oncogenic fusions. Aberrant FGFR signaling also affects organogenesis, embryonic development, tissue homeostasis, and has been associated with cell proliferation, angiogenesis, cancer, and other pathophysiological changes. OBJECTIVE This comprehensive review will discuss the biology, chemistry, and functions of FGFs, and its current applications toward wound healing, diabetes, repair and regeneration of tissues, and fatty liver diseases. In addition, specific aberrations in FGFR signaling and drugs that target FGFR and aid in mitigating various disorders, such as cancer, are also discussed in detail. CONCLUSION Inhibitors of FGFR signaling are promising drugs in the treatment of several types of cancers. The clinical benefits of FGF/FGFR targeting therapies are impeded due to the activation of other RTK signaling mechanisms or due to the mutations that abolish the drug inhibitory activity on FGFR. Thus, the development of drugs with a different mechanism of action for FGF/FGFR targeting therapies is the recent focus of several preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpi Agrawal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States
| | - Sanhita Maity
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States
| | - Zeina AlRaawi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States
| | - Musaab Al-Ameer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States
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Transcriptome profiling of different developmental stages of corpus luteum during the estrous cycle in pigs. Genomics 2020; 113:366-379. [PMID: 33309770 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
To better understand the molecular basis of corpus luteum (CL) development and function RNA-Seq was utilized to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in porcine CL during different physiological stages of the estrous cycle viz. early (EL), mid (ML), late (LL) and regressed (R) luteal. Stage wise comparisons obtained 717 (EL vs. ML), 568 (EL vs. LL), 527 (EL vs. R), 786 (ML vs. LL), 474 (ML vs. R) and 534 (LL vs. R) DEGs with log2(FC) ≥1 and p < 0.05. The process of angiogenesis, steroidogenesis, signal transduction, translation, cell proliferation and tissue remodelling were significantly (p < 0.05) enriched in EL, ML and LL stages, where as apoptosis was most active in regressed stage. Pathway analysis revealed that most annotated genes were associated with lipid metabolism, translation, immune and endocrine system pathways depicting intra-luteal control of diverse CL function. The network analysis identified genes AR, FOS, CDKN1A, which were likely the novel hub genes regulating CL physiology.
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Nakamura T, Yoshida E, Hara T, Fujie T, Yamamoto C, Fujiwara Y, Ogata F, Kawasaki N, Takita R, Uchiyama M, Kaji T. Zn(ii)2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline stimulates cultured bovine aortic endothelial cell proliferation. RSC Adv 2020; 10:42327-42337. [PMID: 35516781 PMCID: PMC9057965 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra06731h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cells cover the luminal surface of blood vessels in a monolayer. Proliferation of these cells is crucial for the repair of damaged endothelial monolayers. In the present study, we identified a zinc complex, Zn(ii)2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (Zn-12), that stimulates the proliferation of bovine aortic endothelial cells in a culture system. No such stimulatory activity was observed for the ligand alone or in combination with other metals; however, the ligand combined with iron weakly stimulated the proliferation, as evidenced by the [3H]thymidine incorporation assay. Inorganic zinc weakly but significantly stimulated proliferation, and intracellular accumulation of zinc was similar between inorganic zinc and Zn-12 treatment, suggesting that the mechanisms by which Zn-12 stimulates vascular endothelial cell proliferation contain processes that differ from those by which inorganic zinc stimulates proliferation. Although expression of endogenous fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) and its receptor FGFR-1 was unchanged by Zn-12, both siRNA-mediated knockdown of FGF-2 and FGFR inhibition partly but significantly suppressed the stimulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation by Zn-12, indicating that the zinc complex activates the FGF-2 pathway to stimulate proliferation. Phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and MAPKs was induced by Zn-12, and PD98059, a MEK1 inhibitor, significantly suppressed the stimulatory effect of Zn-12 on vascular endothelial cell proliferation. Therefore, it is suggested that Zn-12 activates the FGF-2 pathway via activation of ERK1/2 signaling to stimulate vascular endothelial cell proliferation, although FGF-2-independent mechanisms are also involved in the stimulation. Zn-12 and related compounds may be promising molecular probes to analyze biological systems of vascular endothelial cells. Stimulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation by Zn-12 can be mediated by the ERK1/2 activation independently of the FGF-2-FGFR pathway. Additionally, there may be other pathways involved in the Zn-12 stimulation.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiro Nakamura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science 2641 Yamazaki Noda 278-8510 Japan.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University 3-4-1 Kowakae Higashi-Osaka 577-8502 Japan
| | - Eiko Yoshida
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science 2641 Yamazaki Noda 278-8510 Japan
| | - Takato Hara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University 2-2-1 Miyama Funabashi 274-8510 Japan
| | - Tomoya Fujie
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University 2-2-1 Miyama Funabashi 274-8510 Japan
| | - Chika Yamamoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University 2-2-1 Miyama Funabashi 274-8510 Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Fujiwara
- School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences 1432-1 Horinouchi Hachioji 192-0392 Japan
| | - Fumihiko Ogata
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University 3-4-1 Kowakae Higashi-Osaka 577-8502 Japan
| | - Naohito Kawasaki
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University 3-4-1 Kowakae Higashi-Osaka 577-8502 Japan
| | - Ryo Takita
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku 113-0033 Japan
| | - Masanobu Uchiyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku 113-0033 Japan.,Advanced Elements Chemistry Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Elements Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa Wako 351-0198 Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kaji
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science 2641 Yamazaki Noda 278-8510 Japan
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Edamura K, Takahashi Y, Fujii A, Masuhiro Y, Narita T, Seki M, Asano K. Recombinant canine basic fibroblast growth factor-induced differentiation of canine bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells into voltage- and glutamate-responsive neuron-like cells. Regen Ther 2020; 15:121-128. [PMID: 33426210 PMCID: PMC7770349 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2020.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is a promising cytokine in regenerative therapy for spinal cord injury. In this study, recombinant canine bFGF (rc-bFGF) was synthesized for clinical use in dogs, and the ability of rc-bFGF to differentiate canine bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) into functional neurons was investigated. Methods The rc-bFGF was synthesized using a wheat germ cell-free protein synthesis system. The expression of rc-bFGF mRNA in the purification process was confirmed using a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Western blotting was performed to confirm the antigenic property of the purified protein. To verify function of the purified protein, phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) was examined by in vitro assay using HEK293 cells. To compare the neuronal differentiation capacity of canine BMSCs in response to treatment with rc-bFGF, the cells were divided into the following four groups: control, undifferentiated, rh-bFGF, and rc-bFGF groups. After neuronal induction, the percentage of cells that had changed to a neuron-like morphology and the mRNA expression of neuronal markers were evaluated. Furthermore, to assess the function of the canine BMSCs after neuronal induction, changes in the intracellular Ca2+ concentrations after stimulation with KCl and l-glutamate were examined. Results The protein synthesized in this study was rc-bFGF and functioned as bFGF, from the results of RT-PCR, western blotting, and the expression of pERK in HEK293 cells. Canine BMSCs acquired a neuron-like morphology and expressed mRNAs of neuronal markers after neuronal induction in the rh-bFGF and the rc-bFGF groups. These results were more marked in the rc-bFGF group than in the other groups. Furthermore, an increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentrations was observed after the stimulation of KCl and l-glutamate in the rc-bFGF group, same as in the rh-bFGF group. Conclusions A functional rc-bFGF was successfully synthesized, and rc-bFGF induced the differentiation of canine BMSCs into voltage- and glutamate-responsive neuron-like cells. Our purified rc-bFGF may contribute, on its own, or in combination with canine BMSCs, to regenerative therapy for spinal cord injury in dogs. Functional rc-bFGF was successfully synthesized. rc-bFGF induced the differentiation of canine BMSCs into neuron-like cells. rc-bFGF may aid in regenerative therapy of spinal cord injury in dogs.
