1
|
Sawai M, Ishikawa Y, Ota A, Sakurai H. The proto-oncogeneJUNis a target of the heat shock transcription factor HSF1. FEBS J 2013; 280:6672-80. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2013] [Revised: 10/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maki Sawai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science; Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science; Ishikawa Japan
| | - Yukio Ishikawa
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science; Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science; Ishikawa Japan
| | - Azumi Ota
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science; Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science; Ishikawa Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sakurai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science; Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science; Ishikawa Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Agarwal S, Kumar R, Gupta P, Dixit A. Identification and Characterization of a Positive Regulatory cis-element Within the Upstream Region of c-jun. J Biochem 2008; 144:741-52. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvn129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
|
3
|
Ohri S, Sharma D, Dixit A. Interaction of an approximately 40 kDa protein from regenerating rat liver with the -148 to -124 region of c-jun complexed with RLjunRP coincides with enhanced c-jun expression in proliferating rat liver. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 271:4892-902. [PMID: 15606777 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.2004.04458.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The c-jun belongs to the family of proto-oncogenes and encodes for the protein Jun, a component of transcription factor AP-1 involved in regulation of the expression of genes indispensable for cell proliferation and differentiation. While the role of c-jun in the regulation of such genes has been well examined, the regulation of c-jun in proliferating cells is not fully understood. We have earlier reported that the -148 to -124 region of c-jun is involved in the positive regulation of c-jun transcription, and interacts with a positive regulatory factor (rat liver jun regulatory protein; RLjunRP) present in rat liver. In this investigation, we report that this region is differentially recognized in proliferating liver as evidenced by the formation of a complex, different from that observed with normal liver extract. The new complex appears as early as 2 h after partial hepatectomy and its appearance coincides with the rise in c-jun mRNA levels after partial hepatectomy. In regenerating rat liver nuclear extract, an additional protein of approximately 40 kDa (rRLjunRP) interacts with a pre-existing dimer of RLjunRP complexed with the -148 to -124 region of c-jun to form a slow-migrating complex. rRLjunRP appears to pre-exist in the cytosol and translocate to the nucleus as indicated by the continued presence of the retarded complex in nuclear extract prepared from partially hepatectomized rats treated with cycloheximide. UV crosslinking studies, South-Western blot analysis, SDS/PAGE of affinity-purified factor(s), and 2D-PAGE analysis clearly demonstrate that the additional factor induced in response to growth stimulus is an approximately 40 kDa, that binds with the dimer of RLjunRP and enhances the c-jun transcription.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sujata Ohri
- Gene Regulation Laboratory, Center for Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sharma D, Ohri S, Dixit A. The -148 to -124 region of c-jun interacts with a positive regulatory factor in rat liver and enhances transcription. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2003; 270:181-9. [PMID: 12605669 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2003.03369.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The c-jun gene encodes the protein Jun, a component of the essential transcription factor, AP1. Jun/AP-1 occupies a central position in signal transduction pathways as it is responsible for the induction of a number of genes in response to growth promoters. However, the exact mechanisms leading to an enhanced expression of the c-jun gene itself during proliferation, differentiation, cell growth and development are not fully understood. Cell culture studies have given some insight in the mechanisms involved in the up-regulation of c-jun expression by UV irradiation and phorbol esters. However, it is well known that transformed cells do not accurately reflect the biology of a normal cell. We now report the identification of a positive regulatory factor from normal rat liver that activates transcription from the c-jun promoter by binding to the -148 to -124 region of c-jun. Preincubation of fractionated rat liver nuclear extract with an oligonucleotide encompassing this region of the gene significantly reduced transcription from cloned c-jun promoter. In vitro transfection studies using green fluorescent protein as a reporter gene under the control of the c-jun promoter with (-148 to +53) and without (-123 to +53) this region further confirmed its role in transcription. A DNA-binding protein factor, interacting with this region of c-jun was identified from rat liver by using electrophoretic mobility shift assays. This factor binds to its recognition sequence only in the phosphorylated form and exhibits high affinity and specificity. UV cross-linking studies, South-Western analysis and affinity purification collectively indicated the factor to be approximately 40 kDa and to bind to its recognition sequence as a dimer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dipali Sharma
