1
|
Barisas DAG, Choi K. Extramedullary hematopoiesis in cancer. Exp Mol Med 2024; 56:549-558. [PMID: 38443597 PMCID: PMC10985111 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-024-01192-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Hematopoiesis can occur outside of the bone marrow during inflammatory stress to increase the production of primarily myeloid cells at extramedullary sites; this process is known as extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH). As observed in a broad range of hematologic and nonhematologic diseases, EMH is now recognized for its important contributions to solid tumor pathology and prognosis. To initiate EMH, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are mobilized from the bone marrow into the circulation and to extramedullary sites such as the spleen and liver. At these sites, HSCs primarily produce a pathological subset of myeloid cells that contributes to tumor pathology. The EMH HSC niche, which is distinct from the bone marrow HSC niche, is beginning to be characterized. The important cytokines that likely contribute to initiating and maintaining the EMH niche are KIT ligands, CXCL12, G-CSF, IL-1 family members, LIF, TNFα, and CXCR2. Further study of the role of EMH may offer valuable insights into emergency hematopoiesis and therapeutic approaches against cancer. Exciting future directions for the study of EMH include identifying common and distinct EMH mechanisms in cancer, infectious diseases, and chronic autoimmune diseases to control these conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Derek A G Barisas
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kyunghee Choi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dunn TN, Cope DI, Tang S, Sirupangi T, Parks SE, Liao Z, Yuan F, Creighton CJ, Masand RP, Alpuing Radilla L, Guan X, Detti L, Monsivais D, Matzuk MM. Inhibition of CSF1R and KIT With Pexidartinib Reduces Inflammatory Signaling and Cell Viability in Endometriosis. Endocrinology 2024; 165:bqae003. [PMID: 38227801 PMCID: PMC10948355 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqae003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Endometriosis is a common and debilitating disease, affecting ∼170 million women worldwide. Affected patients have limited therapeutic options such as hormonal suppression or surgical excision of the lesions, though therapies are often not completely curative. Targeting receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) could provide a nonhormonal treatment option for endometriosis. We determined that 2 RTKs, macrophage-colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) and mast/stem cell growth factor receptor KIT (KIT), are overexpressed in endometriotic lesions and could be novel nonhormonal therapeutic targets for endometriosis. The kinase activity of CSF1R and KIT is suppressed by pexidartinib, a small molecule inhibitor that was recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. Using immunohistochemistry, we detected CSF1R and KIT in endometriotic tissues obtained from peritoneal lesions, colorectal lesions, and endometriomas. Specifically, we show that KIT is localized to the epithelium of the lesions, while CSF1R is expressed in the stroma and macrophages of the endometriotic lesions. Given the high epithelial expression of CSF1R and KIT, 12Z endometriotic epithelial cells were used to evaluate the efficacy of dual CSF1R and KIT inhibition with pexidartinib. We found that pexidartinib suppressed activation in 12Z cells of JNK, STAT3, and AKT signaling pathways, which control key proinflammatory and survival networks within the cell. Using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, we determined that pexidartinib suppressed interleukin 8 (IL8) and cyclin D1 (CCND1) expression. Lastly, we demonstrated that pexidartinib decreased cell growth and viability. Overall, these results indicate that pexidartinib-mediated CSF1R and KIT inhibition reduces proinflammatory signaling and cell viability in endometriosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy N Dunn
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology & Infertility, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Center for Drug Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dominique I Cope
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Center for Drug Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Suni Tang
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Center for Drug Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Tirupataiah Sirupangi
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Center for Drug Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sydney E Parks
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Center for Drug Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zian Liao
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Center for Drug Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Fei Yuan
- Center for Drug Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chad J Creighton
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center Division of Biostatistics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Medicine at Baylor College of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ramya P Masand
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Linda Alpuing Radilla
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xiaoming Guan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Laura Detti
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology & Infertility, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Diana Monsivais
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Center for Drug Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Martin M Matzuk
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Center for Drug Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chakraborty MP, Das D, Mondal P, Kaul P, Bhattacharyya S, Kumar Das P, Das R. Molecular basis of VEGFR1 autoinhibition at the plasma membrane. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1346. [PMID: 38355851 PMCID: PMC10866885 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45499-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Ligand-independent activation of VEGFRs is a hallmark of diabetes and several cancers. Like EGFR, VEGFR2 is activated spontaneously at high receptor concentrations. VEGFR1, on the other hand, remains constitutively inactive in the unligated state, making it an exception among VEGFRs. Ligand stimulation transiently phosphorylates VEGFR1 and induces weak kinase activation in endothelial cells. Recent studies, however, suggest that VEGFR1 signaling is indispensable in regulating various physiological or pathological events. The reason why VEGFR1 is regulated differently from other VEGFRs remains unknown. Here, we elucidate a mechanism of juxtamembrane inhibition that shifts the equilibrium of VEGFR1 towards the inactive state, rendering it an inefficient kinase. The juxtamembrane inhibition of VEGFR1 suppresses its basal phosphorylation even at high receptor concentrations and transiently stabilizes tyrosine phosphorylation after ligand stimulation. We conclude that a subtle imbalance in phosphatase activation or removing juxtamembrane inhibition is sufficient to induce ligand-independent activation of VEGFR1 and sustain tyrosine phosphorylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manas Pratim Chakraborty
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur campus, Mohanpur, 741246, India
| | - Diptatanu Das
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur campus, Mohanpur, 741246, India
| | - Purav Mondal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur campus, Mohanpur, 741246, India
| | - Pragya Kaul
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur campus, Mohanpur, 741246, India
| | - Soumi Bhattacharyya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur campus, Mohanpur, 741246, India
| | - Prosad Kumar Das
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur campus, Mohanpur, 741246, India
| | - Rahul Das
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur campus, Mohanpur, 741246, India.
- Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur campus, Mohanpur, 741246, India.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chantran Y, Valent P, Arock M. KIT Mutations and Other Genetic Defects in Mastocytosis: Implications for Disease Pathology and Targeted Therapies. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2023; 43:651-664. [PMID: 37758404 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2023.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
A KIT activating mutation (usually KIT D816V) is detected in neoplastic cells in greater than 90% of indolent patients with systemic mastocytosis (SM). In more advanced variants of SM, additional genetic defects can be found in several myeloid malignancy-related genes, which can be detected by applying next-generation sequencing. Currently, the techniques recommended to detect the KIT D816V mutation and quantify the mutational burden in peripheral blood, bone marrow, or other organs/tissues are allele specific-quantitative PCR or droplet digital PCR. These techniques are useful for diagnosis, prognostication, follow-up and monitoring of therapeutic efficacy of cytoreductive agents in patients with SM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Chantran
- Department of Biological Hematology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, DMU BioGem, AP-HP.Sorbonne University, Paris, France; Department of Biological Immunology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, DMU BioGem, AP-HP.Sorbonne University, Paris, France; Health Environmental Risk Assessment (HERA) Team, Centre of Research in Epidemiology and Statistics (CRESS), Inserm / INRAE, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Peter Valent
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Vienna
| | - Michel Arock
- Department of Biological Hematology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, DMU BioGem, AP-HP.Sorbonne University, Paris, France; Department of Biological Hematology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, DMU BioGem, AP-HP.Sorbonne University, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Khalifa SE. Immunohistochemical expression of CD117/KIT, HER2, and Erβ in schistosomal and non-schistosomal urothelial carcinoma of Egyptian patients. Int Urol Nephrol 2023; 55:2473-2481. [PMID: 37338655 PMCID: PMC10499727 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-023-03667-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Bladder carcinoma is an endemic problem in Egypt with schistosomiasis being an additional risk factor. Due to gender disparities, Erβ investigation and its role in modulating chemosensitivity are studied. CD117/KIT expression is also considered since the emergence of the targets of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib mesylate (Gleevec). HER2 is one of the established therapeutic targets in many cancers. We aimed to investigate CD117/KIT immunoexpression in schistosomal and non-schistosomal urothelial carcinoma of Egyptian patients and its relationship with HER2 and Erβ expressions, correlating it with pertinent variables that will help to provide better treatment options of possible combined targeted and hormonal therapy that might be effective against this aggressive malignancy. Sixty cases of bladder carcinoma were tested. Depending on the schistosomiasis association status of each case, two groups have been established with 30 cases each. CD117/KIT, HER2, and ERβ immunostaining were done and correlated with clinico- immuno-pathological parameters. CD117/KIT expression was seen in 71.7% of cases that correlated significantly with schistosomiasis (P = 0.01). In addition, a positive correlation was detected between schistosomiasis association and the percentage of immunostained cells and intensity score of CD117/KIT with P = 0.027, 0.01, respectively. 30% and 61.7% of cases were positively stained with HER2 and Erβ, respectively, with no significant relation with schistosomiasis. Due to the high expression, we found further clinical trials are needed to offer individualized targeted therapeutic options in urothelial tumors using anti-CD117/KIT, HER2, and ERβ other than limited traditional chemo- and nontargeted therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Khalifa
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, 11728, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Awasthi BP, Guragain D, Chaudhary P, Jee JG, Kim JA, Jeong BS. Antitumor activity of a pexidartinib bioisostere inhibiting CSF1 production and CSF1R kinase activity in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 369:110255. [PMID: 36368339 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF, also known as CSF1) in tumor tissues stimulates tumor growth and tumor-induced angiogenesis through an autocrine and paracrine action on CSF1 receptor (CSF1R). In the present study, novel bioisosteres of pexidartinib (1) were synthesized and evaluated their inhibitory activities against CSF1R kinase and tumor growth. Among newly synthesized bioisosteres, compound 3 showed the highest inhibition (95.1%) against CSF1R tyrosine kinase at a fixed concentration (1 μM). The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of pexidartinib (1) and compound 3 was 2.7 and 57.8 nM, respectively. Unlike pexidartinib (1), which cross-reacts to three targets with structural homology, such as CSF1R, c-KIT, and FLT3, compound 3 inhibited CSF1R, c-KIT, but not FLT3, indicating compound 3 may be a more selective CSF1R inhibitor than pexidartinib (1). The inhibitory effect of compound 3 on the proliferation of various cancer cell lines was the strongest in U937 cells followed by THP-1 cells. In the case of cancer cell lines derived from solid tumors, the anti-proliferative activity of compound 3 was weaker than pexidartinib (1), except for Hep3B. However, compound 3 was safer than pexidartinib (1) in terminally differentiated normal cells such as macrophages. Pexidartinib (1) and compound 3 suppressed the production of CSF1 in Hep3B liver cancer cells as well as in the co-culture of Hep3B cells and macrophages. Also, pexidartinib (1) and compound 3 decreased the population ratio of the M2/M1 phenotype and inhibited their migration. Importantly, compound 3 preferentially inhibited M2 phenotype over M1, and the effect was about 4 times greater than that of pexidartinib (1). In addition, compound 3 inhibited maintenance of cancer stem cell population. In a chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) tumor model implanted with Hep3B cells, tumor growth and tumor-induced angiogenesis were significantly blocked by compound 3 to a similar extent as pexidartinib (1). Overall, compound 3, a bioisostere of pexidartinib, is an effective dual inhibitor to block CSF1R kinase and CSF1 production, resulting in significant inhibition of tumor growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Diwakar Guragain
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Prakash Chaudhary
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Goo Jee
- College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Ae Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea.