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Key Words
- BMSCs, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells
- Basic fibroblast growth factor
- Bone marrow
- Differentiation
- Dog
- EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
- ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- FBS, fatal bovine serum
- FGFR, basic fibroblast growth factor receptor
- GUSB, β-glucuronidase
- HEK293, human embryonic kidney cells 293
- HRP, horseradish peroxidase
- Mesenchymal stem cell
- Neuron
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
- RT-PCR, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction
- bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor
- cDNA, complementary DNA
- mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid
- pERK, phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- αMEM, alpha modified eagle minimum essential medium
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Edamura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource and Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Yusuke Takahashi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource and Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Airi Fujii
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource and Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Masuhiro
- Department of Applied Biological Science, College of Bioresource and Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Takanori Narita
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource and Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Mamiko Seki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource and Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Kazushi Asano
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource and Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
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Kolodziejski PA, Sassek M, Bien J, Leciejewska N, Szczepankiewicz D, Szczepaniak B, Wojciechowska M, Nogowski L, Nowak KW, Strowski MZ, Pruszynska-Oszmalek E. FGF-1 modulates pancreatic β-cell functions/metabolism: An in vitro study. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 294:113498. [PMID: 32360543 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF-1), also known as acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF), is a growth factor and signaling protein encoded by the Fgf1 gene. Previous studies have shown that FGF-1 may also participate in the regulation of glucose metabolism, both in healthy organisms and in pathological conditions such as diabetes. Because insulin the main regulator of glucose metabolism is secreted from pancreatic beta cells, we investigated whether FGF-1 directly affects the secretion of this hormone and regulates the metabolism of beta cells and isolated pancreatic islets. By using insulin-producing INS-1E cells and isolated pancreatic islets, we investigated the effect of FGF-1 on cell proliferation, viability, apoptosis, and insulin expression and secretion. Our study showed that FGF1 and fibroblast growth factor receptors (FgfRs: FgfR1, FgfR2, FgfR3, and FgfR4) are present on mRNA level in INS-1E cells and isolated rat pancreatic islets. We also proved that FGF1 stimulates the proliferation of INS-1E beta cells and enhances the viability of these cells and that of isolated pancreatic islet cells, and that ERK1/2 kinase is involved in the regulation of INS-1E cell proliferation. Moreover, we found that FGF1 can stimulate insulin secretion from both INS-1E cells and isolated rat pancreatic islets. Thus, the FGF1 peptide increases cell survival and decreases cell death. The obtained results indicate that FGF1 may play a role in controlling the physiology and metabolism of pancreatic beta cells as well as glycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel A Kolodziejski
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska Street 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - Maciej Sassek
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska Street 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Jakub Bien
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska Street 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - Natalia Leciejewska
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska Street 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - Dawid Szczepankiewicz
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska Street 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - Beata Szczepaniak
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska Street 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Leszek Nogowski
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska Street 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - Krzysztof W Nowak
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska Street 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - Mathias Z Strowski
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine - Gastroenterology, Park-Klinik Weissensee, 13086 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ewa Pruszynska-Oszmalek
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska Street 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
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Benington L, Rajan G, Locher C, Lim LY. Fibroblast Growth Factor 2-A Review of Stabilisation Approaches for Clinical Applications. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E508. [PMID: 32498439 PMCID: PMC7356611 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12060508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 has been shown to regulate many cellular functions including cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation, as well as angiogenesis in a variety of tissues, including skin, blood vessel, muscle, adipose, tendon/ligament, cartilage, bone, tooth, and nerve. These multiple functions make FGF-2 an attractive component for wound healing and tissue engineering constructs; however, the stability of FGF-2 is widely accepted to be a major concern for the development of useful medicinal products. Many approaches have been reported in the literature for preserving the biological activity of FGF-2 in aqueous solutions. Most of these efforts were directed at sustaining FGF-2 activity for cell culture research, with a smaller number of studies seeking to develop sustained release formulations of FGF-2 for tissue engineering applications. The stabilisation approaches may be classified into the broad classes of ionic interaction modification with excipients, chemical modification, and physical adsorption and encapsulation with carrier materials. This review discusses the underlying causes of FGF-2 instability and provides an overview of the approaches reported in the literature for stabilising FGF-2 that may be relevant for clinical applications. Although efforts have been made to stabilise FGF-2 for both in vitro and in vivo applications with varying degrees of success, the lack of comprehensive published stability data for the final FGF-2 products represents a substantial gap in the current knowledge, which has to be addressed before viable products for wider tissue engineering applications can be developed to meet regulatory authorisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Benington
- Division of Pharmacy, School of Allied Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Australia; (L.B.); (C.L.)
| | - Gunesh Rajan
- Division of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Australia;
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Luzerner Kantonsspital, 6000 Luzern, Switzerland
| | - Cornelia Locher
- Division of Pharmacy, School of Allied Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Australia; (L.B.); (C.L.)
| | - Lee Yong Lim
- Division of Pharmacy, School of Allied Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Australia; (L.B.); (C.L.)
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12
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Shakya A, Imado E, Nguyen PK, Matsuyama T, Horimoto K, Hirata I, Kato K. Oriented immobilization of basic fibroblast growth factor: Bioengineered surface design for the expansion of human mesenchymal stromal cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8762. [PMID: 32472000 PMCID: PMC7260242 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65572-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
E. coli expressed recombinant basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) with histidine-tag (bFGF-His) was immobilized onto the surface of a glass plate modified with a Ni(II)-chelated alkanethiol monolayer. The immobilization is expected to take place through the coordination between Ni(II) and His-tag. The bFGF-immobilized surface was exposed to citrate buffer solution to refold in situ the surface-immobilized bFGF. The secondary structure of immobilized bFGF-His was analyzed by solid-phase circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. Immortalized human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) were cultured on the bFGF-His-immobilized surface to examine their proliferation. CD spectroscopy revealed that the immobilized bFGF initially exhibited secondary structure rich in α-helix and that the spectrum was gradually transformed to exhibit the formation of β-strands upon exposure to citrate buffer solution, approaching to the spectrum of native bFGF. The rate of hMSC proliferation was 1.2-fold higher on the bFGF-immobilized surface treated with in situ citrate buffer, compared to the polystyrene surface. The immobilized bFGF-His treated in situ with citrate buffer solution seemed to be biologically active because its secondary structure approached its native state. This was well demonstrated by the cell culture experiments. From these results we conclude that immobilization of bFGF on the culture substrate serves to enhance proliferation of hMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Shakya
- Department of Biomaterials, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Eiji Imado
- Department of Biomaterials, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Phuong Kim Nguyen
- Department of Biomaterials, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Faculty of Odonto-Stomatology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Tamamo Matsuyama
- Department of Biomaterials, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kotaro Horimoto
- Department of Biomaterials, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Isao Hirata
- Department of Biomaterials, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Koichi Kato
- Department of Biomaterials, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
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13
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Comparative study on seasonal hair follicle cycling by analysis of the transcriptomes from cashmere and milk goats. Genomics 2019; 112:332-345. [PMID: 30779940 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2019.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Guard hair and cashmere undercoat are developed from primary and secondary hair follicle, respectively. Little is known about the gene expression differences between primary and secondary hair follicle cycling. In this study, we obtained RNA-seq data from cashmere and milk goats grown at four different seasons. We studied the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) during the yearly hair follicle cycling, and between cashmere and milk goats. WNT, NOTCH, MAPK, BMP, TGFβ and Hedgehog signaling pathways were involved in hair follicle cycling in both cashmere and milk goat. However, Milk goat DEGs between different months were significantly more than cashmere goat DEGs, with the largest difference being identified in December. Some expression dynamics were confirmed by quantitative PCR and western blot, and immunohistochemistry. This study offers new information sources related to hair follicle cycling in milk and cashmere goats, which could be applicable to improve the wool production and quality.
