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Larivière L, Krüger JE, von Hirschheydt T, Schlothauer T, Bray-French K, Bader M, Runza V. End-to-end approach for the characterization and control of product-related impurities in T cell bispecific antibody preparations. Int J Pharm X 2023; 5:100157. [PMID: 36687375 PMCID: PMC9850176 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2023.100157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-based T cell-activating biologics are promising therapeutic medicines being developed for a number of indications, mainly in the oncology field. Among those, T cell bispecific antibodies are designed to bind one tumor-specific antigen and the T cell receptor at the same time, leading to a robust T cell response against the tumor. Although their unique format and the versatility of the CrossMab technology allows for the generation of safer molecules in an efficient manner, product-related variants cannot be completely avoided. Therefore, it is of extreme importance that both a manufacturing process that limits or depletes product-related impurities, as well as a thorough analytical characterization are in place, starting from the development of the manufacturing cell line until the assessment of potential toxicities. Here, we describe such an end-to-end approach to minimize, quantify and control impurities and -upon their functional characterization- derive specifications that allow for the release of clinical material.
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Key Words
- Antibody manufacturing process
- CE-SDS, capillary electrophoresis‑sodium dodecyl sulfate
- CRS, cytokine release syndrome
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- End-to-end approach
- Fc, fragment crystallizable
- Functional characterization
- GMP, good manufacturing process
- HIC, hydrophobic interaction chromatography
- HMW, high molecular weight (species)
- IEX, ion exchange chromatography
- PBS, phosphate buffer saline
- Product-related impurities control
- SEC, size-exclusion chromatography
- SPR, surface plasmon resonance
- TAA, tumor-associated antigen
- TCB, T cell bispecific
- TCR, T cell receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Larivière
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg 82377, Germany
| | - Julia Eva Krüger
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg 82377, Germany
| | - Thomas von Hirschheydt
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg 82377, Germany
| | - Tilman Schlothauer
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg 82377, Germany
| | - Katharine Bray-French
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel 4058, Switzerland
| | - Martin Bader
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg 82377, Germany
| | - Valeria Runza
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg 82377, Germany,Corresponding author.
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Liu X, Yin M, Dong J, Mao G, Min W, Kuang Z, Yang P, Liu L, Zhang N, Deng H. Tubeimoside-1 induces TFEB-dependent lysosomal degradation of PD-L1 and promotes antitumor immunity by targeting mTOR. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:3134-49. [PMID: 34745852 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1)/programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) cascade is an effective therapeutic target for immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy. Targeting PD-L1/PD-1 axis by small-molecule drug is an attractive approach to enhance antitumor immunity. Using flow cytometry-based assay, we identify tubeimoside-1 (TBM-1) as a promising antitumor immune modulator that negatively regulates PD-L1 level. TBM-1 disrupts PD-1/PD-L1 interaction and enhances the cytotoxicity of T cells toward cancer cells through decreasing the abundance of PD-L1. Furthermore, TBM-1 exerts its antitumor effect in mice bearing Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) and B16 melanoma tumor xenograft via activating tumor-infiltrating T-cell immunity. Mechanistically, TBM-1 triggers PD-L1 lysosomal degradation in a TFEB-dependent, autophagy-independent pathway. TBM-1 selectively binds to the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase and suppresses the activation of mTORC1, leading to the nuclear translocation of TFEB and lysosome biogenesis. Moreover, the combination of TBM-1 and anti-CTLA-4 effectively enhances antitumor T-cell immunity and reduces immunosuppressive infiltration of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and regulatory T (Treg) cells. Our findings reveal a previously unrecognized antitumor mechanism of TBM-1 and represent an alternative ICB therapeutic strategy to enhance the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy.
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Key Words
- 4EBP1, eIF4E-binding protein 1
- Baf, bafilomycin A1
- CETSA, cellular thermal shift assay
- CHX, cycloheximide
- CQ, chloroquine
- IB, immunoblotting
- ICB, immune checkpoint blockade
- IHC, immunohistochemistry
- Immune checkpoint blockade
- LLC, Lewis lung carcinoma
- Lysosome
- MDSCs, myeloid-derived suppressor cells
- NAG, β-N-acetylglucosaminidase
- NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer
- PD-1, programmed cell death-1
- PD-L1
- PD-L1, programmed cell death ligand- 1
- SPR, surface plasmon resonance
- TBM-1, tubeimoside-1
- TFEB, nuclear transcriptional factor EB
- TILs, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes
- Transcription factor EB
- Tregs, regulatory T-lymphocytes
- mTOR
- mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin
- p70S6K, phosphorylation of p70 S6 kinase
- qRT-PCR, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction
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Li X, Gohain N, Chen S, Li Y, Zhao X, Li B, Tolbert WD, He W, Pazgier M, Hu H, Lu W. Design of ultrahigh-affinity and dual-specificity peptide antagonists of MDM2 and MDMX for P53 activation and tumor suppression. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:2655-2669. [PMID: 34589387 PMCID: PMC8463443 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptide inhibition of the interactions of the tumor suppressor protein P53 with its negative regulators MDM2 and MDMX activates P53 in vitro and in vivo, representing a viable therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment. Using phage display techniques, we previously identified a potent peptide activator of P53, termed PMI (TSFAEYWNLLSP), with binding affinities for both MDM2 and MDMX in the low nanomolar concentration range. Here we report an ultrahigh affinity, dual-specificity peptide antagonist of MDM2 and MDMX obtained through systematic mutational analysis and additivity-based molecular design. Functional assays of over 100 peptide analogs of PMI using surface plasmon resonance and fluorescence polarization techniques yielded a dodecameric peptide termed PMI-M3 (LTFLEYWAQLMQ) that bound to MDM2 and MDMX with Kd values in the low picomolar concentration range as verified by isothermal titration calorimetry. Co-crystal structures of MDM2 and of MDMX in complex with PMI-M3 were solved at 1.65 and 3.0 Å resolution, respectively. Similar to PMI, PMI-M3 occupied the P53-binding pocket of MDM2/MDMX, which was dominated energetically by intermolecular interactions involving Phe3, Tyr6, Trp7, and Leu10. Notable differences in binding between PMI-M3 and PMI were observed at other positions such as Leu4 and Met11 with MDM2, and Leu1 and Met11 with MDMX, collectively contributing to a significantly enhanced binding affinity of PMI-M3 for both proteins. By adding lysine residues to both ends of PMI and PMI-M3 to improve their cellular uptake, we obtained modified peptides termed PMI-2K (KTSFAEYWNLLSPK) and M3-2K (KLTFLEYWAQLMQK). Compared with PMI-2K, M3-2K exhibited significantly improved antitumor activities in vitro and in vivo in a P53-dependent manner. This super-strong peptide inhibitor of the P53-MDM2/MDMX interactions may become, in its own right, a powerful lead compound for anticancer drug development, and can aid molecular design of other classes of P53 activators as well for anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Institute of Human Virology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Neelakshi Gohain
- Institute of Human Virology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Si Chen
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yinghua Li
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Zhao
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - William D. Tolbert
- Institute of Human Virology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Wangxiao He
- Department of Talent Highland, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Marzena Pazgier
- Institute of Human Virology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 21 54237607 (Wuyuan Lu), +86 21 66131281 (Honggang Hu), +1 301 295 3291 (Marzena Pazgier).
| | - Honggang Hu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 21 54237607 (Wuyuan Lu), +86 21 66131281 (Honggang Hu), +1 301 295 3291 (Marzena Pazgier).
| | - Wuyuan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS) of School of Basic Medical Sciences and Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity of School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 21 54237607 (Wuyuan Lu), +86 21 66131281 (Honggang Hu), +1 301 295 3291 (Marzena Pazgier).
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Qian Y, Zhao M, Han Q, Wang J, Liao L, Yang H, Liu D, Tu P, Liang H, Zeng K. Pharmacologically targeting molecular motor promotes mitochondrial fission for anti-cancer. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:1853-1866. [PMID: 34386324 PMCID: PMC8343112 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial shape rapidly changes by dynamic balance of fusion and fission to adjust to constantly changing energy demands of cancer cells. Mitochondrial dynamics balance is exactly regulated by molecular motor consisted of myosin and actin cytoskeleton proteins. Thus, targeting myosin-actin molecular motor is considered as a promising strategy for anti-cancer. In this study, we performed a proof-of-concept study with a natural-derived small-molecule J13 to test the feasibility of anti-cancer therapeutics via pharmacologically targeting molecular motor. Here, we found J13 could directly target myosin-9 (MYH9)-actin molecular motor to promote mitochondrial fission progression, and markedly inhibited cancer cells survival, proliferation and migration. Mechanism study revealed that J13 impaired MYH9-actin interaction to inactivate molecular motor, and caused a cytoskeleton-dependent mitochondrial dynamics imbalance. Moreover, stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) technology-coupled with pulldown analysis identified HSPA9 as a crucial adaptor protein connecting MYH9-actin molecular motor to mitochondrial fission. Taken together, we reported the first natural small-molecule directly targeting MYH9-actin molecular motor for anti-cancer translational research. Besides, our study also proved the conceptual practicability of pharmacologically disrupting mitochondrial fission/fusion dynamics in human cancer therapy.
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Key Words
- Anti-cancer
- CAM, chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane
- CETSA, cellular thermal shift assay
- Co-IP, co-immunoprecipitation
- DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- HE, hematoxylin–eosin staining
- HSPA9
- HSPA9, heat-shock protein A9
- HUVEC, human umbilical vein endothelial cells
- IHC, immunohistochemistry
- LIHC, liver hepatocellular carcinoma
- Liver hepatocellular carcinoma
- MMP, mitochondrial membrane potential
- MYH9
- MYH9, myosin-9
- Mitochondrial fission
- Molecular motor
- SILAC, stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture
- SPR, surface plasmon resonance
- Small molecule
- TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling
- Target identification
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Meimei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Qinghua Han
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jingkang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Lixi Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Heng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Proteomics Laboratory, Medical and Healthy Analytical Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Pengfei Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Kewu Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Corresponding authors.
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Luo P, Zheng M, Zhang R, Zhang H, Liu Y, Li W, Sun X, Yu Q, Tipoe GL, Xiao J. S-Allylmercaptocysteine improves alcoholic liver disease partly through a direct modulation of insulin receptor signaling. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:668-679. [PMID: 33777674 PMCID: PMC7982498 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) causes insulin resistance, lipid metabolism dysfunction, and inflammation. We investigated the protective effects and direct regulating target of S-allylmercaptocysteine (SAMC) from aged garlic on liver cell injury. A chronic ethanol-fed ALD in vivo model (the NIAAA model) was used to test the protective functions of SAMC. It was observed that SAMC (300 mg/kg, by gavage method) effectively ameliorated ALD-induced body weight reduction, steatosis, insulin resistance, and inflammation without affecting the health status of the control mice, as demonstrated by histological, biochemical, and molecular biology assays. By using biophysical assays and molecular docking, we demonstrated that SAMC directly targeted insulin receptor (INSR) protein on the cell membrane and then restored downstream IRS-1/AKT/GSK3β signaling. Liver-specific knock-down in mice and siRNA-mediated knock-down in AML-12 cells of Insr significantly impaired SAMC (250 μmol/L in cells)-mediated protection. Restoration of the IRS-1/AKT signaling partly recovered hepatic injury and further contributed to SAMC's beneficial effects. Continuous administration of AKT agonist and recombinant IGF-1 in combination with SAMC showed hepato-protection in the mice model. Long-term (90-day) administration of SAMC had no obvious adverse effect on healthy mice. We conclude that SAMC is an effective and safe hepato-protective complimentary agent against ALD partly through the direct binding of INSR and partial regulation of the IRS-1/AKT/GSK3β pathway.