- Gene Regulation Laboratory, Center for Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi-110067, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
The AP-1 transcription factor is composed of a mixture of homo- and hetero-dimers formed between Jun and Fos proteins. The different Jun and Fos family members vary significantly in their relative abundance and their interactions with additional proteins generating a complex network of transcriptional regulators. Thus, the functional activity of AP-1 in any given cell depends on the relative amount of specific Jun/Fos proteins which are expressed, as well as other potential interacting proteins. This diversity of AP-1 components has complicated our understanding of AP-1 function and resulted in a paucity of information about the precise role of individual AP-1 members in distinct cellular processes. We shall discuss recent studies which suggest that different Jun and Fos family members may have both opposite and overlapping functions in cellular proliferation and cell fate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Mechta-Grigoriou
- Unité des virus oncogenes, CNRS URA 1644, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Alaaeddine N, Di Battista JA, Pelletier JP, Kiansa K, Cloutier JM, Martel-Pelletier J. Inhibition of tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced prostaglandin E2 production by the antiinflammatory cytokines interleukin-4, interleukin-10, and interleukin-13 in osteoarthritic synovial fibroblasts: distinct targeting in the signaling pathways. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1999; 42:710-8. [PMID: 10211885 DOI: 10.1002/1529-0131(199904)42:4<710::aid-anr14>3.0.co;2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of the antiinflammatory cytokines interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-10, and IL-13 on tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha)-induced prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) release in the cellular signaling cascade on human osteoarthritis (OA) synovial fibroblasts. METHODS Human OA synovial fibroblasts were cultured to explore the impact of IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13 on TNFalpha binding to TNF receptors (TNFR), soluble TNFR (sTNFR), cytoplasmic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) production, and on the binding activity of the transcription factors nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB), CCAAT-enhancer binding protein (C/EBP), activator protein 2 (AP-2), and cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB). RESULTS IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13 at 5 ng/ml dramatically reduced TNFalpha-induced PGE2 release by approximately 90% (P < 0.0001). IL-4 up-regulated the level of TNFalpha-induced TNFR by 47% (P < 0.06), while IL-10 down-regulated it by 71% (P < 0.02); IL-13 had no effect. Although statistical significance was not reached, all 3 cytokines up-regulated the basal level of sTNFR-55. IL-4 and IL-10, while not altering the basal level of sTNFR-75, significantly increased the TNFalpha-stimulated release of sTNFR-75. IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13 reduced the TNFalpha-induced COX-2 level, and IL-4 and IL-10 reduced the cPLA2 level. IL-4 had no effect on TNFalpha up-regulation of NF-kappaB, and a slight decrease was noted with IL-10 and IL-13 at the highest concentration used (5 ng/ml). IL-4 and IL-13 decreased the TNFa-induced C/EBP accumulation in a dose-dependent manner, while IL-10 up-regulated its basal level. AP-2 and CREB were not induced by TNFalpha. CONCLUSION The results indicate that these antiinflammatory cytokines reversed the TNFalpha-induced release of PGE2 by OA synovial fibroblasts, by acting at various levels of the TNFa-dependent signaling cascade. These data shed new light on the mechanisms by which these cytokines reduce inflammatory processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Alaaeddine