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14
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Motozawa K, Motoyoshi M, Saiki A, Sasaki H, Shimizu N, Asano M. Functional comparison of high and low molecular weight basic fibroblast growth factors. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:7818-7826. [PMID: 29923210 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Acid-electrolyzed functional water (FW) is obtained through the electrolysis of sodium chloride solution. Stimulation of the human fibroblastic cell line HeLa by FW led to the augmented secretion of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). Immunoprecipitation followed by Western blot analysis revealed that both high and low molecular weight isoforms of bFGF were secreted in response to FW treatment. To explore intracellular bFGF localization, a cell fractionation assay was performed. Despite the presence of nuclear localization signals within the N-terminal portion of these proteins, the high molecular weight isoforms (34, 24, 22.5, and 21 kDa) were localized in the cytoplasm. FW stimulation drastically reduced the amount of intracytoplasmically localized isoforms, and the 34-kDa isoform was found to localize in a DNase-sensitive fraction, suggesting a weak nuclear attachment. By contrast, the 24-kDa isoform remained in the nucleus even after FW stimulation. Functional differences between the 34- and 18-kDa isoforms were examined further. Chinese hamster ovary cells were transfected with expression plasmids for each isoform. By treating each transfectant with FW, both isoforms were secreted successfully into the culture supernatants. Stimulation of HeLa cells with these supernatants resulted in the augmented secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). To further confirm the functionality of these isoforms, an in vitro transcription/translation reaction was performed; both of the isoforms induced VEGF secretion from HeLa cells. Taken together, these results indicate that the high molecular weight 34-kDa isoform and low molecular weight 18-kDa mature bFGF isoform have identical roles in VEGF induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Motozawa
- Oral Structural and Functional Biology, Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Orthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Motoyoshi
- Department of Orthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Clinical Research, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akari Saiki
- Department of Orthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideto Sasaki
- Department of Pathology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriyoshi Shimizu
- Department of Orthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Clinical Research, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masatake Asano
- Department of Pathology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Immunology and Pathobiology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Coffin JD, Homer-Bouthiette C, Hurley MM. Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 and Its Receptors in Bone Biology and Disease. J Endocr Soc 2018; 2:657-671. [PMID: 29942929 PMCID: PMC6009610 DOI: 10.1210/js.2018-00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) regulatory axis is phylogenetically ancient, evolving into a large mammalian/human gene family of 22 ligands that bind to four receptor tyrosine kinases for a complex physiologic system controlling cell growth, differentiation, and metabolism. The tissue targets for the primary FGF function are mainly in cartilage and in bone for morphogenesis, mineralization, and metabolism. A multitude of complexities in the FGF ligand-receptor signaling pathways have made translation into therapies for FGF-related bone disorders such as osteomalacia, osteoarthritis, and osteoporosis difficult but not impossible.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marja Marie Hurley
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, UCONN Health, Farmington, Connecticut
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16
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Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Adipose Tissue in Clinical Applications for Dermatological Indications and Skin Aging. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18010208. [PMID: 28117680 PMCID: PMC5297838 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Operating at multiple levels of control, mesenchymal stem cells from adipose tissue (ADSCs) communicate with organ systems to adjust immune response, provide signals for differentiation, migration, enzymatic reactions, and to equilibrate the regenerative demands of balanced tissue homeostasis. The identification of the mechanisms by which ADSCs accomplish these functions for dermatological rejuvenation and wound healing has great potential to identify novel targets for the treatment of disorders and combat aging. Herein, we review new insights into the role of adipose-derived stem cells in the maintenance of dermal and epidermal homeostasis, and recent advances in clinical applications of ADSCs related to dermatology.
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17
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Reidy MA, Jackson C, Lindner V. Neointimal Proliferation: Control of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Growth. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1358863x9200300206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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18
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Kim ES, Elbeltagy AR, Aboul-Naga AM, Rischkowsky B, Sayre B, Mwacharo JM, Rothschild MF. Multiple genomic signatures of selection in goats and sheep indigenous to a hot arid environment. Heredity (Edinb) 2016; 116:255-64. [PMID: 26555032 PMCID: PMC4806575 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2015.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Goats and sheep are versatile domesticates that have been integrated into diverse environments and production systems. Natural and artificial selection have shaped the variation in the two species, but natural selection has played the major role among indigenous flocks. To investigate signals of natural selection, we analyzed genotype data generated using the caprine and ovine 50K SNP BeadChips from Barki goats and sheep that are indigenous to a hot arid environment in Egypt's Coastal Zone of the Western Desert. We identify several candidate regions under selection that spanned 119 genes. A majority of the genes were involved in multiple signaling and signal transduction pathways in a wide variety of cellular and biochemical processes. In particular, selection signatures spanning several genes that directly or indirectly influenced traits for adaptation to hot arid environments, such as thermo-tolerance (melanogenesis) (FGF2, GNAI3, PLCB1), body size and development (BMP2, BMP4, GJA3, GJB2), energy and digestive metabolism (MYH, TRHDE, ALDH1A3), and nervous and autoimmune response (GRIA1, IL2, IL7, IL21, IL1R1) were identified. We also identified eight common candidate genes under selection in the two species and a shared selection signature that spanned a conserved syntenic segment to bovine chromosome 12 on caprine and ovine chromosomes 12 and 10, respectively, providing, most likely, the evidence for selection in a common environment in two different but closely related species. Our study highlights the importance of indigenous livestock as model organisms for investigating selection sweeps and genome-wide association mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- E-S Kim
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - A R Elbeltagy
- Animal Production Research Institute (APRI), Agriculture Research Centre (ARC), Ministry of Agriculture, Cairo, Egypt
| | - A M Aboul-Naga
- Animal Production Research Institute (APRI), Agriculture Research Centre (ARC), Ministry of Agriculture, Cairo, Egypt
| | - B Rischkowsky
- Small Ruminant Genetics and Genomics Group, International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - B Sayre
- Department of Biology, Virginia State University, Petersburg, VA, USA
| | - J M Mwacharo
- Small Ruminant Genetics and Genomics Group, International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - M F Rothschild
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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19
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High-efficiency expression of TAT-bFGF fusion protein in Escherichia coli and the effect on hypertrophic scar tissue. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117448. [PMID: 25706539 PMCID: PMC4338132 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is a member of the fibroblast growth factor family that has effects on wounding healing and neuro-protection. However, it is difficult to use bFGF to treat diseases that are separated by physiological barriers, such as the dermal barrier and blood brain barrier. Methodology/Principal Findings To improve bFGF’s penetration ability, we fused the recombinant human fibroblast growth factor (rhbFGF) gene with TAT. We constructed a pET3c vector that contained the recombinant bFGF gene and successfully expressed this gene in the E. coli strain BL21 (DE3) pLsS. The fusion protein was purified using CM Sepharose FF and heparin affinity chromatography. The purity of the TAT-rhbFGF was greater than 95%, as detected by SDS-PAGE. An in vitro MTT trial revealed that the modified bFGF significantly promoted the proliferation of NIH3T3 cells. The cell penetration trial and the mouse skin penetration trial demonstrated that the fusion protein had certain penetration abilities. The animal experiments confirmed that TAT-rhbFGF was effective in the treatment of the hypertrophic scars. Conclusions/Significance We have successfully expressed and purified a TAT-rhbFGF fusion protein in this study. Our results have shown that the fusion protein had a greater ability to penetrate the dermal skin layer. TAT-rhbFGF improved the physical appearance of hypertrophic scars. TAT-rhbFGF may be a potential fusion protein in the treatment of dermal disorders, including hypertrophic scar.