| | - Byeong-Seon Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nishino S, Sakai N, Nishino N, Ono T. Brain Mast Cells in Sleep and Behavioral Regulation. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2022; 59:427-446. [PMID: 35711025 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2022_359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The function of mast cells in the brain for the mediation of neurobehavior is largely unknown. Mast cells are a heterogeneous population of granulocytic cells in the immune system. Mast cells contain numerous mediators, such as histamine, serotonin, cytokines, chemokines, and lipid-derived factors. Mast cells localize not only in the periphery but are also resident in the brain of mammalians. Mast cells in the brain are constitutively active, releasing their contents gradually or rapidly by anaphylactic degranulation. Their activity is also increased by a wide range of stimuli including both immune and non-immune signals. Brain mast cell neuromodulation may thus be involved in various neurobehavior in health and diseases.Using Kit mutant mast cell deficient mice (KitW/KitW-v), we obtained results indicating that brain mast cells regulate sleep/wake and other behavioral phenotypes and that histamine from brain mast cells promotes wakefulness. These findings were also confirmed using a newer inducible and Kit-independent mast cell deficient Mas-TRECK (toxin receptor knockout) mouse. Injections of diphtheria toxin (DT) selectively deplete mast cells and reduce wakefulness during the periods of mast cell depletion.We recently introduced a mouse model for chronic sleep loss associated with diabetes. The mice reared on the wire net for 3 weeks (i.e., mild stress [MS]) showed decreased amount of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, increased sleep fragmentation, and abnormal glucose tolerance test [GTT] and insulin tolerance test [ITT], phenotypes which mirror human chronic insomnia. Interestingly, these mice with insomnia showed an increased number of mast cells in both the brain and adipose tissue. Mast cell deficient mice (KitW/KitW-v) and inhibition of mast cell functions with cromolyn or a histamine H1 receptor antagonist administration ameliorated both insomnia and abnormal glycometabolism. Mast cells may therefore represent an important pathophysiological mediator in sleep impairments and abnormal glycometabolism associated with chronic insomnia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Nishino
- Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
| | - Noriaki Sakai
- Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Naoya Nishino
- Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Taisuke Ono
- Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Khaddour K, Maahs L, Avila-Rodriguez AM, Maamar Y, Samaan S, Ansstas G. Melanoma Targeted Therapies beyond BRAF-Mutant Melanoma: Potential Druggable Mutations and Novel Treatment Approaches. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5847. [PMID: 34831002 PMCID: PMC8616477 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13225847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanomas exhibit the highest rate of somatic mutations among all different types of cancers (with the exception of BCC and SCC). The accumulation of a multimode of mutations in the driver oncogenes are responsible for the proliferative, invasive, and aggressive nature of melanomas. High-resolution and high-throughput technology has led to the identification of distinct mutational signatures and their downstream alterations in several key pathways that contribute to melanomagenesis. This has enabled the development of individualized treatments by targeting specific molecular alterations that are vital for cancer cell survival, which has resulted in improved outcomes in several cancers, including melanomas. To date, BRAF and MEK inhibitors remain the only approved targeted therapy with a high level of evidence in BRAFV600E/K mutant melanomas. The lack of approved precision drugs in melanomas, relative to other cancers, despite harboring one of the highest rates of somatic mutations, advocates for further research to unveil effective therapeutics. In this review, we will discuss potential druggable mutations and the ongoing research of novel individualized treatment approaches targeting non-BRAF mutations in melanomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karam Khaddour
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (L.M.); (A.M.A.-R.)
| | - Lucas Maahs
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (L.M.); (A.M.A.-R.)
| | - Ana Maria Avila-Rodriguez
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (L.M.); (A.M.A.-R.)
| | - Yazan Maamar
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Tishreen Lattakia, Lattakia 2217, Syria;
| | - Sami Samaan
- Department of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107, Lebanon;
| | - George Ansstas
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kihara T, Yuan J, Watabe T, Kitajima K, Kimura N, Ohkouchi M, Hashikura Y, Ohkubo S, Takahashi T, Hirota S. Pimitespib is effective on cecal GIST in a mouse model of familial GISTs with KIT-Asp820Tyr mutation through KIT signaling inhibition. Exp Mol Pathol 2021; 123:104692. [PMID: 34606780 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2021.104692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Three families with multiple gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) caused by a germline Asp820Tyr mutation at exon 17 of the c-kit gene (KIT-Asp820Tyr) have been reported. We previously generated a knock-in mouse model of the family, and the mice with KIT-Asp818Tyr corresponding to human KIT-Asp820Tyr showed a cecal tumor equivalent to human GIST. In the model mice, we reported that tyrosine kinase inhibitor, imatinib, could stabilize but not decrease the cecal tumor volume. In this report, we examined whether a heat shock protein 90 inhibitor, pimitespib (TAS-116), has an inhibitory effect on phosphorylation of KIT-Asp818Tyr and can decrease the cecal tumor volume in the model mice. First, we showed that pimitespib inhibited KIT phosphorylation both dose- and time-dependently in KIT-Asp818Tyr transfected murine Ba/F3 cells. Then, four 1-week courses of pimitespib were orally administered to heterozygous (KIT-Asp818Tyr/+) model mice. Each course consisted of once-daily administration for consecutive 5 days followed by 2 days-off. Cecal tumors were dissected, and tumor volume was histologically analyzed, Ki-67 labeling index was immunohistochemically examined, and apoptotic figures were counted. Compared to the vehicle treated mice, pimitespib administered mice showed statistically significantly smaller cecal tumor volume, lower Ki-67 labeling index, and higher number of apoptotic figures in 10 high power fields (P = 0.0344, P = 0.0019 and P = 0.0269, respectively). Western blotting revealed that activation of KIT signaling molecules was strongly inhibited in the tumor tissues of pimitespib-administered mice compared to control mice. Thus, pimitespib seemed to inhibit in vivo tumor progression effectively in the model mice. These results suggest that the progression of multiple GISTs in patients with germline KIT-Asp820Tyr might be controllable by pimitespib.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takako Kihara
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Jiayin Yuan
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Tadashi Watabe
- Department of Radiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kitajima
- Department of Radiology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Neinei Kimura
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Mizuka Ohkouchi
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Yuka Hashikura
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Shuichi Ohkubo
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Seiichi Hirota
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kovacs M, Alamón C, Maciel C, Varela V, Ibarburu S, Tarragó L, King PH, Si Y, Kwon Y, Hermine O, Barbeito L, Trias E. The pathogenic role of c-Kit+ mast cells in the spinal motor neuron-vascular niche in ALS. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2021; 9:136. [PMID: 34389060 PMCID: PMC8361844 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-021-01241-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Degeneration of motor neurons, glial cell reactivity, and vascular alterations in the CNS are important neuropathological features of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Immune cells trafficking from the blood also infiltrate the affected CNS parenchyma and contribute to neuroinflammation. Mast cells (MCs) are hematopoietic-derived immune cells whose precursors differentiate upon migration into tissues. Upon activation, MCs undergo degranulation with the ability to increase vascular permeability, orchestrate neuroinflammation and modulate the neuroimmune response. However, the prevalence, pathological significance, and pharmacology of MCs in the CNS of ALS patients remain largely unknown. In autopsy ALS spinal cords, we identified for the first time that MCs express c-Kit together with chymase, tryptase, and Cox-2 and display granular or degranulating morphology, as compared with scarce MCs in control cords. In ALS, MCs were mainly found in the niche between spinal motor neuron somas and nearby microvascular elements, and they displayed remarkable pathological abnormalities. Similarly, MCs accumulated in the motor neuron-vascular niche of ALS murine models, in the vicinity of astrocytes and motor neurons expressing the c-Kit ligand stem cell factor (SCF), suggesting an SCF/c-Kit-dependent mechanism of MC differentiation from precursors. Mechanistically, we provide evidence that fully differentiated MCs in cell cultures can be generated from the murine ALS spinal cord tissue, further supporting the presence of c-Kit+ MC precursors. Moreover, intravenous administration of bone marrow-derived c-Kit+ MC precursors infiltrated the spinal cord in ALS mice but not in controls, consistent with aberrant trafficking through a defective microvasculature. Pharmacological inhibition of c-Kit with masitinib in ALS mice reduced the MC number and the influx of MC precursors from the periphery. Our results suggest a previously unknown pathogenic mechanism triggered by MCs in the ALS motor neuron-vascular niche that might be targeted pharmacologically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cecilia Maciel
- Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, 2020, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - Sofía Ibarburu
- Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, 2020, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Lucas Tarragó
- Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, 2020, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Peter H King
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
- Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, 35295, USA
| | - Ying Si
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
- Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, 35295, USA
| | - Yuri Kwon
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Olivier Hermine
- Imagine Institute, Hôpital Necker, Paris, France
- INSERM UMR 1163, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Hematological Disorders and Therapeutic Implications, Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Paris, France
- CNRS ERL 8254, Paris, France
- Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France
- Equipe Labélisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le cancer; AB Science; Department of Hematology, Necker Hospital, Paris, France
- Centre national de référence des mastocytoses (CEREMAST), Paris, France
| | - Luis Barbeito
- Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, 2020, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Emiliano Trias
- Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, 2020, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
PATHOGENIC AND DIAGNOSTIC RELEVANCE OF KIT IN PRIMARY MAST CELL ACTIVATION DISORDERS. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2021; 127:427-434. [PMID: 34298172 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2021.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mast cell (MC) activation (MCA) defines the mechanism by which certain patients suffer from symptoms due to the effect of a wide range of mediators released from MC upon their activation triggered by different stimuli. When these symptoms are severe and recurrent, the diagnosis of MCA syndrome (MCAS) might be considered. Here we review the relevant aspects related to the pathogenesis of MCAS, with special emphasis on the prevalence and diagnostic relevance of KIT mutations. DATA SOURCES PubMed was searched between 1980 and 2021 using the following terms: Mast cell activation syndromes, mast cell activation, anaphylaxis, KIT mutations, KIT D816V, indolent systemic mastocytosis, bone marrow mastocytosis, cutaneous mastocytosis, IgE anaphylaxis and idiopathic anaphylaxis. STUDY SELECTIONS Only articles published in English were selected based on their relevance to MCAS and/or severe and recurrent anaphylaxis. RESULTS MCAS can be classified in clonal MCAS and non-clonal MCAS depending on the presence vs. absence of an underlying KIT mutation (mostly KIT D816V), respectively. In contrast to clonal MCAS in which MCA is associated with a primary MC disorder (i.e. primary MCAS) such as mastocytosis or monoclonal MCAS, non-clonal MCAS can be secondary to known or unidentified triggers (i.e. secondary and idiopathic MCAS, respectively). CONCLUSION The clinical heterogeneity and complexity of the molecular assays needed for the study of MCAS patients might lead to misdiagnosis, particularly when patients are evaluated at non-specialized centers. Thus, referral of patients suffering from clinical manifestations suggestive of MCAS to Reference Centers on mastocytosis and MC diseases is strongly recommended.
