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Serena Higbee P, Dayhoff GW, Anbanandam A, Varma S, Daughdrill G. Structural adaptation of secondary p53 binding sites on MDM2 and MDMX. J Mol Biol 2024:168626. [PMID: 38810774 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2024.168626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
The thermodynamics of secondary p53 binding sites on MDM2 and MDMX were evaluated using p53 peptides containing residues 16-29, 17-35, and 1-73. All the peptides had large, negative heat capacity (ΔCp), consistent with the burial of p53 residues F19, W23, and L26 in the primary binding sites of MDM2 and MDMX. MDMX has a higher affinity and more negative ΔCp than MDM2 for p5317-35, which is due to MDMX stabilization and not additional interactions with the secondary binding site. ΔCp measurements show binding to the secondary site is inhibited by the disordered tails of MDM2 for WT p53 but not a more helical mutant where proline 27 is changed to alanine. This result is supported by all-atom molecular dynamics simulations showing that p53 residues 30-35 turn away from the disordered tails of MDM2 in P27A17-35 and make direct contact with this region in p5317-35. Molecular dynamics simulations also suggest that an intramolecular methionine-aromatic motif found in both MDM2 and MDMX structurally adapts to support multiple p53 binding modes with the secondary site. ΔCp measurements also show that tighter binding of the P27A mutant to MDM2 and MDMX is due to increased helicity, which reduces the energetic penalty associated with coupled folding and binding. Our results will facilitate the design of selective p53 inhibitors for MDM2 and MDMX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pirada Serena Higbee
- The Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave, Tampa, Florida, 33620, USA
| | - Guy W Dayhoff
- The Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave, Tampa, Florida, 33620, USA
| | - Asokan Anbanandam
- The Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave, Tampa, Florida, 33620, USA
| | - Sameer Varma
- The Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave, Tampa, Florida, 33620, USA; The Department of Physics, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave, Tampa, Florida, 33620, USA
| | - Gary Daughdrill
- The Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave, Tampa, Florida, 33620, USA.
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2
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Wang W, Albadari N, Du Y, Fowler JF, Sang HT, Xian W, McKeon F, Li W, Zhou J, Zhang R. MDM2 Inhibitors for Cancer Therapy: The Past, Present, and Future. Pharmacol Rev 2024; 76:414-453. [PMID: 38697854 PMCID: PMC11068841 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.123.001026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Since its discovery over 35 years ago, MDM2 has emerged as an attractive target for the development of cancer therapy. MDM2's activities extend from carcinogenesis to immunity to the response to various cancer therapies. Since the report of the first MDM2 inhibitor more than 30 years ago, various approaches to inhibit MDM2 have been attempted, with hundreds of small-molecule inhibitors evaluated in preclinical studies and numerous molecules tested in clinical trials. Although many MDM2 inhibitors and degraders have been evaluated in clinical trials, there is currently no Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved MDM2 inhibitor on the market. Nevertheless, there are several current clinical trials of promising agents that may overcome the past failures, including agents granted FDA orphan drug or fast-track status. We herein summarize the research efforts to discover and develop MDM2 inhibitors, focusing on those that induce MDM2 degradation and exert anticancer activity, regardless of the p53 status of the cancer. We also describe how preclinical and clinical investigations have moved toward combining MDM2 inhibitors with other agents, including immune checkpoint inhibitors. Finally, we discuss the current challenges and future directions to accelerate the clinical application of MDM2 inhibitors. In conclusion, targeting MDM2 remains a promising treatment approach, and targeting MDM2 for protein degradation represents a novel strategy to downregulate MDM2 without the side effects of the existing agents blocking p53-MDM2 binding. Additional preclinical and clinical investigations are needed to finally realize the full potential of MDM2 inhibition in treating cancer and other chronic diseases where MDM2 has been implicated. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Overexpression/amplification of the MDM2 oncogene has been detected in various human cancers and is associated with disease progression, treatment resistance, and poor patient outcomes. This article reviews the previous, current, and emerging MDM2-targeted therapies and summarizes the preclinical and clinical studies combining MDM2 inhibitors with chemotherapy and immunotherapy regimens. The findings of these contemporary studies may lead to safer and more effective treatments for patients with cancers overexpressing MDM2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (W.W., Y.D., J.F.F., H.T.S., R.Z.), Drug Discovery Institute (W.W., R.Z.), Stem Cell Center, Department of Biology and Biochemistry (W.X., F.M.), University of Houston, Houston, Texas; College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee (N.A., W.L.); and Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (J.Z.)
| | - Najah Albadari
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (W.W., Y.D., J.F.F., H.T.S., R.Z.), Drug Discovery Institute (W.W., R.Z.), Stem Cell Center, Department of Biology and Biochemistry (W.X., F.M.), University of Houston, Houston, Texas; College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee (N.A., W.L.); and Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (J.Z.)
| | - Yi Du
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (W.W., Y.D., J.F.F., H.T.S., R.Z.), Drug Discovery Institute (W.W., R.Z.), Stem Cell Center, Department of Biology and Biochemistry (W.X., F.M.), University of Houston, Houston, Texas; College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee (N.A., W.L.); and Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (J.Z.)
| | - Josef F Fowler
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (W.W., Y.D., J.F.F., H.T.S., R.Z.), Drug Discovery Institute (W.W., R.Z.), Stem Cell Center, Department of Biology and Biochemistry (W.X., F.M.), University of Houston, Houston, Texas; College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee (N.A., W.L.); and Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (J.Z.)
| | - Hannah T Sang
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (W.W., Y.D., J.F.F., H.T.S., R.Z.), Drug Discovery Institute (W.W., R.Z.), Stem Cell Center, Department of Biology and Biochemistry (W.X., F.M.), University of Houston, Houston, Texas; College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee (N.A., W.L.); and Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (J.Z.)
| | - Wa Xian
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (W.W., Y.D., J.F.F., H.T.S., R.Z.), Drug Discovery Institute (W.W., R.Z.), Stem Cell Center, Department of Biology and Biochemistry (W.X., F.M.), University of Houston, Houston, Texas; College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee (N.A., W.L.); and Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (J.Z.)
| | - Frank McKeon
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (W.W., Y.D., J.F.F., H.T.S., R.Z.), Drug Discovery Institute (W.W., R.Z.), Stem Cell Center, Department of Biology and Biochemistry (W.X., F.M.), University of Houston, Houston, Texas; College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee (N.A., W.L.); and Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (J.Z.)
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (W.W., Y.D., J.F.F., H.T.S., R.Z.), Drug Discovery Institute (W.W., R.Z.), Stem Cell Center, Department of Biology and Biochemistry (W.X., F.M.), University of Houston, Houston, Texas; College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee (N.A., W.L.); and Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (J.Z.)
| | - Jia Zhou
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (W.W., Y.D., J.F.F., H.T.S., R.Z.), Drug Discovery Institute (W.W., R.Z.), Stem Cell Center, Department of Biology and Biochemistry (W.X., F.M.), University of Houston, Houston, Texas; College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee (N.A., W.L.); and Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (J.Z.)
| | - Ruiwen Zhang
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (W.W., Y.D., J.F.F., H.T.S., R.Z.), Drug Discovery Institute (W.W., R.Z.), Stem Cell Center, Department of Biology and Biochemistry (W.X., F.M.), University of Houston, Houston, Texas; College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee (N.A., W.L.); and Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (J.Z.)
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Li Z, Wang Z, Zhong C, Zhang H, Liu R, An P, Ma Z, Lu J, Pan C, Zhang Z, Cao Z, Hu J, Xing D, Fei Y, Ding Y, Lu B. P53 upregulation by USP7-engaging molecular glues. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2024:S2095-9273(24)00251-2. [PMID: 38734583 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2024.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Molecular glues are typically small chemical molecules that act at the interface between a target protein and degradation machinery to trigger ternary complex formation. Identifying molecular glues is challenging. There is a scarcity of target-specific upregulating molecular glues, which are highly anticipated for numerous targets, including P53. P53 is degraded in proteasomes through polyubiquitination by specific E3 ligases, whereas deubiquitinases (DUBs) remove polyubiquitination conjugates to counteract these E3 ligases. Thus, small-molecular glues that enhance P53 anchoring to DUBs may stabilize P53 through deubiquitination. Here, using small-molecule microarray-based technology and unbiased screening, we identified three potential molecular glues that may tether P53 to the DUB, USP7, and elevate the P53 level. Among the molecular glues, bromocriptine (BC) is an FDA-approved drug with the most robust effects. BC was further verified to increase P53 stability via the predicted molecular glue mechanism engaging USP7. Consistent with P53 upregulation in cancer cells, BC was shown to inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells in vitro and suppress tumor growth in a xenograft model. In summary, we established a potential screening platform and identified potential molecular glues upregulating P53. Similar strategies could be applied to the identification of other types of molecular glues that may benefit drug discovery and chemical biology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Huashan Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Ziying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Huashan Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Chao Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Huashan Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Hang Zhang
- Department of Optical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ultra-Precision Optical Manufacturing, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Rui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Huashan Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Ping An
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Huashan Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Zhiqiang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Huashan Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Junmei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Huashan Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Chengfang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Huashan Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Zhaolin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Huashan Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Zhiyuan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Huashan Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jianyi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Huashan Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Dong Xing
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yiyan Fei
- Department of Optical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ultra-Precision Optical Manufacturing, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Yu Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Huashan Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Boxun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Huashan Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
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4
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Lin W, Yan Y, Huang Q, Zheng D. MDMX in Cancer: A Partner of p53 and a p53-Independent Effector. Biologics 2024; 18:61-78. [PMID: 38318098 PMCID: PMC10839028 DOI: 10.2147/btt.s436629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