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Key Words
- ADIPOQ, adiponectin
- AKT
- ALD, alcoholic liver disease
- ALDH2, aldehyde dehydrogenase 2
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AMPK, adenosine 5′-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- ATGL, adipose triglyceride lipase
- Alcoholic liver disease
- CPT1, carnitine palmitoyltransferase I
- CYP2E1, cytochrome P450 2E1
- FDA, U.S. Food and Drug Administration
- FFA, free fatty acids
- GRB14, growth factor receptor-bound protein 14
- GSK3β
- GSK3β, glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta
- GTT, glucose tolerance test
- HSL, hormone sensitive lipase
- IGF-1, insulin-like growth factors-1
- IL, interleukin
- INSR, insulin receptor
- IRS, insulin receptor substrate
- IRS-1
- IRTK, insulin receptor tyrosine kinase
- Insulin receptor
- Insulin resistance
- LDLR, low-density lipoprotein receptor
- LRP6, low-density lipoprotein receptor related protein 6
- MTT, 3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide
- NAC, N-acetyl-cysteine
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- NAS, NAFLD activity score
- NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa B
- NIAAA, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
- NRF2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
- ORF, open reading frame
- PA, palmitate acid
- PPARα, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha
- RER, respiratory exchange ratio
- S-Allylmercaptocysteine
- SAMC, S-allylmercaptocysteine
- SPR, surface plasmon resonance
- SREBP-1c, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c
- Safety
- TC, total cholesterol
- TCF/LEF, T-cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor
- TG, triglyceride
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- TSA, thermal shift assay
- WAT, white adipose tissues
- WT, wild-type
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Upert G, Luther A, Obrecht D, Ermert P. Emerging peptide antibiotics with therapeutic potential. Med Drug Discov 2021; 9:100078. [PMID: 33398258 PMCID: PMC7773004 DOI: 10.1016/j.medidd.2020.100078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This review covers some of the recent progress in the field of peptide antibiotics with a focus on compounds with novel or established mode of action and with demonstrated efficacy in animal infection models. Novel drug discovery approaches, linear and macrocyclic peptide antibiotics, lipopeptides like the polymyxins as well as peptides addressing targets located in the plasma membrane or in the outer membrane of bacterial cells are discussed.
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Key Words
- ADMET, absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion – toxicity in pharmacokinetics
- AMP, antimicrobial peptide
- AMR, antimicrobial resistance
- ATCC, ATCC cell collection
- Antibiotic
- BAM, β-barrel assembly machinery
- CC50, cytotoxic concentration to kill 50% of cells
- CD, circular dichroism
- CFU, colony forming unit
- CLSI, clinical and laboratory standards institute
- CMS, colistin methane sulfonate
- DMPC, 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
- ESKAPE, acronym encompassing six bacterial pathogens (often carrying antibiotic resistance): Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter spp
- FDA, U. S. Food and Drug Administration
- HABP, hospital acquired bacterial pneumonia
- HDP, host-defense peptide
- HEK293, human embryonic kidney 293 cells
- HK-2, human kidney 2 cells (proximal tubular cell line)
- HepG2, human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line
- Hpg, 4-hydroxy-phenyl glycine
- ITC, isothermal titration calorimetry
- KPC, Klebsiella pneumoniae metallo-β-lactamase C resistant
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- LptA, lipopolysaccharide transport protein A
- LptC, lipopolysaccharide transport protein C
- LptD, lipopolysaccharide transport protein D
- MDR, multidrug-resistant
- MH-I, Müller-Hinton broth I
- MH-II, Müller-Hinton broth II (cation adjusted)
- MIC, minimal inhibitory concentration
- MRSA, methicilline-resistant S. aureus
- MSSA, methicilline-sensitive S. aureus
- MoA, mechanism (mode) of action
- NDM-1, New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase resistant
- NOAEL, no adverse effect level
- ODL, odilorhabdin
- OMPTA (outer membrane targeting antibiotic)
- OMPTA, outer membrane targeting antibiotic
- Omp, outer membrane protein
- PBMC, peripheral mononuclear blood cell
- PBP, penicillin-binding protein
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PK, pharmacokinetics
- POPC, 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
- POPG, 2-oleoyl-1-palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1-glycerol)
- PrAMPs, polyproline antimicrobial peptides
- RBC, red blood cell
- SAR, structure-activity relationship
- SPR, surface plasmon resonance
- SPase I, signal peptidase I
- VABP, ventilator associated bacterial pneumonia
- VIM-1, beta-lactamase 2 (K. pneumoniae)
- VISA, vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus
- VRE, vancomycin-resistant enterococcus
- WHO, World Health Organization
- WT, wild type
- WTA, wall teichoic acid
- XDR, extremely drug-resistant
- antimicrobial peptide
- antimicrobial resistance
- bid, bis in die (two times a day)
- i.p., intraperitoneal
- i.v., intravenous
- lipopeptide
- mITT population, minimal intend-to-treat population
- peptide antibiotic
- s.c., subcutaneous
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Upert
- Polyphor Ltd, Hegenheimermattweg 125, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Anatol Luther
- Bachem AG, Hauptstrasse 114, 4416 Bubendorf, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Obrecht
- Polyphor Ltd, Hegenheimermattweg 125, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Ermert
- Polyphor Ltd, Hegenheimermattweg 125, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
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Chen X, Wu Y, Chen C, Gu Y, Zhu C, Wang S, Chen J, Zhang L, Lv L, Zhang G, Yuan Y, Chai Y, Zhu M, Wu C. Identifying potential anti-COVID-19 pharmacological components of traditional Chinese medicine Lianhuaqingwen capsule based on human exposure and ACE2 biochromatography screening. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:222-36. [PMID: 33072499 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lianhuaqingwen (LHQW) capsule, a herb medicine product, has been clinically proved to be effective in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia treatment. However, human exposure to LHQW components and their pharmacological effects remain largely unknown. Hence, this study aimed to determine human exposure to LHQW components and their anti-COVID-19 pharmacological activities. Analysis of LHQW component profiles in human plasma and urine after repeated therapeutic dosing was conducted using a combination of HRMS and an untargeted data-mining approach, leading to detection of 132 LHQW prototype and metabolite components, which were absorbed via the gastrointestinal tract and formed via biotransformation in human, respectively. Together with data from screening by comprehensive 2D angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) biochromatography, 8 components in LHQW that were exposed to human and had potential ACE2 targeting ability were identified for further pharmacodynamic evaluation. Results show that rhein, forsythoside A, forsythoside I, neochlorogenic acid and its isomers exhibited high inhibitory effect on ACE2. For the first time, this study provides chemical and biochemical evidence for exploring molecular mechanisms of therapeutic effects of LHQW capsule for the treatment of COVID-19 patients based on the components exposed to human. It also demonstrates the utility of the human exposure-based approach to identify pharmaceutically active components in Chinese herb medicines.
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Key Words
- ACE2
- ACE2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
- AT2, alveolar type II
- Biochromatography
- COVID-19
- COVID-19, corona virus disease 2019
- Comprehensive 2D analysis
- DMF, N,N-dimethylformamide
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- ESI, electrospray ionization
- GMBS, N-(4-maleimide butyryl oxide)succinimide
- HPLC, high performance liquid chromatography
- HRMS, high resolution mass spectrometry
- In vivo exposure
- LHQW, Lianhuaqingwen
- Lianhuaqingwen capsule
- MPTS, mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane
- Molecular docking
- NMPA, National Medical Products Administration
- PATBS
- PATBS, precise-and-thorough background-subtraction
- RAS, renin–angiotensin system
- SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
- SPR, surface plasmon resonance
- Surface plasma response
- TCM, traditional Chinese medicine
- TIC, total ion chromatography
- TOF/MS, time-of-flight mass spectrometry
- ddMS2, data dependent tandem mass spectrometry 2
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Liu Y, Liu X, Zhang N, Yin M, Dong J, Zeng Q, Mao G, Song D, Liu L, Deng H. Berberine diminishes cancer cell PD-L1 expression and facilitates antitumor immunity via inhibiting the deubiquitination activity of CSN5. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:2299-2312. [PMID: 33354502 PMCID: PMC7745128 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death-1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) blocking therapy has become a major pillar of cancer immunotherapy. Compared with antibodies targeting, small-molecule checkpoint inhibitors which have favorable pharmacokinetics are urgently needed. Here we identified berberine (BBR), a proven anti-inflammation drug, as a negative regulator of PD-L1 from a set of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) chemical monomers. BBR enhanced the sensitivity of tumour cells to co-cultured T-cells by decreasing the level of PD-L1 in cancer cells. In addition, BBR exerted its antitumor effect in Lewis tumor xenograft mice through enhancing tumor-infiltrating T-cell immunity and attenuating the activation of immunosuppressive myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and regulatory T-cells (Tregs). BBR triggered PD-L1 degradation through ubiquitin (Ub)/proteasome-dependent pathway. Remarkably, BBR selectively bound to the glutamic acid 76 of constitutive photomorphogenic-9 signalosome 5 (CSN5) and inhibited PD-1/PD-L1 axis through its deubiquitination activity, resulting in ubiquitination and degradation of PD-L1. Our data reveals a previously unrecognized antitumor mechanism of BBR, suggesting BBR is small-molecule immune checkpoint inhibitor for cancer treatment.
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Key Words
- AMC, 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin
- BBR, berberine
- Baf, bafilomycin
- Berberine
- CHX, cycloheximide
- COP9 signalosome 5
- CQ, chloroquine
- CSN5, COP9 signalosome 5
- IB, immunoblotting
- ICB, immune checkpoint blockade
- IFN-γ, interferon-gamma
- IHC, immunohistochemistry
- Immune checkpoint blockade
- MDSCs, myeloid-derived suppressor cells
- NFAT, nuclear factor of activated T-cells
- NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer
- PD-1, programmed cell death-1
- PD-1/PD-L1 axis
- PD-L1
- PD-L1, programmed cell death ligand-1
- SPR, surface plasmon resonance
- T-cell immunity
- TCM, traditional Chinese medicine
- TILs, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α
- Tregs, regulatory T-lymphocytes
- Ub, ubiquitin
- qRT-PCR, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiaojia Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Mingxiao Yin
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jingwen Dong
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Qingxuan Zeng
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Genxiang Mao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Geriatrics, Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Danqing Song
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Qingdao Women and Children's Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266034, China
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 10 63169876, fax: +86 10 63017302 (Hongbin Deng); Tel.: +86 532 68661375, fax: +86 532 68661111 (Lu Liu).
| | - Hongbin Deng
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 10 63169876, fax: +86 10 63017302 (Hongbin Deng); Tel.: +86 532 68661375, fax: +86 532 68661111 (Lu Liu).
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Song Y, Guo X, Fu J, He B, Wang X, Dai W, Zhang H, Zhang Q. Dual-targeting nanovesicles enhance specificity to dynamic tumor cells in vitro and in vivo via manipulation of αv β3-ligand binding. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:2183-2197. [PMID: 33304785 PMCID: PMC7715539 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamic or flowing tumor cells just as leukemia cells and circulating tumor cells face a microenvironment difference from the solid tumors, and the related targeting nanomedicines are rarely reported. The existence of fluidic shear stress in blood circulation seems not favorable for the binding of ligand modified nanodrugs with their target receptor. Namely, the binding feature is very essential in this case. Herein, we utilized HSPC, PEG-DSPE, cholesterol and two αvβ3 ligands (RGDm7 and DT4) with different binding rates to build dual-targeting nanovesicles, in an effort to achieve a “fast-binding/slow-unbinding” function. It was demonstrated that the dual-targeting nanovesicles actualized efficient cellular uptake and antitumor effect in vitro both for static and dynamic tumor cells. Besides, the potency of the dual-targeting vesicles for flowing tumor cells was better than that for static tumor cells. Then, a tumor metastasis mice model and a leukemia mice model were established to detect the killing ability of the drug-loaded dual-targeting vesicles to dynamic tumor cells in vivo. The therapy efficacy of the dual-targeting system was higher than other controls including single-targeting ones. Generally, it seems possible to strengthen drug-targeting to dynamic tumor cells via the control of ligand–receptor interaction.