- University of Montréal, and Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Herdegen T, Leah JD. Inducible and constitutive transcription factors in the mammalian nervous system: control of gene expression by Jun, Fos and Krox, and CREB/ATF proteins. BRAIN RESEARCH. BRAIN RESEARCH REVIEWS 1998; 28:370-490. [PMID: 9858769 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0173(98)00018-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1049] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews findings up to the end of 1997 about the inducible transcription factors (ITFs) c-Jun, JunB, JunD, c-Fos, FosB, Fra-1, Fra-2, Krox-20 (Egr-2) and Krox-24 (NGFI-A, Egr-1, Zif268); and the constitutive transcription factors (CTFs) CREB, CREM, ATF-2 and SRF as they pertain to gene expression in the mammalian nervous system. In the first part we consider basic facts about the expression and activity of these transcription factors: the organization of the encoding genes and their promoters, the second messenger cascades converging on their regulatory promoter sites, the control of their transcription, the binding to dimeric partners and to specific DNA sequences, their trans-activation potential, and their posttranslational modifications. In the second part we describe the expression and possible roles of these transcription factors in neural tissue: in the quiescent brain, during pre- and postnatal development, following sensory stimulation, nerve transection (axotomy), neurodegeneration and apoptosis, hypoxia-ischemia, generalized and limbic seizures, long-term potentiation and learning, drug dependence and withdrawal, and following stimulation by neurotransmitters, hormones and neurotrophins. We also describe their expression and possible roles in glial cells. Finally, we discuss the relevance of their expression for nervous system functioning under normal and patho-physiological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Herdegen
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Kiel, Hospitalstrasse 4, 24105, Kiel,
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zähringer H, Burgert M, Holzer H, Nwaka S. Neutral trehalase Nth1p of Saccharomyces cerevisiae encoded by the NTH1 gene is a multiple stress responsive protein. FEBS Lett 1997; 412:615-20. [PMID: 9276477 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(97)00868-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We have shown previously that expression of the NTH1 gene is increased at heat stress (40 degrees C) both at the mRNA and enzymatic activity levels. This increased expression was correlated to the requirement of the NTH1 gene for recovery after heat shock at 50 degrees C and the presence of stress responsive elements STRE (CCCCT) 3 times in its promoter region [S. Nwaka et al., FEBS Lett. 360 (1995) 286-290; S. Nwaka et al., J. Biol. Chem. 270 (1995) 10193-10198]. We show here that expression of the NTH1 gene and its product, neutral trehalase (Nthlp), are also induced by other stressors such as H2O2, CuSO4, NaAsO2, and cycloheximide (CHX). Heat-induced expression of the NTH1 gene is shown to be accompanied by accumulation of trehalose. In contrast, the chemical stressors which also induce the expression of NTH1 did not lead to accumulation of trehalose under similar conditions. Our data suggest that: (1) heat- and chemical stress-induced expression of neutral trehalase is largely due to de novo protein synthesis, and (2) different mechanisms may control the heat- and chemical stress-induced expression of NTH1 at the transcriptional level. Participation of neutral trehalase (Nth1p) in multiple stress response dependent and independent on trehalose is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Zähringer
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Universität Freiburg, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Schulze-Osthoff K, Los M, Baeuerle PA. Redox signalling by transcription factors NF-kappa B and AP-1 in lymphocytes. Biochem Pharmacol 1995; 50:735-41. [PMID: 7575632 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(95)02011-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K Schulze-Osthoff
- Institute of Biochemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sott C, Herrmann F, Brach MA. The NF-jun transcription factor in the hematopoietic response to mitogenic signals. Immunobiology 1995; 193:149-54. [PMID: 8530138 DOI: 10.1016/s0171-2985(11)80538-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C Sott
- Department of Medical Oncology and Applied Molecular Biology, Universitätsklinikum Rudolf Virchow der Freien Universität Berlin, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
van Dam H, Wilhelm D, Herr I, Steffen A, Herrlich P, Angel P. ATF-2 is preferentially activated by stress-activated protein kinases to mediate c-jun induction in response to genotoxic agents. EMBO J 1995; 14:1798-811. [PMID: 7737130 PMCID: PMC398273 DOI: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1995.tb07168.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 446] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The major regulators of the c-jun promoter are ATF-2 and c-Jun. They act as pre-bound heterodimers on two 'AP-1-like' sites, and are preferentially addressed by different types of extracellular signals. The transactivating potential of ATF-2 is stimulated to a higher extent than that of c-Jun by a broad group of agents causing DNA damage and other types of cellular stress, such as short-wavelength UV, or the alkylating compounds N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitroso-guanidine (MNNG) or methylmethanesulphonate (MMS). In contrast, treatment with the phorbol ester TPA preferentially enhances c-Jun-dependent transactivation but does not affect ATF-2. Accordingly, UV and MMS but not TPA induce c-jun transcription in F9 cells, which express ATF-2, but not c-Jun. Stimulation of ATF-2-dependent transactivation by genotoxic agents requires the presence of threonines 69 and 71 located in the N-terminal transactivation domain. These sites are the target of p54 and p46 stress-activated protein kinases (SAPKs) which bind to, and phosphorylate ATF-2 in vitro. However, p46 and p54 kinase activity is not increased by phorbol ester, which strongly suggests that the protein kinase phosphorylating c-Jun in response to TPA is distinct from SAPKs and does not act on ATF-2. Our data demonstrate that distinct signal transduction pathways converge at c-Jun/ATF-2, whereby each subunit is individually addressed by a specific class of protein kinases. This allows fine tuned modulation of c-jun expression by a large spectrum of extracellular signals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H van Dam
- Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Institut für Genetik, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Herrmann F, Kiehntopf M, Brach MA, Carstanjen D, von Schilling C. Marker gene transfer into leukapheresis preparations containing hematopoietic progenitor cells: application in high-dose therapy rescued by reinfusion of peripheral blood hematopoietic progenitors in patients with multiple myeloma. J Mol Med (Berl) 1995; 73:197-203. [PMID: 7627640 DOI: 10.1007/bf00188140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F Herrmann
- Free University of Berlin, Rudolf Virchow University Clinic, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Rozek D, Pfeifer GP. In vivo protein-DNA interactions at the c-jun promoter in quiescent and serum-stimulated fibroblasts. J Cell Biochem 1995; 57:479-87. [PMID: 7768982 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.240570313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
c-Jun is an important component in the regulation of cell proliferation. As a member of the early response gene family, c-jun is induced within minutes in the presence of mitogenic agents such as serum growth factors. Using in vivo footprinting, we have analyzed protein-DNA interactions at the c-jun promoter in human fibroblasts subjected to growth arrest and serum stimulation. We located seven footprints upstream of the transcription initiation site. Protein-DNA interactions were detected at two AP-1-like sequences, A CCAAT box, an SP-1 sequence, an NF-jun sequence, a putative RSRF (related to serum response factor) binding site, and a sequence bound by an unknown factor. All of these binding sites were occupied in serum-starved cells, and no additional protein-DNA interactions were detected upon serum stimulation. Evidence from this study supports a model in which expression of the c-jun gene is mediated by phosphorylation events taking place on the transactivation domains of promoter-bound transcriptional activators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Rozek
- Department of Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cotman CW, Anderson AJ. A potential role for apoptosis in neurodegeneration and Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurobiol 1995; 10:19-45. [PMID: 7598831 DOI: 10.1007/bf02740836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that beta-amyloid (A beta) peptides are neurotoxic. Recent data suggest that neurons undergoing A beta-induced cell death exhibit characteristics that correspond to the classical features of apoptosis, suggesting that these cells may initiate a program of cell death. This chapter explores the criteria and precautions that must be applied to evaluate mechanisms of cell death in vitro and in vivo, discusses the evidence supporting an apoptotic mechanism of cell death in response to A beta in cultured neurons, and describes potential correlations for these findings in the Alzheimer's disease brain. In addition, cellular signaling pathways that may be associated with apoptosis in response to A beta are examined, and support for apoptosis as a mechanism of cell death for other neurodegeneration-inducing stimuli (e.g., oxidative injury) is described. The connection of multiple stimuli that induce neuronal cell death to an apoptotic mechanism suggests that apoptosis could play a central role in neurodegeneration in the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C W Cotman
- Irvine Research Unit in Brain Aging, Department of Psychobiology, University of California, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lavrovsky Y, Yefremov Y, Lavrovsky V. The reversion of highly tumorigenic cell lines to non-tumorigenic phenotype is associated with c-jun down-expression. FEBS Lett 1994; 356:212-4. [PMID: 7805840 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(94)01266-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Using model spontaneously reverting cell lines, c-jun, junB, junD and c-fos oncogene expression was investigated. c-jun, but not junB, junD or c-fos, was overexpressed in highly tumorigenic clones. The reversion of cells to the non-tumorigenic phenotype resulted in a dramatic decrease in c-jun expression. CAT assays revealed that c-jun overexpression in tumorigenic cells was associated with higher transcription activity. No correlation between c-jun oncogene expression and AP-1 transcription factor activity in tumorigenic and non-tumorigenic clones was found.