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20
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Qian J, Jiayuan W, Wenkai J, Peina W, Ansheng Z, Shukai S, Shafei Z, Jun L, Longxing N. Basic fibroblastic growth factor affects the osteogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells in a treatment-dependent manner. Int Endod J 2014; 48:690-700. [PMID: 25112839 DOI: 10.1111/iej.12368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AIM To determine how basic fibroblastic growth factor (bFGF) affected the osteogenic differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) in vitro and in vivo. METHODOLOGY Basic fibroblastic growth factor stimulation of DPSCs was divided into a pre-treatment period and an osteogenic differentiation period. Alizarin red quantification experiments and alkaline phosphatase activity quantification assay were performed to examine the osteogenic differentiation of DPSCs after different bFGF stimulation. Quantification reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to analyze the osteogenic gene expression of DPSCs after different bFGF stimulation. In addition, DPSCs that received the 1 and 2 weeks bFGF pre-treatments as in the in vitro experiments were mineralized for 1 week and seeded into hydroxyapatite/tricalcium phosphate (HA/TCP) pills and subcutaneously transplanted into naked mice for 2 or 3 months. The transplants were removed, sliced and stained using Modified Ponceau Trichrome Stain to observe the formation of mineralized tissue. RESULTS Basic fibroblastic growth factor stimulation in the osteogenic differentiation period decreased the in vitro osteogenic differentiation ability of DPSCs. One week pre-treatment with bFGF increased the in vitro osteogenic differentiation ability of DPSCs, whereas 2 weeks pre-treatment with bFGF decreased the in vitro osteogenic differentiation ability of DPSCs. The pre-treatment period was vital for the osteogenic differentiation of DPSCs in vitro. The in vivo results were similar to the in vitro results. CONCLUSIONS Basic fibroblastic growth factor affected the osteogenic differentiation of DPSCs in a treatment-dependent manner both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry & Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - W Jiayuan
- Hospital of Stomatology, The Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - J Wenkai
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry & Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - W Peina
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry & Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Z Ansheng
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry & Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - S Shukai
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry & Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Z Shafei
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry & Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - L Jun
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - N Longxing
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry & Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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21
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Haley EM, Kim Y. The role of basic fibroblast growth factor in glioblastoma multiforme and glioblastoma stem cells and in their in vitro culture. Cancer Lett 2014; 346:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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22
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Sabbieti MG, Agas D, Marchetti L, Coffin JD, Xiao L, Hurley MM. BMP-2 differentially modulates FGF-2 isoform effects in osteoblasts from newborn transgenic mice. Endocrinology 2013; 154:2723-33. [PMID: 23715864 PMCID: PMC3713219 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We previously generated separate lines of transgenic mice that specifically overexpress either the Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 low-molecular-mass isoform (Tg(LMW)) or the high-mass isoforms (Tg(HMW)) in the osteoblast lineage. Vector/control (Tg(Vector)) mice were also made. Here we report the use of isolated calvarial osteoblasts (COBs) from those mice to investigate whether the FGF-2 protein isoforms differentially modulate bone formation in vitro. Our hypothesis states that FGF-2 isoforms specifically modulate bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) function and subsequently bone differentiation genes and their related signaling pathways. We found a significant increase in alkaline phosphatase-positive colonies in Tg(LMW) COBs compared with Tg(Vector) controls. BMP-2 treatment significantly increased mineralized colonies in Tg(Vector) and Tg(LMW) COBs. BMP-2 caused a further significant increase in mineralized colonies in Tg(LMW) COBs compared with Tg(Vector) COBs but did not increase alkaline phosphatase-positive colonies in Tg(HMW) COBs. Time-course studies showed that BMP-2 caused a sustained increase in phosphorylated mothers against decapentaplegic-1/5/8 (Smad/1/5/8), runt-related transcription factor-2 (Runx-2), and osterix protein in Tg(LMW) COBs. BMP-2 caused a sustained increase in phospho-p38 MAPK in Tg(Vector) but only a transient increase in Tg(LMW) and Tg(HMW) COBs. BMP-2 caused a transient increase in phospho-p44/42 MAPK in Tg(Vector) COBs and no increase in Tg(LMW) COBs, but a sustained increase was found in Tg(HMW) COBs. Basal expression of FGF receptor 1 protein was significantly increased in Tg(LMW) COBs relative to Tg(Vector) COBs, and although BMP-2 caused a transient increase in FGF receptor 1 expression in Tg(Vector) COBs and Tg(HMW) COBs, there was no further increase Tg(LMW) COBs. Interestingly, although basal expression of FGF receptor 2 was similar in COBs from all genotypes, BMP-2 treatment caused a sustained increase in Tg(LMW) COBs but decreased FGF receptor 2 in Tg(Vector) COBs and Tg(HMW) COBs.
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MESH Headings
- Alkaline Phosphatase/metabolism
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Blotting, Western
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2/pharmacology
- Cells, Cultured
- Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit/metabolism
- Female
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/genetics
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/metabolism
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Osteoblasts/cytology
- Osteoblasts/drug effects
- Osteoblasts/metabolism
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Protein Isoforms/genetics
- Protein Isoforms/metabolism
- RNA Interference
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/metabolism
- Skull/cytology
- Smad Proteins/metabolism
- Sp7 Transcription Factor
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
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23
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Hosseinkhani H, Hong PD, Yu DS. Self-assembled proteins and peptides for regenerative medicine. Chem Rev 2013; 113:4837-61. [PMID: 23547530 DOI: 10.1021/cr300131h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Hosseinkhani
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology (Taiwan Tech), Taipei 10607, Taiwan.
