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Sherwood JS, Ullal J, Kutney K, Hughan KS. Cystic fibrosis related liver disease and endocrine considerations. J Clin Transl Endocrinol 2022; 27:100283. [PMID: 35024343 PMCID: PMC8724940 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcte.2021.100283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of CFLD adds significant morbidity and mortality to those with CF. CFLD is associated with an increased prevalence of endocrinopathies. Current treatment options for CFLD remain limited. Early recognition and treatment of CFLD associated conditions is critical.
Cystic fibrosis-liver disease (CFLD) is one of the most common non-pulmonary complications in the CF population, is associated with significant morbidity and represents the third leading cause of mortality in those with CF. CFLD encompasses a broad spectrum of hepatobiliary manifestations ranging from mild transaminitis, biliary disease, hepatic steatosis, focal biliary cirrhosis and multilobular biliary cirrhosis. The diagnosis of CFLD and prediction of disease progression remains a clinical challenge. The identification of novel CFLD biomarkers as well as the role of newer imaging techniques such as elastography to allow for early detection and intervention are active areas of research focus. Biliary cirrhosis with portal hypertension represents the most severe spectrum of CFLD, almost exclusively develops in the pediatric population, and is associated with a decline in pulmonary function, poor nutritional status, and greater risk of hospitalization. Furthermore, those with CFLD are at increased risk for vitamin deficiencies and endocrinopathies including CF-related diabetes, CF-related bone disease and hypogonadism, which can have further implications on disease outcomes and management. Effective treatment for CFLD remains limited and current interventions focus on optimization of nutritional status, identification and treatment of comorbid conditions, as well as early detection and management of CFLD specific sequelae such as portal hypertension or variceal bleeding. The extent to which highly effective modulator therapies may prevent the development or modify the progression of CFLD remains an active area of research. In this review, we discuss the challenges with defining and evaluating CFLD and the endocrine considerations and current management of CFLD.
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Key Words
- APRI, aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio
- BMI, body mass index
- CFBD, CF bone disease
- CFLD, Cystic fibrosis-liver disease
- CFRD, CF related diabetes
- CFTR, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
- Cirrhosis
- Cystic fibrosis liver disease
- Cystic fibrosis-related diabetes
- FFA, free fatty acids
- Fib-4, Fibrosis-4
- GH, growth hormone
- IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor-1
- Insulin resistance
- UDCA, ursodeoxycholic acid
- ULN, upper limit of normal
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan S Sherwood
- Department of Pediatrics, Diabetes Research Center, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Jagdeesh Ullal
- Department of Medicine, UPMC Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Katherine Kutney
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
| | - Kara S Hughan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, United States
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Varona E, Tres A, Rafecas M, Vichi S, Barroeta AC, Guardiola F. Methods to determine the quality of acid oils and fatty acid distillates used in animal feeding. MethodsX 2021; 8:101334. [PMID: 34430240 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2021.101334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Acid oils and fatty acid distillates are by-products from the refining of edible oils and fats. They are used as feed ingredients, but their highly variable composition sometimes affects the productive parameters of the animals. Thus, their quality control and standardization are necessary. The official methods recommended for crude and refined fats and oils must be modified to give reliable results when applied to acid oils and fatty acid distillates. This article summarizes the drawbacks that were encountered during the setup of the analytical methods and how were they overcome by adapting the methods to these type of fat samples. Some methods such as the determinations of fatty acid composition, tocopherol and tocotrienol content, unsaponifiable matter, acidity and peroxide value had to be minimally adapted. However, others such as the determinations of moisture and volatile matter, insoluble impurities, lipid classes and p-anisidine value showed important drawbacks that required a more significant adaptation.•All the analytical methods have been successfully applied to acid oils and fatty acid distillates.•A detailed description of the sample preparation for analysis and applied analytical methods is provided as a compendium of methods in the supplementary material.•These methods will be extremely useful to improve the quality control of these heterogeneous feed ingredients.
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Key Words
- AO, acids oils
- Analytical methods
- FA, fatty acids
- FAD, fatty acid distillates
- FAME, fatty acid methyl esters
- FFA, free fatty acids
- Fat by-products
- Feed ingredients
- HPLC, high performance liquid chromatograph
- I, insoluble impurities
- M, moisture
- MIU, sum of moisture, insoluble impurities and unsaponifiable matter
- Quality control
- RSD, relative standard deviation
- T, tocopherols
- T3, tocotrienols
- U, unsaponifiable matter
- U/S ratio, unsaturated/saturated fatty acid ratio
- p-AnV, p-anisidine value
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Luo P, Zheng M, Zhang R, Zhang H, Liu Y, Li W, Sun X, Yu Q, Tipoe GL, Xiao J. S-Allylmercaptocysteine improves alcoholic liver disease partly through a direct modulation of insulin receptor signaling. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:668-679. [PMID: 33777674 PMCID: PMC7982498 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) causes insulin resistance, lipid metabolism dysfunction, and inflammation. We investigated the protective effects and direct regulating target of S-allylmercaptocysteine (SAMC) from aged garlic on liver cell injury. A chronic ethanol-fed ALD in vivo model (the NIAAA model) was used to test the protective functions of SAMC. It was observed that SAMC (300 mg/kg, by gavage method) effectively ameliorated ALD-induced body weight reduction, steatosis, insulin resistance, and inflammation without affecting the health status of the control mice, as demonstrated by histological, biochemical, and molecular biology assays. By using biophysical assays and molecular docking, we demonstrated that SAMC directly targeted insulin receptor (INSR) protein on the cell membrane and then restored downstream IRS-1/AKT/GSK3β signaling. Liver-specific knock-down in mice and siRNA-mediated knock-down in AML-12 cells of Insr significantly impaired SAMC (250 μmol/L in cells)-mediated protection. Restoration of the IRS-1/AKT signaling partly recovered hepatic injury and further contributed to SAMC's beneficial effects. Continuous administration of AKT agonist and recombinant IGF-1 in combination with SAMC showed hepato-protection in the mice model. Long-term (90-day) administration of SAMC had no obvious adverse effect on healthy mice. We conclude that SAMC is an effective and safe hepato-protective complimentary agent against ALD partly through the direct binding of INSR and partial regulation of the IRS-1/AKT/GSK3β pathway.