The p53 tumor suppressor protein plays an important role in physiological and pathological processes. MDM2 and its homolog MDMX are the most important negative regulators of p53. Many studies have shown that MDMX promotes the growth of cancer cells by influencing the regulation of the downstream target gene of tumor suppressor p53. Studies have found that inhibiting the MDMX-p53 interaction can effectively restore the tumor suppressor activity of p53. MDMX has growth-promoting activities without p53 or in the presence of mutant p53. Therefore, it is extremely important to study the function of MDMX in tumorigenesis, progression and prognosis. This article mainly reviews the current research progress and mechanism on MDMX function, summarizes known MDMX inhibitors and provides new ideas for the development of more specific and effective MDMX inhibitors for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuxiang Yan
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingling Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dali Zheng
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
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5
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Ueda K, Ikeda K. Cellular carcinogenesis in preleukemic conditions:drivers and defenses. Fukushima J Med Sci 2024; 70:11-24. [PMID: 37952978 PMCID: PMC10867434 DOI: 10.5387/fms.2023-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) arises from preleukemic conditions. We have investigated the pathogenesis of typical preleukemia, myeloproliferative neoplasms, and clonal hematopoiesis. Hematopoietic stem cells in both preleukemic conditions harbor recurrent driver mutations; additional mutation provokes further malignant transformation, leading to AML onset. Although genetic alterations are defined as the main cause of malignant transformation, non-genetic factors are also involved in disease progression. In this review, we focus on a non-histone chromatin protein, high mobility group AT-hook2 (HMGA2), and a physiological p53 inhibitor, murine double minute X (MDMX). HMGA2 is mainly overexpressed by dysregulation of microRNAs or mutations in polycomb components, and provokes expansion of preleukemic clones through stem cell signature disruption. MDMX is overexpressed by altered splicing balance in myeloid malignancies. MDMX induces leukemic transformation from preleukemia via suppression of p53 and p53-independent activation of WNT/β-catenin signaling. We also discuss how these non-genetic factors can be targeted for leukemia prevention therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koki Ueda
- Department of Blood Transfusion and Transplantation Immunology, Fukushima Medical University
| | - Kazuhiko Ikeda
- Department of Blood Transfusion and Transplantation Immunology, Fukushima Medical University
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Alaseem AM. Advancements in MDM2 inhibition: Clinical and pre-clinical investigations of combination therapeutic regimens. Saudi Pharm J 2023; 31:101790. [PMID: 37818252 PMCID: PMC10561124 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2023.101790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells often depend on multiple pathways for their growth and survival, resulting in therapeutic resistance and the limited effectiveness of treatments. Combination therapy has emerged as a favorable approach to enhance treatment efficacy and minimize acquired resistance and harmful side effects. The murine double minute 2 (MDM2) protein regulates cellular proliferation and promotes cancer-related activities by negatively regulating the tumor suppressor protein p53. MDM2 aberrations have been reported in a variety of human cancers, making it an appealing target for cancer therapy. As a result, several small-molecule MDM2 inhibitors have been developed and are currently being investigated in clinical studies. Nevertheless, it has been shown that the inhibition of MDM2 alone is inadequate to achieve long-term suppression of tumor growth, thus prompting the need for further investigation into combination therapeutic strategies. In this review, possible clinical and preclinical MDM2 combination inhibitor regimens are thoroughly analyzed and discussed. It provides a rationale for combining MDM2 inhibitors with other therapeutic approaches in the management of cancer, taking into consideration ongoing clinical trials that evaluate the combination of MDM2 inhibitors. The review explores the current status of MDM2 inhibitors in combination with chemotherapy or targeted therapy, as well as promising approach of combining MDM2 inhibitors with immunotherapy. In addition, it investigates the function of PROTACs as MDM2 degraders in cancer treatment. A comprehensive examination of these combination regimens highlights the potential for advancing MDM2-inhibitor therapy and improving clinical outcomes for cancer patients and establishes the foundation for future research and development in this promising area of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali M. Alaseem
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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7
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Yao F, Huang S, Liu J, Tan C, Xu M, Wang D, Huang M, Zhu Y, Huang X, He S. Deletion of ARGLU1 causes global defects in alternative splicing in vivo and mouse cortical malformations primarily via apoptosis. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:543. [PMID: 37612280 PMCID: PMC10447433 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06071-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Haploinsufficient mutation in arginine and glutamine-rich protein 1 (Arglu1), a newly identified pre-mRNA splicing regulator, may be linked to neural developmental disorders associated with mental retardation and epilepsy in human patients, but the underlying causes remain elusive. Here we show that ablation of Arglu1 promotes radial glial cell (RG) detachment from the ventricular zone (VZ), leading to ectopic localized RGs in the mouse embryonic cortex. Although they remain proliferative, ectopic progenitors, as well as progenitors in the VZ, exhibit prolonged mitosis, p53 upregulation and cell apoptosis, leading to reduced neuron production, neuronal loss and microcephaly. RNA seq analysis reveals widespread changes in alternative splicing in the mutant mouse embryonic cortex, preferentially affecting genes involved in neuronal functions. Mdm2 and Mdm4 are found to be alternatively spliced at the exon 3 and exon 5 respectively, leading to absence of the p53-binding domain and nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) and thus relieve inhibition of p53. Removal of p53 largely rescues the microcephaly caused by deletion of Arglu1. Our findings provide mechanistic insights into cortical malformations of human patients with Arglu1 haploinsufficient mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenyong Yao
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong New District, 201210, Shanghai, China
| | - Shisheng Huang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong New District, 201210, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiahui Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong New District, 201210, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunhua Tan
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong New District, 201210, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengqi Xu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong New District, 201210, Shanghai, China
| | - Dengkui Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong New District, 201210, Shanghai, China
| | - Maoqing Huang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong New District, 201210, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiyao Zhu
- School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong New District, 201210, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingxu Huang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong New District, 201210, Shanghai, China.
| | - Shuijin He
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong New District, 201210, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, 201210, Shanghai, China.
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Dong J, Du C, Xu C, Wang Q, Wang Z, Zhu Q, Lv X, Zhang L, Li J, Huang C, Wang H, Ma T. Verbenalin attenuates hepatic damage and mitochondrial dysfunction in alcohol-associated steatohepatitis by regulating MDMX/PPARα-mediated ferroptosis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 307:116227. [PMID: 36739928 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Verbenalin is a major compound in Verbena officinalis L. Verbena officinalis L was first recorded in the 'Supplementary Records of Famous Physicians.' Verbenalin (VE) is its active constituent and has been found to have many biological effects, including anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities, removing jaundice, and treating malaria. It could treat lump accumulation, dysmenorrhea, throat obstruction, edema, jaundice, and malaria. Palmitic acid (PA), oleic acid (OA), ethanol, and acetaminophen liver injuries have been proven to benefit from verbenalin. AIM OF THE STUDY To study the effects of verbenalin on the prevention of alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH) through the regulation of oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction by regulating MDMX (Murine double minute X)/PPARα (Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha)-mediated ferroptosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS C57BL/6 mice treated with alcohol followed by the Gao-Binge protocol were administered verbenalin by gavage simultaneously. The mitochondrial mass and morphology were visualized using TEM. AML-12 cells were stimulated with ethanol to mimic ASH in vitro. Western blotting, co-immunoprecipitation, and kit determination were simultaneously performed. The target protein of verbenalin was identified by molecular docking, and cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) further confirmed its interactions. RESULTS Verbenalin alleviates oxidative stress and ferroptosis in alcohol-associated steatohepatitis. To elucidate the molecular mechanism by which verbenalin inhibits abnormal mitochondrial dysfunction, molecular docking was performed, and MDMX was identified as the target protein of verbenalin. CETSA assays revealed a specific interaction between MDMX and verbenalin. Co-immunoprecipitation demonstrated that PPARα played a critical role in promoting the ability of MDMX to affect ferroptosis. Verbenalin regulates MDMX/PPARα-mediated ferroptosis in AML-12 cells. CONCLUSION Verbenalin regulates ferroptosis and highlights the therapeutic potential of verbenalin and ferroptosis inhibition in reducing alcoholic steatohepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Dong
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Changlin Du
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Chuanting Xu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Zhonghao Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Qian Zhu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Xiongwen Lv
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China; Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Formula Granule, Anhui Medical University, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China; Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Formula Granule, Anhui Medical University, China
| | - Jun Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China; Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230036, China.
| | - Taotao Ma
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China; Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Formula Granule, Anhui Medical University, China.
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Ueda K. Review: MDMX plays a central role in leukemic transformation and may be a promising target for leukemia prevention strategies. Exp Hematol 2023:S0301-472X(23)00161-3. [PMID: 37086813 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2023.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a fatal disease resulting from preleukemic hematopoietic conditions including asymptomatic clonal hematopoiesis. The accumulation of genetic changes is one of the causes of leukemic transformation. However, nongenetic factors including the overexpression of specific genes also contribute to preleukemic to leukemic transition. Among them, the p53 inhibitor Murine Double Minute X (MDMX) plays crucial roles especially in leukemia initiation. MDMX is broadly overexpressed in vast majority of AML cases, including in hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell (HSPC) level. Recently, high expression of MDMX in HSPC has been shown to be associated with leukemic transformation in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes, and preclinical studies demonstrated that MDMX overexpression accelerates the transformation of preleukemic murine models, including models of clonal hematopoiesis. MDMX inhibition, through activation of cell-intrinsic p53 activity, shows antileukemic effects. However, the molecular mechanisms of MDMX in provoking leukemic transformation are complicated. Both p53-dependent and independent mechanisms are involved in the progression of the disease. This review discusses the canonical and noncanonical functions of MDMX and how these functions are involved in the maintenance, expansion, and progression to malignancy of preleukemic stem cells. Moreover, strategies on how leukemic transformation could possibly be prevented by targeting MDMX in preleukemic stem cells are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koki Ueda
- Department of Blood Transfusion and Transplantation Immunology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Fukushima 9601295, Japan; Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA.