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24
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Tığlı RS, Akman AC, Gümüşderelıoğlu M, Nohutçu RM. In Vitro Release of Dexamethasone or bFGF from Chitosan/Hydroxyapatite Scaffolds. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2012; 20:1899-914. [DOI: 10.1163/156856208x399945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Seda Tığlı
- a Hacettepe University, Chemical Engineering Department, 06800 Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Abdullah C. Akman
- b Hacettepe University, Faculty of Dentistry, Periodontology Department, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Rahime M. Nohutçu
- d Hacettepe University, Faculty of Dentistry, Periodontology Department, Ankara, Turkey
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25
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Correlation between plasma and synovial fluid basic fibroblast growth factor with radiographic severity in primary knee osteoarthritis. INTERNATIONAL ORTHOPAEDICS 2011; 36:981-5. [PMID: 22173563 DOI: 10.1007/s00264-011-1435-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate plasma and synovial fluid basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) levels in patients with primary knee osteoarthritis (OA) and to evaluate the correlation between bFGF levels and disease severity. METHODS Thirty-five patients with knee OA and 15 healthy individuals were recruited into this study. Knee OA grading was performed according to the Kellgren-Lawrence classification. bFGF concentrations in both plasma and synovial fluid were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Plasma and synovial fluid bFGF levels in knee OA patients were significantly higher than in controls (P < 0.001). Moreover, plasma and synovial fluid bFGF concentrations were positively correlated with radiographic severity (r = 0.535, P < 0.001 and r = 0.570, P < 0.001, respectively). Further analysis revealed that there was a positive correlation between plasma and synovial fluid bFGF levels (r = 0.674, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Plasma and synovial fluid bFGF levels were significantly increased in OA patients, and these elevated levels were positively correlated with radiographic severity. These findings indicate that bFGF levels may be a monitor of disease severity and could play an essential part in the pathophysiology of degenerative process in OA.
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26
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Lieu C, Heymach J, Overman M, Tran H, Kopetz S. Beyond VEGF: inhibition of the fibroblast growth factor pathway and antiangiogenesis. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:6130-9. [PMID: 21953501 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-0659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling regulates cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, angiogenesis, and wound healing. Compelling evidence for deregulated FGF signaling in tumorigenesis continues to emerge, and a growing body of research suggests that FGF may also play an integral role in the resistance to anti-VEGF therapy. Although agents targeting FGF signaling are early in development, the potential to target both the VEGF and FGF pathways may translate into improvements in the clinical care of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Lieu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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27
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Abstract
Patients struggling with diabetes are at elevated risks for several sight-threatening diseases, including proliferative diabetic retinopathy (DR). DR manifests in two stages: first, the retinal microvasculature is compromised and capillary degeneration occurs; subsequently, an over-compensatory angiogenic response is initiated. Early changes in the retinal microcirculation include disruptions in blood flow, thickening of basement membrane, eventual loss of mural cells, and the genesis of acellular capillaries. Endothelial apoptosis and capillary dropout lead to a hypoxic inner retina, alterations in growth factors, and upregulation of inflammatory mediators. With disease progression, pathologic angiogenesis generates abnormal preretinal microvessels. Current therapies, which include panretinal photocoagulation and vitrectomy, have remained unaltered for several decades. With several exciting preclinical advances, emergent technologies and innovative cellular targets may offer newfound hope for developing "next-generation" interventional or preventive clinical approaches that will significantly advance current standards of care and clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer T Durham
- Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Program in Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Department of Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology and the Center for Innovation in Wound Healing Research, Tufts University, 150 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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Murakami S. Periodontal tissue regeneration by signaling molecule(s): what role does basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) have in periodontal therapy? Periodontol 2000 2011; 56:188-208. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2010.00365.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Kwan MD, Sellmyer MA, Quarto N, Ho AM, Wandless TJ, Longaker MT. Chemical control of FGF-2 release for promoting calvarial healing with adipose stem cells. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:11307-13. [PMID: 21262969 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.180042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemical control of protein secretion using a small molecule approach provides a powerful tool to optimize tissue engineering strategies by regulating the spatial and temporal dimensions that are exposed to a specific protein. We placed fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) under conditional control of a small molecule and demonstrated greater than 50-fold regulation of FGF-2 release as well as tunability, reversibility, and functionality in vitro. We then applied conditional control of FGF-2 secretion to a cell-based, skeletal tissue engineering construct consisting of adipose stem cells (ASCs) on a biomimetic scaffold to promote bone formation in a murine critical-sized calvarial defect model. ASCs are an easily harvested and abundant source of postnatal multipotent cells and have previously been demonstrated to regenerate bone in critical-sized defects. These results suggest that chemically controlled FGF-2 secretion can significantly increase bone formation by ASCs in vivo. This study represents a novel approach toward refining protein delivery for tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Kwan
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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Riem Vis PW, Bouten CVC, Sluijter JPG, Pasterkamp G, van Herwerden LA, Kluin J. Platelet-lysate as an autologous alternative for fetal bovine serum in cardiovascular tissue engineering. Tissue Eng Part A 2010; 16:1317-27. [PMID: 19908968 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2009.0331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an ongoing search for alternative tissue culture sera to engineer autologous tissues, since use of fetal bovine serum (FBS) is limited under Good Tissue Practice guidelines. We compared FBS with human platelet-lysate (PL) in media for in vitro cell culture. A threefold increase in duplication rate was found when human, saphenous vein-derived myofibroblasts were cultured in PL, whereas expression of marker proteins (alpha-smooth muscle actin, vimentin, desmin, and nonmuscle myosin heavy chain) was similar. Heat shock protein 47 mRNA expression was increased in PL cells, and type III collagen fibers were seen on PL-cell monolayers but not on cells cultured in FBS. These results imply a more efficient collagen fiber production. We also found higher levels of proteins involved in tissue repair and collagen remodeling, which could explain increased production of proteases and protease inhibitors by PL cells. Our findings indicate that PL is beneficial due to the increased duplication rate, in addition to the increased matrix production and remodeling. This could lead to production of strong tissue with properly organized collagen fibers, which is important for heart valve tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Riem Vis
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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31
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Zechel S, Werner S, Unsicker K, von Bohlen und Halbach O. Expression and Functions of Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 (FGF-2) in Hippocampal Formation. Neuroscientist 2010; 16:357-73. [DOI: 10.1177/1073858410371513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Among the 23 members of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family, FGF-2 is the most abundant one in the central nervous system. Its impact on neural cells has been profoundly investigated by in vitro and in vivo studies as well as by gene knockout analyses during the past 2 decades. Key functions of FGF-2 in the nervous system include roles in neurogenesis, promotion of axonal growth, differentiation in development, and maintenance and plasticity in adulthood. From a clinical perspective, its prominent role for the maintenance of lesioned neurons (e.g., ischemia and following transection of fiber tracts) is of particular relevance. In the unlesioned brain, FGF-2 is involved in synaptic plasticity and processes attributed to learning and memory. The focus of this review is on the expression of FGF-2 and its receptors in the hippocampal formation and the physiological and pathophysiological roles of FGF-2 in this region during development and adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Zechel
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sandra Werner
- Department of Molecular Embryology, Institute of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Unsicker