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Key Words
- C6, coumarin-6
- CTCs, circulating tumor cells
- Circulating tumor cells
- DOX, doxorubicin
- DT4, d-thyroxine
- Dual-targeting
- EPR, enhanced permeability and retention
- FSS, fluidic shear stress
- Flowing condition
- Fluidic shear stress
- LIPO, lipid vesicles
- Leukemia
- Lipid vesicle
- PDI, polydispersity index
- PET, positron emission computed tomography
- RGD, Arginine-glycine-aspartic acid
- RGDm7, cRGD-ACP-K
- ROI, regions of interests
- SPR, surface plasmon resonance
- T3, 3,3′,5-triiodothyronine
- T4, thyroxine
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiangfu Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jijun Fu
- Guangzhou Medical University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Bing He
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xueqing Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wenbing Dai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Corresponding author.
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10
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Hou X, Sun M, Bao T, Xie X, Wei F, Wang S. Recent advances in screening active components from natural products based on bioaffinity techniques. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:1800-1813. [PMID: 33163336 PMCID: PMC7606101 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural products have provided numerous lead compounds for drug discovery. However, the traditional analytical methods cannot detect most of these active components, especially at their usual low concentrations, from complex natural products. Herein, we reviewed the recent technological advances (2015–2019) related to the separation and screening bioactive components from natural resources, especially the emerging screening methods based on the bioaffinity techniques, including biological chromatography, affinity electrophoresis, affinity mass spectroscopy, and the latest magnetic and optical methods. These screening methods are uniquely advanced compared to other traditional methods, and they can fish out the active components from complex natural products because of the affinity between target and components, without tedious separation works. Therefore, these new tools can reduce the time and cost of the drug discovery process and accelerate the development of more effective and better-targeted therapeutic agents.
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Key Words
- AAs, amaryllidaceous alkaloids
- ABCA1, ATP-binding cassette transporter A1
- ACE, affinity capillary electrophoresis
- APTES, 3-aminopropyl-triethoxysilane
- ASMS, affinity selection mass spectrometry
- Active components
- Bioaffinity techniques
- CMC, Cell membrane chromatography
- CMMCNTs, Cell membrane magnetic carbon nanotube
- CMSP, Cell membrane stationary phase
- CNT, carbon nanotubes
- ChE, cholesterol efflux
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- FP, fluorescence polarization
- Fe3O4–NH2, aminated magnetic nanoparticles
- HCS, high content screen
- HTS, high throughout screen
- HUVEC, human umbilical vein endothelial cells
- IMER, immobilized enzyme microreactor
- MAO-B, monoamine oxidases B
- MNP, immobilized on nanoparticles
- MPTS, 3-mercaptopropyl-trimethoxysilane
- MS, mass spectrometry
- MSPE, magnetic solid-phase extraction
- Natural products
- PD, Parkinson's disease
- PMG, physcion-8-O-β-d-monoglucoside
- RGD, arginine-glycine-aspartic acid
- SPR, surface plasmon resonance
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- Screening
- TCMs, traditional Chinese medicines
- TYR, tyrosinase
- TYR-MNPs, tyrosinase-immobilized magnetic nanoparticles
- Topo I, topoisomerase I
- UF, affinity ultrafiltration
- XOD, xanthine oxidase
- α1A-AR, α1A-adrenergic receptor
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11
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Kanzaki M, Tsukimura T, Chiba Y, Sakuraba H, Togawa T. Surface plasmon resonance analysis of complex formation of therapeutic recombinant lysosomal enzymes with domain 9 of human cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2020; 25:100639. [PMID: 32884906 PMCID: PMC7451420 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2020.100639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) for lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) possibly depends on the cellular uptake of recombinant lysosomal enzymes (LEs), and it is known that cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor (CI-M6PR) on the cell membrane is predominantly involved in the endocytosis of many LEs. To examine the biomolecular interaction between therapeutic LEs and CI-M6PR, we biophysically analyzed the complex formation of four LEs available with domain 9 of human CI-M6PR, a binding site of the receptor, by means of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor assays. The results revealed that the affinity of the LEs for domain 9 of the receptor increased in the following order: laronidase, agalsidase beta, idursulfase, and alglucosidase alfa; and the high affinity of laronidase for domain 9 of CI-M6PR was due to fast complex formation rather than slow dissociation of the complex. The affinity of the enzymes for domain 9 of CI-M6PR almost coincided with their cellular uptake. The SPR biosensor assay is sensitive and provides important information for the development of effective therapeutic LEs for LSDs. The biomolecular interaction between LEs and domain 9 of human CI-M6PR was examined by means of SPR biosensor assays. The binding of LEs with the receptor increased in the order: laronidase, agalsidase beta, idursulfase, and agalsidase alfa. The strong binding of laronidase with the receptor was due to fast complex formation rather than slow dissociation of the complex. The affinity of the LEs for domain 9 of CI-M6PR almost coincided with the cellular uptake of the enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minori Kanzaki
- Department of Functional Bioanalysis, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan
| | - Takahiro Tsukimura
- Department of Functional Bioanalysis, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan
| | - Yasunori Chiba
- Glycoscience and Glycotechnology Research Group, Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Center 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sakuraba
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan
| | - Tadayasu Togawa
- Department of Functional Bioanalysis, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan
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12
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Zhu Y, Yang L, Xu J, Yang X, Luan P, Cui Q, Zhang P, Wang F, Li R, Ding X, Jiang L, Lin G, Zhang J. Discovery of the anti-angiogenesis effect of eltrombopag in breast cancer through targeting of HuR protein. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:1414-25. [PMID: 32963940 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
HuR (human antigen R), an mRNA-binding protein responsible for poor prognosis in nearly all kinds of malignancies, is a potential anti-tumor target for drug development. While screening HuR inhibitors with a fluorescence polarization (FP) based high-throughput screening (HTS) system, the clinically used drug eltrombopag was identified. Activity of eltrombopag on molecular level was verified with FP, electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), simulation docking and surface plasmon resonance (SPR). Further, we showed that eltrombopag inhibited in vitro cell proliferation of multiple cancer cell lines and macrophages, and the in vivo anti-tumor activity was also demonstrated in a 4T1 tumor-bearing mouse model. The in vivo data showed that eltrombopag was efficient in reducing microvessels in tumor tissues. We then confirmed the HuR-dependent anti-angiogenesis effect of eltrombopag in 4T1 cells and RAW264.7 macrophages with qRT-PCR, HuR-overexpression and HuR-silencing assays, RNA stability assays, RNA immunoprecipitation and luciferase assays. Finally, we analyzed the in vitro anti-angiogenesis effect of eltrombopag on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) mediated by macrophages with cell scratch assay and in vitro Matrigel angiogenesis assay. With these data, we revealed the HuR-dependent anti-angiogenesis effect of eltrombopag in breast tumor, suggesting that the existing drug eltrombopag may be used as an anti-cancer drug.
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Key Words
- ARE, AU-rich element
- Angiogenesis
- Anti-tumor
- ELB, eltrombopag
- ELISA, enzyme linked immune sorbent assay
- EMSA, electrophoretic mobility shift assay
- Eltrombopag
- FP, fluorescence polarization
- HTS, high-throughput screening
- HUVEC, human umbilical vein endothelial cell
- HuR
- HuR, human antigen R
- IHC, immunohistochemistry
- RIP, RNA immunoprecipitation
- SPR, surface plasmon resonance
- mRNAs stability
- qRT-PCR, quantitative real-time PCR
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13
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Fang Y, Yang C, Yu Z, Li X, Mu Q, Liao G, Yu B. Natural products as LSD1 inhibitors for cancer therapy. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 11:S2211-3835(20)30616-X. [PMID: 32837872 PMCID: PMC7305746 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural products generally fall into the biologically relevant chemical space and always possess novel biological activities, thus making them a rich source of lead compounds for new drug discovery. With the recent technological advances, natural product-based drug discovery is now reaching a new era. Natural products have also shown promise in epigenetic drug discovery, some of them have advanced into clinical trials or are presently being used in clinic. The histone lysine specific demethylase 1 (LSD1), an important class of histone demethylases, has fundamental roles in the development of various pathological conditions. Targeting LSD1 has been recognized as a promising therapeutic option for cancer treatment. Notably, some natural products with different chemotypes including protoberberine alkaloids, flavones, polyphenols, and cyclic peptides have shown effectiveness against LSD1. These natural products provide novel scaffolds for developing new LSD1 inhibitors. In this review, we mainly discuss the identification of natural LSD1 inhibitors, analysis of the co-crystal structures of LSD1/natural product complex, antitumor activity and their modes of action. We also briefly discuss the challenges faced in this field. We believe this review will provide a landscape of natural LSD1 inhibitors.
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Key Words
- AML, acute myeloid leukemia
- CCC, cut countercurrent chromatography
- CD11b, integrin alpha M
- CD14, cluster of differentiation 14
- CD86, cluster of differentiation 86
- COVID-19, coronavirus disease
- Cancer therapy
- CoREST, RE1-silencing transcription factor co-repressor
- Drug discovery
- EMT, epithelial–mesenchymal transition
- EVOO, extra virgin olive oil
- EdU, 5-ethynyl-20-deoxyuridine
- Epigenetic regulation
- FAD, flavin adenine dinucleotide
- FDA, U.S. Food and Drug Administration
- GGA, geranylgeranoic acid
- H3K4, histone H3 lysine 4
- H3K9, histone H3 lysine 9
- HDAC, histone deacetylase
- HRP, horseradish peroxidase
- Histone demethylase
- Kt, competitive inhibition constant
- LSD1 inhibitors
- LSD1, lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A
- MAO-A, monoamine oxidase A
- MHC, myosin heavy chain
- MMA, methylmalonic acid
- NAD, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
- NTRK2, neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinase 2
- Natural products
- PDX, patient-derived xenograft
- SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
- SARs, structure–activity relationship studies
- SIRT1, sirtuin 1
- SOX2, sex determining region Y-box 2
- SPR, surface plasmon resonance
- TCP, tranylcypromine
- THF, tetrahydrofolate
- Tm, melting temperature
- iPS, induced pluripotent stem
- mRNA, messenger RNA
- siRNA, small interfering RNA
- ΔΨm, mitochondrial transmembrane potential
- α-MG, α-mangostin
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Fang
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Institute of Innovation & Application, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xiaochuan Li
- The People's Hospital of Gaozhou, Gaozhou 525200, China
| | - Qingchun Mu
- The People's Hospital of Gaozhou, Gaozhou 525200, China
| | - Guochao Liao
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Bin Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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14
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Liu X, Wei Y, Bai X, Li M, Li H, Wang L, Zhang S, Li X, Zhao T, Liu Y, Geng R, Cui H, Chen H, Xu R, Liu H, Zhang Y, Yang B. Berberine prevents primary peritoneal adhesion and adhesion reformation by directly inhibiting TIMP-1. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:812-824. [PMID: 32528829 PMCID: PMC7276697 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Peritoneal adhesions are fibrous tissues that tether organs to one another or to the peritoneal wall and represent the major cause of postsurgical morbidity. Enterolysis at repeat surgeries induces adhesion reformation that is more difficult to prevent than primary adhesion. Here we studied the preventive effects of different approaches of berberine treatment for primary adhesion, and its effects on adhesion reformation compared to Interceed. We found the primary adhesion was remarkably prevented by berberine through intraperitoneal injection 30 min before abrasive surgery (pre-berberine) or direct addition into injured cecum immediately after the surgery (inter-berberine). Rats with adhesion reformation had a more deteriorative collagen accumulation and tissue injury in abrasive sites than rats with primary adhesion. The dysregulated TIMP-1/MMP balance was observed in patients after surgery, as well as adhesion tissues from primary adhesion or adhesion reformation rats. Inter-berberine treatment had a better effect for adhesion reformation prevention than Interceed. Berberine promoted the activation of MMP-3 and MMP-8 by directly blocking TIMP-1 activation core, which was reversed by TIMP-1 overexpression in fibroblasts. In conclusion, this study suggests berberine as a reasonable approach for preventing primary adhesion formation and adhesion reformation.