Collapse
|
16
|
Tomarev SI, Duncan MK, Roth HJ, Cvekl A, Piatigorsky J. Convergent evolution of crystallin gene regulation in squid and chicken: the AP-1/ARE connection. J Mol Evol 1994; 39:134-43. [PMID: 7932777 DOI: 10.1007/bf00163802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Previous experiments have shown that the minimal promoters required for function of the squid SL20-1 and SL11 crystallin genes in transfected rabbit lens epithelial cells contain an overlapping AP-1/antioxidant responsive element (ARE) upstream of the TATA box. This region resembles the PL-1 and PL-2 elements of the chicken beta B1-crystallin promoter which are essential for promoter function in transfected primary chicken lens epithelial cells. Here we demonstrate by site-directed mutagenesis that the AP-1/ARE sequence is essential for activity of the squid SL20-1 and SL11 promoters in transfected embryonic chicken lens cells and fibroblasts. Promoter activity was higher in transfected lens cells than in fibroblasts. Electrophoretic mobility shift and DNase protection experiments demonstrated the formation of numerous complexes between nuclear proteins of the embryonic chicken lens and the AP-1/ARE sequences of the squid SL20-1 and SL11 crystallin promoters. One of these complexes comigrated and cross-competed with that formed with the PL-1 element of the chicken beta B1-crystallin promoter. This complex formed with nuclear extracts from the lens, heart, brain, and skeletal muscle of embryonic chickens and was eliminated by competition with a consensus AP-1 sequence. The nonfunctional mutant AP-1/ARE sequences did not compete for complex formation. These data raise the intriguing possibility that entirely different, nonhomologous crystallin genes of the chicken and squid have convergently evolved a similar cis-acting regulatory element (AP-1/ARE) for high expression in the lens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S I Tomarev
- Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Siderovski DP, Heximer SP, Forsdyke DR. A human gene encoding a putative basic helix-loop-helix phosphoprotein whose mRNA increases rapidly in cycloheximide-treated blood mononuclear cells. DNA Cell Biol 1994; 13:125-47. [PMID: 8179820 DOI: 10.1089/dna.1994.13.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
G0S8 is a member of a set of putative G0/G1 switch regulatory genes (G0S genes) selected by screening cDNA libraries prepared from blood mononuclear cells cultured for 2 hr with lectin and cycloheximide. Comparison of a full-length cDNA sequence with the corresponding genomic sequence reveals an open reading frame of 211 amino acids, distributed across 5 exons. The 24-kD protein has a basic domain preceding a potential helix-loop-helix domain which contains a QTK motif found about 60 amino acids from the carboxyl terminus in the loop region of several helix-loop-helix proteins. There are potential phosphorylation sites for protein kinase C, creatine kinase II, and protein tyrosine kinases and regions of sequence similarity to helix-loop-helix proteins, tyrosine phosphatases, and RNA and DNA polymerases. The genomic sequence contains a CpG island, suggesting expression in the germ line. Potential binding sites for transcription factors are present in the 5' flank and introns; these include Zif268/NGFI-A/EGR1/G0S30, NGFI-B, Ap1, and factors that react with retroviral long terminal repeats (LTRs). There are several potential interferon response elements and a serum response element in the 3' flank overlapping a region of similarity to a cytomegalovirus immediate-early gene enhancer. Many of these motifs are found in immediate-early G0/G1 switch genes; however, we were unable to demonstrate an increase in G0S8 mRNA in response to lectin alone. Sequence similarities are noted between G0S8 and a variety of genes involved in the immune system, in the regulation of retroviruses, and in the cell cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D P Siderovski
- Department of Biochemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hüll M, Bähr M. Regulation of immediate-early gene expression in rat retinal ganglion cells after axotomy and during regeneration through a peripheral nerve graft. JOURNAL OF NEUROBIOLOGY 1994; 25:92-105. [PMID: 8113786 DOI: 10.1002/neu.480250109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