- Department of Molecular Embryology, Institute of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Kang S, Li SZ, Wang N, Zhou RM, Wang T, Wang DJ, Li XF, Bui J, Li Y. Association between genetic polymorphisms in fibroblast growth factor (FGF)1 and FGF2 and risk of endometriosis and adenomyosis in Chinese women. Hum Reprod 2010; 25:1806-11. [PMID: 20504870 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deq128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiogenesis appears to be an important event in the pathophysiology of endometriosis (EM) and adenomyosis. Two angiogenic factors, fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 1 and 2, play a central role in the initiation of angiogenesis. We investigated whether FGF1 -1385A/G and FGF2 754C/G polymorphisms are associated with a risk of developing EM and adenomyosis. METHODS Genotypes were analyzed by the PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism method in two groups of women, of Han ethnicity in north China, aged 16-55 years: (1) 421 EM patients and 421 controls; (2) 269 adenomyosis patients and 269 controls. RESULTS There was no difference in genotype distribution of the FGF1 -1385A/G polymorphism between adenomyosis cases and controls (P > 0.05), but the frequency of the A allele in EM patients was lower than that in controls (P = 0.013). Genotype and allele frequencies of the FGF2 754C/C polymorphism were significantly different in both EM and adenomyosis cases versus control groups. Compared with C/C homozygotes, the G allele (C/G + G/G) was associated with a decreased susceptibility to developing EM [odds ratio (OR) = 0.575, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.387-0.854] and adenomyosis (OR = 0.577, 95% CI = 0.367-0.906). Combined genotype analysis of both polymorphisms also showed differences between cases versus controls (all P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Our study shows for the first time that the FGF2 754C/G polymorphism may be associated with a risk of developing EM and adenomyosis in north Chinese women. Carriers of the G allele in the FGF2 gene appear to be protected from these gynecological diseases. Further studies in other populations, and of other candidate genes, are now warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Kang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hebei Cancer Institute, Hebei Medical University, Fourth Hospital, Jiankanglu 12, Shijiazhuang 050011, China
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Mitropoulos D, Kyroudi-Voulgari A, Stratigea F, Perea D, Boudoulas H, Karayannacos P. Beta-adrenergic receptor blockade and prostate peptide growth factor expression in the rat. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2010. [DOI: 10.3109/08923970903164326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Muneuchi G, Suzuki S, Igawa HH. Aluminum foil treatment combined with basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) for gangrene of the fingertip caused by collagen disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 39:312-4. [PMID: 16320409 DOI: 10.1080/0284431051006367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Although basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is used for the treatment of various intractable ulcers, there have been no reports of using it for gangrene of the fingertips caused by collagen diseases. We successfully treated gangrene as a result of malignant rheumatoid arthritis with aluminum foil combined with bFGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gan Muneuchi
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan.
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Ohkubo T, Inagaki S, Min JZ, Kamiya D, Toyo'oka T. Rapid determination of oxidized methionine residues in recombinant human basic fibroblast growth factor by ultra-performance liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry with in-source collision-induced dissociation. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2009; 23:2053-2060. [PMID: 19504477 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The primary structure of the deteriorated recombinant human basic fibroblast growth factor (rhbFGF) was determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/ESI-QTOF-MS) with in-source collision-induced dissociation (CID). The rhbFGFs before and after treatment with hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) were separated using an ACQUITY UPLC BEH300 C18 column (1.7 microm, 150 mm x 2.1 mm i.d.) with a gradient elution of a mixture of water/acetonitrile containing 0.1% formic acid. The separated proteins were then detected by a SYNAPT High Definition Mass Spectrometry system (SYNAPT-MS). Two methionine (Met) residues in the rhbFGF structure were oxidized to Met-sulfoxide (Met-O) in 0.03% H(2)O(2) at pH 2.0. As the result, three peaks, except for the peak of rhbFGF, appeared on the chromatogram. The three proteins corresponding to each peak were estimated as the denatured rhbFGFs including the Met-O residue(s) with TOF-MS. Furthermore, the position of the Met-O residue(s) was efficiently identified by UPLC/ESI-QTOF-MS using the in-source CID technique. The proposed method seems to be very useful for the structural elucidation of proteins, because the oxidized Met residues in rhbFGF were easily and rapidly identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Ohkubo
- Laboratory of Analytical and Bio-Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Global COE Program, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
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Gasparian ME, Elistratov PA, Drize NI, Nifontova IN, Dolgikh DA, Kirpichnikov MP. Overexpression in Escherichia coli and purification of human fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2). BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2009; 74:221-5. [DOI: 10.1134/s000629790902014x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Takemoto S, Morimoto N, Kimura Y, Taira T, Kitagawa T, Tomihata K, Tabata Y, Suzuki S. Preparation of collagen/gelatin sponge scaffold for sustained release of bFGF. Tissue Eng Part A 2009; 14:1629-38. [PMID: 18578593 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2007.0215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Artificial dermis (AD) has been used to regenerate dermis-like tissues in the treatment of full-thickness skin defects, but it takes 2 or 3 weeks to complete dermal regeneration. Our previous study demonstrated that injection of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)-impregnated gelatin microspheres (MS) into the AD accelerates the regeneration of dermis-like tissue. However, injection of gelatin MS before clinical use is complicated and time consuming. This study investigated a new scaffold, in which collagen and gelatin are integrated, and which is capable of sustained bFGF release. We produced collagen/gelatin sponges with a gelatin concentration of 0wt%, 10wt%, 30wt%, and 50wt%. The mean pore size in each sponge decreased with the gelatin concentration. In an in vitro study, proliferation of fibroblasts in each sponge was not significantly different over 7 days of culture. As for in vivo sustained release of bFGF, a radioisotope study demonstrated that retention of bFGF in gelatin 10wt% and 30wt% sponges was significantly larger than that in gelatin 0wt% sponge. The collagen/gelatin sponges were grafted on full-thickness skin defects created on a rabbit ear, and we evaluated regeneration of dermis-like tissue by measuring the amount of hemoglobin and size of dermis-like tissue on histological sections. Seven days after implantation, the amount of hemoglobin in dermis-like tissue in gelatin 10wt% sponge was significantly larger than those in control and gelatin 50wt% sponge. Twenty-eight days after implantation, the area of dermis-like tissue in gelatin 10wt% sponge was significantly larger than those in the other specimens. We conclude that the collagen sponge integrated with 10wt% gelatin has the most potential for sustained release of bFGF and that the combination of collagen/gelatin 10wt% sponge and bFGF is a promising therapeutic modality for the treatment of full-thickness skin defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Takemoto
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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Asada M, Shinomiya M, Suzuki M, Honda E, Sugimoto R, Ikekita M, Imamura T. Glycosaminoglycan affinity of the complete fibroblast growth factor family. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2009; 1790:40-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2008.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2008] [Revised: 09/01/2008] [Accepted: 09/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Sang Cho-Chung Y. Overview: Oncologic, Endocrine & Metabolic Antisense oligonucleotides for the treatment of cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.3.12.1737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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40
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Beranek M, Kolar P, Tschoplova S, Kankova K, Vasku A. Genetic variation and plasma level of the basic fibroblast growth factor in proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2008; 79:362-7. [PMID: 17997184 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2007.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2007] [Accepted: 09/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is considered to be one of the candidate genes in the processes of tumour growth and angiogenesis. The aim of the present investigation was to find possible association of new polymorphisms in bFGF with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and determine the plasma level in PDR. Allele, genotype and haplotype frequencies were determined in the association study comprising three groups of Caucasian subjects (n=488) (diabetics with/ PDR/ and without retinopathy/ non-PDR/ and non-diabetics/ non-DM/) in order to identify genetic marker for PDR. The plasma level of the bFGF protein was analysed by ELISA method. Significantly higher frequencies of 754C allele of the new 754C/G polymorphisms was found between PDR and non-DM group (p=0.05, OR=1.38). The comparison of plasma level of the bFGF showed statistically significant difference among studied groups (p=0.001). The bFGF plasma level in PDR group was significantly higher than in the groups of non-PDR and non-DM (p=0.017, p=0.001, respectively) and was significantly higher for CC and GC genotypes of 754C/G polymorphism in PDR group (p=0.006). Increased plasma level of the bFGF confirmed the importance of this candidate gene in the formation of PDR. However, the regulatory mechanisms of the bFGF level need further examinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Beranek
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Masaryk University Brno, Czech Republic.