Collapse
|
12
|
Conserved roles for receptor tyrosine kinase extracellular regions in regulating receptor and pathway activity. Biochem J 2020; 477:4207-4220. [PMID: 33043983 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs) comprise a diverse group of cell-surface receptors that mediate key signaling events during animal development and are frequently activated in cancer. We show here that deletion of the extracellular regions of 10 RTKs representing 7 RTK classes or their substitution with the dimeric immunoglobulin Fc region results in constitutive receptor phosphorylation but fails to result in phosphorylation of downstream signaling effectors Erk or Akt. Conversely, substitution of RTK extracellular regions with the extracellular region of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) results in increases in effector phosphorylation in response to EGF. These results indicate that the activation signal generated by the EGFR extracellular region is capable of activating at least seven different RTK classes. Failure of phosphorylated Fc-RTK chimeras or RTKs with deleted extracellular regions to stimulate phosphorylation of downstream effectors indicates that either dimerization and receptor phosphorylation per se are insufficient to activate signaling or constitutive dimerization leads to pathway inhibition.
Collapse
|
13
|
Iino S, Horiguchi S, Horiguchi K, Hashimoto T. Interstitial cells of Cajal in W sh/W sh c-kit mutant mice. J Smooth Muscle Res 2020; 56:58-68. [PMID: 33132281 PMCID: PMC7596356 DOI: 10.1540/jsmr.56.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The c-Kit receptor tyrosine kinase regulates the development and differentiation of
several progenitor cells. In the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, the c-Kit regulates the
development of the interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) that are responsible for motility
regulation of the GI musculature. W-sash
(Wsh) is an inversion mutation upstream of the
c-kit promoter region that affects a key regulatory element, resulting
in cell-type-specific altered gene expression, leading to a decrease in the number of mast
cells, melanocytes, and ICC. We extensively examined the GI tract of
Wsh/Wsh mice using
immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. Although the musculature of the
Wsh/Wsh mice did not show any
c-Kit immunoreactivity, we detected intensive immunoreactivity for transmembrane member
16A (TMEM16A, anoctamin-1), another ICC marker. TMEM16A immunopositive cells were observed
as ICC-MY in the gastric corpus-antrum and the large intestine, ICC-DMP in the small
intestine, and ICC-SM in the colon. Electron microscopic analysis revealed these cells as
ICC from their ultrastructural features, such as numerous mitochondria and caveolae, and
their close contact with nerve terminals. In the developmental period, we examined 14.5
and 18.5 day embryos but did not observe c-Kit immunoreactivity in the
Wsh/Wsh small intestine. From
this study, ICC subtypes developed and maturated structurally without c-Kit expression.
Wsh/Wsh mice are a new model
to investigate the effects of c-Kit and unknown signaling on ICC development and
function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Iino
- Department of Anatomy, University of Fukui Faculty of Medical Sciences, Eiheiji, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Satomi Horiguchi
- Department of Anatomy, University of Fukui Faculty of Medical Sciences, Eiheiji, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Horiguchi
- Department of Anatomy, University of Fukui Faculty of Medical Sciences, Eiheiji, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Takashi Hashimoto
- Department of Anatomy, University of Fukui Faculty of Medical Sciences, Eiheiji, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Beirão BCB, Raposo TP, Imamura LM, Ingberman M, Hupp T, Vojtěšek B, Argyle DJ. A blocking antibody against canine CSF-1R maturated by limited CDR mutagenesis. Antib Ther 2020; 3:193-204. [PMID: 33937625 PMCID: PMC7990251 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbaa018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
CSF-1R is a receptor mostly associated with the mononuclear phagocytic system. However, its expression within tumors has been linked with poor prognosis in both humans and dogs. Accordingly, several reports have demonstrated the beneficial effects of blocking CSF-1R in model systems of cancer. In this study, we generated a monoclonal antibody that could block CSF-1R in dogs as the first step to develop an anticancer drug for this species. Initially, an antibody was raised by the hybridoma methodology against the fragment responsible for receptor dimerization. mAb3.1, one of the resulting hybridoma clones, was able to bind macrophages in fixed tissues and was shown to inhibit cells of the mononuclear phagocytic line. Nevertheless, mAb 3.1 could not bind to some glycoforms of the receptor in its native form, while also demonstrating cross-reactivity with other proteins. To enhance binding properties of the mAb, five amino acids of the complementarity-determining region 2 of the variable heavy chain of mAb3.1 were mutated by PCR, and the variant scFv clones were screened by phage display. The selected scFv clones demonstrated improved binding to the native receptor as well as increased anti-macrophage activity. The resulting scFv antibody fragment presented here has the potential for use in cancer patients and in inflammatory diseases. Furthermore, this work provides insights into the use of such restricted mutations in antibody engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Breno C B Beirão
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh-Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Teresa P Raposo
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh-Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Louise M Imamura
- Department of Research and Development, Imunova Análises Biológicas, Curitiba, PR 80215-182, Brazil
| | - Max Ingberman
- Department of Research and Development, Imunova Análises Biológicas, Curitiba, PR 80215-182, Brazil
| | - Ted Hupp
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Bořivoj Vojtěšek
- Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, 656 53, Czech Republic
| | - David J Argyle
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh-Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Pham DDM, Guhan S, Tsao H. KIT and Melanoma: Biological Insights and Clinical Implications. Yonsei Med J 2020; 61:562-571. [PMID: 32608199 PMCID: PMC7329741 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2020.61.7.562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma, originating from epidermal melanocytes, is a heterogeneous disease that has the highest mortality rate among all types of skin cancers. Numerous studies have revealed the cause of this cancer as related to various somatic driver mutations, including alterations in KIT-a proto-oncogene encoding for a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase. Although accounting for only 3% of all melanomas, mutations in c-KIT are mostly derived from acral, mucosal, and chronically sun-damaged melanomas. As an important factor for cell differentiation, proliferation, and survival, inhibition of c-KIT has been exploited for clinical trials in advanced melanoma. Here, apart from the molecular background of c-KIT and its cellular functions, we will review the wide distribution of alterations in KIT with a catalogue of more than 40 mutations reported in various articles and case studies. Additionally, we will summarize the association of KIT mutations with clinicopathologic features (age, sex, melanoma subtypes, anatomic location, etc.), and the differences of mutation rate among subgroups. Finally, several therapeutic trials of c-KIT inhibitors, including imatinib, dasatinib, nilotinib, and sunitinib, will be analyzed for their success rates and limitations in advanced melanoma treatment. These not only emphasize c-KIT as an attractive target for personalized melanoma therapy but also propose the requirement for additional investigational studies to develop novel therapeutic trials co-targeting c-KIT and other cytokines such as members of signaling pathways and immune systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duc Daniel M Pham
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | | | - Hensin Tsao
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
McAulay K, Hoyt EA, Thomas M, Schimpl M, Bodnarchuk MS, Lewis HJ, Barratt D, Bhavsar D, Robinson DM, Deery MJ, Ogg DJ, Bernardes GJL, Ward RA, Waring MJ, Kettle JG. Alkynyl Benzoxazines and Dihydroquinazolines as Cysteine Targeting Covalent Warheads and Their Application in Identification of Selective Irreversible Kinase Inhibitors. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:10358-10372. [PMID: 32412754 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b13391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
With a resurgence in interest in covalent drugs, there is a need to identify new moieties capable of cysteine bond formation that are differentiated from commonly employed systems such as acrylamide. Herein, we report on the discovery of new alkynyl benzoxazine and dihydroquinazoline moieties capable of covalent reaction with cysteine. Their utility as alternative electrophilic warheads for chemical biological probes and drug molecules is demonstrated through site-selective protein modification and incorporation into kinase drug scaffolds. A potent covalent inhibitor of JAK3 kinase was identified with superior selectivity across the kinome and improvements in in vitro pharmacokinetic profile relative to the related acrylamide-based inhibitor. In addition, the use of a novel heterocycle as a cysteine reactive warhead is employed to target Cys788 in c-KIT, where acrylamide has previously failed to form covalent interactions. These new reactive and selective heterocyclic warheads supplement the current repertoire for cysteine covalent modification while avoiding some of the limitations generally associated with established moieties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily A Hoyt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | | | - Marianne Schimpl
- Discovery Sciences, R&D BioPharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
| | | | | | - Derek Barratt
- Discovery Sciences, R&D BioPharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
| | - Deepa Bhavsar
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | | | - Michael J Deery
- Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, U.K
| | - Derek J Ogg
- Discovery Sciences, R&D BioPharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
| | - Gonçalo J L Bernardes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de Universidad de Lisboa, Avenida Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Michael J Waring
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Bedson Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kim JO, Kim HN, Kim KH, Baek EJ, Park JY, Ha K, Heo DR, Seo MD, Park SG. Development and characterization of a fully human antibody targeting SCF/c-kit signaling. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 159:66-78. [PMID: 32437800 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