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Tyler TJ, Durek T, Craik DJ. Native and Engineered Cyclic Disulfide-Rich Peptides as Drug Leads. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28073189. [PMID: 37049950 PMCID: PMC10096437 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioactive peptides are a highly abundant and diverse group of molecules that exhibit a wide range of structural and functional variation. Despite their immense therapeutic potential, bioactive peptides have been traditionally perceived as poor drug candidates, largely due to intrinsic shortcomings that reflect their endogenous heritage, i.e., short biological half-lives and poor cell permeability. In this review, we examine the utility of molecular engineering to insert bioactive sequences into constrained scaffolds with desired pharmaceutical properties. Applying lessons learnt from nature, we focus on molecular grafting of cyclic disulfide-rich scaffolds (naturally derived or engineered), shown to be intrinsically stable and amenable to sequence modifications, and their utility as privileged frameworks in drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan J. Tyler
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Thomas Durek
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - David J. Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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11
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Pant V, Sun C, Lozano G. Tissue specificity and spatio-temporal dynamics of the p53 transcriptional program. Cell Death Differ 2023; 30:897-905. [PMID: 36755072 PMCID: PMC10070629 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-023-01123-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors regulate hundreds of genes and p53 is no exception. As a stress responsive protein, p53 transactivates an array of downstream targets which define its role in maintaining physiological functions of cells/tissues. Despite decades of studies, our understanding of the p53 in vivo transcriptional program is still incomplete. Here we discuss some of the physiological stressors that activate p53, the pathological and physiological implications of p53 activation and the molecular profiling of the p53 transcriptional program in maintaining tissue homeostasis. We argue that the p53 transcriptional program is spatiotemporally regulated in a tissue-specific manner and define a p53 target signature that faithfully depicts p53 activity. We further emphasize that additional in vivo studies are needed to refine the p53 transactivation profile to harness it for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Pant
- Department of Genetics, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Chang Sun
- Department of Genetics, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Guillermina Lozano
- Department of Genetics, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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12
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Biswas P, Bibi S, Yousafi Q, Mehmood A, Saleem S, Ihsan A, Dey D, Hasan Zilani MN, Hasan MN, Saleem R, Awaji AA, Fahmy UA, Abdel-Daim MM. Study of MDM2 as Prognostic Biomarker in Brain-LGG Cancer and Bioactive Phytochemicals Inhibit the p53-MDM2 Pathway: A Computational Drug Development Approach. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28072977. [PMID: 37049742 PMCID: PMC10095937 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28072977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
An evaluation of the expression and predictive significance of the MDM2 gene in brain lower-grade glioma (LGG) cancer was carried out using onco-informatics pipelines. Several transcriptome servers were used to measure the differential expression of the targeted MDM2 gene and search mutations and copy number variations. GENT2, Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis, Onco-Lnc, and PrognoScan were used to figure out the survival rate of LGG cancer patients. The protein–protein interaction networks between MDM2 gene and its co-expressed genes were constructed by Gene-MANIA tool. Identified bioactive phytochemicals were evaluated through molecular docking using Schrödinger Suite Software, with the MDM2 (PDB ID: 1RV1) target. Protein–ligand interactions were observed with key residues of the macromolecular target. A molecular dynamics simulation of the novel bioactive compounds with the targeted protein was performed. Phytochemicals targeting MDM2 protein, such as Taxifolin and (-)-Epicatechin, have been shown with more highly stable results as compared to the control drug, and hence, concluded that phytochemicals with bioactive potential might be alternative therapeutic options for the management of LGG patients. Our once informatics-based designed pipeline has indicated that the MDM2 gene may have been a predictive biomarker for LGG cancer and selected phytochemicals possessed outstanding interaction results within the macromolecular target’s active site after utilizing in silico approaches. In vitro and in vivo experiments are recommended to confirm these outcomes.
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13
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Hashemi SMA, Moradi A, Hosseini SY, Razavi Nikoo H, Bamdad T, Razmkhah M, Sarvari J, Tabarraei A. EBNA1 Upregulates P53-Inhibiting Genes in Burkitt's Lymphoma Cell Line. Rep Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 11:672-683. [PMID: 37131894 PMCID: PMC10149133 DOI: 10.52547/rbmb.11.4.672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Background Suppression of p53 is an important mechanism in Epstein-Barr virus associate-tumors and described as EBNA1-USP7 which is a key axis in p53 suppression. Thus, in this study, we aimed to evaluate the function of EBNA1 on the expression of p53-inhibiting genes including HDAC-1, MDM2, MDM4, Sirt-3, and PSMD10 and the influence of USP7 inhibition using GNE-6776 on p53 at protein/mRNA level. Methods The electroporation method was used to transfect the BL28 cell line with EBNA1. Cells with stable EBNA1 expression were selected by Hygromycin B treatment. The expression of seven genes, including PSMD10, HDAC-1, USP7, MDM2, P53, Sirt-3, and MDM4, was evaluated using a real-time PCR assay. For evaluating the effects of USP7 inhibition, the cells were treated with GNE-6776; after 24 hours and 4 days, the cells were collected and again expression of interest genes was evaluated. Results MDM2 (P=0.028), MDM4 (P=0.028), USP7 (P=0.028), and HDAC1 (P=0.015) all showed significantly higher expression in EBNA1-harboring cells compared to control plasmid transfected cells, while p53 mRNA expression was only marginally downregulated in EBNA1 harboring cells (P=0.685). Four-day after treatment, none of the studied genes was significantly changed. Also, in the first 24-hour after treatment, mRNA expression of p53 was downregulated (P=0.685), but after 4 days it was upregulated (P=0.7) insignificantly. Conclusion It seems that EBNA1 could strongly upregulate p53-inhibiting genes including HDAC1, MDM2, MDM4, and USP7. Moreover, it appears that the effects of USP7 suppression on p53 at protein/mRNA level depend on the cell nature; however, further research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abdolvahab Moradi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
| | - Seyed Younes Hosseini
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Hadi Razavi Nikoo
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
| | - Taravat Bamdad
- Department of Virology, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mahboobeh Razmkhah
- Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Jamal Sarvari
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
- Gastroenterohepatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
- Corresponding author: Jamal Sarvari; Tel: +98 71 32307953; E-mail:
& AlijanTabarraei; Tel: +98 9112733321;
| | - Alijan Tabarraei
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
- Corresponding author: Jamal Sarvari; Tel: +98 71 32307953; E-mail:
& AlijanTabarraei; Tel: +98 9112733321;
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14
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Gołos A, Góra-Tybor J, Robak T. Experimental drugs in clinical trials for acute myeloid leukemia: innovations, trends, and opportunities. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2023; 32:53-67. [PMID: 36669827 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2023.2171860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous disease characterized by many cytogenetic and molecular alterations. Due to better knowledge of the molecular basis of AML, many targeted therapies have been introduced and registered, e.g. FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 inhibitors, isocitrate dehydrogenase 1/2 mutation inhibitors, and Bcl-2 inhibitor. Despite that, the cure for AML remains an unmet clinical need in most patients. AREAS COVERED The review aims to present new, not yet registered drugs for AML. We searched the English literature for articles concerning AML, targeted drugs, menin inhibitors, DOT1L, BET, IDH inhibitors, FLT3, hedgehog inhibitors, Polo-like kinase inhibitors, RNA splicing, and immune therapies via PubMed. Publications from January 2000 to August 2022 were scrutinized. Additional relevant publications were obtained by reviewing the references from the chosen articles and Google search. Conference proceedings from the previous 5 years of The American Society of Hematology, the European Hematology Association, and the American Society of Clinical Oncology were searched manually. Additional relevant publications were obtained by reviewing the references. EXPERT OPINION For several years, the therapeutic approach in AML has become more individualized. Novel groups of drugs give hope for greater curability. High response rates have agents that restore the activity of the p53 protein. In addition, agents that work independently of a particular mutation seem promising for AML without any known mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Gołos
- Department of Hematooncology, Copernicus Memorial Hospital, Lodz, Poland
| | - Joanna Góra-Tybor
- Department of Hematooncology, Copernicus Memorial Hospital, Lodz, Poland.,Department of Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Robak
- Department of Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.,Department of General Hematology, Copernicus Memorial Hospital, Lodz, Poland
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15
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Aguilar A, Wang S. Therapeutic Strategies to Activate p53. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 16:24. [PMID: 36678521 PMCID: PMC9866379 DOI: 10.3390/ph16010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The p53 protein has appropriately been named the "guardian of the genome". In almost all human cancers, the powerful tumor suppressor function of p53 is compromised by a variety of mechanisms, including mutations with either loss of function or gain of function and inhibition by its negative regulators MDM2 and/or MDMX. We review herein the progress made on different therapeutic strategies for targeting p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Aguilar
- The Rogel Cancer Center, Departments of Internal Medicine, Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Shaomeng Wang
- The Rogel Cancer Center, Departments of Internal Medicine, Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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16
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MDM4: What do we know about the association between its polymorphisms and cancer? MEDICAL ONCOLOGY (NORTHWOOD, LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 40:61. [PMID: 36566308 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-022-01929-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
MDM4 is an important p53-negative regulator, consequently, it is involved in cell proliferation, DNA repair, and apoptosis regulation. MDM4 overexpression and amplification are described to lead to cancer formation, metastasis, and poor disease prognosis. Several MDM4 SNPs are in non-coding regions, and some affect the MDM4 regulation by disrupting the micro RNA binding site in 3'UTR (untranslated region). Here, we gathered several association studies with different MDM4 SNPs and populations to understand the relationship between its SNPs and solid tumor risk. Many studies failed to replicate their results regarding different populations, cancer types, and risk genotypes, leading to conflicting conclusions. We suggested that distinct haplotype patterns in different populations might affect the association between MDM4 SNPs and cancer risk. Thus, we propose to investigate some linkage SNPs in specific haplotypes to provide informative MDM4 markers for association studies with cancer.
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17
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Andrysik Z, Sullivan KD, Kieft JS, Espinosa JM. PPM1D suppresses p53-dependent transactivation and cell death by inhibiting the Integrated Stress Response. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7400. [PMID: 36456590 PMCID: PMC9715646 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35089-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The p53 transcription factor is a master regulator of cellular stress responses inhibited by repressors such as MDM2 and the phosphatase PPM1D. Activation of p53 with pharmacological inhibitors of its repressors is being tested in clinical trials for cancer therapy, but efficacy has been limited by poor induction of tumor cell death. We demonstrate that dual inhibition of MDM2 and PPM1D induces apoptosis in multiple cancer cell types via amplification of the p53 transcriptional program through the eIF2α-ATF4 pathway. PPM1D inhibition induces phosphorylation of eIF2α, ATF4 accumulation, and ATF4-dependent enhancement of p53-dependent transactivation upon MDM2 inhibition. Dual inhibition of p53 repressors depletes heme and induces HRI-dependent eIF2α phosphorylation. Pharmacological induction of eIF2α phosphorylation synergizes with MDM2 inhibition to induce cell death and halt tumor growth in mice. These results demonstrate that PPM1D inhibits both the p53 network and the integrated stress response controlled by eIF2α-ATF4, with clear therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdenek Andrysik
- grid.430503.10000 0001 0703 675XLinda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045 USA ,grid.430503.10000 0001 0703 675XDepartment of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Kelly D. Sullivan
- grid.430503.10000 0001 0703 675XLinda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045 USA ,grid.430503.10000 0001 0703 675XDepartment of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Jeffrey S. Kieft
- grid.430503.10000 0001 0703 675XDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Joaquin M. Espinosa
- grid.430503.10000 0001 0703 675XLinda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045 USA ,grid.430503.10000 0001 0703 675XDepartment of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
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18
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Fenton M, Borcherds W, Chen L, Anbanandam A, Levy R, Chen J, Daughdrill G. The MDMX Acidic Domain Uses Allovalency to Bind Both p53 and MDMX. J Mol Biol 2022; 434:167844. [PMID: 36181774 PMCID: PMC9644833 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Autoinhibition of p53 binding to MDMX requires two short-linear motifs (SLiMs) containing adjacent tryptophan (WW) and tryptophan-phenylalanine (WF) residues. NMR spectroscopy was used to show the WW and WF motifs directly compete for the p53 binding site on MDMX and circular dichroism spectroscopy was used to show the WW motif becomes helical when it is bound to the p53 binding domain (p53BD) of MDMX. Binding studies using isothermal titration calorimetry showed the WW motif is a stronger inhibitor of p53 binding than the WF motif when they are both tethered to p53BD by the natural disordered linker. We also investigated how the WW and WF motifs interact with the DNA binding domain (DBD) of p53. Both motifs bind independently to similar sites on DBD that overlap the DNA binding site. Taken together our work defines a model for complex formation between MDMX and p53 where a pair of disordered SLiMs bind overlapping sites on both proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malissa Fenton
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, United States
| | - Wade Borcherds
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, United States
| | - Lihong Chen
- Molecular Oncology Department, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, United States
| | - Asokan Anbanandam
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, United States
| | - Robin Levy
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, United States
| | - Jiandong Chen
- Molecular Oncology Department, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, United States
| | - Gary Daughdrill
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, United States.