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Key Words
- ADIPOQ, adiponectin
- AKT
- ALD, alcoholic liver disease
- ALDH2, aldehyde dehydrogenase 2
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AMPK, adenosine 5′-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- ATGL, adipose triglyceride lipase
- Alcoholic liver disease
- CPT1, carnitine palmitoyltransferase I
- CYP2E1, cytochrome P450 2E1
- FDA, U.S. Food and Drug Administration
- FFA, free fatty acids
- GRB14, growth factor receptor-bound protein 14
- GSK3β
- GSK3β, glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta
- GTT, glucose tolerance test
- HSL, hormone sensitive lipase
- IGF-1, insulin-like growth factors-1
- IL, interleukin
- INSR, insulin receptor
- IRS, insulin receptor substrate
- IRS-1
- IRTK, insulin receptor tyrosine kinase
- Insulin receptor
- Insulin resistance
- LDLR, low-density lipoprotein receptor
- LRP6, low-density lipoprotein receptor related protein 6
- MTT, 3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide
- NAC, N-acetyl-cysteine
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- NAS, NAFLD activity score
- NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa B
- NIAAA, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
- NRF2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
- ORF, open reading frame
- PA, palmitate acid
- PPARα, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha
- RER, respiratory exchange ratio
- S-Allylmercaptocysteine
- SAMC, S-allylmercaptocysteine
- SPR, surface plasmon resonance
- SREBP-1c, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c
- Safety
- TC, total cholesterol
- TCF/LEF, T-cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor
- TG, triglyceride
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- TSA, thermal shift assay
- WAT, white adipose tissues
- WT, wild-type
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Aboelazayem O, Gadalla M, Alhajri I, Saha B. Advanced process integration for supercritical production of biodiesel: Residual waste heat recovery via organic Rankine cycle (ORC). Renew Energy 2021; 164:433-443. [PMID: 32963424 PMCID: PMC7498418 DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2020.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Biodiesel production using supercritical methanolysis has received immense interest over the last few years. It has the ability to convert high acid value feedstock into biodiesel using a single-pot reaction. However, the energy intensive process is the main disadvantage of supercritical biodiesel process. Herein, a conceptual design for the integration of supercritical biodiesel process with organic Rankine cycle (ORC) is presented to recover residual hot streams and to generate electric power. This article provides energy and techno-economic comparative study for three developed scenarios as follows: original process with no energy integration (Scenario 1), energy integrated process (Scenario 2) and advanced energy integrated process with ORC (Scenario 3). The developed integrated biodiesel process with ORC resulted in electric power generation that has not only satisfied the process electric requirement but also provided excess power of 257 kW for 8,000 tonnes/annum biodiesel plant. The techno-economic comparative analysis resulted in favouring the third scenario with 36% increase in the process profitability than the second scenario. Sensitivity analysis has shown that biodiesel price variation has significant effect on the process profitability. In summary, integrating supercritical biodiesel production process with ORC appears to be a promising approach for enhancing the process techno-economic profitability and viability.