CD117/c-kit, a tyrosine kinase receptor, plays a critical role in hematopoiesis, pigmentation, and fertility. The overexpression and activation of c-kit are thought to promote tumor growth and have been reported in various cancers, including leukemia, glioblastoma and mastocytosis. To disrupt the SCF/c-kit signaling axis in cancer, we generated a c-kit antagonist human antibody (NN2101) that binds to domain 2/3 of c-kit. This completely blocked the SCF-mediated phosphorylation of c-kit and inhibited TF-1 cell proliferation, erythroleukemia. In addition, the examination of binding affinity using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assay showed that NN2101 can bind to c-kit of monkeys (KD = 2.92 × 10-10 M), rats (KD = 1.68 × 10-6 M), mice (KD = 11.5 × 10-9 M), and humans (KD = 2.83 × 10-12 M). We showed that NN2101 does not cause antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and complement-dependent cytotoxicity. The immunogenicity of NN2101 was similar to that of bevacizumab. Furthermore, the crystal structure of NN2101 Fab was determined and the structure of NN2101 Fab:c-kit complex was modeled. Structural information, as well as mutagenesis results, revealed that NN2101 can bind to the SCF-binding regions of c-kit. Collectively, we generated a c-kit neutralizing human antibody (NN2101) for the treatment of erythroleukemia and characterized its biophysical properties. NN2101 can potentially be used as a therapeutic antibody to treat different cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ock Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (RIPST), Ajou University, 206 World Cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha-Neul Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (RIPST), Ajou University, 206 World Cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16499, Republic of Korea; Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, 206 World Cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Hyeok Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (RIPST), Ajou University, 206 World Cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ji Baek
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (RIPST), Ajou University, 206 World Cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Yang Park
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (RIPST), Ajou University, 206 World Cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16499, Republic of Korea; Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, 206 World Cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungsoo Ha
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Osong 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok Rim Heo
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Osong 28160, Republic of Korea; College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Osong 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Duk Seo
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (RIPST), Ajou University, 206 World Cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16499, Republic of Korea; Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, 206 World Cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16499, Republic of Korea; Novelty Nobility, 227 Unjung-ro, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13477, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang Gyu Park
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (RIPST), Ajou University, 206 World Cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16499, Republic of Korea; Novelty Nobility, 227 Unjung-ro, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13477, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Salem MS, Abdel Aziz YM, Elgawish MS, Said MM, Abouzid KA. Design, synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular modeling study of new thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidines with anti-proliferative activity on pancreatic cancer cell lines. Bioorg Chem 2020; 94:103472. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
19
|
Oteri F, Nadalin F, Champeimont R, Carbone A. BIS2Analyzer: a server for co-evolution analysis of conserved protein families. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 45:W307-W314. [PMID: 28472458 PMCID: PMC5570204 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Along protein sequences, co-evolution analysis identifies residue pairs demonstrating either a specific co-adaptation, where changes in one of the residues are compensated by changes in the other during evolution or a less specific external force that affects the evolutionary rates of both residues in a similar magnitude. In both cases, independently of the underlying cause, co-evolutionary signatures within or between proteins serve as markers of physical interactions and/or functional relationships. Depending on the type of protein under study, the set of available homologous sequences may greatly differ in size and amino acid variability. BIS2Analyzer, openly accessible at http://www.lcqb.upmc.fr/BIS2Analyzer/, is a web server providing the online analysis of co-evolving amino-acid pairs in protein alignments, especially designed for vertebrate and viral protein families, which typically display a small number of highly similar sequences. It is based on BIS2, a re-implemented fast version of the co-evolution analysis tool Blocks in Sequences (BIS). BIS2Analyzer provides a rich and interactive graphical interface to ease biological interpretation of the results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Oteri
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, IBPS, UMR 7238, Laboratoire de Biologie Computationnelle et Quantitative (LCQB), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Francesca Nadalin
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, IBPS, UMR 7238, Laboratoire de Biologie Computationnelle et Quantitative (LCQB), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Raphaël Champeimont
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, IBPS, UMR 7238, Laboratoire de Biologie Computationnelle et Quantitative (LCQB), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Alessandra Carbone
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, IBPS, UMR 7238, Laboratoire de Biologie Computationnelle et Quantitative (LCQB), 75005 Paris, France.,Institut Universitaire de France, 75005 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Recruitment of macrophages and bone marrow stem cells to regenerating liver promoted by sodium phthalhydrazide in mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 110:594-601. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.07.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
|
21
|
Sarmiento R, Bonginelli P, Cacciamani F, Salerno F, Gasparini G. Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GISTs): From Science to Targeted Therapy. Int J Biol Markers 2018; 23:96-110. [DOI: 10.1177/172460080802300206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. GISTs represent a distinct category of tumors characterized by oncogenic mutations of the KIT receptor tyrosine kinase in a majority of patients. KIT is useful not only for the diagnosis but also for targeted therapy of this disease. Imatinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is widely used in advanced and metastatic GISTs. This agent revolutionized the treatment strategy of advanced disease and is being tested in the neoadjuvant and adjuvant settings with encouraging results. New therapeutic agents like sunitinib have now been approved, enriching the treatment scenario for imatinib-resistant GISTs. The present review reports on the peculiar characteristics of this disease through its biology and molecular patterns, focusing on the predictive value of KIT mutations and their correlation with clinical outcome as well as on the activity of and resistance to approved targeted drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R. Sarmiento
- Division of Medical Oncology, San Filippo Neri Hospital, Rome - Italy
| | - P. Bonginelli
- Division of Medical Oncology, San Filippo Neri Hospital, Rome - Italy
| | - F. Cacciamani
- Division of Medical Oncology, San Filippo Neri Hospital, Rome - Italy
| | - F. Salerno
- Division of Medical Oncology, San Filippo Neri Hospital, Rome - Italy
| | - G. Gasparini
- Division of Medical Oncology, San Filippo Neri Hospital, Rome - Italy
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Parry SM, Peeples ES. The impact of hypoxic-ischemic brain injury on stem cell mobilization, migration, adhesion, and proliferation. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:1125-1135. [PMID: 30028311 PMCID: PMC6065219 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.235012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy continues to be a significant cause of death or neurodevelopmental delays despite standard use of therapeutic hypothermia. The use of stem cell transplantation has recently emerged as a promising supplemental therapy to further improve the outcomes of infants with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. After the injury, the brain releases several chemical mediators, many of which communicate directly with stem cells to encourage mobilization, migration, cell adhesion and differentiation. This manuscript reviews the biomarkers that are released from the injured brain and their interactions with stem cells, providing insight regarding how their upregulation could improve stem cell therapy by maximizing cell delivery to the injured tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Parry
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Eric S Peeples
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
c-Kit-Positive Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Promote the Growth and Angiogenesis of Breast Cancer. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:7407168. [PMID: 28573141 PMCID: PMC5442334 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7407168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Background Adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) improve the regenerative ability and retention of fat grafts for breast reconstruction in cancer patients following mastectomy. However, ASCs have also been shown to promote breast cancer cell growth and metastasis. For the safety of ASC application, we aimed to identify specific markers for the subpopulation of ASCs that enhance the growth of breast cancer. Methods ASCs and bone marrow-derived vascular endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) were isolated from Balb/c mice. c-Kit-positive (c-Kit+) or c-Kit-negative (c-Kit−) ASCs were cocultured with 4T1 breast cancer cells. Orthotropic murine models of 4T1, EPCs + 4T1, and c-Kit+/-ASCs + 4T1/EPCs were established in Balb/c mice. Results In coculture, c-Kit+ ASCs enhanced the viability and proliferation of 4T1 cells and stimulated c-Kit expression and interleukin-3 (IL-3) release. In mouse models, c-Kit+ASCs + 4T1/EPCs coinjection increased the tumor volume and vessel formation. Moreover, IL-3, stromal cell-derived factor-1, and vascular endothelial growth factor A in the c-Kit+ASCs + 4T1/EPCs coinjection group were higher than those in the 4T1, EPCs + 4T1, and c-Kit−ASCs + 4T1/EPCs groups. Conclusions c-Kit+ ASCs may promote breast cancer growth and angiogenesis by a synergistic effect of c-Kit and IL-3. Our findings suggest that c-Kit+ subpopulations of ASCs should be eliminated in fat grafts for breast reconstruction of cancer patients following mastectomy.