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19
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Brown DW, Beatty PH, Lewis JD. Molecular Targeting of the Most Functionally Complex Gene in Precision Oncology: p53. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:5176. [PMID: 36358595 PMCID: PMC9654076 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14215176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
While chemotherapy is a key treatment strategy for many solid tumors, it is rarely curative, and most tumor cells eventually become resistant. Because of this, there is an unmet need to develop systemic treatments that capitalize on the unique mutational landscape of each patient's tumor. The most frequently mutated protein in cancer, p53, has a role in nearly all cancer subtypes and tumorigenesis stages and therefore is one of the most promising molecular targets for cancer treatment. Unfortunately, drugs targeting p53 have seen little clinical success despite promising preclinical data. Most of these drug compounds target specific aspects of p53 inactivation, such as through inhibiting negative regulation by the mouse double minute (MDM) family of proteins. These treatment strategies fail to address cancer cells' adaptation mechanisms and ignore the impact that p53 loss has on the entire p53 network. However, recent gene therapy successes show that targeting the p53 network and cellular dysfunction caused by p53 inactivation is now possible and may soon translate into successful clinical responses. In this review, we discuss p53 signaling complexities in cancer that have hindered the development and use of p53-targeted drugs. We also describe several current therapeutics reporting promising preclinical and clinical results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas W. Brown
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
- Entos Pharmaceuticals, Unit 4550, 10230 Jasper Avenue, Edmonton, AB T5J 4P6, Canada
| | - Perrin H. Beatty
- Entos Pharmaceuticals, Unit 4550, 10230 Jasper Avenue, Edmonton, AB T5J 4P6, Canada
| | - John D. Lewis
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
- Entos Pharmaceuticals, Unit 4550, 10230 Jasper Avenue, Edmonton, AB T5J 4P6, Canada
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20
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Song Q, Liu XQ, Rainey JK. The MDMX acidic domain competes with the p53 transactivation domain for MDM2 N-terminal domain binding. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2022; 1869:119319. [PMID: 35780910 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2022.119319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor protein p53 governs many cellular pathways to control genome integrity, metabolic homeostasis, and cell viability. The critical roles of p53 highlight the importance of proper control over p53 in maintaining normal cellular function, with the negative regulators MDM2 and MDMX playing central roles in regulating p53 activity. The interaction between p53 and either MDM2 or MDMX involves the p53 transactivation domain (p53TD) and the N-terminal domains (NTD) of MDM2 or MDMX. Recently, the acidic domain (AD) of MDMX was found to bind to its own NTD, inhibiting the p53-MDMX interaction. Given the established structural and functional similarity between the MDM2 and MDMX NTDs, we hypothesized that the MDMX AD would also directly bind to MDM2 NTD to inhibit p53-MDM2 interaction. Through solution-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), we show that the MDMX AD can indeed directly interact with the MDM2 NTD and, as a result, can compete for p53 binding. The MDMX AD is thus able to serve as a regulatory domain to inhibit the MDM2-p53 interaction and may also play a direct role in p53 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyan Song
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Xiang-Qin Liu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Jan K Rainey
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
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21
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Heijkants RC, Teunisse AFAS, de Jong D, Glinkina K, Mei H, Kielbasa SM, Szuhai K, Jochemsen AG. MDMX Regulates Transcriptional Activity of p53 and FOXO Proteins to Stimulate Proliferation of Melanoma Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14184482. [PMID: 36139642 PMCID: PMC9496676 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14184482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary We have investigated the transcriptional changes occurring in uveal and cutaneous melanoma cell lines upon depletion of MDMX (aka:MDM4). Computational analyses of the mRNAs/genes affected upon MDMX depletion determined that many were containing a p53-bindingsite, but even more contained a FOX recognition site(s). Since connections between MDM2 and FOXO1 had already been published, we investigated whether indeed a subset of the MDMX-regulated genes are dependent on FOXO1/FOXO3 expression. Indeed, a number of such target genes, i.e., PIK3IP1, MXD4 and ZMAT3, were found to be FOXO target genes in our cell models. Some of these genes were recently identified as indirect p53-target genes, and their expression was found to be regulated by RFX7 transcription factor, which was found activated upon pharmacological activation of p53, e.g., by Nutlin-3. However, a clear involvement of RFX7 in our model could not be established, but an interplay between FOXO and RFX7 factors seems evident. Abstract The tumor suppressor protein p53 has an important role in cell-fate determination. In cancer cells, the activity of p53 is frequently repressed by high levels of MDMX and/or MDM2. MDM2 is a ubiquitin ligase whose activity results in ubiquitin- and proteasome-dependent p53 degradation, while MDMX inhibits p53-activated transcription by shielding the p53 transactivation domain. Interestingly, the oncogenic functions of MDMX appear to be more wide-spread than inhibition of p53. The present study aimed to elucidate the MDMX-controlled transcriptome. Therefore, we depleted MDMX with four distinct shRNAs from a high MDMX expressing uveal melanoma cell line and determined the effect on the transcriptome by RNAseq. Biological function analyses indicate the inhibition of the cell cycle regulatory genes and stimulation of cell death activating genes upon MDMX depletion. Although the inhibition of p53 activity clearly contributes to the transcription regulation controlled by MDMX, it appeared that the transcriptional regulation of multiple genes did not only rely on p53 expression. Analysis of gene regulatory networks indicated a role for Forkhead box (FOX) transcription factors. Depletion of FOXO proteins partly prevented the transcriptional changes upon MDMX depletion. Furthermore, depletion of FOXO proteins relatively diminished the growth inhibition upon MDMX knockdown, although the knockdown of the FOXO transcription factors also reduces cell growth. In conclusion, the p53-independent oncogenic functions of MDMX could be partially explained by its regulation of FOXO activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renier C. Heijkants
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Amina F. A. S. Teunisse
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Danielle de Jong
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kseniya Glinkina
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hailiang Mei
- Sequencing Analysis Support Core, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Szymon M. Kielbasa
- Sequencing Analysis Support Core, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Statistics and Bioinformatics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Karoly Szuhai
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Aart G. Jochemsen
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
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22
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Srdanović S, Wolter M, Trinh CH, Ottmann C, Warriner SL, Wilson AJ. Understanding the interaction of 14-3-3 proteins with hDMX and hDM2: a structural and biophysical study. FEBS J 2022; 289:5341-5358. [PMID: 35286747 PMCID: PMC9541495 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
p53 plays a critical role in regulating diverse biological processes: DNA repair, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and senescence. The p53 pathway has therefore served as the focus of multiple drug-discovery efforts. p53 is negatively regulated by hDMX and hDM2; prior studies have identified 14-3-3 proteins as hDMX and hDM2 client proteins. 14-3-3 proteins are adaptor proteins that modulate localization, degradation and interactions of their targets in response to phosphorylation. Thus, 14-3-3 proteins may indirectly modulate the interaction between hDMX or hDM2 and p53 and represent potential targets for modulation of the p53 pathway. In this manuscript, we report on the biophysical and structural characterization of peptide/protein interactions that are representative of the interaction between 14-3-3 and hDMX or hDM2. The data establish that proximal phosphosites spaced ~20-25 residues apart in both hDMX and hDM2 co-operate to facilitate high-affinity 14-3-3 binding and provide structural insight that can be utilized in future stabilizer/inhibitor discovery efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Srdanović
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular BiologyUniversity of LeedsUK,School of ChemistryUniversity of LeedsUK
| | - Madita Wolter
- Laboratory of Chemical BiologyDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringTechnische Universiteit EindhovenThe Netherlands,Institute for Complex Molecular SystemsTechnische Universiteit EindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Chi H. Trinh
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular BiologyUniversity of LeedsUK,School of Molecular and Cellular BiologyUniversity of LeedsUK
| | - Christian Ottmann
- Laboratory of Chemical BiologyDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringTechnische Universiteit EindhovenThe Netherlands,Institute for Complex Molecular SystemsTechnische Universiteit EindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Stuart L. Warriner
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular BiologyUniversity of LeedsUK,School of ChemistryUniversity of LeedsUK
| | - Andrew J. Wilson
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular BiologyUniversity of LeedsUK,School of ChemistryUniversity of LeedsUK
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Keshavarz-Rahaghi F, Pleasance E, Kolisnik T, Jones SJM. A p53 transcriptional signature in primary and metastatic cancers derived using machine learning. Front Genet 2022; 13:987238. [PMID: 36134028 PMCID: PMC9483853 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.987238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor gene, TP53, has the highest rate of mutation among all genes in human cancer. This transcription factor plays an essential role in the regulation of many cellular processes. Mutations in TP53 result in loss of wild-type p53 function in a dominant negative manner. Although TP53 is a well-studied gene, the transcriptome modifications caused by the mutations in this gene have not yet been explored in a pan-cancer study using both primary and metastatic samples. In this work, we used a random forest model to stratify tumor samples based on TP53 mutational status and detected a p53 transcriptional signature. We hypothesize that the existence of this transcriptional signature is due to the loss of wild-type p53 function and is universal across primary and metastatic tumors as well as different tumor types. Additionally, we showed that the algorithm successfully detected this signature in samples with apparent silent mutations that affect correct mRNA splicing. Furthermore, we observed that most of the highly ranked genes contributing to the classification extracted from the random forest have known associations with p53 within the literature. We suggest that other genes found in this list including GPSM2, OR4N2, CTSL2, SPERT, and RPE65 protein coding genes have yet undiscovered linkages to p53 function. Our analysis of time on different therapies also revealed that this signature is more effective than the recorded TP53 status in detecting patients who can benefit from platinum therapies and taxanes. Our findings delineate a p53 transcriptional signature, expand the knowledge of p53 biology and further identify genes important in p53 related pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faeze Keshavarz-Rahaghi
- Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Erin Pleasance
- Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tyler Kolisnik
- Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- School of Natural and Computational Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Steven J. M. Jones
- Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Steven J. M. Jones,
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24