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Key Words
- AP, annual profit
- APC, annual utilities cost
- ATR, annual total revenues
- BORC, basic organic Rankine cycle
- Biodiesel
- CO, carbon monoxide
- DME, Dimethyl ether
- FFA, free fatty acids
- FPSO, floating production storage and offloading
- GHG, greenhouse gases
- HEN, heat exchanger network
- MMUSD, million US dollars
- NOx, nitrogen oxides
- NPV, net present value
- ORC, organic Rankine cycle
- Organic rankine cycle
- PBP, payback period
- PI, profitability index
- PRSV, Peng-Robinson Stryjek-Vera
- Process simulation integration
- RORC, regenerative organic Rankine cycle
- RSM, response surface methodology
- Supercritical methanolysis
- TCI, total capital investment
- Techno-economic study
- WCO, waste cooking oil
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Aboelazayem
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Park, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
- School of Engineering, London South Bank University, 103 Borough Road, London SE1 0AA, UK
| | - Mamdouh Gadalla
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The British University in Egypt, Misr-Ismalia Road, El-Shorouk City, 11837, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Port Said University, Port Fouad, 42526, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim Alhajri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Technological Studies, PAAET, Shuwaikh, 70654, Kuwait
| | - Basudeb Saha
- School of Engineering, London South Bank University, 103 Borough Road, London SE1 0AA, UK
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Caruso G, Scopelliti A, Scaramuzzino S, Perrone G, Galoppi P, Palaia I, Muzii L, Panici PB, Brunelli R. Cabergoline as an adjuvant to standard heart failure treatment in peripartum cardiomyopathy: A case report and review of the literature. Case Rep Womens Health 2020; 29:e00277. [PMID: 33344177 PMCID: PMC7736906 DOI: 10.1016/j.crwh.2020.e00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) is a rare and idiopathic form of dilated cardiomyopathy presenting late in pregnancy or early postpartum. Since the 16-kDa fragment of prolactin has been identified as a key factor in the pathophysiology of PPCM, prolactin inhibitors have been used as an adjuvant to standard heart failure treatment. Although bromocriptine is the current first choice, promising results have been reported with cabergoline, albeit scant. Case Presentation We presented the case of a 41-year-old woman who received a diagnosis of PPCM one week after delivery and was successfully treated with cabergoline, finally experiencing a complete recovery. Conclusion The case adds to the scant evidence supporting the use of cabergoline in PPCM patients. We argue that the favorable pharmacokinetic and metabolic profiles of this drug should prompt its consideration as a valid alternative prolactin inhibitor in these critical patients. Peripartum cardiomyopathy is a rare and life-threatening form of dilated cardiomyopathy. The management relies on the standard recommendations for heart failure with systolic dysfunction. The use of prolactin inhibitors represents the only specific and evidence-based treatment available. Given the favorable pharmacokinetics, cabergoline should be considered as the first-line prolactin inhibitor.
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Key Words
- CPAP, continuous positive airway pressure
- CRP, C-reactive protein
- Cabergoline
- FFA, free fatty acids
- Heart failure
- ICU, intensive care unit
- IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor 1
- LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction
- NST, non-stress test
- PPCM, peripartum cardiomyopathy
- PRL, prolactin
- Peripartum cardiomyopathy
- Prolactin inhibitor
- SHFT, standard heart failure treatment
- TTE, transthoracic echocardiogram
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Caruso
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and Urological Sciences, University of Rome "Sapienza", Policlinico "Umberto I", Rome, Italy
| | - Annalisa Scopelliti
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and Urological Sciences, University of Rome "Sapienza", Policlinico "Umberto I", Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Scaramuzzino
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and Urological Sciences, University of Rome "Sapienza", Policlinico "Umberto I", Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Perrone
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and Urological Sciences, University of Rome "Sapienza", Policlinico "Umberto I", Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Galoppi
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and Urological Sciences, University of Rome "Sapienza", Policlinico "Umberto I", Rome, Italy
| | - Innocenza Palaia
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and Urological Sciences, University of Rome "Sapienza", Policlinico "Umberto I", Rome, Italy
| | - Ludovico Muzii
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and Urological Sciences, University of Rome "Sapienza", Policlinico "Umberto I", Rome, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Benedetti Panici
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and Urological Sciences, University of Rome "Sapienza", Policlinico "Umberto I", Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Brunelli
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and Urological Sciences, University of Rome "Sapienza", Policlinico "Umberto I", Rome, Italy
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Salazar-Gómez A, Ontiveros-Rodríguez JC, Pablo-Pérez SS, Vargas-Díaz ME, Garduño-Siciliano L. The potential role of sesquiterpene lactones isolated from medicinal plants in the treatment of the metabolic syndrome - A review. S Afr J Bot 2020; 135:240-251. [PMID: 32963416 PMCID: PMC7493762 DOI: 10.1016/j.sajb.2020.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome comprises a cluster of metabolic disorders related to the development of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. In latter years, plant secondary metabolites have become of special interest because of their potential role in preventing and managing metabolic syndrome. Sesquiterpene lactones constitute a large and diverse group of biologically active compounds widely distributed in several medicinal plants used for the treatment of metabolic disorders. The structural diversity and the broad spectrum of biological activities of these compounds drew significant interests in the pharmacological applications. This review describes selected sesquiterpene lactones that have been experimentally validated for their biological activities related to risk factors of metabolic syndrome, together with their mechanisms of action. The potential beneficial effects of sesquiterpene lactones discussed in this review demonstrate that these substances represent remarkable compounds with a diversity of molecular structure and high biological activity, providing new insights into the possible role in metabolic syndrome management.