Collapse
|
24
|
Wei Y, Hu Z, Gu W, Liu G, Shi B, Liu E, Liu T. CD117 +CD44 + Stem T Cells Develop in the Thymus and Potently Suppress T-cell Proliferation by Modulating the CTLA-4 Pathway. Stem Cell Res Ther 2017; 8:56. [PMID: 28279199 PMCID: PMC5345162 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-017-0495-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD117 is expressed on double-negative (DN; CD4-CD8-) cells (Nat Rev Immunol 14:529-545; 2014), but whether it is expressed in other stages and its subsequent functions are unclear. We used an improved method of flow cytometry to analyze different populations of thymocytes (Sci Rep 4:5781; 2014). The expression of CD117 and CTLA-4 were directly assayed in the early stage of thymocytes. METHODS Flow cytometry was used to analyze different populations of thymocytes, and T-cell proliferation assays, RT-PCR, and real-time RT-PCR were used to characterize the stem cells and examine the function of CD44+CD117+ cells. RESULTS In DN cells, CD117 expression was greatest on CD44+CD25+ cells (DN2), followed by CD44+CD25- (DN1), CD44-CD25+ (DN3), and CD44-CD25- (DN4) cells. In thymocytes, CD117 expression was highest in DN cells, followed by single-positive (SP; CD4 or CD8) and double-positive (DP; CD4+CD8+) cells. Especially, CD117 expression was positively associated with CD44 and CTLA-4 expression. CTLA-4 expression was highest in DN cells, followed by SP and DP cells. CTLA-4 expression was positively associated with CD25, CD44, and Foxp3 expression. CD44+CD117+ T cells expressed more CTLA-4, which suppressed T-cell proliferation and blocked CTLA-4 to cause antibody-induced T-cell proliferation. CONCLUSION These results suggest that CD44+CD117+ T cells are stem cells and a specific T-cell phenotype that initially develops in the thymus, but they do not progress through DN3 and DN4 stages, lack a DP stage, and potently suppress T-cell proliferation and modulate the CTLA-4 pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wei
- Immunology and Tumor Research Instituted, the First Affiliate Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, People's Republic of China.,Core Research Laboratory, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Zhansheng Hu
- Immunology and Tumor Research Instituted, the First Affiliate Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, People's Republic of China.,The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, Liaoning, 121004, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Gu
- Immunology and Tumor Research Instituted, the First Affiliate Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Liu
- Clinical Research Center, Guangdong Medical Collage, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524001, China
| | - Bingyin Shi
- Immunology and Tumor Research Instituted, the First Affiliate Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Enqi Liu
- The School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Tie Liu
- Immunology and Tumor Research Instituted, the First Affiliate Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Lotinun S, Krishnamra N. Disruption of c-Kit Signaling in Kit(W-sh/W-sh) Growing Mice Increases Bone Turnover. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31515. [PMID: 27527615 PMCID: PMC4985756 DOI: 10.1038/srep31515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
c-Kit tyrosine kinase receptor has been identified as a regulator of bone homeostasis. The c-Kit loss-of-function mutations in WBB6F1/J-KitW/W-v mice result in low bone mass. However, these mice are sterile and it is unclear whether the observed skeletal phenotype is secondary to a sex hormone deficiency. In contrast, C57BL/6J-KitW-sh/W-sh (Wsh/Wsh) mice, which carry an inversion mutation affecting the transcriptional regulatory elements of the c-Kit gene, are fertile. Here, we showed that Wsh/Wsh mice exhibited osteopenia with elevated bone resorption and bone formation at 6- and 9-week-old. The c-Kit Wsh mutation increased osteoclast differentiation, the number of committed osteoprogenitors, alkaline phosphatase activity and mineralization. c-Kit was expressed in both osteoclasts and osteoblasts, and c-Kit expression was decreased in Wsh/Wshosteoclasts, but not osteoblasts, suggesting an indirect effect of c-Kit on bone formation. Furthermore, the osteoclast-derived coupling factor Wnt10b mRNA was increased in Wsh/Wsh osteoclasts. Conditioned medium from Wsh/Wsh osteoclasts had elevated Wnt10b protein levels and induced increased alkaline phosphatase activity and mineralization in osteoblast cultures. Antagonizing Wnt10b signaling with DKK1 or Wnt10b antibody inhibited these effects. Our data suggest that c-Kit negatively regulates bone turnover, and disrupted c-Kit signaling couples increased bone resorption with bone formation through osteoclast-derived Wnt 10 b.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sutada Lotinun
- Department of Physiology and STAR on Craniofacial and Skeletal Disorders, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nateetip Krishnamra
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zemke D, Yamini B, Yuzbasiyan-Gurkan V. Mutations in the Juxtamembrane Domain of c-KIT Are Associated with Higher Grade Mast Cell Tumors in Dogs. Vet Pathol 2016; 39:529-35. [PMID: 12243462 DOI: 10.1354/vp.39-5-529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mast cell tumors are among the most commonly seen tumors of the skin in dogs and are more highly aggressive than mast cell tumors of other species. Some breeds display a markedly higher incidence of mast cell tumor development than others and appear to have some genetic predisposition. Recently, mutations have been found in canine mast cell tumor tissues and cell lines within the juxtamembrane domain of the protooncogene c- KIT. In previous studies utilizing a small number of cases, no association between the presence of a mutation and the breed of dog or grade of the tumor could be identified. An expanded study with a larger sample set was performed to explore this possibility. The juxtamembrane domain of c- KIT was amplified using the polymerase chain reaction from genomic DNA preparations of 88 paraffin-embedded mast cell tumors from selected breeds. Mutations, consisting of duplications and deletions, were found in 12 of the tumors. A significant association was found between the presence of a mutation and a higher grade of tumor but not between breed and grade or between breed and the presence of a mutation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Zemke
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Preziosi R, Morini M, Sarli G. Expression of the KIT Protein (CD117) in Primary Cutaneous Mast Cell Tumors of the Dog. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 16:554-61. [PMID: 15586571 DOI: 10.1177/104063870401600610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Thirty-one canine cutaneous masses, diagnosed as mast cell tumors (MCT) by histopathologic analysis, were used to evaluate the immunohistochemical pattern of expression of KIT protein (CD117), a type III tyrosine kinase protein involved in mast cell growth and differentiation. Lesions were graded as I (well differentiated), II (intermediate differentiation), or III (poorly differentiated) according to the following morphologic features: invasiveness, cellularity and cellular morphology, mitotic index, and stromal reaction. Immunohistochemical KIT expression was compared with histologic grade and some histomorphologic features (cell differentiation and nuclear grade) evaluated separately. A possible predictive role of biologic behavior in MCTs for KIT expression was also investigated. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed three different patterns of KIT expression: a cytoplasmic diffuse pattern, a membranous pattern with immunostaining located on the cell surface, and a cytoplasmic perinuclear pattern, where KIT expression was detected in the cytoplasm of the neoplastic mast cells, close to the nucleus. Statistical analysis showed a close relationship between different KIT immunohistochemical patterns and histologic grade ( P < 0.00000), cell differentiation ( P < 0.00000), and nuclear grade ( P < 0.0024). According to Kaplan-Meier–estimated survival curves compared by survival analysis, KIT expression was significantly associated with survival time ( P = 0.037) but not cancer-free interval ( P = 0.50). Similar to other well-known histomorphological features, KIT expression is a useful parameter of malignancy in cutaneous MCTs. KIT expression also predicted the biological behavior of the tumors in this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Preziosi
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Animal Pathology, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Dissecting protein architecture with communication blocks and communicating segment pairs. BMC Bioinformatics 2016; 17 Suppl 2:13. [PMID: 26823083 PMCID: PMC4959365 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-015-0855-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteins adapt to environmental conditions by changing their shape and motions. Characterising protein conformational dynamics is increasingly recognised as necessary to understand how proteins function. Given a conformational ensemble, computational tools are needed to extract in a systematic way pertinent and comprehensive biological information. RESULTS Here, we present a method, Communication Mapping (COMMA), to decipher the dynamical architecture of a protein. The method first extracts residue-based dynamic properties from all-atom molecular dynamics simulations. Then, it integrates them in a graph theoretic framework, where it identifies groups of residues or protein regions that mediate short- and long-range communication. COMMA introduces original concepts to contrast the different roles played by these regions, namely communication blocks and communicating segment pairs, and evaluates the connections and communication strengths between them. We show the utility and capabilities of COMMA by applying it to three archetypal proteins, namely protein A, the tyrosine kinase KIT and the tumour suppressor p53. CONCLUSION Our method permits to compare in a direct way the dynamical behaviour either of proteins with different characteristics or of the same protein in different conditions. It is useful to identify residues playing a key role in protein allosteric regulation and to explain the effects of deleterious mutations in a mechanistic way. COMMA is a fully automated tool with broad applicability. It is freely available to the community at www.lcqb.upmc.fr/COMMA .
Collapse
|
29
|
Faustino-Rocha AI, Ferreira R, Oliveira PA, Gama A, Ginja M. N-Methyl-N-nitrosourea as a mammary carcinogenic agent. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:9095-117. [PMID: 26386719 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3973-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The administration of chemical carcinogens is one of the most commonly used methods to induce tumors in several organs in laboratory animals in order to study oncologic diseases of humans. The carcinogen agent N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) is the oldest member of the nitroso compounds that has the ability to alkylate DNA. MNU is classified as a complete, potent, and direct alkylating compound. Depending on the animals' species and strain, dose, route, and age at the administration, MNU may induce tumors' development in several organs. The aim of this manuscript was to review MNU as a carcinogenic agent, taking into account that this carcinogen agent has been frequently used in experimental protocols to study the carcinogenesis in several tissues, namely breast, ovary, uterus, prostate, liver, spleen, kidney, stomach, small intestine, colon, hematopoietic system, lung, skin, retina, and urinary bladder. In this paper, we also reviewed the experimental conditions to the chemical induction of tumors in different organs with this carcinogen agent, with a special emphasis in the mammary carcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana I Faustino-Rocha
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, 5001-911, Vila Real, Portugal. .,Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), UTAD, 5001-911, Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Rita Ferreira
- Organic Chemistry of Natural Products and Agrifood (QOPNA), Mass Spectrometry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Paula A Oliveira
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, 5001-911, Vila Real, Portugal.,Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), UTAD, 5001-911, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Adelina Gama
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, 5001-911, Vila Real, Portugal.,Animal and Veterinary Research Center (CECAV), School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, UTAD, 5001-911, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Mário Ginja
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, 5001-911, Vila Real, Portugal.,Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), UTAD, 5001-911, Vila Real, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Alturkmani HJ, Pessetto ZY, Godwin AK. Beyond standard therapy: drugs under investigation for the treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2015; 24:1045-58. [PMID: 26098203 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2015.1046594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is the most common nonepithelial malignancy of the GI tract. With the discovery of KIT and later platelet-derived growth factor α (PDGFRA) gain-of-function mutations as factors in the pathogenesis of the disease, GIST was the quintessential model for targeted therapy. Despite the successful clinical use of imatinib mesylate, a selective receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitor that targets KIT, PDGFRA and BCR-ABL, we still do not have treatment for the long-term control of advanced GIST. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the drugs that are under investigation or have been assessed in trials for GIST treatment. The article focuses on their mechanisms of actions, the preclinical evidence of efficacy, and the clinical trials concerning safety and efficacy in humans. EXPERT OPINION It is known that KIT and PDGFRA mutations in GIST patients influence the response to treatment. This observation should be taken into consideration when investigating new drugs. RECIST was developed to help uniformly report efficacy trials in oncology. Despite the usefulness of this system, many questions are being addressed about its validity in evaluating the true efficacy of drugs knowing that new targeted therapies do not affect the tumor size as much as they halt progression and prolong survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hani J Alturkmani
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Kansas City, Kansas , USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Novel somatic KIT exon 8 mutation with dramatic response to imatinib in a patient with mucosal melanoma: a case report. Melanoma Res 2015; 24:509-11. [PMID: 25003536 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Primary mucosal melanomas represent ∼1.3% of all cases of melanoma diagnosed in the USA. The sinonasal location is the most common primary site. Mutations in the KIT gene occur in 10-22% of mucosal melanomas. Tumor response to imatinib mesylate has been reported in about half of the patients with tumors harboring KIT mutations. Responses are almost exclusively restricted to tumors with mutations in KIT exon 9 or 11. We report a case of a patient with a sinonasal mucosal melanoma with a novel exon 8 mutation (C443S) who had marked initial response to imatinib. Somatic exon 8 KIT mutations have not been previously reported in mucosal melanoma or in other human solid tumors; however, such mutations have been reported in canine and feline mast cell tumors. Protein transcripts from exon 8 play an important role in the structural and functional integrity of the extracellular domain of KIT. In preclinical studies, a mutation in exon 8 led to autophosphorylation, independent of KIT ligand, and constitutive activation of the tyrosine kinase. This biology may explain the successful application of imatinib in animals with tumors harboring exon 8 KIT mutations and in our patient with mucosal melanoma. This report expands the population of patients with melanoma who might benefit from imatinib to those with somatic exon 8 KIT mutations. Such mutations should be looked for in patients with mucosal melanoma.