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Key Words
- ABSO, adhesive small bowel obstruction
- Adhesion reformation
- BBR, berberine
- Berberine
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- EDC, 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylpropyl)-carbodiimide
- FSP-1, fibroblasts specific protein 1
- H&E, hemotoxylin and eosin
- HPX, hemopexin-like
- ICAM-1, intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1
- LSPR, localized surface plasmon resonance
- MMP-3, matrix metallopeptidase 3
- MMP-8, matrix metallopeptidase 8
- NHS, N-hydroxysuccinimide
- NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance
- PEG, polyethylene glycol
- Peritoneal adhesion
- SPR, surface plasmon resonance
- TIMP-1
- TIMP-1, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1
- Vegfα, vascular endothelial growth factor α
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Department of Pharmacology (the State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
- Research Unit of Noninfectious Chronic Diseases in Frigid Zone, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019 Research Unit 070, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Yunwei Wei
- Department of Oncological and Laparoscopic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xue Bai
- Department of Pharmacology (the State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Mingqi Li
- Department of Pharmacology (the State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Huimin Li
- Department of Pharmacology (the State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology (the State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Shuqian Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology (the State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Pharmacology (the State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Tong Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology (the State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Oncological and Laparoscopic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Rui Geng
- Department of Oncological and Laparoscopic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Hao Cui
- Department of Pharmacology (the State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Pharmacology (the State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Ranchen Xu
- Department of Pharmacology (the State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Heng Liu
- Department of Pharmacology (the State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology (the State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
- Institute of Metabolic Disease, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, Harbin 150086, China
- Research Unit of Noninfectious Chronic Diseases in Frigid Zone, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019 Research Unit 070, Harbin 150081, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Baofeng Yang
- Department of Pharmacology (the State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Melbourne School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and HealthSciences University of Melbourne, Melbourne VIC 3010, Australia
- Research Unit of Noninfectious Chronic Diseases in Frigid Zone, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019 Research Unit 070, Harbin 150081, China
- Corresponding authors.
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Grobben Y, Uitdehaag JC, Willemsen-Seegers N, Tabak WW, de Man J, Buijsman RC, Zaman GJ. Structural insights into human Arginase-1 pH dependence and its inhibition by the small molecule inhibitor CB-1158. J Struct Biol X 2019; 4:100014. [PMID: 32647818 PMCID: PMC7337048 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjsbx.2019.100014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Arginase-1 is a manganese-dependent metalloenzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of L-arginine into L-ornithine and urea. Arginase-1 is abundantly expressed by tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells that promote tumor immunosuppression, which is relieved by inhibition of Arginase-1. We have characterized the potencies of the Arginase-1 reference inhibitors (2S)-2-amino-6-boronohexanoic acid (ABH) and N ω-hydroxy-nor-L-arginine (nor-NOHA), and studied their pH-dependence and binding kinetics. To gain a better understanding of the structural changes underlying the high pH optimum of Arginase-1 and its pH-dependent inhibition, we determined the crystal structure of the human Arginase-1/ABH complex at pH 7.0 and 9.0. These structures revealed that at increased pH, the manganese cluster assumes a more symmetrical coordination structure, which presumably contributes to its increase in catalytic activity. Furthermore, we show that binding of ABH involves the presence of a sodium ion close to the manganese cluster. We also studied the investigational new drug CB-1158 (INCB001158). This inhibitor has a low-nanomolar potency at pH 7.4 and increases the thermal stability of Arginase-1 more than ABH and nor-NOHA. Moreover, CB-1158 displays slow association and dissociation kinetics at both pH 9.5 and 7.4, as indicated by surface plasmon resonance. The potent character of CB-1158 is presumably due to its increased rigidity compared to ABH as well as the formation of an additional hydrogen-bond network as observed by resolution of the Arginase-1/CB-1158 crystal structure.
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Key Words
- ABH, (2S)-2-amino-6-boronohexanoic acid
- Biochemical inhibition
- Cancer immunotherapy
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- IC50, half-maximal inhibitory concentration
- ITC, isothermal titration calorimetry
- KD, binding affinity
- KM, Michaelis constant
- Ki, inhibition constant
- MQ, MilliQ water
- PDB, Protein Data Bank
- RMSD, root-mean-square deviation
- SD, standard deviation
- SPR, surface plasmon resonance
- Surface plasmon resonance
- Thermal stability
- Tm, melting temperature
- X-ray crystallography
- ka, association rate constant
- kcat, catalytic rate constant
- kd, dissociation rate constant
- nor-NOHA, Nω-hydroxy-nor-L-arginine
- ΔTm, melting temperature shift
- τ, target residence time
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Zhang Y, Wang Z, Ma X, Yang S, Hu X, Tao J, Hou Y, Bai G. Glycyrrhetinic acid binds to the conserved P-loop region and interferes with the interaction of RAS-effector proteins. Acta Pharm Sin B 2019; 9:294-303. [PMID: 30976491 PMCID: PMC6438844 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the RAS proto-oncogene superfamily are indispensable molecular switches that play critical roles in cell proliferation, differentiation, and cell survival. Recent studies have attempted to prevent the interaction of RAS/GTP with RAS guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), impair RAS-effector interactions, and suppress RAS localization to prevent oncogenic signalling. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of the natural triterpenoic acid inhibitor glycyrrhetinic acid, which is isolated from the roots of Glycyrrhiza plant species, on RAS stability. We found that glycyrrhetinic acid may bind to the P-loop of RAS and alter its stability. Based on our biochemical tests and structural analysis results, glycyrrhetinic acid induced a conformational change in RAS. Meanwhile, glycyrrhetinic acid abolishes the function of RAS by interfering with the effector protein RAF kinase activation and RAS/MAPK signalling.
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Key Words
- Allosteric inhibitor
- CD, circular dichroism
- DTT, d,l-dithiothreitol
- FTIs, farnesyltransferase inhibitors
- FTS, fluorescence-based thermal shift
- GA, glycyrrhetinic acid
- GAPs, GTP hydrolysis by GTPase-activating proteins
- GEFs, guanine nucleotide exchange factors
- Glycyrrhetinic acid
- HOBt, hydroxybenzotrizole
- Kobe, Kobe0065
- N3-tag, 3-azido-7-hydroxycoumarin
- NH2-MMs, Fe3O4 amino magnetic microspheres
- RAS
- RAS, GTPases RAS
- RAS/MAPK signalling
- SPR, surface plasmon resonance
- Sulfo-SADP, sodium1-((3-((4-azidophenyl)disulfanyl)propanoyl)oxy)-2,5-dioxopyrrolidine-3-sulfonate
- Tip, tipifarnib
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17
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Xiao J, Xing F, Liu Y, Lv Y, Wang X, Ling MT, Gao H, Ouyang S, Yang M, Zhu J, Xia Y, So KF, Tipoe GL. Garlic-derived compound S-allylmercaptocysteine inhibits hepatocarcinogenesis through targeting LRP6/Wnt pathway. Acta Pharm Sin B 2018; 8:575-586. [PMID: 30109182 PMCID: PMC6090075 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Whether and how garlic-derived S-allylmercaptocysteine (SAMC) inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is largely unknown. In the current study, the role of low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR)-related protein 6 (LRP6) in HCC progression and the anti-HCC mechanism of SAMC was examined in clinical sample, cell model and xenograft/orthotopic mouse models. We demonstrated that SAMC inhibited cell proliferation and tumorigenesis, while induced apoptosis of human HCC cells without influencing normal hepatocytes. SAMC directly interacted with Wnt-pathway co-receptor LRP6 on the cell membrane. LRP6 was frequently over-expressed in the tumor tissue of human HCC patients (66.7% of 48 patients) and its over-expression only correlated with the over-expression of β-catenin, but not with age, gender, tumor size, stage and metastasis. Deficiency or over-expression of LRP6 in hepatoma cells could partly mimic or counteract the anti-tumor properties of SAMC, respectively. In vivo administration of SAMC significantly suppressed the growth of Huh-7 xenograft/orthotopic HCC tumor without causing undesirable side effects. In addition, stable down-regulation of LRP6 in Huh-7 facilitated the anti-HCC effects of SAMC. In conclusion, LRP6 can be a potential therapeutic target of HCC. SAMC is a promising specific anti-tumor agent for treating HCC subtypes with Wnt activation at the hepatoma cell surface.
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Key Words
- Axin1, axis inhibition protein 1
- DKK-1, Dickkopf Wnt signaling pathway inhibitor 1
- DVL2, disheveled 2
- FADD, Fas-associated protein with death domain
- HCC
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- Human
- KD, knock-down
- LDH, lactate dehydrogenase
- LRP6
- LRP6, low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR)-related protein 6
- MCL-1, myeloid cell leukemin-1
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- Nude mice
- PCNA, proliferating cell nuclear antigen
- S-allylmercaptocysteine
- SAC, S-allylcysteine
- SAMC, S-allylmercaptocysteine
- SPR, surface plasmon resonance
- TCF/LEF, T-cell factor/lymphoid enhancing factor
- TSA, thermal shift assay
- Tm, melting temperature
- Wnt
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18
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Gale P. Using thermodynamic parameters to calibrate a mechanistic dose-response for infection of a host by a virus. Microb Risk Anal 2018; 8:1-13. [PMID: 32289059 PMCID: PMC7103988 DOI: 10.1016/j.mran.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Assessing the risk of infection from emerging viruses or of existing viruses jumping the species barrier into novel hosts is limited by the lack of dose response data. The initial stages of the infection of a host by a virus involve a series of specific contact interactions between molecules in the host and on the virus surface. The strength of the interaction is quantified in the literature by the dissociation constant (Kd) which is determined experimentally and is specific for a given virus molecule/host molecule combination. Here, two stages of the initial infection process of host intestinal cells are modelled, namely escape of the virus in the oral challenge dose from the innate host defenses (e.g. mucin proteins in mucus) and the subsequent binding of any surviving virus to receptor molecules on the surface of the host epithelial cells. The strength of virus binding to host cells and to mucins may be quantified by the association constants, Ka and Kmucin, respectively. Here, a mechanistic dose-response model for the probability of infection of a host by a given virus dose is constructed using Ka and Kmucin which may be derived from published Kd values taking into account the number of specific molecular interactions. It is shown that the effectiveness of the mucus barrier is determined not only by the amount of mucin but also by the magnitude of Kmucin. At very high Kmucin values, slight excesses of mucin over virus are sufficient to remove all the virus according to the model. At lower Kmucin values, high numbers of virus may escape even with large excesses of mucin. The output from the mechanistic model is the probability (p1) of infection by a single virion which is the parameter used in conventional dose-response models to predict the risk of infection of the host from the ingested dose. It is shown here how differences in Ka (due to molecular differences in an emerging virus strain or new host) affect p1, and how these differences in Ka may be quantified in terms of two thermodynamic parameters, namely enthalpy and entropy. This provides the theoretical link between sequencing data and risk of infection. Lack of data on entropy is a limitation at present and may also affect our interpretation of Kd in terms of infectivity. It is concluded that thermodynamic approaches have a major contribution to make in developing dose-response models for emerging viruses.