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Key Words
- ACE, angiotensin I-converting enzyme
- AMPK, activated protein kinase
- APOC3, apolipoprotein C3
- AT, adipose tissue
- Antidiabetic
- CAT, catalase
- COX-2, cyclooxygenase 2
- CVD, cardiovascular disease
- FFA, free fatty acids
- FN, fibronectin
- G6Pase, glucose-6-phosphatase
- GK, glucokinase
- GPx, glutathione peroxidase
- GSH, reduced glutathione
- HDL-C, high-density lipoproteins-cholesterol
- Hypoglycemic
- Hypolipidemic
- IFN-γ, interferon gamma
- IL-1β, interleukin 1 beta
- IL-6, interleukin 6
- IR, insulin resistance
- JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinases
- LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinases
- MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1
- Medicinal plants
- MetS, metabolic syndrome
- Metabolic syndrome
- NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa B
- NO, nitric oxide
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SLns, sesquiterpene lactones
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- STAT1, signal transducer and activator of transcription 1
- STZ, streptozotocin
- Sesquiterpene lactones
- T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus
- TBARS, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances
- TC, total cholesterol
- TG, triglycerides
- TGF-β1, transforming growth factor beta
- TLRs, Toll-like receptor
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha
- VLDL, very-low-density lipoprotein
- iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuar Salazar-Gómez
- Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Wilfrido Massieu y M. Stampa, Col. Planetario Lindavista, 77380 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Julio C Ontiveros-Rodríguez
- CONACYT - Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edificio B-1, Ciudad Universitaria, 58030 Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Saudy S Pablo-Pérez
- Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Wilfrido Massieu y M. Stampa, Col. Planetario Lindavista, 77380 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - M Elena Vargas-Díaz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala, 11340 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Leticia Garduño-Siciliano
- Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Wilfrido Massieu y M. Stampa, Col. Planetario Lindavista, 77380 Ciudad de México, Mexico
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Yeletsky P, Kukushkin R, Yakovlev V, Chen B. Recent advances in one-stage conversion of lipid-based biomass-derived oils into fuel components - aromatics and isomerized alkanes. Fuel (Lond) 2020; 278:118255. [PMID: 32834073 PMCID: PMC7313509 DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2020.118255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, production of biofuels is a rather hot topic due to depleting of conventional fossil fuel feedstocks and a number of other factors. Plant lipid-based feedstocks are very important for production of diesel-, kerosene-, and gasoline-like hydrocarbons. Usually, (hydro)deoxygenation processes are aimed at obtaining of linear hydrocarbons known to have poor fuel characteristics compared to the branched ones. Thus, further hydroisomerization is required to improve their properties as motor fuel components. This review article is focused on conversion of lipid-based feedstocks and model compounds into high-quality fuel components for a single step - direct cracking into aromatics and merged hydrodeoxygenation-hydroisomerization to obtain isoparaffins. The second process is quite novel and a number of the research articles presented in the literature is relatively low. As auxiliary subsections, hydroisomerization of straight hydrocarbons and techno-economic analysis of renewable diesel-like fuel production are briefly reviewed as well.
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Key Words
- (H)DO, (hydro)deoxygenation HEFA, hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids
- Al-HMS, aluminum-rich mesoporous aluminosilicate
- Aromatics
- BET, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller theory
- BTX, benzene-toluene-xylenes fraction
- Biofuel
- CL, clinoptilolite
- CN, cetane number
- CNTs, carbon nanotubes
- DCN, decarbonylation
- DCX, decarboxylation
- FAME, fatty acids methyl esters
- FFA, free fatty acids
- FOG, fats, oils, and grease
- HACA, homogeneous alkali catalysis alkanes
- HCO, heavy cycle oil
- HDO-HI, hydrodeoxygenation-hydroisomerization
- HDRD, hydrogenation-derived renewable diesel
- HRD, hydrogenated renewable diesel
- HRJ, hydroprocessed renewable jet
- Hydrodeoxygenation
- Hydroisomerization
- Isomerized paraffins
- LCO, light cycle oil
- LPG, liquefied petroleum gas
- MAFPs, minimum aviation fuel selling prices
- MJSP, minimum jet fuel selling price
- OLP(s), organic liquid product(s)
- PFAD, palm fatty acid distillate
- REY, Rare earth-Y zeolite
- ROI, return of investment
- RON, research octane number
- SAPO, silicoaluminophosphates
- SCA, supercritical catalysis alkanes
- TAG, triacylglycerol
- TEO, techno-economic outlook
- TOS, time-on-stream
- Vegetable oil
- WCO, waste cooking oil
- WE(s), wax ester(s)
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Affiliation(s)
- P.M. Yeletsky
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Lavrentieva Ave. 5, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
| | - R.G. Kukushkin
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Lavrentieva Ave. 5, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Str., 1, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
| | - V.A. Yakovlev
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Lavrentieva Ave. 5, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Str., 1, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
| | - B.H. Chen
- National Cheng Kung University, No.1, University Road, Tainan City 701 70101, Taiwan, ROC
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Song W, Li D, Tao L, Luo Q, Chen L. Solute carrier transporters: the metabolic gatekeepers of immune cells. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:61-78. [PMID: 31993307 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Solute carrier (SLC) transporters meditate many essential physiological functions, including nutrient uptake, ion influx/efflux, and waste disposal. In its protective role against tumors and infections, the mammalian immune system coordinates complex signals to support the proliferation, differentiation, and effector function of individual cell subsets. Recent research in this area has yielded surprising findings on the roles of solute carrier transporters, which were discovered to regulate lymphocyte signaling and control their differentiation, function, and fate by modulating diverse metabolic pathways and balanced levels of different metabolites. In this review, we present current information mainly on glucose transporters, amino-acid transporters, and metal ion transporters, which are critically important for mediating immune cell homeostasis in many different pathological conditions.