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Wang X, Xu P, Jiao Y, Luan S, Gao Y, Zhao C, Fu P. Preliminary evaluation of a small interfering RNA molecular probe targeting murine double minute 2 in breast cancer. Nucl Med Commun 2022; 43:869-876. [PMID: 35582848 PMCID: PMC9278711 DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0000000000001582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Murine double minute 2 (MDM2) is an oncogene that is important in tumorigenesis, tumor metastasis and chemotherapy resistance. We aimed to synthesize a molecular imaging probe, 99m Tc-HYNIC-siRNA 1489, which could specifically bind to MDM2. The [ 99m Tc]HYNIC-siRNA 1489 molecular probe provided an effective way of assessing MDM2 expression via single-photon emission computed tomography. METHOD Three siRNAs were designed, and their inhibitory efficiencies were determined using western blots and qRT-PCR. The selected siRNA was labeled with the radionuclide technetium-99m ( 99m Tc) through the chelator HYNIC. The bioactivity and properties of [ 99m Tc]HYNIC-siRNA 1489 were evaluated prior to imaging in mice. Imaging and biodistribution of the probe were used to assess its targeting ability. RESULTS SiRNA 1489, which was labeled with 99m Tc, displayed a strong inhibitory effect in Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 cell lines. The radiochemical purity of [ 99m Tc]HYNIC-siRNA 1489 was stable at various temperatures in phosphate-buffered serum and bovine serum. The tumor/muscle ratio in mice injected with [ 99m Tc]HYNIC-siRNA 1489 was higher than that in those injected with the negative control, [ 99m Tc]HYNIC-NC siRNA. The percentage injected dose per gram (%ID/g) of the tumors injected with 99m Tc-HYNIC-siRNA 1489 was greater than that of the control group. CONCLUSION The [ 99m Tc]HYNIC-siRNA 1489 was taken up by the tumor, which had a high level of MDM2. The probe exhibited a sufficient retention time in the tumor. This probe may be an effective strategy for evaluating MDM2 expression and achieving early diagnosis in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University
| | - Peng Xu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuying Jiao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Sha Luan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University
| | - Yue Gao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University
| | - Changjiu Zhao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Peng Fu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Ayaz G, Yan H, Malik N, Huang J. An Updated View of the Roles of p53 in Embryonic Stem Cells. Stem Cells 2022; 40:883-891. [PMID: 35904997 PMCID: PMC9585900 DOI: 10.1093/stmcls/sxac051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The TP53 gene is unarguably one of the most studied human genes. Its encoded protein, p53, is a tumor suppressor and is often called the "guardian of the genome" due to its pivotal role in maintaining genome stability. Historically, most studies of p53 have focused on its roles in somatic cells and tissues, but in the last two decades, its functions in embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells have attracted increasing attention. Recent studies have identified p53 as a critical regulator of pluripotency, self-renewal, differentiation, proliferation, and genome stability in mouse and human embryonic stem cells. In this article, we systematically review the studies on the functions of p53 in ESCs, provide an updated overview, attempt to reconcile controversial results described in the literature, and discuss the relevance of these cellular functions of p53 to its roles in tumor suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamze Ayaz
- Cancer and Stem Cell Epigenetics, Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hualong Yan
- Cancer and Stem Cell Epigenetics, Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Navdeep Malik
- Cancer and Stem Cell Epigenetics, Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jing Huang
- Cancer and Stem Cell Epigenetics, Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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26
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Cryptic in vitro ubiquitin ligase activity of HDMX towards p53 is likely regulated by an induced fit mechanism. Biosci Rep 2022; 42:231398. [PMID: 35674210 PMCID: PMC9254666 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20220186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
HDMX and its homologue HDM2 are two essential proteins for the cell; after genotoxic stress, both are phosphorylated near to their RING domain, specifically at serine 403 and 395, respectively. Once phosphorylated, both can bind the p53 mRNA and enhance its translation; however, both recognise p53 protein and provoke its degradation under normal conditions. HDM2 has been well-recognised as an E3 ubiquitin ligase, whereas it has been reported that even with the high similarity between the RING domains of the two homologs, HDMX does not have the E3 ligase activity. Despite this, HDMX is needed for the proper p53 poly-ubiquitination. Phosphorylation at serine 395 changes the conformation of HDM2, helping to explain the switch in its activity, but no information on HDMX has been published. Here we study the conformation of HDMX and its phospho-mimetic mutant S403D, investigate its E3 ligase activity and dissect its binding with p53. We show that phospho-mutation does not change the conformation of the protein, but HDMX is indeed an E3 ubiquitin ligase in vitro; however, in vivo, no activity was found. We speculated that HDMX is regulated by induced fit, being able to switch activity accordingly to the specific partner as p53 protein, p53 mRNA or HDM2. Our results aim to contribute to the elucidation of the contribution of the HDMX to p53 regulation.
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27
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Song Q, Liu XQ, Rainey JK. 1H, 15N and 13C backbone resonance assignments of the acidic domain of the human MDMX protein. BIOMOLECULAR NMR ASSIGNMENTS 2022; 16:171-178. [PMID: 35359247 DOI: 10.1007/s12104-022-10081-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The human MDMX protein, also known as MDM4, plays a pivotal role in regulating the activity of the tumor suppressor protein p53 by restricting p53 transcriptional activity and stimulating the E3 ubiquitin ligase activity of another key regulatory protein, MDM2, to promote p53 degradation. MDMX is ubiquitously expressed in most tissue types and overexpression of MDMX has been implicated in many forms of cancer. MDMX has been shown to require an intact N-terminal p53-binding domain and C-terminal RING domain to exert inhibitory effects on p53. The presence of a tryptophan-rich sequence in the central acidic domain of MDMX has also been implicated in regulating the interaction between MDMX and p53, directly interacting with the p53 DNA-binding domain. To date, little structural information has been obtained for this acidic region of MDMX that encompasses the Trp-rich sequence. In order to gain insight into the structure and function of this region, we have carried out solution-state NMR spectroscopy studies utilizing the segment of MDMX spanning residues 181-300-with bounds specifically chosen through multiple sequence alignment-which encompasses nearly 25% of MDMX. Here, we report the 1H, 15N and 13C backbone chemical shift assignments of the acidic domain of MDMX and show that it exhibits hallmarks of intrinsic disorder and localized variation in inferred secondary structure propensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyan Song
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Xiang-Qin Liu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Jan K Rainey
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada.
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada.
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada.
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Andreozzi F, Massaro F, Wittnebel S, Spilleboudt C, Lewalle P, Salaroli A. New Perspectives in Treating Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Driving towards a Patient-Tailored Strategy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:3887. [PMID: 35409248 PMCID: PMC8999556 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, intensive chemotherapy (IC) has been considered the best therapeutic option for treating acute myeloid leukemia (AML), with no curative option available for patients who are not eligible for IC or who have had failed IC. Over the last few years, several new drugs have enriched the therapeutic arsenal of AML treatment for both fit and unfit patients, raising new opportunities but also new challenges. These include the already approved venetoclax, the IDH1/2 inhibitors enasidenib and ivosidenib, gemtuzumab ozogamicin, the liposomal daunorubicin/cytarabine formulation CPX-351, and oral azacitidine. Venetoclax, an anti BCL2-inhibitor, in combination with hypomethylating agents (HMAs), has markedly improved the management of unfit and elderly patients from the perspective of improved quality of life and better survival. Venetoclax is currently under investigation in combination with other old and new drugs in early phase trials. Recently developed drugs with different mechanisms of action and new technologies that have already been investigated in other settings (BiTE and CAR-T cells) are currently being explored in AML, and ongoing trials should determine promising agents, more synergic combinations, and better treatment strategies. Access to new drugs and inclusion in clinical trials should be strongly encouraged to provide scientific evidence and to define the future standard of treatment in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Andreozzi
- Hematology Department, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1000 Bruxelles, Belgium; (F.M.); (S.W.); (C.S.); (P.L.); (A.S.)
| | - Fulvio Massaro
- Hematology Department, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1000 Bruxelles, Belgium; (F.M.); (S.W.); (C.S.); (P.L.); (A.S.)
- PhD Program in Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy
| | - Sebastian Wittnebel
- Hematology Department, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1000 Bruxelles, Belgium; (F.M.); (S.W.); (C.S.); (P.L.); (A.S.)
| | - Chloé Spilleboudt
- Hematology Department, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1000 Bruxelles, Belgium; (F.M.); (S.W.); (C.S.); (P.L.); (A.S.)
| | - Philippe Lewalle
- Hematology Department, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1000 Bruxelles, Belgium; (F.M.); (S.W.); (C.S.); (P.L.); (A.S.)
| | - Adriano Salaroli
- Hematology Department, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1000 Bruxelles, Belgium; (F.M.); (S.W.); (C.S.); (P.L.); (A.S.)
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Zhang J, Yu G, Yang Y, Wang Y, Guo M, Yin Q, Yan C, Tian J, Fu F, Wang H. A small-molecule inhibitor of MDMX suppresses cervical cancer cells via the inhibition of E6-E6AP-p53 axis. Pharmacol Res 2022; 177:106128. [PMID: 35150860 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dysfunction of p53 is observed in many malignant tumors, which is related to cancer susceptibility. In cervical cancer, p53 is primarily degradated through the complex of high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPV) oncoprotein E6 and E6-associated protein (E6AP) ubiquitin ligase. What is less clear is the mechanism and role of murine double minute X (MDMX) in cervical carcinogenesis due to the inactive status of murine double minute 2 (MDM2). In the current study, XI-011 (NSC146109), a small-molecule inhibitor of MDMX, showed robust anti-proliferation activity against several cervical cancer cell lines. XI-011 promoted apoptosis of cervical cancer cells via stabilizing p53 and activating its transcription activity. Moreover, XI-011 inhibited the growth of xenograft tumor in HeLa tumor-bearing mice, as well as enhanced the cytotoxic activity of cisplatin both in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, MDMX co-locolized with E6AP and seems to be a novel binding partner of E6AP to promote p53 ubiquitination. In conclusion, this work revealed a novel mechanism of ubiquitin-dependent p53 degredation via MDMX-E6AP axis in cervical carcinogenesis, and offered the first evidence that MDMX could be a viable drug target for the treatment of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Zhang
- Key laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evalution (Yantai University), Ministry of Education; Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai university, Yantai, China
| | - Guohua Yu
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Medical College of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Yanting Yang
- Key laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evalution (Yantai University), Ministry of Education; Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai university, Yantai, China
| | - Yingjie Wang
- Key laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evalution (Yantai University), Ministry of Education; Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai university, Yantai, China
| | - Mengqi Guo
- Key laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evalution (Yantai University), Ministry of Education; Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai university, Yantai, China
| | - Qikun Yin
- Key laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evalution (Yantai University), Ministry of Education; Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai university, Yantai, China; Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai, China
| | - Chunhong Yan
- GRU Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Jingwei Tian
- Key laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evalution (Yantai University), Ministry of Education; Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai university, Yantai, China
| | - Fenghua Fu
- Key laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evalution (Yantai University), Ministry of Education; Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai university, Yantai, China.
| | - Hongbo Wang
- Key laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evalution (Yantai University), Ministry of Education; Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai university, Yantai, China.