Collapse
|
32
|
Johnson JL, Kozysa A, Kharlamova AV, Gulevich RG, Perelman PL, Fong HWF, Vladimirova AV, Oskina IN, Trut LN, Kukekova AV. Platinum coat color in red fox (Vulpes vulpes) is caused by a mutation in an autosomal copy of KIT. Anim Genet 2015; 46:190-9. [PMID: 25662789 DOI: 10.1111/age.12270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The red fox (Vulpes vulpes) demonstrates a variety of coat colors including platinum, a common phenotype maintained in farm-bred fox populations. Foxes heterozygous for the platinum allele have a light silver coat and extensive white spotting, whereas homozygosity is embryonic lethal. Two KIT transcripts were identified in skin cDNA from platinum foxes. The long transcript was identical to the KIT transcript of silver foxes, whereas the short transcript, which lacks exon 17, was specific to platinum. The KIT gene has several copies in the fox genome: an autosomal copy on chromosome 2 and additional copies on the B chromosomes. To identify the platinum-specific KIT sequence, the genomes of one platinum and one silver fox were sequenced. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) was identified at the first nucleotide of KIT intron 17 in the platinum fox. In platinum foxes, the A allele of the SNP disrupts the donor splice site and causes exon 17, which is part of a segment that encodes a conserved tyrosine kinase domain, to be skipped. Complete cosegregation of the A allele with the platinum phenotype was confirmed by linkage mapping (LOD 25.59). All genotyped farm-bred platinum foxes from Russia and the US were heterozygous for the SNP (A/G), whereas foxes with different coat colors were homozygous for the G allele. Identification of the platinum mutation suggests that other fox white-spotting phenotypes, which are allelic to platinum, would also be caused by mutations in the KIT gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J L Johnson
- Animal Sciences Department, College of ACES, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Fantauzzo KA, Soriano P. Receptor tyrosine kinase signaling: regulating neural crest development one phosphate at a time. Curr Top Dev Biol 2015; 111:135-82. [PMID: 25662260 PMCID: PMC4363133 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) bind to a subset of growth factors on the surface of cells and elicit responses with broad roles in developmental and postnatal cellular processes. Receptors in this subclass consist of an extracellular ligand-binding domain, a single transmembrane domain, and an intracellular domain harboring a catalytic tyrosine kinase and regulatory sequences that are phosphorylated either by the receptor itself or by various interacting proteins. Once activated, RTKs bind signaling molecules and recruit effector proteins to mediate downstream cellular responses through various intracellular signaling pathways. In this chapter, we highlight the role of a subset of RTK families in regulating the activity of neural crest cells (NCCs) and the development of their derivatives in mammalian systems. NCCs are migratory, multipotent cells that can be subdivided into four axial populations, cranial, cardiac, vagal, and trunk. These cells migrate throughout the vertebrate embryo along defined pathways and give rise to unique cell types and structures. Interestingly, individual RTK families often have specific functions in a subpopulation of NCCs that contribute to the diversity of these cells and their derivatives in the mammalian embryo. We additionally discuss current methods used to investigate RTK signaling, including genetic, biochemical, large-scale proteomic, and biosensor approaches, which can be applied to study intracellular signaling pathways active downstream of this receptor subclass during NCC development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Fantauzzo
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA.
| | - Philippe Soriano
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Cardoso HJ, Figueira MI, Correia S, Vaz CV, Socorro S. The SCF/c-KIT system in the male: Survival strategies in fertility and cancer. Mol Reprod Dev 2014; 81:1064-79. [PMID: 25359157 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Maintaining the delicate balance between cell survival and death is of the utmost importance for the proper development of germ cells and subsequent fertility. On the other hand, the fine regulation of tissue homeostasis by mechanisms that control cell fate is a factor that can prevent carcinogenesis. c-KIT is a type III receptor tyrosine kinase activated by its ligand, stem cell factor (SCF). c-KIT signaling plays a crucial role in cell fate decisions, specifically controlling cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis. Indeed, deregulating the SCF/c-KIT system by attenuation or overactivation of its signaling strength is linked to male infertility and cancer, and rebalancing its activity via c-KIT inhibitors has proven beneficial in treating human tumors that contain gain-of-function mutations or overexpress c-KIT. This review addresses the roles of SCF and c-KIT in the male reproductive tract, and discusses the potential application of c-KIT target therapies in disorders of the reproductive system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henrique J Cardoso
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Ito T, Yamamura M, Hirai T, Ishikawa T, Kanda T, Nakai T, Ohkouchi M, Hashikura Y, Isozaki K, Hirota S. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors with exon 8 c-kit gene mutation might occur at extragastric sites and have metastasis-prone nature. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2014; 7:8024-8031. [PMID: 25550846 PMCID: PMC4270532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal tumors of the human gut. Most sporadic GISTs have somatic gain-of-function mutations of the c-kit gene. The mutations are frequently found at exon 11, sometimes at exon 9 and rarely at exon 13 or 17. Recently, exon 8 c-kit gene mutations were reported in very minor proportion of sporadic GISTs. We also found 3 GISTs with exon 8 c-kit gene mutations in approximately 1,000 sporadic GISTs examined. In the present report, we showed the clinicopathological data of those GISTs. One case had a deletion of codon 419 of aspartate, and 2 cases had a substitution of 3 amino acids of codon 417 to codon 419 to tyrosine. The former was the same mutation recently reported in 2 GIST cases, but the latter has not been reported in any GISTs. All three cases occurred at extragastric sites and two of three showed distant metastasis. Since the remaining case was regarded as high risk for recurrence, imatinib adjuvant treatment has been done without evidence of metastasis. Our results confirmed the idea that exon 8 mutations are minor but actually existing abnormalities in sporadic GISTs, and suggested that such GISTs have a feature of extragastric development and a metastasis-prone nature. Since the exon 8 mutations appeared to be really sensitive to imatinib as shown in the present case study, accurate genotyping including exon 8 of the c-kit gene is necessary in GISTs to predict response to imatinib in both the unresectable/metastatic and adjuvant settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ito
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Hyogo College of MedicineHyogo, Japan
- Department of Pathology, Sanda Municipal HospitalHyogo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yamamura
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Kawasaki Medical SchoolOkayama, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Hirai
- Department of Surgery, Division of Gastroenterology, Kawasaki Medical SchoolOkayama, Japan
| | - Takashi Ishikawa
- Division of Digestive and General Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental SciencesNiigata, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Kanda
- Department of Surgery, Sanjo General HospitalNiigata, Japan
| | - Takuya Nakai
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kinki UniversityOsaka, Japan
| | - Mizuka Ohkouchi
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Hyogo College of MedicineHyogo, Japan
| | - Yuka Hashikura
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Hyogo College of MedicineHyogo, Japan
| | - Koji Isozaki
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Hyogo College of MedicineHyogo, Japan
| | - Seiichi Hirota
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Hyogo College of MedicineHyogo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Qin YZ, Zhu HH, Jiang Q, Jiang H, Zhang LP, Xu LP, Wang Y, Liu YR, Lai YY, Shi HX, Jiang B, Huang XJ. Prevalence and prognostic significance of c-KIT mutations in core binding factor acute myeloid leukemia: a comprehensive large-scale study from a single Chinese center. Leuk Res 2014; 38:1435-40. [PMID: 25449688 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2014.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 09/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
To clarify the prevalence and prognostic significance of c-KIT mutations in patients with core binding factor acute myeloid leukemia (CBF-AML), a total of 351 patients who were categorized as pediatric t(8;21), adult t(8;21), pediatric inv(16), or adult inv(16) were screened at diagnosis for c-KIT mutations in exons 17 and 8 using direct sequencing. A total of 250 patients underwent follow-up. Overall, 36.5% of the patients had a c-KIT mutation. Adult t(8;21) and inv(16) patients had mutations predominantly in exons 17 and 8, respectively. Higher White blood cell (WBC) count, WBC index, and AML1-ETO transcript levels in adult t(8;21) patients were significantly associated with c-KIT mutations and mutations in exon 17 (P≤0.030). c-KIT mutations in adult t(8;21) patients were significantly correlated with a high cumulative incidence of relapse (CIR, P=0.0070) at 2 years and a low 2-year disease-free survival (DFS, P=0.013) and overall survival (OS, P=0.0055). However, no significant difference was revealed in the effect of c-KIT mutations on outcome of adult inv(16) and pediatric t(8;21) patients (all P>0.05). Multivariate analysis revealed that c-KIT mutation is an independent prognostic factor for relapse, DFS, and OS (P≤0.016) in adult t(8;21) AML patients. Therefore, with regard to c-KIT mutation, CBF-AML is a heterogeneous disease. c-KIT mutations have a strong adverse effect on the relapse and survival of adult t(8;21) AML patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Zhen Qin
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Hong-Hu Zhu
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Qian Jiang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Hao Jiang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Le-Ping Zhang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Lan-Ping Xu
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Yan-Rong Liu
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Yue-Yun Lai
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Hong-Xia Shi
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Bin Jiang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Huang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing 100044, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100871, China.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Dendritic cell c-kit signaling and adaptive immunity: implications for the upper airways. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 14:7-12. [PMID: 24300419 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0000000000000019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Binding of the receptor tyrosine kinase, c-kit, to its ligand, stem cell factor (SCF), mediates numerous biological functions. Important roles for c-kit in hematopoiesis, melanogenesis, erythropoiesis, spermatogenesis, and carcinogenesis are well documented. Similarly, activation of mast cells and eosinophils by c-kit ligation has long been known to result in degranulation with concomitant release of pro-inflammatory mediators including cytokines. This review will highlight a recently discovered function of c-kit in regulating the adaptive immune responses with relevance to allergic diseases. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies in a number of laboratories including our own highlight the previously unappreciated functions for c-kit in immunological processes. Increased expression of c-kit and its ligand, SCF, on dendritic cells by Th2/Th17-inducing stimuli leads to c-kit activation and immune skewing toward these subsets and away from Th1 responses. Treatment of dendritic cells with inhibitors of c-kit activation such as imatinib mesylate (Gleevec) induces breach of T-cell tolerance, skewing of responses toward Th1, and activation of natural killer cells. SUMMARY Taken together, these observations suggest that the c-kit/SCF axis may be a useful target for redirecting deleterious immune responses in various disease settings, including allergic diseases that are often associated with Th2 and Th17 responses.