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42
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Hill-Kapturczak N, Jarmi T, Agarwal A. Growth factors and heme oxygenase-1: perspectives in physiology and pathophysiology. Antioxid Redox Signal 2007; 9:2197-207. [PMID: 17979525 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2007.1798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Growth factors are mediators of both normal homeostasis and pathophysiology through their effects on various cellular processes. Similarly, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) has a role in maintaining physiologic equilibrium, by which it can either alleviate or exacerbate disease, depending on several considerations, including amount, timing, and location of expression, as well as the disease setting. Thus, the synthesis and activities of growth factors and HO-1 are intricately regulated. Interestingly, several growth factors induce HO-1, and, conversely, HO-1 can regulate the expression of some growth factors. This review focuses on the influence of growth factors and HO-1 and potential physiologic effects of the growth factor(s)-HO-1 interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Hill-Kapturczak
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research and Training Center and Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Uriel S, Brey EM, Greisler HP. Sustained low levels of fibroblast growth factor-1 promote persistent microvascular network formation. Am J Surg 2006; 192:604-9. [PMID: 17071192 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2006.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2006] [Revised: 08/02/2006] [Accepted: 08/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Therapeutic neovascularization using high growth factor concentrations may lead to transient vessel formation and abnormal microvascular structure. The goal of this study was to quantify temporal and concentration effects of fibroblast growth factor-1 (FGF-1) on the persistence and morphology of microvascular networks. METHODS Endothelial cells were incubated in suspension culture forming aggregates that were embedded in fibrin glue (FG) and stimulated with varying concentrations of FGF-1 with of heparin. Capillary networks formed were quantified for 21 days. RESULTS High FGF-1 concentrations resulted in rapid and intense sprout formation, with excessive branching. At later times, these vessels regressed, with cellular debris in former vessel locations. At later times, the 1-ng/mL group surpassed the high concentration groups with continuous sprout growth and complete FG vascularization by 23 days. CONCLUSION Sustained low levels of FGF-1 maintained a persistent microvascular network response, whereas higher levels resulted in abnormal phenotype followed by vessel regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiri Uriel
- Pritzker Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA
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Sogabe Y, Abe M, Yokoyama Y, Ishikawa O. Basic fibroblast growth factor stimulates human keratinocyte motility by Rac activation. Wound Repair Regen 2006; 14:457-62. [PMID: 16939574 DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2006.00143.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Topical application of human recombinant basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) promotes wound healing. bFGF, however, has been reported to have little in vitro effects on keratinocyte compared with other cell types such as endothelial cells or fibroblasts. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism(s) of bFGF-stimulated keratinocyte migration. Normal human keratinocytes, seeded on coverslips that were noncoated or coated with type I collagen or fibronectin, were stimulated with bFGF to evaluate their ability to spread. Keratinocyte migration was measured using a Boyden chamber assay. The lysates of keratinocytes, which were plated on noncoated, type I collagen-coated or fibronectin-coated plastic dishes and stimulated with bFGF, were subjected to pulldown assays to detect guanine triphosphate-loaded Rac. Morphologically, keratinocytes formed lamellipodia only when they were stimulated with bFGF on the collagen-coated coverslips. Keratinocyte migration was significantly enhanced by bFGF. Guanine triphosphate-loaded Rac was detected only in the lysate of bFGF-stimulated keratinocytes on collagen-coated dishes. This in vitro study shows that bFGF exerts a stimulatory effect on keratinocyte migration in the presence of type I collagen as a scaffold, and, at least, Rac activation is involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Sogabe
- Department of Dermatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan.
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Forget C, Stewart J, Trudeau LE. Impact of basic FGF expression in astrocytes on dopamine neuron synaptic function and development. Eur J Neurosci 2006; 23:608-16. [PMID: 16487142 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04570.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Behavioural sensitization to amphetamine (AMPH) requires action of the drug in the ventral midbrain where dopamine (DA) neurons are located. In vivo studies suggest that AMPH sensitization requires enhanced expression of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in the nucleus of midbrain astrocytes. One idea is that the AMPH-induced increase in bFGF expression in astrocytes leads to enhanced secretion of this peptide and to long-term plasticity in DA neurons. To study directly the effects of astrocytic expression of bFGF on DA neurons, we established a cell-culture model of mesencephalic astrocytes and DA neurons. Immunolabelling showed that even in the absence of a pharmacological stimulus, the majority of mesencephalic astrocytes in culture express bFGF at a nuclear level. Arguing against the idea that bFGF was secreted, bFGF was undetectable in the extracellular medium (below 10 pg/mL). However, supplementing culture medium with exogenous bFGF at standard concentrations (20 ng/mL) led to a dramatic change in the morphology of astrocytes, increased spontaneous DA release, and inhibited synapse formation by individual DA neurons. RNA interference (siRNA) against bFGF mRNA, caused a reduction in DA release but produced no change in synaptic development. Together these data demonstrate that under basal conditions (in the absence of a pharmacological stimulus such as amphetamine) bFGF is not secreted even though there is abundant nuclear expression in astrocytes. The effects of bFGF seen here on DA neurons are thus likely to be mediated through more indirect glial-neuronal interactions, leading to enhanced DA release without a necessary change in synapse number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Forget
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3C 3J7
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Abstract
The elucidation of the molecular pathogenesis of a disease in animal models provides candidate targets for treatment. As specific antagonists for a target are developed and tested in clinical trials, if benefit is achieved, the candidate becomes a validated target. Validated targets stimulate additional research to identify optimal ways of attacking the target and studies in related disease processes to determine if the molecule is also a target in that context. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has been identified as a validated target for several retinal vascular diseases. This has led to a flurry of activity resulting in beneficial treatments for patients and intensification of the search for other targets. This review summarizes preclinical and clinical trial results obtained with VEGF antagonists and describes evidence supporting the candidacy of other molecules currently being tested or soon to be tested for target status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Campochiaro
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287-9277, USA.