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Key Words
- Asp, aspartate
- CRD, carbohydrate-recognition domain
- Cr, host cell receptor
- Dose-response
- EBOV, Zaire ebolavirus
- Enthalpy
- Entropy
- G, Gibbs free energy
- GI, gastrointestinal
- GP, glycoprotein
- H, enthalpy
- HA, haemagglutinin
- HBGA, histoblood group antigen
- HeV, Hendra virus
- Ka, Kmucin, association constants
- Kd, dissociation constant for two molecules bound to each other
- L, Avogadro number
- M, molar (moles dm−3)
- MBP, mannose binding protein
- MERS-CoV, MERS coronavirus
- MRA, microbiological risk assessment
- Mucin
- NPC1, Niemann-Pick C1 protein
- NiV, Nipah virus
- NoV, norovirus
- PL, phospholipid
- PRR, pathogen recognition receptor
- Phe, phenylalanine
- R, ideal gas constant
- S, entropy
- SPR, surface plasmon resonance
- T, temperature
- TIM-1, T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain protein 1
- VSV, vesicular stomatitis virus
- Virus
- k, on/off rate constant
- n, number of GP/Cr molecular contacts per virus/host cell binding
- pfu, plaque-forming unit
- ΔGa, change in Gibbs free energy on association of virus and cell
- ΔHa, change in enthalpy on association of virus and cell
- ΔSa, change in entropy on association of virus and cell
- ΔΔHa, change in ΔHa
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Wang SH, Yu J. Data for peptide-binding assay with oriented immobilization of GRP78 in Biacore. Data Brief 2016; 7:1696-1699. [PMID: 27761511 PMCID: PMC5063806 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2016.04.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To develop peptide-conjugated liposomes for cancer imaging and therapy, the label-free surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor (Biacore™) is a practical and also preferred strategy to examine protein-peptide interaction. A new Biacore protocol with “oriented immobilization” for peptide-binding assay, which overcomes the drawbacks of conventional protocols, was presented in this data article. These results were complementary to the research article Wang at al., [1], which reported a series of new cancer-targeting peptides found with HotLig software (Wang et al., 2013) [2], and this newly developed Biacore protocol.
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Borrok MJ, Luheshi NM, Beyaz N, Davies GC, Legg JW, Wu H, Dall'Acqua WF, Tsui P. Enhancement of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity by endowing IgG with FcαRI (CD89) binding. MAbs 2016; 7:743-51. [PMID: 25970007 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2015.1047570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Fc effector functions such as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and antibody-dependent cell-mediated phagocytosis (ADCP) are crucial to the efficacy of many antibody therapeutics. In addition to IgG, antibodies of the IgA isotype can also promote cell killing through engagement of myeloid lineage cells via interactions between the IgA-Fc and FcαRI (CD89). Herein, we describe a unique, tandem IgG1/IgA2 antibody format in the context of a trastuzumab variable domain that exhibits enhanced ADCC and ADCP capabilities. The IgG1/IgA2 tandem Fc format retains IgG1 FcγR binding as well as FcRn-mediated serum persistence, yet is augmented with myeloid cell-mediated effector functions via FcαRI/IgA Fc interactions. In this work, we demonstrate anti-human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 antibodies with the unique tandem IgG1/IgA2 Fc can better recruit and engage cytotoxic polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells than either the parental IgG1 or IgA2. Pharmacokinetics of IgG1/IgA2 in BALB/c mice are similar to the parental IgG, and far surpass the poor serum persistence of IgA2. The IgG1/IgA2 format is expressed at similar levels and with similar thermal stability to IgG1, and can be purified via standard protein A chromatography. The tandem IgG1/IgA2 format could potentially augment IgG-based immunotherapeutics with enhanced PMN-mediated cytotoxicity while avoiding many of the problems associated with developing IgAs.
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Key Words
- ADCC
- ADCC, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
- ADCP, antibody-dependent cell-mediated phagocytosis
- AUC, area under the curve; CL, clearance rate
- CD89
- CDC, complement dependent cytotoxicity
- Cmax, maximum serum concentration
- DSC, differential scanning calorimetry
- E:T ratio, effector to target ratio
- FCM, flow cytometry
- FcRn, neonatal Fc receptor
- FcαRI
- FcγR, Fc gamma receptor
- HER2, human epithelial receptor two
- IgA
- IgA, immunoglobulin A
- IgG, immunoglobulin G
- LDH, lactate dehydrogenase
- MΦ, macrophage
- NK, natural killer
- PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cell
- PK, pharmacokinetics
- PMN, polymorphonuclear
- SPR, surface plasmon resonance
- TAA, tumor associated antigens
- T½, half-life
- Vss, central compartment volume of distribution
- macrophage
- monoclonal antibody
- neutrophil
- tandem
- trastuzumab
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jack Borrok
- a Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering; Medimmune Ltd. ; Gaithersburg , MD , USA
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Datta-Mannan A, Thangaraju A, Leung D, Tang Y, Witcher DR, Lu J, Wroblewski VJ. Balancing charge in the complementarity-determining regions of humanized mAbs without affecting pI reduces non-specific binding and improves the pharmacokinetics. MAbs 2016; 7:483-93. [PMID: 25695748 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2015.1016696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lowering the isoelectric point (pI) through engineering the variable region or framework of an IgG can improve its exposure and half-life via a reduction in clearance mediated through non-specific interactions. As such, net charge is a potentially important property to consider in developing therapeutic IgG molecules having favorable pharmaceutical characteristics. Frequently, it may not be possible to shift the pI of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) dramatically without the introduction of other liabilities such as increased off-target interactions or reduced on-target binding properties. In this report, we explored the influence of more subtle modifications of molecular charge on the in vivo properties of an IgG1 and IgG4 monoclonal antibody. Molecular surface modeling was used to direct residue substitutions in the complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) to disrupt positive charge patch regions, resulting in a reduction in net positive charge without affecting the overall pI of the mAbs. The effect of balancing the net positive charge on non-specific binding was more significant for the IgG4 versus the IgG1 molecule that we examined. This differential effect was connected to the degree of influence on cellular degradation in vitro and in vivo clearance, distribution and metabolism in mice. In the more extreme case of the IgG4, balancing the charge yielded an ∼7-fold improvement in peripheral exposure, as well as significantly reduced tissue catabolism and subsequent excretion of proteolyzed products in urine. Balancing charge on the IgG1 molecule had a more subtle influence on non-specific binding and yielded only a modest alteration in clearance, distribution and elimination. These results suggest that balancing CDR charge without affecting the pI can lead to improved mAb pharmacokinetics, the magnitude of which is likely dependent on the relative influence of charge imbalance and other factors affecting the molecule's disposition.
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Key Words
- 125I, Iodine 125
- AUC, area under the curve
- CDR modification
- CDR, complementarity-determining region
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- FcRn recycling
- FcRn, neonatal Fc receptor
- HBSS, Hank's balanced salt saline solution
- HEK293 cells
- IV, intravenous
- IgGs, immunoglobulins
- KD, equilibrium dissociation constant
- KDa, kilodalton
- PK, pharmacokinetics
- SD, standard deviation
- SPR, surface plasmon resonance
- TCA, trichloroacetic acid
- TMDD, target-mediated drug disposition
- antibody pharmacokinetics
- charge interactions of IgGs
- in vitro degradation
- non-specific binding
- pI, isoelectric point
- radiolabel antibody biodistribution
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Affiliation(s)
- Amita Datta-Mannan
- a Department of Drug Disposition Development/Commercialization; Lilly Research Laboratories; Eli Lilly and Company Corporate Center , Indianapolis , IN USA
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Reusch U, Duell J, Ellwanger K, Herbrecht C, Knackmuss SH, Fucek I, Eser M, McAleese F, Molkenthin V, Gall FL, Topp M, Little M, Zhukovsky EA. A tetravalent bispecific TandAb (CD19/CD3), AFM11, efficiently recruits T cells for the potent lysis of CD19(+) tumor cells. MAbs 2016; 7:584-604. [PMID: 25875246 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2015.1029216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
To harness the potent tumor-killing capacity of T cells for the treatment of CD19(+) malignancies, we constructed AFM11, a humanized tetravalent bispecific CD19/CD3 tandem diabody (TandAb) consisting solely of Fv domains. The molecule exhibits good manufacturability and stability properties. AFM11 has 2 binding sites for CD3 and 2 for CD19, an antigen that is expressed from early B cell development through differentiation into plasma cells, and is an attractive alternative to CD20 as a target for the development of therapeutic antibodies to treat B cell malignancies. Comparison of the binding and cytotoxicity of AFM11 with those of a tandem scFv bispecific T cell engager (BiTE) molecule targeting the same antigens revealed that AFM11 elicited more potent in vitro B cell lysis. Though possessing high affinity to CD3, the TandAb mediates serial-killing of CD19(+) cells with little dependence of potency or efficacy upon effector:target ratio, unlike the BiTE. The advantage of the TandAb over the BiTE was most pronounced at lower effector:target ratios. AFM11 mediated strictly target-dependent T cell activation evidenced by CD25 and CD69 induction, proliferation, and cytokine release, notwithstanding bivalent CD3 engagement. In a NOD/scid xenograft model, AFM11 induced dose-dependent growth inhibition of Raji tumors in vivo, and radiolabeled TandAb exhibited excellent localization to tumor but not to normal tissue. After intravenous administration in mice, half-life ranged from 18.4 to 22.9 h. In a human ex vivo B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia study, AFM11 exhibited substantial cytotoxic activity in an autologous setting. Thus, AFM11 may represent a promising therapeutic for treatment of CD19(+) malignancies with an advantageous safety risk profile and anticipated dosing regimen.
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Key Words
- ALL
- AUCtot, total area under the curve
- B-ALL, B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia
- BBB, blood-brain barrier
- BiTE, bispecific T cell engager
- CAR, chimeric antigen receptor
- CCS, cell culture supernatant
- CD, cluster of differentiation
- CD3
- CDR, complementarity determining region
- CHO, Chinese hamster ovary
- CL, clearance
- CLL, chronic lymphocytic leukemia
- CNS, central nervous system
- Cmax, maximal concentration
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- E:T, effector:target
- EC50, half maximal effective concentration
- ECL, electrochemiluminescence
- F, fluorescence
- FACS, fluorescence-activated cell sorting
- FCS, fetal calf serum
- FR, framework region
- Fab, fragment antigen-binding
- Fc, fragment crystallizable
- FcRn, neonatal Fc receptor
- FcgR, Fc gamma receptor
- Fv, variable fragment
- HMF, high molecular weight forms
- HSA, human serum albumin
- His, histidine
- IFN, interferon
- IL, interleukin
- IgG, immunoglobulin G
- KD, dissociation constant
- LMF, low molecular weight forms
- MSD, MesoScale Discovery
- MWCO, molecular weight cut-off
- NHL, non-Hodgkin lymphoma
- NK, natural killer
- NOD/scid, nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency
- Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
- ORR, overall response rate
- PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cell
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- PES, polyethersulfone
- PHA, phytohemagglutinin
- PI, propidium iodide
- SABC, standardized antibody binding capacity
- SD, standard deviation
- SDS-PAGE, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- SE-HPLC, size exclusion high-pressure liquid chromatography
- SEC, size exclusion chromatography
- SPR, surface plasmon resonance
- T cells
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- TandAb, tandem diabody
- VH, variable heavy
- VL, variable light
- Vss, volume of distribution at steady state
- WBA, whole body autoradiography
- bispecific antibodies
- ctrl., control
- i.v., intravenous
- ka, association rate constant
- kd, dissociation rate constant
- s.c., subcutaneous
- scFv, single-chain variable fragment
- t1/2, terminal elimination half-life
- w/o, without
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Reusch
- a Affimed Therapeutics AG ; Heidelberg , Germany
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Wu X, Sereno AJ, Huang F, Zhang K, Batt M, Fitchett JR, He D, Rick HL, Conner EM, Demarest SJ. Protein design of IgG/TCR chimeras for the co-expression of Fab-like moieties within bispecific antibodies. MAbs 2015; 7:364-76. [PMID: 25611120 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2015.1007826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulins and T cell receptors (TCRs) share common sequences and structures. With the goal of creating novel bispecific antibodies (BsAbs), we generated chimeric molecules, denoted IgG_TCRs, where the Fv regions of several antibodies were fused to the constant domains of the α/β TCR. Replacing CH1 with Cα and CL with Cβ, respectively, was essential for achieving at least partial heavy chain/light chain assembly. Further optimization of the linker regions between the variable and constant domains, as well as replacement of the large FG loop of Cβ with a canonical β-turn, was necessary to consistently obtain full heavy chain/light chain assembly. The optimized IgG_TCR molecules were evaluated biophysically and shown to maintain the binding properties of their parental antibodies. A few BsAbs were generated by co-expressing native Fabs and IgG_TCR Fabs within the same molecular construct. We demonstrate that the IgG_TCR designs steered each of the light chains within the constructs to specifically pair with their cognate heavy chain counterparts. We did find that even with complete constant domain specificity between the CH1/CL and Cα/Cβ domains of the Fabs, strong variable domain interactions can dominate the pairing specificity and induce some mispairing. Overall, the IgG_TCR designs described here are a first step toward the generation of novel BsAbs that may be directed toward the treatment of multi-faceted and complex diseases.