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Kung CP, Weber JD. It’s Getting Complicated—A Fresh Look at p53-MDM2-ARF Triangle in Tumorigenesis and Cancer Therapy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:818744. [PMID: 35155432 PMCID: PMC8833255 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.818744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-tumorigenic mechanisms mediated by the tumor suppressor p53, upon oncogenic stresses, are our bodies’ greatest weapons to battle against cancer onset and development. Consequently, factors that possess significant p53-regulating activities have been subjects of serious interest from the cancer research community. Among them, MDM2 and ARF are considered the most influential p53 regulators due to their abilities to inhibit and activate p53 functions, respectively. MDM2 inhibits p53 by promoting ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation of p53, while ARF activates p53 by physically interacting with MDM2 to block its access to p53. This conventional understanding of p53-MDM2-ARF functional triangle have guided the direction of p53 research, as well as the development of p53-based therapeutic strategies for the last 30 years. Our increasing knowledge of this triangle during this time, especially through identification of p53-independent functions of MDM2 and ARF, have uncovered many under-appreciated molecular mechanisms connecting these three proteins. Through recognizing both antagonizing and synergizing relationships among them, our consideration for harnessing these relationships to develop effective cancer therapies needs an update accordingly. In this review, we will re-visit the conventional wisdom regarding p53-MDM2-ARF tumor-regulating mechanisms, highlight impactful studies contributing to the modern look of their relationships, and summarize ongoing efforts to target this pathway for effective cancer treatments. A refreshed appreciation of p53-MDM2-ARF network can bring innovative approaches to develop new generations of genetically-informed and clinically-effective cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Pei Kung
- ICCE Institute, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- *Correspondence: Che-Pei Kung, ; Jason D. Weber,
| | - Jason D. Weber
- ICCE Institute, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- *Correspondence: Che-Pei Kung, ; Jason D. Weber,
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31
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What Features of Ligands Are Relevant to the Opening of Cryptic Pockets in Drug Targets? INFORMATICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/informatics9010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Small-molecule drug design aims to identify inhibitors that can specifically bind to a functionally important region on the target, i.e., an active site of an enzyme. Identification of potential binding pockets is typically based on static three-dimensional structures. However, small molecules may induce and select a dynamic binding pocket that is not visible in the apo protein, which presents a well-recognized challenge for structure-based drug discovery. Here, we assessed whether it is possible to identify features in molecules, which we refer to as inducers, that can induce the opening of cryptic pockets. The volume change between apo and bound protein conformations was used as a metric to differentiate chemical features in inducers vs. non-inducers. Based on the dataset of holo–apo pairs, classification models were built to determine an optimum threshold. The model analysis suggested that inducers preferred to be more hydrophobic and aromatic. The impact of sulfur was ambiguous, while phosphorus and halogen atoms were overrepresented in inducers. The fragment analysis showed that small changes in the structures of molecules can strongly affect the potential to induce a cryptic pocket. This analysis and developed model can be used to design inducers that can potentially open cryptic pockets for undruggable proteins.
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Yu XT, Yu L, Du X, Yu Z, Yang XG, Jiang YX. Clinical and Genetic Characteristics of Thymoma Patients With Autoimmune Hepatitis and Myocarditis. Front Oncol 2022; 11:746304. [PMID: 35070964 PMCID: PMC8777214 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.746304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our study investigated a special series of thymoma with autoimmune hepatitis and myocarditis and tried to reveal the gene expression profiles of this series of thymoma. METHODS From 2011 to 2019, a total of 13 special thymoma patients presented with autoimmune hepatitis and myocarditis, accounting for about 1.26% of thymoma patients undergoing surgery in Beijing TongRen Hospital. Clinical data were retrospectively collected. All samples were harvested during surgical procedures, and analyzed to identify changes in gene expression using the CapitalBio mRNA microarray analysis, the Whole exome sequencing analysis (WES), qPCR and immunohistochemistry (IHC) tools. RESULTS After surgery, patient symptoms were relieved gradually. Levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase MB (CK-MB), aspartate transaminase (AST), and alanine amiotransferase (ALT) increased to some extent within 1 to 3 months after surgery, and fluctuated, and then, gradually decreased close to normal within 6 months after surgery. Enrichment analysis of Kyoto Genome and Genome Encyclopedia (KEGG) pathway was performed and enrichment results were visualized. It indicated that gene expression of 5 signaling pathways, including cell cycle and p53 signaling pathway, were generally abnormal. P53 expression was up-regulated in all tumor tissues. However, IHC and qPCR analysis showed that there was no significant difference in p21 expression between normal and tumor tissue. Results of WES showed that only one driver gene-MDM4 amplified 4 fold in 53.2% thymoma cells. Further qPCR and IHC analysis confirmed the up-regulation of the expression of p53 and mdm4 in 13 thymoma patients with autoimmune hepatitis and myocarditis. CONCLUSION Our study reveals the clinical and genetic characteristics of thymoma patients with autoimmune hepatitis and myocarditis. For this special category of thymoma, the up-regulation of p53 and mdm4 plays an important role in the occurrence of thymoma and autoimmune hepatitis/myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Tao Yu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Yu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Du
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Yu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xing-Guo Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Xuan Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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The roles of mouse double minute 2 (MDM2) oncoprotein in ocular diseases: A review. Exp Eye Res 2022; 217:108910. [PMID: 34998788 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mouse double minute 2 (MDM2), an E3 ubiquitin ligase and the primary negative regulator of the tumor suppressor p53, cooperates with its structural homolog MDM4/MDMX to control intracellular p53 level. In turn, overexpression of p53 upregulates and forms an autoregulatory feedback loop with MDM2. The MDM2-p53 axis plays a pivotal role in modulating cell cycle control and apoptosis. MDM2 itself is regulated by the PI3K-AKT and RB-E2F-ARF pathways. While amplification of the MDM2 gene or overexpression of MDM2 (due to MDM2 SNP T309G, for instance) is associated with various malignancies, numerous studies have shown that MDM2/p53 alterations may also play a part in the pathogenetic process of certain ocular disorders (Fig. 1). These include cancers (retinoblastoma, uveal melanoma), fibrocellular proliferative diseases (proliferative vitreoretinopathy, pterygium), neovascular diseases, degenerative diseases (cataract, primary open-angle glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration) and infectious/inflammatory diseases (trachoma, uveitis). In addition, MDM2 is implicated in retinogenesis and regeneration after optic nerve injury. Anti-MDM2 therapy has shown potential as a novel approach to treating these diseases. Despite major safety concerns, there are high expectations for the clinical value of reformative MDM2 inhibitors. This review summarizes important findings about the role of MDM2 in ocular pathologies and provides an overview of recent advances in treating these diseases with anti-MDM2 therapies.
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Chhichholiya Y, Suryan AK, Suman P, Munshi A, Singh S. SNPs in miRNAs and Target Sequences: Role in Cancer and Diabetes. Front Genet 2021; 12:793523. [PMID: 34925466 PMCID: PMC8673831 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.793523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
miRNAs are fascinating molecular players for gene regulation as individual miRNA can control multiple targets and a single target can be regulated by multiple miRNAs. Loss of miRNA regulated gene expression is often reported to be implicated in various human diseases like diabetes and cancer. Recently, geneticists across the world started reporting single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) in seed sequences of miRNAs. Similarly, SNPs are also reported in various target sequences of these miRNAs. Both the scenarios lead to dysregulated gene expression which may result in the progression of diseases. In the present paper, we explore SNPs in various miRNAs and their target sequences reported in various human cancers as well as diabetes. Similarly, we also present evidence of these mutations in various other human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogita Chhichholiya
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Aman Kumar Suryan
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Prabhat Suman
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Anjana Munshi
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Sandeep Singh
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
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Killing by Degradation: Regulation of Apoptosis by the Ubiquitin-Proteasome-System. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123465. [PMID: 34943974 PMCID: PMC8700063 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is a cell suicide process that is essential for development, tissue homeostasis and human health. Impaired apoptosis is associated with a variety of human diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, autoimmunity and cancer. As the levels of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins can determine the life or death of cells, tight regulation of these proteins is critical. The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) is essential for maintaining protein turnover, which can either trigger or inhibit apoptosis. In this review, we will describe the E3 ligases that regulate the levels of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins and assisting proteins that regulate the levels of these E3 ligases. We will provide examples of apoptotic cell death modulations using the UPS, determined by positive and negative feedback loop reactions. Specifically, we will review how the stability of p53, Bcl-2 family members and IAPs (Inhibitor of Apoptosis proteins) are regulated upon initiation of apoptosis. As increased levels of oncogenes and decreased levels of tumor suppressor proteins can promote tumorigenesis, targeting these pathways offers opportunities to develop novel anti-cancer therapies, which act by recruiting the UPS for the effective and selective killing of cancer cells.
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Lian C, Li Y, Hou Z, Zhong W, Tian Y, Yin F, Li Z, Zhou D, Wang R. Proximity-induced amino-yne reaction for selective MDM4 conjugation via propargylated sulfonium. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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MDM4 Isoform Expression in Melanoma Supports an Oncogenic Role for MDM4-A. J Skin Cancer 2021; 2021:3087579. [PMID: 34697572 PMCID: PMC8541850 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3087579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The p53 tumor suppressor integrates upstream signals such as DNA damage and active oncogenes to initiate cell cycle arrest or apoptosis. This response is critical to halting inappropriate growth signals. As such, p53 activity is lost in cancer. In melanoma, however, the p53 gene is intact in a reported 94% of human cases. Rather than direct mutation, p53 is held inactive through interaction with inhibitory proteins. Here, we examine the expression of the two primary inhibitors of p53, MDM2 and MDM4, in genomic databases and biopsy specimens. We find that MDM4 is frequently overexpressed. Moreover, changes in splicing of MDM4 occur frequently and early in melanomagenesis. These changes in splicing must be considered in the design of therapeutic inhibitors of the MDM2/4 proteins for melanoma.