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Etscheid M, Beer N, Dodt J. The hyaluronan-binding protease upregulates ERK1/2 and PI3K/Akt signalling pathways in fibroblasts and stimulates cell proliferation and migration. Cell Signal 2005; 17:1486-94. [PMID: 16153533 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2005.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2005] [Accepted: 03/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The hyaluronan-binding protease (HABP) is a serine protease in human plasma which is structurally related to plasminogen activators, coagulation factor XII and hepathocyte growth factor activator. It can in vitro activate the coagulation factor FVII, kininogen and plasminogen activators. The present study was initiated to gain a more complete picture of the cell-associated activities of this fibrinolysis-related protease. Treatment of lung fibroblasts with HABP lead to a rapid activation of signalling pathways, including the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway with c-Raf, MEK and ERK1/2. Additionally the activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway and of several translation-related proteins was found. Proliferation assays confirmed the assumption of a strong growth-stimulating effect of HABP on human lung and skin fibroblasts. Intracellular signalling and growth stimulation were strongly dependent on the proteolytic activity of HABP. Stimulation of signalling and proliferation by HABP involved the fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR-1). HABP-stimulated proliferation of lung fibroblasts MRC-5 was accompanied by a significant intracellular increase in basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), the major ligand of FGFR-1; bFGF could however not be identified in the supernatant of HABP-treated cells. Though, the conditioned medium from HABP-treated cells showed a strong growth-promoting activity on quiescent fibroblasts, indicating the release of a yet unknown growth factor amplifying the initial growth stimulus. In a two-dimensional wound model HABP stimulated the invasion of fibroblasts into a scratch area, adding a strong pro-migratory activity to this plasma protease. In summary, HABP exhibits a significant growth factor-like activity on quiescent human lung and dermal fibroblasts. Our findings suggest that this fibrinolysis-related plasma protease may participate in physiologic or pathologic processes where cell proliferation and migration are pivotal, like tissue repair, vascular remodelling, wound healing or tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Etscheid
- Department of Hematology/Transfusion Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Federal Agency for Sera and Vaccines, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 51-59, 63225 Langen, Germany.
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Isogai N, Morotomi T, Hayakawa S, Munakata H, Tabata Y, Ikada Y, Kamiishi H. Combined chondrocyte-copolymer implantation with slow release of basic fibroblast growth factor for tissue engineering an auricular cartilage construct. J Biomed Mater Res A 2005; 74:408-18. [PMID: 15973729 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.30343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Basic fibroblast growth factor (b-FGF) may have a role in tissue-engineered chondrogenesis. However, when applied in solution, b-FGF rapidly diffuses from the implant site. In another approach for tissue engineering, poly-lactide-based copolymers have shown promise as scaffolds for chondrocytes used to tissue engineer auricular cartilage in the shape of an ear. This study evaluated the effectiveness of b-FGF impregnated in gelatin microspheres to achieve slow growth factor release for augmenting the in vivo chondrogenic response. Whereas 125I-labeled b-FGF injected in solution showed rapid in vivo clearance from the injection site (only 3% residual after 24 h), when incorporated into gelatin microspheres, 44% and 18% of the b-FGF remained at 3 and 14 days, respectively. Canine chondrocytes were isolated and grown in vitro onto ear-shaped poly-lactide/caprolactone copolymers for 1 week, then implanted into the dorsal subcutaneous tissue of nude mice; implants contained b-FGF either in free solution or in gelatin microspheres. A third group underwent preinjection of b-FGF in gelatin microspheres 4 days before chondrocyte-copolymer implantation. The implants with b-FGF-incorporated microspheres showed the greatest chondrogenic characteristics at 5 and 10 weeks postoperatively: good shape and biomechanical trait retention, strong (histologic) metachromasia, rich vascularization of surrounding tissues, and increased gene expression for type II collagen (cartilage marker) and factor VIII-related antigen (vascular marker). In the case of implant site preadministration with b-FGF-impregnated microspheres, the implant architecture was not maintained as well, and reduced vascularization and metachromasia was also apparent. In conclusion, these findings indicate that a sustained release of b-FGF augments neovascularization and chondrogenesis in a tissue-engineered cartilage construct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noritaka Isogai
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kinki University School of Medicine, 377-2 Ono-higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan 589-8511.
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49
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Sobue T, Naganawa T, Xiao L, Okada Y, Tanaka Y, Ito M, Okimoto N, Nakamura T, Coffin JD, Hurley MM. Over-expression of fibroblast growth factor-2 causes defective bone mineralization and osteopenia in transgenic mice. J Cell Biochem 2005; 95:83-94. [PMID: 15723277 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Over-expression of human FGF-2 cDNA linked to the phosphoglycerate kinase promoter in transgenic (TgFGF2) mice resulted in a dwarf mouse with premature closure of the growth plate and shortening of bone length. This study was designed to further characterize bone structure and remodeling in these mice. Bones of 1-6 month-old wild (NTg) and TgFGF2 mice were studied. FGF-2 protein levels were higher in bones of TgFGF2 mice. Bone mineral density was significantly decreased as early as 1 month in femurs from TgFGF2 mice compared with NTg mice. Micro-CT of trabecular bone of the distal femurs from 6-month-old TgFGF2 mice revealed significant reduction in trabecular bone volume, trabecular number (Tb.N), and increased trabecular separation (Tb.Sp). Osteoblast surface/bone surface, double-labeled surface, mineral apposition rate, and bone formation rates were all significantly reduced in TgFGF2 mice. There were fewer TRAP positive osteoclasts in calvaria from TgFGF2 mice. Quantitative histomorphometry showed that total bone area was similar in both genotypes, however percent osteoclast surface, and osteoclast number/bone surface were significantly reduced in TgFGF2 mice. Increased replication of TgFGF2 calvarial osteoblasts was observed and primary cultures of bone marrow stromal cells from TgFGF2 expressed markers of mature osteoblasts but formed fewer mineralized nodules. The data presented indicate that non-targeted over-expression of FGF-2 protein resulted in decreased endochondral and intramembranous bone formation. These results are consistent with FGF-2 functioning as a negative regulator of postnatal bone growth and remodeling in this animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sobue
- University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA
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50
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Kuhn J, Schnölzer M, Schön S, Müller S, Prante C, Götting C, Kleesiek K. Xylosyltransferase I acceptor properties of fibroblast growth factor and its fragment bFGF (1-24). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 333:156-66. [PMID: 15936726 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.05.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2005] [Accepted: 05/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Human basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is a heparin-binding growth factor containing a G-S-G-motif which is a potential recognition sequence of xylosyltransferase I (XT-I). Here, we show that the recombinant human bFGF was xylosylated in vitro by human XT-I and that the fragment bFGF (1-24) is a good XT-I acceptor (K(m) = 20.8 microM for native XT-I and K(m) = 22.3 microM for recombinant XT-I). MALDI and MALDI-PSD time-of-flight mass spectrometric analyses of the xylosylated bFGF protein demonstrate the transfer of xylose to the serine residue of the G-S-G-motif in the amino terminal end of bFGF. The peptide bFGF (1-24) is well suitable as an acceptor substrate for XT-I and can be used in a radiochemical assay to measure the XT-I activity in cell culture supernatant and human body fluids, respectively. Furthermore, we could demonstrate that the XT-I interacts strongly with heparin and that this glycosaminoglycan is a predominantly non-competitive inhibitor of the enzyme using the fragment bFGF (1-24) as xylose acceptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Kuhn
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany.
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