To determine mechanisms of structural plasticity in adult CNS neurons, we investigated the expression of immediate early genes (IEGs) in the rat retina. Gene products of different IEG families (JUN and FOS proteins) and cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CREBP) were examined by immunohistochemistry under three different paradigms. Normal rats which were not axotomized were compared with axotomized animals, were retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) were axotomized by intraorbital optic nerve cut and retrogradely labeled with fluorogold (FG). Under these circumstances, RGCs show only transient sprouting, followed by continuous retrograde RGC degeneration. In the third group, after the optic nerve lesion, adult rats additionally received a sciatic nerve graft to the transected optic nerve stump. This allows some RGCs to regenerate an axon into the grafted nerve. In both groups, the time course of RGC survival and JUN, CREB, and FOS protein expression was monitored. In normal animals, JUN-Immunoreactivity (JUN-Ir) was not detectable in the retinal ganglion cell layer. JUN-Ir was induced in about 70% of all FG-positive RGCs 5 days after axotomy. The expression of JUN-Ir stated to decline 8 days after axotomy. Only a few JUN-Ir-positive RGCs were found after 2 weeks. In transplanted animals, however, the numbers of JUN-Ir-positive RGCs were significantly higher 2 and 3 weeks after transplantation compared to animals that exclusively received axotomy. Furthermore, in grafted rats, about 70% of the regenerating RGCs expressed JUN-Ir 2 weeks after grafting as compared to only 38% JUN-positive RGCs among the surviving but not regenerating RGCs. In normal animals CREBP-Ir was constitutively expressed in nearly all cells of the retinal ganglion cell layer. The decline in number of CREBP-Ir-positive cells paralleled the axotomy-induced RGC death. FOS-Ir-positive cells were not found in the ganglion cell layer at any time. These results demonstrate a selective and transient JUN expression of RGCs after axotomy which is sustained during axonal regeneration. This suggests that sciatic nerve grafts are able to regulate the expression of JUN proteins in axotomized RGCs of adult rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Hüll
- Neurologische Universitätsklinik, Tübingen, Federal Republic of Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Schreck R, Albermann K, Baeuerle PA. Nuclear factor kappa B: an oxidative stress-responsive transcription factor of eukaryotic cells (a review). FREE RADICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 1992; 17:221-37. [PMID: 1473734 DOI: 10.3109/10715769209079515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1013] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
NF-kappa B is a multiprotein complex that can activate a great variety of genes involved in early defence reactions of higher organisms. In nonstimulated cells, NF-kappa B resides in the cytoplasm in an inactive complex with the inhibitor I kappa B. Pathogenic stimuli cause release of I kappa B and allow NF-kappa B to enter the nucleus, bind to DNA control elements and, thereby, induce the synthesis of mRNA. A puzzling feature of NF-kappa B is that its activation is triggered by a great variety of agents. These include the cytokines interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor, viruses, double-stranded RNA, endotoxins, phorbol esters, UV light and ionizing radiation. We recently found that also low concentrations of H2O2 activate NF-kappa B and that various antioxidants prevent the induction by H2O2. Subsequent analysis revealed that antioxidants not only suppress the activation of NF-kappa B by H2O2 but by all other inducers tested so far. In this review, we will discuss the evidences that NF-kappa B is an oxidative stress-responsive transcription factor of higher eukaryotic cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Schreck
- Laboratory for Molecular Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Martinsried, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|