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The spliceosome factor sart3 regulates hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell development in zebrafish through the p53 pathway. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:906. [PMID: 34611130 PMCID: PMC8492694 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04215-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) possess the potential for self-renew and the capacity, throughout life, to differentiate into all blood cell lineages. Yet, the mechanistic basis for HSC development remains largely unknown. In this study, we characterized a zebrafish smu471 mutant with hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell (HSPC) defects and found that sart3 was the causative gene. RNA expression profiling of the sart3smu471 mutant revealed spliceosome and p53 signaling pathway to be the most significantly enriched pathways in the sart3smu471 mutant. Knock down of p53 rescued HSPC development in the sart3smu471 mutant. Interestingly, the p53 inhibitor, mdm4, had undergone an alternative splicing event in the mutant. Restoration of mdm4 partially rescued HSPC deficiency. Thus, our data suggest that HSPC proliferation and maintenance require sart3 to ensure the correct splicing and expression of mdm4, so that the p53 pathway is properly inhibited to prevent definitive hematopoiesis failure. This study expands our knowledge of the regulatory mechanisms that impact HSPC development and sheds light on the mechanistic basis and potential therapeutic use of sart3 in spliceosome-mdm4-p53 related disorders.
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Saleh MN, Patel MR, Bauer TM, Goel S, Falchook GS, Shapiro GI, Chung KY, Infante JR, Conry RM, Rabinowits G, Hong DS, Wang JS, Steidl U, Walensky LD, Naik G, Guerlavais V, Vukovic V, Annis DA, Aivado M, Meric-Bernstam F. Phase 1 Trial of ALRN-6924, a Dual Inhibitor of MDMX and MDM2, in Patients with Solid Tumors and Lymphomas Bearing Wild-type TP53. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:5236-5247. [PMID: 34301750 PMCID: PMC9401461 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-0715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We describe the first-in-human dose-escalation trial for ALRN-6924, a stabilized, cell-permeating peptide that disrupts p53 inhibition by mouse double minute 2 (MDM2) and MDMX to induce cell-cycle arrest or apoptosis in TP53-wild-type (WT) tumors. PATIENTS AND METHODS Two schedules were evaluated for safety, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and antitumor effects in patients with solid tumors or lymphomas. In arm A, patients received ALRN-6924 by intravenous infusion once-weekly for 3 weeks every 28 days; arm B was twice-weekly for 2 weeks every 21 days. RESULTS Seventy-one patients were enrolled: 41 in arm A (0.16-4.4 mg/kg) and 30 in arm B (0.32-2.7 mg/kg). ALRN-6924 showed dose-dependent pharmacokinetics and increased serum levels of MIC-1, a biomarker of p53 activation. The most frequent treatment-related adverse events were gastrointestinal side effects, fatigue, anemia, and headache. In arm A, at 4.4 mg/kg, dose-limiting toxicities (DLT) were grade 3 (G3) hypotension, G3 alkaline phosphatase elevation, G3 anemia, and G4 neutropenia in one patient each. At the MTD in arm A of 3.1 mg/kg, G3 fatigue was observed in one patient. No DLTs were observed in arm B. No G3/G4 thrombocytopenia was observed in any patient. Seven patients had infusion-related reactions; 3 discontinued treatment. In 41 efficacy-evaluable patients with TP53-WT disease across both schedules the disease control rate was 59%. Two patients had confirmed complete responses, 2 had confirmed partial responses, and 20 had stable disease. Six patients were treated for >1 year. The recommended phase 2 dose was schedule A, 3.1 mg/kg. CONCLUSIONS ALRN-6924 was well tolerated and demonstrated antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansoor N. Saleh
- O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,Corresponding Authors: Funda Meric-Bernstam, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030. Phone: 713-794-1226; E-mail: ; and Mansoor N. Saleh, Aga Khan University Nairobi, 3rd Parklands/Limuru Rd., Nairobi, Kenya. Phone: 254-709-93-1500; E-mail:
| | - Manish R. Patel
- Florida Cancer Specialists/Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Sarasota, Florida
| | - Todd M. Bauer
- Sarah Cannon Research Institute and Tennessee Oncology, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Sanjay Goel
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine—Montefiore Medical Center, The Bronx, New York
| | | | | | - Ki Y. Chung
- Prisma Health Cancer Institute, Greenville, South Carolina
| | - Jeffrey R. Infante
- Sarah Cannon Research Institute and Tennessee Oncology, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | | | - David S. Hong
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Judy S. Wang
- Florida Cancer Specialists/Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Sarasota, Florida
| | - Ulrich Steidl
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine—Montefiore Medical Center, The Bronx, New York
| | | | - Gurudatta Naik
- O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | | | | | | | - Manuel Aivado
- Aileron Therapeutics, Inc., Watertown, Massachusetts
| | - Funda Meric-Bernstam
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Corresponding Authors: Funda Meric-Bernstam, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030. Phone: 713-794-1226; E-mail: ; and Mansoor N. Saleh, Aga Khan University Nairobi, 3rd Parklands/Limuru Rd., Nairobi, Kenya. Phone: 254-709-93-1500; E-mail:
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Canonical Wnt: a safeguard and threat for erythropoiesis. Blood Adv 2021; 5:3726-3735. [PMID: 34516644 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2021004845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid dysplastic syndrome (MDS) reflects a preleukemic bone marrow (BM) disorder with limited treatment options and poor disease survival. As only a minority of MDS patients are eligible for curative hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, there is an urgent need to develop alternative treatment options. Chronic activation of Wnt/β-catenin has been implicated to underlie MDS formation and recently assigned to drive MDS transformation to acute myeloid leukemia. Wnt/β-catenin signaling therefore may harbor a pharmaceutical target to treat MDS and/or prevent leukemia formation. However, targeting the Wnt/β-catenin pathway will also affect healthy hematopoiesis in MDS patients. The control of Wnt/β-catenin in healthy hematopoiesis is poorly understood. Whereas Wnt/β-catenin is dispensable for steady-state erythropoiesis, its activity is essential for stress erythropoiesis in response to BM injury and anemia. Manipulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in MDS may therefore deregulate stress erythropoiesis and even increase anemia severity. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the most recent and established insights in the field to acquire more insight into the control of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in healthy and inefficient erythropoiesis as seen in MDS.
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Li X, Gohain N, Chen S, Li Y, Zhao X, Li B, Tolbert WD, He W, Pazgier M, Hu H, Lu W. Design of ultrahigh-affinity and dual-specificity peptide antagonists of MDM2 and MDMX for P53 activation and tumor suppression. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:2655-2669. [PMID: 34589387 PMCID: PMC8463443 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptide inhibition of the interactions of the tumor suppressor protein P53 with its negative regulators MDM2 and MDMX activates P53 in vitro and in vivo, representing a viable therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment. Using phage display techniques, we previously identified a potent peptide activator of P53, termed PMI (TSFAEYWNLLSP), with binding affinities for both MDM2 and MDMX in the low nanomolar concentration range. Here we report an ultrahigh affinity, dual-specificity peptide antagonist of MDM2 and MDMX obtained through systematic mutational analysis and additivity-based molecular design. Functional assays of over 100 peptide analogs of PMI using surface plasmon resonance and fluorescence polarization techniques yielded a dodecameric peptide termed PMI-M3 (LTFLEYWAQLMQ) that bound to MDM2 and MDMX with Kd values in the low picomolar concentration range as verified by isothermal titration calorimetry. Co-crystal structures of MDM2 and of MDMX in complex with PMI-M3 were solved at 1.65 and 3.0 Å resolution, respectively. Similar to PMI, PMI-M3 occupied the P53-binding pocket of MDM2/MDMX, which was dominated energetically by intermolecular interactions involving Phe3, Tyr6, Trp7, and Leu10. Notable differences in binding between PMI-M3 and PMI were observed at other positions such as Leu4 and Met11 with MDM2, and Leu1 and Met11 with MDMX, collectively contributing to a significantly enhanced binding affinity of PMI-M3 for both proteins. By adding lysine residues to both ends of PMI and PMI-M3 to improve their cellular uptake, we obtained modified peptides termed PMI-2K (KTSFAEYWNLLSPK) and M3-2K (KLTFLEYWAQLMQK). Compared with PMI-2K, M3-2K exhibited significantly improved antitumor activities in vitro and in vivo in a P53-dependent manner. This super-strong peptide inhibitor of the P53-MDM2/MDMX interactions may become, in its own right, a powerful lead compound for anticancer drug development, and can aid molecular design of other classes of P53 activators as well for anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Institute of Human Virology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Neelakshi Gohain
- Institute of Human Virology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Si Chen
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yinghua Li
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Zhao
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - William D. Tolbert
- Institute of Human Virology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Wangxiao He
- Department of Talent Highland, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Marzena Pazgier
- Institute of Human Virology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 21 54237607 (Wuyuan Lu), +86 21 66131281 (Honggang Hu), +1 301 295 3291 (Marzena Pazgier).
| | - Honggang Hu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 21 54237607 (Wuyuan Lu), +86 21 66131281 (Honggang Hu), +1 301 295 3291 (Marzena Pazgier).
| | - Wuyuan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS) of School of Basic Medical Sciences and Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity of School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 21 54237607 (Wuyuan Lu), +86 21 66131281 (Honggang Hu), +1 301 295 3291 (Marzena Pazgier).
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ANP32B-mediated repression of p53 contributes to maintenance of normal and CML stem cells. Blood 2021; 138:2485-2498. [PMID: 34359074 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020010400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper regulation of p53 signaling is critical for the maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and leukemic stem cells (LSCs). The hematopoietic cell-specific mechanisms regulating p53 activity remain largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that conditional deletion of acidic leucine-rich nuclear phosphoprotein 32B (ANP32B) in hematopoietic cells impairs repopulation capacity and post-injury regeneration of HSCs. Mechanistically, ANP32B forms a repressive complex with and thus inhibits the transcriptional activity of p53 in hematopoietic cells, and p53 deletion rescues the functional defect in Anp32b-deficient HSCs. Of great interest, ANP32B is highly expressed in leukemic cells from chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) patients. Anp32b deletion enhances p53 transcriptional activity to impair LSCs function in a murine CML model, and exhibits synergistic therapeutic effects with tyrosine kinase inhibitors in inhibiting CML propagation. In summary, our findings provide a novel strategy to enhance p53 activity in LSCs by inhibiting ANP32B, and identify ANP32B as a potential therapeutic target in treating CML.