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Key Words
- DSC, differential scanning calorimetry
- FG loop
- HC, heavy chain
- Ha, heavy chain containing Ca in place of CH1
- Hb, heavy chain containing Cb in place of CH1
- LC, light chain
- La, heavy chain containing Ca in place of CL
- Lb, heavy chain containing Cb in place of CL
- RU, resonance units
- SDS-PAGE, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- SEC, size exclusion chromatography
- SPR, surface plasmon resonance
- T cell receptor
- TCR, T cell receptor
- bispecific antibody
- protein chimera
- protein design
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiufeng Wu
- a Eli Lilly Biotechnology Center ; San Diego , CA USA
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24
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Yang Y, Guo Q, Xia M, Li Y, Peng X, Liu T, Tong X, Xu J, Guo H, Qian W, Hou S, Dai J, Wang H, Liu R, Guo Y. Generation and characterization of a target-selectively activated antibody against epidermal growth factor receptor with enhanced anti-tumor potency. MAbs 2015; 7:440-50. [PMID: 25679409 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2015.1008352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Panitumumab, as a commercially available antibody, is an effective anticancer therapeutic against epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), although it exerts weak antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity owing to its IgG2 nature. Here, we firstly engineered panitumumab by grafting its variable region into an IgG1 backbone. The engineered panitumumab (denoted as Pan) retained binding activity identical to the parental antibody while exhibiting stronger ADCC activity in vitro and more potent antitumor effect in vivo. To further enhance the target selectivity of Pan, we generated Pan-P by tethering an epitope-blocking peptide to Pan via a tumor-specific protease selective linker. Pan-P showed almost 40-fold weaker affinity compared with Pan, but functional activity was restored to a similar extent as Pan when Pan-P was selectively activated by urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA). More importantly, targeted localization of Pan-P was observed in tumor samples from colorectal cancer (CRC) patients and tumor-bearing nude mice, strongly indicating that specific activation also existed ex vivo and in vivo. Furthermore, Pan-P also exhibited effective in vivo antitumor potency similar to Pan. Taken together, our data evidence the enhanced antitumor potency and excellent target selectivity of Pan-P, suggesting its potential use for minimizing on-target toxicity in anti-EGFR therapy.
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Key Words
- ADCC
- ADCC, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
- CCK-8, Cell Counting Kit 8Yun
- CI, confidence interval
- CRC, colorectal cancer
- ECD, extracellular domain
- EGFR
- EGFR VIII, EGFR Type III Variant
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- HC, heavy chain
- IgG, Immunoglobulin G
- LC, light chain
- Probody™
- SEC, size exclusion chromatography
- SPR, surface plasmon resonance
- TKI, tyrosine kinase inhibitor
- mAb, monoclonal antibody
- monoclonal antibody
- panitumumab
- target-selective activation
- uPA, urokinase-type plasminogen activator
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Yang
- a PLA General Hospital Cancer Center ; PLA School of Medicine ; Beijing , China
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25
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Abstract
pH-dependent antibodies are engineered to release their target at a slightly acidic pH, a property making them suitable for clinical as well as biotechnological applications. Such antibodies were previously obtained by histidine scanning of pre-existing antibodies, a labor-intensive strategy resulting in antibodies that displayed residual binding to their target at pH 6.0. We report here the de novo isolation of pH-dependent antibodies selected by phage display from libraries enriched in histidines. Strongly pH-dependent clones with various affinity profiles against CXCL10 were isolated by this method. Our best candidate has nanomolar affinity for CXCL10 at pH 7.2, but no residual binding was detected at pH 6.0. We therefore propose that this new process is an efficient strategy to generate pH-dependent antibodies.
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Key Words
- BLI, bio-layer interferometry
- CDR, complementary determining region
- CDRH, CDR of the heavy chain
- CDRL, CDR of the light chain
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- GPCR, G protein-coupled receptor
- KB, kinetic buffer
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- SPR, surface plasmon resonance
- antibody recycling
- chemokine
- histidine
- mAb, monoclonal antibody
- monoclonal antibody
- pH-dependency
- phage display
- phage libraries
- scFv, single-chain variable fragment
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26
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Abdiche YN, Yeung YA, Chaparro-Riggers J, Barman I, Strop P, Chin SM, Pham A, Bolton G, McDonough D, Lindquist K, Pons J, Rajpal A. The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) binds independently to both sites of the IgG homodimer with identical affinity. MAbs 2015; 7:331-43. [PMID: 25658443 PMCID: PMC4622529 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2015.1008353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) is expressed by cells of epithelial, endothelial and myeloid lineages and performs multiple roles in adaptive immunity. Characterizing the FcRn/IgG interaction is fundamental to designing therapeutic antibodies because IgGs with moderately increased binding affinities for FcRn exhibit superior serum half-lives and efficacy. It has been hypothesized that 2 FcRn molecules bind an IgG homodimer with disparate affinities, yet their affinity constants are inconsistent across the literature. Using surface plasmon resonance biosensor assays that eliminated confounding experimental artifacts, we present data supporting an alternate hypothesis: 2 FcRn molecules saturate an IgG homodimer with identical affinities at independent sites, consistent with the symmetrical arrangement of the FcRn/Fc complex observed in the crystal structure published by Burmeister et al. in 1994. We find that human FcRn binds human IgG1 with an equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) of 760 ± 60 nM (N = 14) at 25°C and pH 5.8, and shows less than 25% variation across the other human subtypes. Human IgG1 binds cynomolgus monkey FcRn with a 2-fold higher affinity than human FcRn, and binds both mouse and rat FcRn with a 10-fold higher affinity than human FcRn. FcRn/IgG interactions from multiple species show less than a 2-fold weaker affinity at 37°C than at 25°C and appear independent of an IgG's variable region. Our in vivo data in mouse and rat models demonstrate that both affinity and avidity influence an IgG's serum half-life, which should be considered when choosing animals, especially transgenic systems, as surrogates.
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Key Words
- CFCA, calibration-free concentration analysis
- FcRn
- FcRn, neonatal Fc receptor
- IgG
- RU, response units
- Rmax, maximum binding response
- SPR
- SPR, surface plasmon resonance
- WT, wild-type
- anti-Id, anti-idiotypic
- cyFcRn, cynomolgus monkey FcRn
- cyIgG, cynomolgus monkey IgG
- hErbB2, human ErbB2
- hFcRn, human FcRn
- hIgG, human IgG
- label-free biosensor
- mAb, monoclonal antibody
- mFcRn, mouse FcRn
- neonatal Fc receptor
- pI, isoelectric point
- rFcRn, rat FcRn
- rIgG, rat IgG
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Abstract
Anifrolumab (anifrolumab) is an antagonist human monoclonal antibody that targets interferon α receptor 1 (IFNAR1). Anifrolumab has been developed to treat autoimmune diseases and is currently in clinical trials. To decipher the molecular basis of its mechanism of action, we engaged in multiple epitope mapping approaches to determine how it interacts with IFNAR1 and antagonizes the receptor. We identified the epitope of anifrolumab using enzymatic fragmentation, phage-peptide library panning and mutagenesis approaches. Our studies revealed that anifrolumab recognizes the SD3 subdomain of IFNAR1 with the critical residue R279. Further, we solved the crystal structure of anifrolumab Fab to a resolution of 2.3 Å. Guided by our epitope mapping studies, we then used in silico protein docking of the anifrolumab Fab crystal structure to IFNAR1 and characterized the corresponding mode of binding. We find that anifrolumab sterically inhibits the binding of IFN ligands to IFNAR1, thus blocking the formation of the ternary IFN/IFNAR1/IFNAR2 signaling complex. This report provides the molecular basis for the mechanism of action of anifrolumab and may provide insights toward designing antibody therapies against IFNAR1.
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Key Words
- APBS, Adaptive Poisson-Boltzmann Solver
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- CDR, complementarity-determining region
- CHARMm, Chemistry at HARvard Macromolecular Mechanics
- CHO, Chinese hamster ovary
- EDTA, ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- Fab, fragment antigen-binding
- Fc, fragment crystallizable
- IFN, interferon
- IFNAR1
- IFNAR1, interferon alpha receptor 1
- IFNAR2, interferon alpha receptor 2
- IgG, immunoglobulin
- KD, equilibrium dissociation constant
- L-Cys, L-cysteine
- MEDI546
- MEMα, minimum essential alpha
- MLE, murine lung epithelial
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- PBST, phosphate buffered saline tablets
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- PDB, protein data bank
- PVDF, polyvinylidene difluoride
- Ph.D., phage display
- PyMOL, python-enhanced molecular graphics tool
- RDOCK, rigid-body docking algorithm
- RU, resonance units
- SDS–PAGE, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- SPR, surface plasmon resonance
- VH, variable heavy
- VL, variable light
- ZDOCK, rigid-body docking algorithm
- anifrolumab
- enzymatic fragmentation
- epitope mapping
- kDa, kilodaltons
- mutagenesis
- phage-peptide display
- protein docking
- systemic sclerosis
- Å, ångström
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Peng
- a Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering ; MedImmune LLC ; Gaithersburg , MD USA
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Kim JH, Hong SB, Lee JK, Han S, Roh KH, Lee KE, Kim YK, Choi EJ, Song HK. Insights into autophagosome maturation revealed by the structures of ATG5 with its interacting partners. Autophagy 2015; 11:75-87. [PMID: 25484072 DOI: 10.4161/15548627.2014.984276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a bulky catabolic process that responds to nutrient homeostasis and extracellular stress signals and is a conserved mechanism in all eukaryotes. When autophagy is induced, cellular components are sequestered within an autophagosome and finally degraded by subsequent fusion with a lysosome. During this process, the ATG12-ATG5 conjugate requires 2 different binding partners, ATG16L1 for autophagosome elongation and TECPR1 for lysosomal fusion. In our current study, we describe the crystal structures of human ATG5 in complex with an N-terminal domain of ATG16L1 as well as an internal AIR domain of TECPR1. Both binding partners exhibit a similar α-helical structure containing a conserved binding motif termed AFIM. Furthermore, we characterize the critical role of the C-terminal unstructured region of the AIR domain of TECPR1. These findings are further confirmed by biochemical and cell biological analyses. These results provide new insights into the molecular details of the autophagosome maturation process, from its elongation to its fusion with a lysosome.