Collapse
|
38
|
Jiang N, Liu N, Yang F, Zhou Q, Cui R, Jiang W, He Q, Li W, Guo Y, Zeng J, Yun J, Chen X, Zhou B, Sun Y, Wang H, Chen ZG, Ma J. Hotspot mutations in common oncogenes are infrequent in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Oncol Rep 2014; 32:1661-9. [PMID: 25109408 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogene mutations contribute to carcinogenesis and can provide potential therapeutic targets for clinical anticancer management. However, oncogene mutation patterns in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) have yet to be fully elucidated. To gain insight into mutation patterns in NPC, a high-throughput OncoCarta panel assay was used to determine 238 hotspot mutations across 19 common oncogenes in 8 NPC cell lines and 160 NPC patient samples from southern China. Statistical analyses were further conducted to identify associations between oncogene mutations and selected clinicopathological characteristics. In total, we identified 24 mutations across 11 oncogenes in 17 (10.6%) NPC patients. Four patients exhibited mutations in at least one oncogene. We also identified a PIK3CA H1047R mutant in 7 NPC cell lines. In addition, oncogene mutations showed no correlation with either risk habits (smoking and drinking) or other clinical characteristics except for TNM stage. KIT mutations were associated with poorer overall and relapse-free survival. Furthermore, KIT mutations together with age and N stage were independent prognostic factors in NPC. Taken together, the present study is the first report on mutations in multiple oncogenes in NPC. We found that hotspot oncogene mutations are infrequent in NPC patients from southern China. The lack of hotspot mutations requires a comprehensive characterization of gene mutations in NPC for developing new therapeutic targets in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Na Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Fan Yang
- Shenzhen Institute of Liver Diseases, The Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518112, P.R. China
| | - Qiming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Ruixue Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Wei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Qingmei He
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Wenfei Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Ying Guo
- National Clinical Study Center for Anticancer Drugs, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zeng
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Jingping Yun
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Xinchun Chen
- Shenzhen Institute of Liver Diseases, The Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518112, P.R. China
| | - Boping Zhou
- Shenzhen Institute of Liver Diseases, The Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518112, P.R. China
| | - Ying Sun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Huiyun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Zhuo G Chen
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Functional deregulation of KIT: link to mast cell proliferative diseases and other neoplasms. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2014; 34:219-37. [PMID: 24745671 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In this review, the authors discuss common gain-of-function mutations in the stem cell factor receptor KIT found in mast cell proliferation disorders and summarize the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which these transforming mutations may affect KIT structure and function leading to altered downstream signaling and cellular transformation. Drugs targeting KIT have shown mixed success in the treatment of mastocytosis and other hyperproliferative diseases. A brief overview of the most common KIT inhibitors currently used, the reasons for the varied clinical results of such inhibitors and a discussion of potential new strategies are provided.
Collapse
|
40
|
Cheung Y, Gayden T, Campeau P, LeDuc C, Russo D, Nguyen VH, Guo J, Qi M, Guan Y, Albrecht S, Moroz B, Eldin K, Lu J, Schwartzentruber J, Malkin D, Berghuis A, Emil S, Gibbs R, Burk D, Vanstone M, Lee B, Orchard D, Boycott K, Chung W, Jabado N. A recurrent PDGFRB mutation causes familial infantile myofibromatosis. Am J Hum Genet 2013; 92:996-1000. [PMID: 23731537 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Infantile myofibromatosis (IM) is the most common benign fibrous tumor of soft tissues affecting young children. By using whole-exome sequencing, RNA sequencing, and targeted sequencing, we investigated germline and tumor DNA in individuals from four distinct families with the familial form of IM and in five simplex IM cases with no previous family history of this disease. We identified a germline mutation c.1681C>T (p.Arg561Cys) in platelet-derived growth factor receptor β (PDGFRB) in all 11 affected individuals with familial IM, although none of the five individuals with nonfamilial IM had mutations in this gene. We further identified a second heterozygous mutation in PDGFRB in two myofibromas from one of the affected familial cases, indicative of a potential second hit in this gene in the tumor. PDGFR-β promotes growth of mesenchymal cells, including blood vessels and smooth muscles, which are affected in IM. Our findings indicate p.Arg561Cys substitution in PDGFR-β as a cause of the dominant form of this disease. They provide a rationale for further investigations of this specific mutation and gene to assess the benefits of targeted therapies against PDGFR-β in aggressive life-threatening familial forms of the disease.
Collapse
|
41
|
Extracellular domain c-kit mutation with duplication of Ser501Ala502 found in gastrointestinal stromal tumors is more imatinib- and nilotinib-sensitive than that with duplication of Ala502Tyr503. J Transl Med 2013; 93:502-7. [PMID: 23459373 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2013.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The great majority of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) have gain-of-function mutations of the c-kit gene, which encodes KIT receptor tyrosine kinase. Most of the mutations are located at exon 11, but some are at exon 9 or at other exons. Mutation types at exon 11 vary, while most mutations at exon 9 are a particular duplication of Ala502Tyr503 (KIT-Dup-Ala502Tyr503). Recently a duplication of Ser501Ala502 (KIT-Dup-Ser501Ala502) at exon 9 has been reported in two cases of pediatric mastocytosis and one case of adult mast cell leukemia. Although KIT-Dup-Ser501Ala502 had not been reported in GISTs, we found two GIST cases possessing the mutation in 45 GIST cases with exon 9 c-kit gene mutations, among a total of approximately 500 GIST cases examined. In this report, we briefly summarize clinicopathological findings of the two cases, and characterize the biology of the mutation. When autophosphorylation of KIT-Dup-Ser501Ala502 was examined by transient transfection of c-kit cDNA with Dup-Ser501Ala502 into CHO-K1 cells, KIT-Dup-Ser501Ala502 was ligand-independently activating. The inhibitory effect of selective tyrosine kinase inhibitors, imatinib and nilotinib, on KIT-Dup-Ser501Ala502 was examined and compared with that of KIT-Dup-Ala502Tyr503. Imatinib efficiently inhibited constitutive activation of KIT-Dup-Ser501Ala502 at a concentration of 0.1 μM, whereas it inhibited that of KIT-Dup-Ala502Tyr503 at a concentration of 10 μM. Constitutive activation of KIT-Dup-Ser502Ala503 was not inhibited by nilotinib even at a concentration of 10 μM but that of KIT-Dup-Ala501Tyr502 was almost completely inhibited at a concentration of 1 μM. The results suggest that imatinib and nilotinib could be more effective on GISTs with KIT-Dup-Ser501Ala502 than those with KIT-Dup-Ala502Tyr503. In fact, a patient with KIT-Dup-Ser501Ala502 showed long-term stable disease with administration of the usual dose of 400 mg imatinib. Although mutation sites of KIT-Dup-Ser501Ala502 and KIT-Dup-Ala502Tyr503 are closely located, imatinib- and nilotinib-sensitive KIT-Dup-Ser501Ala502 are distinguishable from KIT-Dup-Ala502Tyr503.
Collapse
|
42
|
Rossi G, Bertani C, Mari S, Marini C, Renzoni G, Ogilvie G, Magi GE. Ex vivo evaluation of imatinib mesylate for induction of cell death on canine neoplastic mast cells with mutations in c-Kit exon 11 via apoptosis. Vet Res Commun 2013; 37:101-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11259-013-9550-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
43
|
Abstract
The current WHO classification of mastocytosis defines one major and four minor diagnostic criteria for systemic mastocytosis (SM). One of the minor criteria is the detection of the "gain-of-function" mutation D816V of the c-kit proto-oncogene in extracutaneous organs. The receptor molecule KIT is a potential therapeutic target for tyrosine kinase inhibitors. KIT mutations have been described in more than 80% of SM, but only in the minority of cutaneous mastocytoses (CM). Usually exon 17 amplicons generated by polymerase chain reaction are analyzed for the detection of c-kit mutations. Most frequently the method of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis using the endonuclease Hinf I is used. Another well-established technique utilizes melting point analysis of amplification products with specific hybridization probes. Recently, also allele-specific PCR assays have been described. The technique used for the detection of c-kit mutations in mastocytosis is dependent on the kind of material to be analyzed and the laboratory equipment available. In this chapter the techniques of PNA-mediated PCR-clamping in combination with melting point analysis for the genotyping of amplification products are described for mutational analysis in total DNA and microdissected cells from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded bone marrow trephine biopsies.