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Key Words
- 3-PG, 3-phosphoglyceric acid
- ABC, ATP-binding cassette
- AIF, apoptosis-inducing factor
- AP-1, activator protein 1
- ASCT2, alanine serine and cysteine transporter system 2
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- BCR, B cell receptor
- BMDMs, bone marrow-derived macrophages
- CD45R, a receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase
- CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocytes
- DC, dendritic cells
- EAATs, excitatory amino acid transporters
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- ERRα, estrogen related receptor alpha
- FFA, free fatty acids
- G-6-P, glucose 6-phosphate
- GLUT, glucose transporters
- GSH, glutathione
- Glucose
- Glutamine
- HIF-1α, hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha
- HIV-1, human immunodeficiency virus type 1
- Hk1, hexokinase-1
- IFNβ, interferon beta
- IFNγ, interferon gamma
- IKK, IκB kinase
- IKKβ, IκB kinase beta subunit
- IL, interleukin
- LDHA, lactate dehydrogenase A
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- Lymphocytes
- Lyn, tyrosine-protein kinase
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MCT, monocarboxylate transporters
- MS, multiple sclerosis
- Metal ion
- NADPH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
- NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
- NO, nitric oxide
- NOD2, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2
- PEG2, prostaglandin E2
- PI-3K/AKT, phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase/serine–threonine kinase
- PPP, pentose phosphate pathway
- Pfk, phosphofructokinase
- RA, rheumatoid arthritis
- RLR, RIG-I-like receptor
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SLC, solute carrier
- SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus
- SNAT, sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporters
- STAT, signal transducers and activators of transcription
- Solute carrier
- TAMs, tumor-associated macrophages
- TCA, tricarboxylic acid
- TCR, T cell receptor
- TLR, toll-like receptor
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- TRPM7, transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 7
- Teffs, effector T cells
- Th1/2/17, type 1/2/17 helper T cells
- Tregs, regulatory T cells
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- ZIP, zrt/irt-like proteins
- iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase
- iTregs, induced regulatory T cells
- mTORC1, mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1
- α-KG, α-ketoglutaric acid
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Grundy MML, McClements DJ, Ballance S, Wilde PJ. Influence of oat components on lipid digestion using an in vitro model: Impact of viscosity and depletion flocculation mechanism. Food Hydrocoll 2018; 83:253-264. [PMID: 30283194 PMCID: PMC6020131 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2018.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Depletion flocculation is a well-known instability mechanism that can occur in oil-in-water emulsions when the concentration of non-adsorbed polysaccharide exceeds a certain level. This critical flocculation concentration depends on the molecular characteristics of the polysaccharide molecules, such as their molecular weight and hydrodynamic radius. In this study, a range of analytical methods (dynamic shear rheology, optical microscopy, and static light-scattering) were used to investigate the interaction between lipid droplets and polysaccharides (guar gum and β-glucans) of varying weight-average molecular weight and hydrodynamic radius, and concentration. The aim of this work was to see if the health benefits of soluble fibers like β-glucans could be explained by their influence on the structure and digestibility of lipid emulsions. The apparent viscosity of the emulsions increased with increasing polysaccharide concentration, molecular weight, and hydrodynamic radius. Droplet flocculation was observed in the emulsions only at certain polysaccharide concentrations, which was attributed to a depletion effect. In addition, the water-soluble components in oat flakes, flour, and bran were extracted using aqueous solutions, to examine their impact on emulsion stability and properties. Then, the rate and extent of lipolysis of a sunflower oil-in-water emulsion in the presence of these oat extracts were monitored using the pH-stat method. However, the inhibition of lipolysis was not linearly related to the viscosity of the oat solutions. The water-soluble extracts of β-glucan collected from oat flakes had a significant inhibitory effect on lipolysis. The results of this study increase our understanding of the possible mechanisms influencing the impact of oat constituents on lipid digestion. This work also highlights the importance of considering the molecular properties of polysaccharides, and not just their impact on solution viscosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam M L Grundy
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK.,University of Reading, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, Earley Gate, Reading RG6 6AR, UK
| | - David J McClements
- Biopolymers and Colloids Laboratory, Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Simon Ballance
- Nofima, Norwegian Institute for Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, PB 210, N-1431 Ås, Norway
| | - Peter J Wilde
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK
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Grundy MML, Quint J, Rieder A, Ballance S, Dreiss CA, Cross KL, Gray R, Bajka BH, Butterworth PJ, Ellis PR, Wilde PJ. The impact of oat structure and β-glucan on in vitro lipid digestion. J Funct Foods 2017; 38:378-88. [PMID: 29129983 DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The structure of oat tissue is an important factor for determining its influence on (in vitro) lipid digestion. β-glucan release from oat cell walls during digestion was not complete. Processing of oats affects the rate and extent of lipolysis. Viscosity is not the only factor affecting lipolysis.