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Key Words
- AFIM, ATG5 (5)-interacting motif
- AIR, ATG12–ATG5-interacting region
- ATG, autophagy-related
- ATG12
- ATG16
- ATG16N69, ATG16L1 N-terminal 69 residues
- ATG5
- DAPI, 4’, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
- FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate
- FLuc, firefly luciferase
- FP, fluorescent polarization
- GAL4-BD, GAL4-DNA binding domain
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- HR, helix rich
- ITC, isothermal titration calorimetry
- MR, molecular replacement
- PE, phosphatidylethanolamine
- PH, pleckstrin homology
- PtdIns3P, phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate
- RLuc, Renilla luciferase
- SPR, surface plasmon resonance
- TECAIR, TECPR1 AIR
- TECPR1
- TECPR1, tectonin β-propeller repeat containing 1
- UFD, ubiquitin-fold domain
- Ubl, ubiquitin-like protein
- VP16-AD, herpes simplex virus VP16 transcription activation domain
- autophagy
- buffer A, buffer containing 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 300 mM NaCl, and 1 mM TCEP
- crystal structure
- lysosome fusion
- r.m.s., root-mean-square
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hoe Kim
- a Division of Life Sciences ; Korea University ; Seoul , Korea
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Huet HA, Growney JD, Johnson JA, Li J, Bilic S, Ostrom L, Zafari M, Kowal C, Yang G, Royo A, Jensen M, Dombrecht B, Meerschaert KRA, Kolkman JA, Cromie KD, Mosher R, Gao H, Schuller A, Isaacs R, Sellers WR, Ettenberg SA. Multivalent nanobodies targeting death receptor 5 elicit superior tumor cell killing through efficient caspase induction. MAbs 2015; 6:1560-70. [PMID: 25484045 DOI: 10.4161/19420862.2014.975099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple therapeutic agonists of death receptor 5 (DR5) have been developed and are under clinical evaluation. Although these agonists demonstrate significant anti-tumor activity in preclinical models, the clinical efficacy in human cancer patients has been notably disappointing. One possible explanation might be that the current classes of therapeutic molecules are not sufficiently potent to elicit significant response in patients, particularly for dimeric antibody agonists that require secondary cross-linking via Fcγ receptors expressed on immune cells to achieve optimal clustering of DR5. To overcome this limitation, a novel multivalent Nanobody approach was taken with the goal of generating a significantly more potent DR5 agonist. In the present study, we show that trivalent DR5 targeting Nanobodies mimic the activity of natural ligand, and furthermore, increasing the valency of domains to tetramer and pentamer markedly increased potency of cell killing on tumor cells, with pentamers being more potent than tetramers in vitro. Increased potency was attributed to faster kinetics of death-inducing signaling complex assembly and caspase-8 and caspase-3 activation. In vivo, multivalent Nanobody molecules elicited superior anti-tumor activity compared to a conventional DR5 agonist antibody, including the ability to induce tumor regression in an insensitive patient-derived primary pancreatic tumor model. Furthermore, complete responses to Nanobody treatment were obtained in up to 50% of patient-derived primary pancreatic and colon tumor models, suggesting that multivalent DR5 Nanobodies may represent a significant new therapeutic modality for targeting death receptor signaling.
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Key Words
- % T/C, percent tumor volume change treated over control
- ANOVA, analysis of variance
- AUC, area under the curve
- BW, body weight
- DISC, death inducing signaling complex
- DR5
- DR5, death receptor 5
- Death Receptor
- FADD, Fas associated death domain
- N/A, not assessed
- NS, not significant
- Nanobody
- SEM, standard error of the mean
- SPR, surface plasmon resonance
- T, mean tumor size
- TNFR, tumor necrosis factor receptor
- TRAIL
- TRAIL, TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand
- TV, tumor volume
- VHH, heavy heavy variable domain
- apoptosis
- caspase
- i.v., intravenous
- x-LBY135, cross-linked LBY135
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather A Huet
- a Oncology Research; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research ; Cambridge , MA USA
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McConnell AD, Zhang X, Macomber JL, Chau B, Sheffer JC, Rahmanian S, Hare E, Spasojevic V, Horlick RA, King DJ, Bowers PM. A general approach to antibody thermostabilization. MAbs 2015; 6:1274-82. [PMID: 25517312 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.29680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody engineering to enhance thermostability may enable further application and ease of use of antibodies across a number of different areas. A modified human IgG framework has been developed through a combination of engineering approaches, which can be used to stabilize antibodies of diverse specificity. This is achieved through a combination of complementarity-determining region (CDR)-grafting onto the stable framework, mammalian cell display and in vitro somatic hypermutation (SHM). This approach allows both stabilization and maturation to affinities beyond those of the original antibody, as shown by the stabilization of an anti-HA33 antibody by approximately 10°C and affinity maturation of approximately 300-fold over the original antibody. Specificities of 10 antibodies of diverse origin were successfully transferred to the stable framework through CDR-grafting, with 8 of these successfully stabilized, including the therapeutic antibodies adalimumab, stabilized by 9.9°C, denosumab, stabilized by 7°C, cetuximab stabilized by 6.9°C and to a lesser extent trastuzumab stabilized by 0.8°C. This data suggests that this approach may be broadly useful for improving the biophysical characteristics of antibodies across a number of applications.
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Key Words
- CDR, complementarity-determining region
- CH2, heavy chain constant domain 2
- CH3, heavy chain constant domain 3
- DSC, differential scanning calorimetry
- HC, heavy chain
- LC, light chain
- NGF, β-nerve growth factor
- SHM, somatic hypermutation
- SPR, surface plasmon resonance
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- Tm, melting temperature
- VH, heavy chain variable region
- VL, light chain variable region
- affinity maturation
- monoclonal antibodies
- protein engineering
- solubility
- somatic hypermutation
- thermostability
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Abed DA, Goldstein M, Albanyan H, Jin H, Hu L. Discovery of direct inhibitors of Keap1-Nrf2 protein-protein interaction as potential therapeutic and preventive agents. Acta Pharm Sin B 2015; 5:285-99. [PMID: 26579458 PMCID: PMC4629420 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Keap1–Nrf2–ARE pathway is an important antioxidant defense mechanism that protects cells from oxidative stress and the Keap1–Nrf2 protein–protein interaction (PPI) has become an important drug target to upregulate the expression of ARE-controlled cytoprotective oxidative stress response enzymes in the development of therapeutic and preventive agents for a number of diseases and conditions. However, most known Nrf2 activators/ARE inducers are indirect inhibitors of Keap1–Nrf2 PPI and they are electrophilic species that act by modifying the sulfhydryl groups of Keap1׳s cysteine residues. The electrophilicity of these indirect inhibitors may cause "off-target" side effects by reacting with cysteine residues of other important cellular proteins. Efforts have recently been focused on the development of direct inhibitors of Keap1–Nrf2 PPI. This article reviews these recent research efforts including the development of high throughput screening assays, the discovery of peptide and small molecule direct inhibitors, and the biophysical characterization of the binding of these inhibitors to the target Keap1 Kelch domain protein. These non-covalent direct inhibitors of Keap1–Nrf2 PPI could potentially be developed into effective therapeutic or preventive agents for a variety of diseases and conditions.
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Key Words
- 1O2, singlet oxygen
- AD, Alzheimer׳s disease
- ARE, antioxidant response element
- BTB, broad complex, tramtrack and bric-a-brac
- Bach1, BTB and CNC homology 1
- CBP, cAMP response element binding (CREB) protein
- CDDO-Me, bardoxolone methyl
- COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- CTR, C-terminal region
- CVD, cardiovascular disease
- DGR, double glycine repeats
- Direct inhibitors of protein–protein interaction
- FITC, flurescein isothiocyanate
- FP, fluorescence polarization
- GCL, glutamate-cysteine ligase
- GPx, glutathione peroxidase
- GST, glutathione S-transferase
- H2O2, hydrogen peroxide
- HO-1, heme-oxygenase-1
- HTS, high-throughput screening
- High throughput screening assays
- IBS, inflammatory bowel disease
- IVR, intervening region
- Keap1
- Keap1, Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1
- MD, molecular dynamics
- NMR, .
- NO, nitric oxide
- NQO1, NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase I
- NTR, N-terminal region
- Nrf2
- Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2
- Oxidative stress
- PD, Parkinson׳s disease
- PPI, protein–protein interaction
- RNS, reactive nitrogen species
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- SPR, surface plasmon resonance
- STZ, streptozotocin
- Structure–activity relationships
- THIQ, tetrahydroisoquinoline
- TRX, thioredoxin
- X-ray crystallography
- [Formula: see text], peroxynitrate
- [Formula: see text], superoxide, OH·, hydroxyl radical
- vitamin C, ascorbate
- vitamin E, tocopherols
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Suda Y, Nagatomo M, Yokoyama R, Ohzono M, Aoyama K, Zhang X, Nakajima K, Murakami N, Shinoda T, Hirota T, Yanagihara S, Nishi JI. Highly sensitive detection of influenza virus in saliva by real-time PCR method using sugar chain-immobilized gold nanoparticles; application to clinical studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [PMID: 28626716 PMCID: PMC5466045 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A highly sensitive and convenient method for detecting influenza virus was developed using modified end-point melt curve analysis of a RT-qPCR SYBR Green method and influenza virus-binding sugar chain-immobilized gold-nanoparticles (SGNP). Because SGNPs capture influenza viruses, the virus-SGNP complex was separated easily by centrifugation. Viral RNA was detected at very low concentrations, suggesting that SGNP increased sensitivity compared with standard methods. This method was applied to clinical studies. Influenza viruses were detected in saliva of patients or inpatients who had been considered influenza-free by a rapid diagnostic assay of nasal swabs. Furthermore, the method was applied to a human trial of prophylactic anti-influenza properties of yogurt containing Lactobacillus acidophilus L-92. The incidence of influenza viruses in saliva of the L-92 group was found to be significantly lower compared to the control group. Thus, this method was useful for monitoring the course of anti-influenza treatment or preventive measures against nosocomial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Suda
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-40 Kohrimoto, Kagoshima, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan.,SUDx-Biotec Corporation, 1-42-1 Shiroyama, Kagoshima, Kagoshima 890-0013, Japan
| | - Mami Nagatomo
- SUDx-Biotec Corporation, 1-42-1 Shiroyama, Kagoshima, Kagoshima 890-0013, Japan
| | - Risa Yokoyama
- SUDx-Biotec Corporation, 1-42-1 Shiroyama, Kagoshima, Kagoshima 890-0013, Japan
| | - Mami Ohzono
- SUDx-Biotec Corporation, 1-42-1 Shiroyama, Kagoshima, Kagoshima 890-0013, Japan
| | - Kazue Aoyama
- SUDx-Biotec Corporation, 1-42-1 Shiroyama, Kagoshima, Kagoshima 890-0013, Japan
| | - Xu Zhang
- SUDx-Biotec Corporation, 1-42-1 Shiroyama, Kagoshima, Kagoshima 890-0013, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nakajima
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Naoki Murakami
- Murakami Clinic for Children, 9-1 Dairyu, Kagoshima, Kagoshima 892-0805, Japan
| | - Tadashi Shinoda
- Research and Development Planning Department, Calpis Co. Ltd., 5-11-10 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0206, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Hirota
- Microbiology and Fermentation Laboratory, Calpis Co. Ltd., 5-11-10 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0206, Japan
| | - Sae Yanagihara
- Microbiology and Fermentation Laboratory, Calpis Co. Ltd., 5-11-10 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0206, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichiro Nishi
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Dental and Medical Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, Kagoshima 890-0075, Japan
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Singh S, Kroe-Barrett RR, Canada KA, Zhu X, Sepulveda E, Wu H, He Y, Raymond EL, Ahlberg J, Frego LE, Amodeo LM, Catron KM, Presky DH, Hanke JH. Selective targeting of the IL23 pathway: Generation and characterization of a novel high-affinity humanized anti-IL23A antibody. MAbs 2015; 7:778-91. [PMID: 25905918 PMCID: PMC4622456 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2015.1032491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we describe the generation and characterization of BI 655066, a novel, highly potent neutralizing anti-interleukin-23 (IL23) monoclonal antibody in clinical development for autoimmune conditions, including psoriasis and Crohn's disease. IL23 is a key driver of the differentiation, maintenance, and activity of a number of immune cell subsets, including T helper 17 (Th17) cells, which are believed to mediate the pathogenesis of several immune-mediated disorders. Thus, IL23 neutralization is an attractive therapeutic approach. Designing an antibody for clinical activity and convenience for the patient requires certain properties, such as high affinity, specificity, and solubility. These properties were achieved by directed design of the immunization, lead identification, and humanization procedures. Favorable substance and pharmacokinetic properties were established by biophysical assessments and studies in cynomolgus monkeys.