Collapse
|
44
|
Takabayashi S, Nishikawa T, Katoh H. A novel Kit gene mutation in CF1 mice involved in the extracellular domain of the KIT protein. Exp Anim 2012; 61:435-44. [PMID: 22850643 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.61.435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We screened for natural mutations in Crl:CF1 closed colony mice using an ordinary backcrossing system. Five of 30 CF1 males carried novel genes that caused white spots on colored coats. Their backcross progenies showed a white spot phenotype. The white spot gene was mapped to approximately 39 cM on chromosome 5, where the Kit gene is known to reside. Allelism testing between this spot gene and the Kit gene was performed using two already known Kit alleles, Kit(W), and Kit(W-v). We demonstrated that the spot mutation was semidominant and a novel allele of the Kit gene, which was tentatively named Kit(W-Ham). No infertility or anemia was observed in Kit(W-Ham) homozygotes. However, a reduced number of germ cells and mast cells was observed in Kit(W-Ham)/Kit(W) and Kit(W-Ham)/Kit(W-v) transheterozygotes. Sequencing of the 21 exons of the Kit gene in the Kit(W-Ham) mutants revealed that a unique guanine-to-adenine (G-A) transition at nucleotide position 545 (c.545G>A) of exon 3 changes arginine (R) to glutamine (Q) at position 182 in the extracellular domain of the KIT protein (p.R182Q). This extracellular KIT domain is a binding site for stem cell factors (SCF). It was concluded that the Kit(W-Ham) mutant may serve as a new model of human piebaldism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Takabayashi
- Institute for Experimental Animals, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1–20–1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Gow DJ, Garceau V, Kapetanovic R, Sester DP, Fici GJ, Shelly JA, Wilson TL, Hume DA. Cloning and expression of porcine Colony Stimulating Factor-1 (CSF-1) and Colony Stimulating Factor-1 Receptor (CSF-1R) and analysis of the species specificity of stimulation by CSF-1 and Interleukin 34. Cytokine 2012; 60:793-805. [PMID: 22974529 PMCID: PMC3500696 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Revised: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (CSF-1) controls the survival, differentiation and proliferation of cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system. A second ligand for the CSF-1R, Interleukin 34 (IL-34), has been described, but its physiological role is not yet known. The domestic pig provides an alternative to traditional rodent models for evaluating potential therapeutic applications of CSF-1R agonists and antagonists. To enable such studies, we cloned and expressed active pig CSF-1. To provide a bioassay, pig CSF-1R was expressed in the factor-dependent Ba/F3 cell line. On this transfected cell line, recombinant porcine CSF-1 and human CSF-1 had identical activity. Mouse CSF-1 does not interact with the human CSF-1 receptor but was active on pig. By contrast, porcine CSF-1 was active on mouse, human, cat and dog cells. IL-34 was previously shown to be species-specific, with mouse and human proteins demonstrating limited cross-species activity. The pig CSF-1R was equally responsive to both mouse and human IL-34. Based upon the published crystal structures of CSF-1/CSF-1R and IL34/CSF-1R complexes, we discuss the molecular basis for the species specificity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah J. Gow
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK
| | - Valerie Garceau
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK
| | - Ronan Kapetanovic
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK
| | - David P. Sester
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK
| | - Greg J. Fici
- Pfizer Animal Health, 7000 Portage Road, Kalamazoo, MI 49001, United States
| | - John A. Shelly
- Pfizer Animal Health, 7000 Portage Road, Kalamazoo, MI 49001, United States
| | - Thomas L. Wilson
- Pfizer Animal Health, 7000 Portage Road, Kalamazoo, MI 49001, United States
| | - David A. Hume
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK,Corresponding author. Tel.: +44 131 6519181.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Verstraete K, Savvides SN. Extracellular assembly and activation principles of oncogenic class III receptor tyrosine kinases. Nat Rev Cancer 2012; 12:753-66. [PMID: 23076159 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular signalling cascades initiated by class III receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK-IIIs) and their cytokine ligands contribute to haematopoiesis and mesenchymal tissue development. They are also implicated in a wide range of inflammatory disorders and cancers. Recent snapshots of RTK-III ectodomains in complex with cognate cytokines have revealed timely insights into the structural determinants of RTK-III activation, evolution and pathology. Importantly, candidate 'driver' and 'passenger' mutations that have been identified in RTK-IIIs can now be collectively mapped for the first time to structural scaffolds of the corresponding RTK-III ectodomains. Such insights will generate a renewed interest in dissecting the mechanistic effects of such mutations and their therapeutic relevance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Verstraete
- Unit for Structural Biology, Laboratory for Protein Biochemistry and Biomolecular Engineering, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
QIU CEN, LIU XIAOHONG, BAI CHENGUANG, MA DALIE. The expression of KIT receptor dimers in gastrointestinal stromal tumors independent of c-kit mutation and SCF expression is associated with high-risk stratification. Oncol Lett 2012; 4:805-811. [PMID: 23205104 PMCID: PMC3506609 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2012.797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the dimerization of KIT, a receptor tyrosine kinase, plays a major role in a number of tumors, correlations between the clinicopathological parameters and KIT receptor dimers have not been identified. In the current study, a method for the detection of KIT receptor dimer expression was described and correlations between the clinicopathological parameters and KIT receptor dimers were analyzed. A single center cohort study of 49 patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) was conducted to analyze the expression of KIT receptor dimers by SDS-PAGE, Native-PAGE and modified Native-PAGE. Immunohistochemistry was used to examine the expression of ki-67, c-kit and stem cell factor (SCF). Mutations of the c-kit gene were examined in 48 GISTs according to the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and direct sequencing methods. Based on the data, a signal for the KIT receptor monomer was obtained by SDS-PAGE. Faint bands were observed on the nitrocellulose membrane by Native-PAGE, while clear bands were identified for KIT receptor dimers and monomers using modified Native-PAGE (15 out of 49 cases). The tumor size was larger in KIT receptor dimer-positive cases compared with that in KIT receptor dimer-negative cases. Analysis of KIT receptor dimer expression levels and risk stratification demonstrated that KIT receptor dimer-positive cases belonged to the higher risk classification. In addition, there was no significant correlation between the existence of KIT receptor dimers and c-kit gene mutations, including SCF expression. In conclusion, this study established a method for the detection of the existence of KIT receptor dimers in tissues and confirmed that KIT receptor dimers were correlated with risk stratification. Data also indicated that ligand-dependent SCF/KIT dimerization is an independent crucial mechanism in GIST cell proliferation and increases the risk of GIST. Therefore, blocking KIT dimerization may prove to be an effective approach for the treatment of GISTs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- CEN QIU
- Departments of Pathology and
| | - XIAOHONG LIU
- Cardiothoracic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200443,
P.R. China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Lennartsson J, Rönnstrand L. Stem Cell Factor Receptor/c-Kit: From Basic Science to Clinical Implications. Physiol Rev 2012; 92:1619-49. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00046.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 485] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell factor (SCF) is a dimeric molecule that exerts its biological functions by binding to and activating the receptor tyrosine kinase c-Kit. Activation of c-Kit leads to its autophosphorylation and initiation of signal transduction. Signaling proteins are recruited to activated c-Kit by certain interaction domains (e.g., SH2 and PTB) that specifically bind to phosphorylated tyrosine residues in the intracellular region of c-Kit. Activation of c-Kit signaling has been found to mediate cell survival, migration, and proliferation depending on the cell type. Signaling from c-Kit is crucial for normal hematopoiesis, pigmentation, fertility, gut movement, and some aspects of the nervous system. Deregulated c-Kit kinase activity has been found in a number of pathological conditions, including cancer and allergy. The observation that gain-of-function mutations in c-Kit can promote tumor formation and progression has stimulated the development of therapeutics agents targeting this receptor, e.g., the clinically used inhibitor imatinib mesylate. Also other clinically used multiselective kinase inhibitors, for instance, sorafenib and sunitinib, have c-Kit included in their range of targets. Furthermore, loss-of-function mutations in c-Kit have been observed and shown to give rise to a condition called piebaldism. This review provides a summary of our current knowledge regarding structural and functional aspects of c-Kit signaling both under normal and pathological conditions, as well as advances in the development of low-molecular-weight molecules inhibiting c-Kit function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johan Lennartsson
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; and Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Lars Rönnstrand
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; and Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Malbec O, Daëron M. Antibodies against growth factor receptors can inhibit the proliferation of transformed cells via a cis-interaction with inhibitory FcR. Immunol Lett 2012; 143:28-33. [PMID: 22553780 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2012.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
When dimerized by Stem Cell Factor (SCF), the Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Kit triggers the proliferation of hematopoietic progenitors, including pro-B cells, and of some differentiated cells, including mast cells. We found previously that anti-Kit antibodies can mimic SCF and that anti-Kit-induced mast cell proliferation can be inhibited by the low-affinity IgG receptors FcγRIIB, when the two receptors are co-aggregated by IgG immune complexes. We show here that the same immune complexes inhibited anti-Kit-induced proliferation of Ba/F3 pro-B cells expressing wt Kit and FcγRIIB and that inhibition required the intracytoplasmic domain of FcγRIIB. Constitutively active Kit mutants are oncogenic. We show that Kit-dependent, ligand-independent proliferation of Ba/F3 cells expressing a constitutively dimerized Kit mutant was also inhibited by IgG immune complexes via FcγRIIB. FcγRIIB-dependent negative regulation therefore also affects Kit-dependent proliferation of transformed cells. Interestingly, the co-aggregation of Kit with FcγRIIB by immune complexes containing SCF also inhibited both growth factor-dependent and growth factor-independent proliferation of Ba/F3 cells expressing wt or mutated Kit, respectively. These results provide the basis for novel immunotherapeutical approaches of FcγRIIB-expressing tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Odile Malbec
- Institut Pasteur, Département d’Immunologie, Unité d’Allergologie Moléculaire & Cellulaire, Paris, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Miyamoto K, Kobayashi T, Hayashi Y, Zhang Y, Hara Y, Higashine M, Shiraishi A, Ohashi Y. Involvement of stem cell factor and c-kit in corneal wound healing in mice. Mol Vis 2012; 18:1505-15. [PMID: 22736941 PMCID: PMC3381705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the roles played by stem cell factor (SCF) and SCF receptor c-kit in wound healing of corneal epithelial cells. METHODS A 2 mm corneal epithelial wound was made in control (WBB6F1(+/+)), SCF (Sl/Sl(d))-, and c-kit (W/W(v)) mutant mice, and the speed of wound healing, 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation, and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) morphology of the corneas were examined. The incorporation of BrdU and the degree of cell attachment in cultured mouse corneal epithelial cells (MCECs) isolated from WBB6F1(+/+), Sl/Sl(d), and W/W(v) mice were examined. Cultured immortalized human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) were examined by a cell attachment assay after their exposure to anti-SCF antibodies, tyrosine kinase inhibitor (genistein), and competitive Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) peptide, as well as on cultures treated with extracellular matrix. RESULTS The speed of corneal wound healing was slower in Sl/Sl(d) and W/W(v) mice than in controls (p<0.01) and the speed of healing in Sl/Sl(d) mice recovered after topical application of SCF (8 ng/ml). No significant difference was found in the BrdU incorporation assay either in vivo or in vitro. Loosened epithelial cells were detected at wound margins in W/W(v) mice by SEM. The cell attachment rate was increased by 157% in cells from WBB6F1(+/+) and 252% in Sl/Sl(d) MCECs by recombinant mouse SCF; however, no significant difference was found in W/W(v) MCECs. Anti-SCF antibodies (Ab), genistein, and RGD peptide reduced the percentage of attached HCECs. Anti-SCF Ab inhibited the attachment of HCECs on fibronectin, laminin, or type IV collagen coated dishes. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that the SCF/c-kit system may play a role in corneal wound healing through epithelial cell attachment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhisa Miyamoto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kobayashi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Regenerative Medicine, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, Japan
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Hayashi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Regenerative Medicine, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Yuko Hara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Masakatsu Higashine
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Atsushi Shiraishi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, Japan
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Yuichi Ohashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, Japan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| |
Collapse
|