Oat β-glucan has been shown to play a positive role in influencing lipid and cholesterol metabolism. However, the mechanisms behind these beneficial effects are not fully understood. The purpose of the current work was to investigate some of the possible mechanisms behind the cholesterol lowering effect of oat β-glucan, and how processing of oat modulates lipolysis. β-Glucan release, and the rate and extent of lipolysis measured in the presence of different sources of oat β-glucan, were investigated during gastrointestinal digestion. Only a fraction of the original β-glucan content was released during digestion. Oat flakes and flour appeared to have a more significant effect on lipolysis than purified β-glucan. These findings show that the positive action of β-glucan is likely to involve complex processes and interactions with the food matrix. This work also highlights the importance of considering the structure and physicochemical properties of foods, and not just the nutrient content.
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11
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Blutke A, Renner S, Flenkenthaler F, Backman M, Haesner S, Kemter E, Ländström E, Braun-Reichhart C, Albl B, Streckel E, Rathkolb B, Prehn C, Palladini A, Grzybek M, Krebs S, Bauersachs S, Bähr A, Brühschwein A, Deeg CA, De Monte E, Dmochewitz M, Eberle C, Emrich D, Fux R, Groth F, Gumbert S, Heitmann A, Hinrichs A, Keßler B, Kurome M, Leipig-Rudolph M, Matiasek K, Öztürk H, Otzdorff C, Reichenbach M, Reichenbach HD, Rieger A, Rieseberg B, Rosati M, Saucedo MN, Schleicher A, Schneider MR, Simmet K, Steinmetz J, Übel N, Zehetmaier P, Jung A, Adamski J, Coskun Ü, Hrabě de Angelis M, Simmet C, Ritzmann M, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Blum H, Arnold GJ, Fröhlich T, Wanke R, Wolf E. The Munich MIDY Pig Biobank - A unique resource for studying organ crosstalk in diabetes. Mol Metab 2017; 6:931-940. [PMID: 28752056 PMCID: PMC5518720 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The prevalence of diabetes mellitus and associated complications is steadily increasing. As a resource for studying systemic consequences of chronic insulin insufficiency and hyperglycemia, we established a comprehensive biobank of long-term diabetic INSC94Y transgenic pigs, a model of mutant INS gene-induced diabetes of youth (MIDY), and of wild-type (WT) littermates. METHODS Female MIDY pigs (n = 4) were maintained with suboptimal insulin treatment for 2 years, together with female WT littermates (n = 5). Plasma insulin, C-peptide and glucagon levels were regularly determined using specific immunoassays. In addition, clinical chemical, targeted metabolomics, and lipidomics analyses were performed. At age 2 years, all pigs were euthanized, necropsied, and a broad spectrum of tissues was taken by systematic uniform random sampling procedures. Total beta cell volume was determined by stereological methods. A pilot proteome analysis of pancreas, liver, and kidney cortex was performed by label free proteomics. RESULTS MIDY pigs had elevated fasting plasma glucose and fructosamine concentrations, C-peptide levels that decreased with age and were undetectable at 2 years, and an 82% reduced total beta cell volume compared to WT. Plasma glucagon and beta hydroxybutyrate levels of MIDY pigs were chronically elevated, reflecting hallmarks of poorly controlled diabetes in humans. In total, ∼1900 samples of different body fluids (blood, serum, plasma, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, and synovial fluid) as well as ∼17,000 samples from ∼50 different tissues and organs were preserved to facilitate a plethora of morphological and molecular analyses. Principal component analyses of plasma targeted metabolomics and lipidomics data and of proteome profiles from pancreas, liver, and kidney cortex clearly separated MIDY and WT samples. CONCLUSIONS The broad spectrum of well-defined biosamples in the Munich MIDY Pig Biobank that will be available to the scientific community provides a unique resource for systematic studies of organ crosstalk in diabetes in a multi-organ, multi-omics dimension.