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Key Words
- ADCC, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
- AUC, analytical ultracentrifugation
- BI 655066
- CCG, Chemical Computing Group
- CDRs, complementarity-determining regions
- CH, constant region
- Cκ, constant kappa
- DMF, dimethylformamide
- EOF, electro-osmotic flow
- ESI, electrospray ionization
- F, phenylalanine
- G, glycine
- GAHA, goat anti-human IgG gamma antibody
- HCLF, high concentration liquid formulation
- IL12, Interleukin 12
- IL12RB1, IL12 receptor subunit beta 1
- IL23, Interleukin-23
- IL23R, IL23 receptor
- JAK2, Janus kinase 2
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PK, pharmacokinetic
- RU, resonance units
- SEC, size-exclusion chromatography
- SPR, surface plasmon resonance
- Th17, T helper 17 cells
- UV, ultraviolet
- V, variable
- VH, variable heavy
- Vκ, variable kappa
- Y, tyrosine
- biophysical assessment
- humanization
- immunogen design
- pharmacokinetic profile
- tyk2, tyrosine kinase 2
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjaya Singh
- a Department of Biotherapeutics Research; Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc. ; Ridgefield , CT , USA
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Arai T, Kimata S, Mochizuki D, Hara K, Zako T, Odaka M, Yohda M, Arisaka F, Kanamaru S, Matsumoto T, Yajima S, Sato J, Kawasaki S, Niimura Y. NADH oxidase and alkyl hydroperoxide reductase subunit C (peroxiredoxin) from Amphibacillus xylanus form an oligomeric assembly. FEBS Open Bio 2015; 5:124-31. [PMID: 25737838 PMCID: PMC4338369 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The NADH oxidase-peroxiredoxin (Prx) system of Amphibacillus xylanus reduces hydroperoxides with the highest turnover rate among the known hydroperoxide-scavenging enzymes. The high electron transfer rate suggests that there exists close interaction between NADH oxidase and Prx. Variant enzyme experiments indicated that the electrons from β-NADH passed through the secondary disulfide, Cys128-Cys131, of NADH oxidase to finally reduce Prx. We previously reported that ionic strength is essential for a system to reduce hydroperoxides. In this study, we analyzed the effects of ammonium sulfate (AS) on the interaction between NADH oxidase and Prx by surface plasmon resonance analysis. The interaction between NADH oxidase and Prx was observed in the presence of AS. Dynamic light scattering assays were conducted while altering the concentration of AS and the ratio of NADH oxidase to Prx in the solutions. The results revealed that the two proteins formed a large oligomeric assembly, the size of which depended on the ionic strength of AS. The molecular mass of the assembly converged at approximately 300 kDa above 240 mM AS. The observed reduction rate of hydrogen peroxide also converged at the same concentration of AS, indicating that a complex formation is required for activation of the enzyme system. That the complex generation is dependent on ionic strength was confirmed by ultracentrifugal analysis, which resulted in a signal peak derived from a complex of NADH oxidase and Prx (300 mM AS, NADH oxidase: Prx = 1:10). The complex formation under this condition was also confirmed structurally by small-angle X-ray scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Arai
- Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinya Kimata
- Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daichi Mochizuki
- Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keita Hara
- Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Zako
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masafumi Odaka
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masafumi Yohda
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumio Arisaka
- Department of Life Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shuji Kanamaru
- Department of Life Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Shunsuke Yajima
- Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junichi Sato
- Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Kawasaki
- Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Youichi Niimura
- Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
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Kasai N, Yoshikawa Y, Enokizono J. Effect of antigen-dependent clearance on pharmacokinetics of anti-heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) monoclonal antibody. MAbs 2014; 6:1220-8. [PMID: 25517307 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.29792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) is a member of the EGF family and is an important therapeutic target in some types of human cancers. KM3566 is a mouse anti-HB-EGF monoclonal antibody that neutralizes HB-EGF activity by inhibiting the binding of HB-EGF to its receptors. Based on the results of our pharmacokinetics study, a humanized derivative antibody, KHK2866, is rapidly cleared from serum and shows nonlinear pharmacokinetics in cynomolgus monkeys. In this study, we examined the antigen-dependent clearance of an anti-HB-EGF monoclonal antibody in vivo and in vitro in order to pharmacokinetically explain the rapid elimination of KHK2866. We revealed tumor size-dependent clearance of KM3566 in in vivo studies and obtained good fits between the observed and simulated concentrations of KM3566 based on the two-compartment with a saturable route of clearance model. Furthermore, in vivo imaging analyses demonstrated tumor-specific distribution of KM3566. We then confirmed rapid internalization and distribution to lysosome of KM3566 at a cellular level. Moreover, we revealed that the amounts of HB-EGF on cell surface membrane were maintained even while HB-EGF was internalized with KM3566. Recycled or newly synthesized HB-EGF, therefore, may contribute to a consecutive clearance of KM3566, which could explain a rapid clearance from serum. These data suggested that the rapid elimination in pharmacokinetics of KM3566 is due to antigen-dependent clearance. Given that its antigen is expressed in a wide range of normal tissue, it is estimated that the rapid elimination of KHK2866 from cynomolgus monkey serum is caused by antigen-dependent clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Kasai
- a R&D Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co. Ltd., Shimotogari, Nagaizumi-cho , Sunto-gun , Shizuoka , Japan
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Asano R, Shimomura I, Konno S, Ito A, Masakari Y, Orimo R, Taki S, Arai K, Ogata H, Okada M, Furumoto S, Onitsuka M, Omasa T, Hayashi H, Katayose Y, Unno M, Kudo T, Umetsu M, Kumagai I. Rearranging the domain order of a diabody-based IgG-like bispecific antibody enhances its antitumor activity and improves its degradation resistance and pharmacokinetics. MAbs 2014; 6:1243-54. [PMID: 25517309 PMCID: PMC4623410 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.29445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
One approach to creating more beneficial therapeutic antibodies is to develop bispecific antibodies (bsAbs), particularly IgG-like formats with tetravalency, which may provide several advantages such as multivalent binding to each target antigen. Although the effects of configuration and antibody-fragment type on the function of IgG-like bsAbs have been studied, there have been only a few detailed studies of the influence of the variable fragment domain order. Here, we prepared four types of hEx3-scDb-Fc, IgG-like bsAbs, built from a single-chain hEx3-Db (humanized bispecific diabody [bsDb] that targets epidermal growth factor receptor and CD3), to investigate the influence of domain order and fusion manner on the function of a bsDb with an Fc fusion format. Higher cytotoxicities were observed with hEx3-scDb-Fcs with a variable light domain (VL)-variable heavy domain (VH) order (hEx3-scDb-Fc-LHs) compared with a VH-VL order, indicating that differences in the Fc fusion manner do not affect bsDb activity. In addition, flow cytometry suggested that the higher cytotoxicities of hEx3-scDb-Fc-LH may be attributable to structural superiority in cross-linking. Interestingly, enhanced degradation resistance and prolonged in vivo half-life were also observed with hEx3-scDb-Fc-LH. hEx3-scDb-Fc-LH and its IgG2 variant exhibited intense in vivo antitumor effects, suggesting that Fc-mediated effector functions are dispensable for effective anti-tumor activities, which may cause fewer side effects. Our results show that merely rearranging the domain order of IgG-like bsAbs can enhance not only their antitumor activity, but also their degradation resistance and in vivo half-life, and that hEx3-scDb-Fc-LHs are potent candidates for next-generation therapeutic antibodies.
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Key Words
- ADCC, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
- AUC, area-under-the-curve
- CD3
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- FITC-CD3ϵγ, fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled CD3ϵγ; DVD-IgTM, dual variable domain immunoglobulin
- FITC-sEGFR, FITC-labeled sEGFR
- Fv, variable fragment
- ICR, imprinting control region
- IgG-like bispecific antibody
- MTS, 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium inner salt
- PBMCs, peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- SDS-PAGE, sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- SPR, surface plasmon resonance
- SUV, standardized uptake value
- T-LAK cells, lymphokine-activated killer cells with the T-cell phenotype
- VH, variable heavy domain
- VL, variable light domain
- antibody engineering
- bispecific diabody
- bsAb, bispecific antibody
- bsDb, bispecific diabody
- cancer immunotherapy
- effective domain order
- epidermal growth factor receptor
- sEGFR, soluble EGFR
- scDb, single-chain diabody
- scFv, single-chain Fv
- taFv, tandem scFv
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryutaro Asano
- a Department of Biomolecular Engineering ; Graduate School of Engineering; Tohoku University ; Sendai , Japan
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Stracke J, Emrich T, Rueger P, Schlothauer T, Kling L, Knaupp A, Hertenberger H, Wolfert A, Spick C, Lau W, Drabner G, Reiff U, Koll H, Papadimitriou A. A novel approach to investigate the effect of methionine oxidation on pharmacokinetic properties of therapeutic antibodies. MAbs 2014; 6:1229-42. [PMID: 25517308 PMCID: PMC4622569 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.29601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Preserving the chemical and structural integrity of therapeutic antibodies during manufacturing and storage is a major challenge during pharmaceutical development. Oxidation of Fc methionines Met252 and Met428 is frequently observed, which leads to reduced affinity to FcRn and faster plasma clearance if present at high levels. Because oxidation occurs in both positions simultaneously, their individual contribution to the concomitant changes in pharmacokinetic properties has not been clearly established. A novel pH-gradient FcRn affinity chromatography method was applied to isolate three antibody oxidation variants from an oxidized IgG1 preparation based on their FcRn binding properties. Physico-chemical characterization revealed that the three oxidation variants differed predominantly in the number of oxMet252 per IgG (0, 1, or 2), but not significantly in the content of oxMet428. Corresponding to the increase in oxMet252 content, stepwise reduction of FcRn affinity in vitro, as well as faster clearance and shorter terminal half-life, in huFcRn-transgenic mice were observed. A single Met252 oxidation per antibody had no significant effect on pharmacokinetics (PK) compared with unmodified IgG. Importantly, only molecules with both heavy chains oxidized at Met252 exhibited significantly faster clearance. In contrast, Met428 oxidation had no apparent negative effect on PK and even led to somewhat improved FcRn binding and slower clearance. This minor effect, however, seemed to be abrogated by the dominant effect of Met252 oxidation. The novel approach of functional chromatographic separation of IgG oxidation variants followed by physico-chemical and biological characterization has yielded the first experimentally-backed explanation for the unaltered PK properties of antibody preparations containing relatively high Met252 and Met428 oxidation levels.
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Key Words
- AUC, area under the concentration-time curve
- Antibody
- ESI-MS, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
- Fab, antigen-binding fragment
- Fc, crystallizable fragment
- FcRn
- FcRn, neonatal Fc receptor
- HRP, horseradish peroxidase
- IgG, immunoglobulin G
- Met, methionine
- Met252
- Met428
- PK, pharmacokinetic
- RU, response units
- SEC, size exclusion chromatography
- SPR, surface plasmon resonance
- affinity chromatography
- column
- degradation
- m/z, mass-to-charge ratio
- mAb, monoclonal antibody
- methionine oxidation
- neonatal Fc receptor
- pH gradient
- pharmacokinetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Stracke
- a Biochemical and Analytical Research; Large Molecule Research ; Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED); Roche Innovation Center ; Penzberg , Germany
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