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Zhang S, Lou J, Li Y, Zhou F, Yan Z, Lyu X, Zhao Y. Recent Progress and Clinical Development of Inhibitors that Block MDM4/p53 Protein-Protein Interactions. J Med Chem 2021; 64:10621-10640. [PMID: 34286973 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
MDM4 is a homologue of MDM2, serving cooperatively as the negative regulator of tumor suppressor p53. Under the shadow of MDM2 inhibitors, limited efforts had been put into the discovery of MDM4 modulators. Recent studies of the experimental drug ALRN-6924, a dual MDM4 and MDM2 inhibitor, suggest that concurrent inhibition of MDM4 and MDM2 might be beneficial over only MDM2 inhibition. In view of the present research progress, we summarized published inhibitors of MDM4/p53 interactions including both peptide-based compounds and small molecules. Cocrystal structures of ligand/MDM4 complexes have been examined, and their structural features were compiled and compared in order to show the molecular basis required for high MDM4 binding affinities. Representative examples of small-molecule MDM4 inhibitors were discussed, followed by clinical results of ALRN-6924, together, providing a consolidated reference for further development of MDM4 inhibitors, either dual or selective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyan Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China.,State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Small-Molecule Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jianfeng Lou
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China.,State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Small-Molecule Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yafang Li
- Nano Science and Technology Institute, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.,State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Small-Molecule Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Feilong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Small-Molecule Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ziqin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Small-Molecule Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xilin Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Small-Molecule Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yujun Zhao
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China.,State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Small-Molecule Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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Timmerman DM, Remmers TL, Hillenius S, Looijenga LHJ. Mechanisms of TP53 Pathway Inactivation in Embryonic and Somatic Cells-Relevance for Understanding (Germ Cell) Tumorigenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105377. [PMID: 34065345 PMCID: PMC8161298 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The P53 pathway is the most important cellular pathway to maintain genomic and cellular integrity, both in embryonic and non-embryonic cells. Stress signals induce its activation, initiating autophagy or cell cycle arrest to enable DNA repair. The persistence of these signals causes either senescence or apoptosis. Over 50% of all solid tumors harbor mutations in TP53 that inactivate the pathway. The remaining cancers are suggested to harbor mutations in genes that regulate the P53 pathway such as its inhibitors Mouse Double Minute 2 and 4 (MDM2 and MDM4, respectively). Many reviews have already been dedicated to P53, MDM2, and MDM4, while this review additionally focuses on the other factors that can deregulate P53 signaling. We discuss that P14ARF (ARF) functions as a negative regulator of MDM2, explaining the frequent loss of ARF detected in cancers. The long non-coding RNA Antisense Non-coding RNA in the INK4 Locus (ANRIL) is encoded on the same locus as ARF, inhibiting ARF expression, thus contributing to the process of tumorigenesis. Mutations in tripartite motif (TRIM) proteins deregulate P53 signaling through their ubiquitin ligase activity. Several microRNAs (miRNAs) inactivate the P53 pathway through inhibition of translation. CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) maintains an open chromatin structure at the TP53 locus, explaining its inactivation of CTCF during tumorigenesis. P21, a downstream effector of P53, has been found to be deregulated in different tumor types. This review provides a comprehensive overview of these factors that are known to deregulate the P53 pathway in both somatic and embryonic cells, as well as their malignant counterparts (i.e., somatic and germ cell tumors). It provides insights into which aspects still need to be unraveled to grasp their contribution to tumorigenesis, putatively leading to novel targets for effective cancer therapies.
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45
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Lee K, Zheng Q, Lu Q, Xu F, Qin G, Zhai Q, Hong R, Chen M, Deng W, Wang S. CPSF4 promotes triple negative breast cancer metastasis by upregulating MDM4. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:184. [PMID: 34006850 PMCID: PMC8131696 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00565-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kaping Lee
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiufan Zheng
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qianyi Lu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fei Xu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ge Qin
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qinglian Zhai
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruoxi Hong
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Miao Chen
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Wuguo Deng
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Shusen Wang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
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46
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Qu J, Yang SZ, Zhu Y, Guo T, Thannickal VJ, Zhou Y. Targeting mechanosensitive MDM4 promotes lung fibrosis resolution in aged mice. J Exp Med 2021; 218:e20202033. [PMID: 33688918 PMCID: PMC7953267 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20202033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is a strong risk factor and an independent prognostic factor for progressive human idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Aged mice develop nonresolving pulmonary fibrosis following lung injury. In this study, we found that mouse double minute 4 homolog (MDM4) is highly expressed in the fibrotic lesions of human IPF and experimental pulmonary fibrosis in aged mice. We identified MDM4 as a matrix stiffness-regulated endogenous inhibitor of p53. Reducing matrix stiffness down-regulates MDM4 expression, resulting in p53 activation in primary lung myofibroblasts isolated from IPF patients. Gain of p53 function activates a gene program that sensitizes lung myofibroblasts to apoptosis and promotes the clearance of apoptotic myofibroblasts by macrophages. Destiffening of the fibrotic lung matrix by targeting nonenzymatic cross-linking or genetic ablation of Mdm4 in lung (myo)fibroblasts activates the Mdm4-p53 pathway and promotes lung fibrosis resolution in aged mice. These findings suggest that mechanosensitive MDM4 is a molecular target with promising therapeutic potential against persistent lung fibrosis associated with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Qu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shan-Zhong Yang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Yi Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Ting Guo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
- The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central-South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Victor J. Thannickal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Yong Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
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Yu D, Xu Z, Cheng X, Qin J. The role of miRNAs in MDMX-p53 interplay. J Evid Based Med 2021; 14:152-160. [PMID: 33988919 DOI: 10.1111/jebm.12428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous noncoding RNAs of 19-24 nucleotides in length and are tightly related to tumorigenesis and progression. Recent studies have demonstrated that the tumor suppressor p53 and its negative controller MDMX are regulated by miRNAs in different ways. Some miRNAs directly target p53 and regulate its expression and function, whereas some miRNAs target MDMX and regulate p53's activity indirectly. The overexpression of several miRNAs can restore the activity of p53 by negatively regulating MDMX in cancer cells. Therefore, a better understanding of the miRNAs-MDMX-p53 network will put forward potential research directions for developing anticancer therapeutics. In the present review, we mainly focus on the regulatory effects of miRNAs on the MDMX-p53 interplay as well as the role of the miRNAs-MDMX-p53 network in human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehua Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyuan Xu
- Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiangdong Cheng
- Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiangjiang Qin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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Su A, Tabata Y, Aoki K, Sada A, Ohki R, Nagatoishi S, Tsumoto K, Wang S, Otani Y, Ohwada T. Elaboration of Non-naturally Occurring Helical Tripeptides as p53-MDM2/MDMX Interaction Inhibitors. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2021; 69:681-692. [PMID: 33952867 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c21-00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are often mediated by helical, strand and/or coil secondary structures at the interface regions. We previously showed that non-naturally occurring, stable helical trimers of bicyclic β-amino acids (Abh) with all-trans amide bonds can block the p53-MDM2/MDMX α-helix-helix interaction, which plays a role in regulating p53 function. Here, we conducted docking and molecular dynamics calculations to guide the structural optimization of our reported compounds, focusing on modifications of the C-terminal/N-terminal residues. We confirmed that the modified peptides directly bind to MDM2 by means of thermal shift assay, isothermal titration calorimetry, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) experiments. Biological activity assay in human osteosarcoma cell line SJSA-1, which has wild-type p53 and amplification of the Mdm2 gene, indicated that these peptides are membrane-permeable p53-MDM2/MDMX interaction antagonists that can rescue p53 function in the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoze Su
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Yuko Tabata
- Laboratory of Fundamental Oncology, National Cancer Center Research Institute
| | - Kiyono Aoki
- Laboratory of Fundamental Oncology, National Cancer Center Research Institute
| | - Akane Sada
- Laboratory of Fundamental Oncology, National Cancer Center Research Institute
| | - Rieko Ohki
- Laboratory of Fundamental Oncology, National Cancer Center Research Institute
| | | | - Kouhei Tsumoto
- The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo.,School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo
| | - Siyuan Wang
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Yuko Otani
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Tomohiko Ohwada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo
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Li F, Yu S, Huang X, Dong C, Ren J. Studying Homo-oligomerization and Hetero-oligomerization of MDMX and MDM2 Proteins in Single Living Cells by Using In Situ Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy. Biochemistry 2021; 60:1498-1505. [PMID: 33870698 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.1c00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Protein oligomerization plays a very important role in many physiological processes. p53 acts as a key tumor suppressor by regulating cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, and apoptosis, and its antitumor activity is regulated by the hetero- and homo-oligomerization of MDMX and MDM2 proteins. So far, some traditional methods have been utilized to study the oligomerization of MDMX and MDM2 in vitro, but they have not clarified some controversial issues or whether the extracellular results can represent the intracellular results. Here, we put forward an in situ method for studying protein homo- and hetero-oligomerization in single living cells by using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. In this study, MDMX and MDM2 were labeled with fluorescent proteins using lentiviral transfection. Autocorrelation spectroscopy and cross-correlation spectroscopy methods were used to study the oligomerization of MDMX and MDM2 in situ and the effect of regulation of MDMX oligomerization on p53-MDMX interactions in single living cells. We observed the homo- and hetero-oligomerization of MDMX and MDM2 in living cells. Meanwhile, the levels of the homo-oligomers of MDMX and MDM2 were increased due to the lack of hetero-oligomerization. Finally, the binding affinity of MDMX for p53 was improved with an increase in the level of MDMX hetero-oligomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fucai Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengrong Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyi Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaoqing Dong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Jicun Ren
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
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Molecular Mechanisms of Senescence and Implications for the Treatment of Myeloid Malignancies. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040612. [PMID: 33557090 PMCID: PMC7913823 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Senescence is a cellular state that is involved in aging-associated diseases but may also prohibit the development of pre-cancerous lesions and tumor growth. Senescent cells are actively secreting chemo- and cytokines, and this senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) can contribute to both early anti-tumorigenic and long-term pro-tumorigenic effects. Recently, complex mechanisms of cellular senescence and their influence on cellular processes have been defined in more detail and, therefore, facilitate translational development of targeted therapies. In this review, we aim to discuss major molecular pathways involved in cellular senescence and potential therapeutic strategies, with a specific focus on myeloid malignancies.
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