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Key Words
- Biobank
- CE, cholesterol ester
- CPT1, carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- FFA, free fatty acids
- Hyperglycemia
- Insulin insufficiency
- MIDY
- MIDY, mutant INS gene-induced diabetes of youth
- Metabolomics
- PC, phosphatidylcholine
- PCA, principal component analysis
- Pig model
- Proteomics
- Random systematic sampling
- SM, sphingomyelin
- Stereology
- TAG, triacylglycerol
- Transcriptomics
- WT, wild-type
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Blutke
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, D-80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Simone Renner
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, and Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Florian Flenkenthaler
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Mattias Backman
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Serena Haesner
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, D-80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Kemter
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, and Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Erik Ländström
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Christina Braun-Reichhart
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, and Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Barbara Albl
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, D-80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Streckel
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, and Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Birgit Rathkolb
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, and Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; German Mouse Clinic (GMC), Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Prehn
- Genome Analysis Center (GAC), Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Alessandra Palladini
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus of TU Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Michal Grzybek
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus of TU Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Krebs
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Bauersachs
- Animal Physiology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Universitätsstr. 2, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Bähr
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, and Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Brühschwein
- Clinic for Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, D-80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Cornelia A Deeg
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Philipps University of Marburg, Baldingerstr., D-35033 Marburg, Germany; Chair for Animal Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, D-80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Erica De Monte
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, and Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Michaela Dmochewitz
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, and Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Caroline Eberle
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, D-80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Daniela Emrich
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, D-80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Robert Fux
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, LMU Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, D-80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Frauke Groth
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, D-80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Sophie Gumbert
- Clinic for Swine at the Centre of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Sonnenstr. 16, D-85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Antonia Heitmann
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, D-80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Arne Hinrichs
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, and Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Barbara Keßler
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, and Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Mayuko Kurome
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, and Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Miriam Leipig-Rudolph
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, D-80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Kaspar Matiasek
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, D-80539 Munich, Germany; Munich Center of NeuroSciences - Brain & Mind, Großhaderner Str. 2, D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Hazal Öztürk
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, D-80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Christiane Otzdorff
- Clinic for Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, D-80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Myriam Reichenbach
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, and Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Horst Dieter Reichenbach
- Bavarian State Research Center for Agriculture - Institute for Animal Breeding, Prof.-Dürrwaechter-Platz 1, D-85586 Grub-Poing, Germany
| | - Alexandra Rieger
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, D-80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Birte Rieseberg
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, D-80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Marco Rosati
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, D-80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Manuel Nicolas Saucedo
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, and Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Anna Schleicher
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, and Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Marlon R Schneider
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, and Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Kilian Simmet
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, and Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Judith Steinmetz
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, D-80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Nicole Übel
- Clinic for Swine at the Centre of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Sonnenstr. 16, D-85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Patrizia Zehetmaier
- Chair for Animal Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, D-80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Jung
- Institute of Pathology, LMU Munich, Thalkirchner Str. 36, D-80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Jerzy Adamski
- Genome Analysis Center (GAC), Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Chair of Experimental Genetics, School of Life Science Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ünal Coskun
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus of TU Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabě de Angelis
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; German Mouse Clinic (GMC), Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Chair of Experimental Genetics, School of Life Science Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Mathias Ritzmann
- Clinic for Swine at the Centre of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Sonnenstr. 16, D-85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Andrea Meyer-Lindenberg
- Clinic for Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, D-80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Helmut Blum
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Georg J Arnold
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Fröhlich
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Wanke
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, D-80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, and Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany.
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Abstract
Apoptosis is a primary characteristic in the pathogenesis of liver disease. Hepatic apoptosis is regulated by autophagic activity. However, mechanisms mediating their interaction remain to be determined. Basal level of autophagy ensures the physiological turnover of old and damaged organelles. Autophagy also is an adaptive response under stressful conditions. Autophagy can control cell fate through different cross-talk signals. A complex interplay between hepatic autophagy and apoptosis determines the degree of hepatic apoptosis and the progression of liver disease as demonstrated by pre-clinical models and clinical trials. This review summarizes recent advances on roles of autophagy that plays in pathophysiology of liver. The autophagic pathway can be a novel therapeutic target for liver disease.
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Key Words
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AMBRA-1, activating molecule in Beclin-1-regulated autophagy
- APAP, N-acetyl-p-aminophenol
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- Atg, autophagy-related gene
- BH3, Bcl-2 homology domain-3
- BNIP, Bcl-2/adenovirus E1B 19 kd-interacting protein
- Barkor, Beclin-1-associated autophagy-related key regulator
- Bcl-2, B-cell lymphoma-2
- Bcl-xL, B-cell lymphoma extra long
- Beclin-1, Bcl-2-interacting protein-1
- CSE, cigarette smoke extract
- DISC, death-inducing signaling complex
- DNA, DNA
- DRAM, damage regulated autophagic modulator
- Drp1, dynamin-related protein 1
- ER stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress
- FADD, Fas-associated protein with death domain
- FFA, free fatty acids
- HBV, hepatitis B virus
- HBx, hepatitis B X protein
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- HCV, hepatitis C virus
- HSC, hepatic stellate cells
- LAMP-2, lysosome-associated membrane protein 2
- LD, lipid droplets
- MDBs, Mallory-Denk bodies
- MOMP, mitochondrial outer membrane permiabilization
- Microtubule LC3, microtubule light chain 3
- PCD, programmed cell death
- PI3KC3, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase class-3
- RNA, ribonucleic acid
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- TNFα, tumor necrosis factor-α
- TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling
- UVRAG, UV-resistance-associated gene
- Vps34, vacuolar protein sorting-34
- apoptosis
- autophagy
- c-FLIP, cellular FLICE-like inhibitor protein
- cross-talk
- liver injury
- mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin
- mechanism
- siRNA, small interfering RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewei Wang
- a Departments of Surgery; University of Illinois College of Medicine ; Peoria , IL , USA
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Okada K, LeClair KB, Zhang Y, Li Y, Ozdemir C, Krisko TI, Hagen SJ, Betensky RA, Banks AS, Cohen DE. Thioesterase superfamily member 1 suppresses cold thermogenesis by limiting the oxidation of lipid droplet-derived fatty acids in brown adipose tissue. Mol Metab 2016; 5:340-351. [PMID: 27110486 PMCID: PMC4837299 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Non-shivering thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT) plays a central role in energy homeostasis. Thioesterase superfamily member 1 (Them1), a BAT-enriched long chain fatty acyl-CoA thioesterase, is upregulated by cold and downregulated by warm ambient temperatures. Them1 (-/-) mice exhibit increased energy expenditure and resistance to diet-induced obesity and diabetes, but the mechanistic contribution of Them1 to the regulation of cold thermogenesis remains unknown. METHODS Them1 (-/-) and Them1 (+/+) mice were subjected to continuous metabolic monitoring to quantify the effects of ambient temperatures ranging from thermoneutrality (30 °C) to cold (4 °C) on energy expenditure, core body temperature, physical activity and food intake. The effects of Them1 expression on O2 consumption rates, thermogenic gene expression and lipolytic protein activation were determined ex vivo in BAT and in primary brown adipocytes. RESULTS Them1 suppressed thermogenesis in mice even in the setting of ongoing cold exposure. Without affecting thermogenic gene transcription, Them1 reduced O2 consumption rates in both isolated BAT and primary brown adipocytes. This was attributable to decreased mitochondrial oxidation of endogenous but not exogenous fatty acids. CONCLUSIONS These results show that Them1 may act as a break on uncontrolled heat production and limit the extent of energy expenditure. Pharmacologic inhibition of Them1 could provide a targeted strategy for the management of metabolic disorders via activation of brown fat.
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Key Words
- ASM, acid soluble metabolites
- AUC, area under the curve
- Acot, acyl-CoA thioesterase
- Acyl-CoA thioesterase
- Ascl, long chain acyl-CoA synthetase
- Atgl, adipose triglyceride lipase
- BAT, brown adipose tissue
- BFIT, brown fat inducible thioesterase
- CPT, carnitine palmitoyl transferase
- Energy expenditure
- FCCP, carbonyl cyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone
- FFA, free fatty acids
- Fabp, fatty acid binding protein
- Fatty acyl-CoA
- Hsl, hormone sensitive lipase
- MOI, multiplicity of infection
- Mitochondria
- NE, norepinephrine
- OCR, oxygen consumption rate
- Obesity
- PKC, protein kinase C
- Plin, perilipin
- Ppar, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
- RER, respiratory exchange rate
- START, steroidogenic acute regulatory protein-related lipid transfer
- Them1, thioesterase superfamily member
- UCP, uncoupling protein
- WAT, white adipose tissue
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Okada
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Katherine B LeClair
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yongzhao Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yingxia Li
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cafer Ozdemir
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tibor I Krisko
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Susan J Hagen
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rebecca A Betensky
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexander S Banks
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David E Cohen
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Ni Y, Zhao L, Yu H, Ma X, Bao Y, Rajani C, Loo LW, Shvetsov YB, Yu H, Chen T, Zhang Y, Wang C, Hu C, Su M, Xie G, Zhao A, Jia W, Jia W. Circulating Unsaturated Fatty Acids Delineate the Metabolic Status of Obese Individuals. EBioMedicine 2015; 2:1513-22. [PMID: 26629547 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity is not a homogeneous condition across individuals since about 25–40% of obese individuals can maintain healthy status with no apparent signs of metabolic complications. The simple anthropometric measure of body mass index does not always reflect the biological effects of excessive body fat on health, thus additional molecular characterizations of obese phenotypes are needed to assess the risk of developing subsequent metabolic conditions at an individual level. Methods To better understand the associations of free fatty acids (FFAs) with metabolic phenotypes of obesity, we applied a targeted metabolomics approach to measure 40 serum FFAs from 452 individuals who participated in four independent studies, using an ultra-performance liquid chromatograph coupled to a Xevo G2 quadruple time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Findings FFA levels were significantly elevated in overweight/obese subjects with diabetes compared to their healthy counterparts. We identified a group of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) that are closely correlated with metabolic status in two groups of obese individuals who underwent weight loss intervention and can predict the recurrence of diabetes at two years after metabolic surgery. Two UFAs, dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid and palmitoleic acid, were also able to predict the future development of metabolic syndrome (MS) in a group of obese subjects. Interpretation These findings underscore the potential role of UFAs in the MS pathogenesis and also as important markers in predicting the risk of developing diabetes in obese individuals or diabetes remission after a metabolic surgery. Four independent studies were applied to examine the association of free fatty acids with metabolic status of obesity. Our data supported an important role for unsaturated fatty acids in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome. Two unsaturated fatty acids were predictive of future diabetes risk and diabetes remission after metabolic surgery.
About 25–40% of obese individuals, defined by the body mass index, are metabolically healthy. Because obesity is a risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes, it is important to monitor obese individuals for changes in metabolic status. Simpler means of assessing the efficacy of surgical or dietary interventions are also desirable. We examined blood fatty acid levels in patients to locate potential biomarkers that would signify either greater risk of diabetes acquisition or effectiveness of diabetes treatment. Two unsaturated fatty acids, dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid and palmitoleic acid, were shown to predict acquisition of diabetes and also evaluate diabetes remission post-metabolic surgery.
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Key Words
- AA, arachidonic acid
- BMI, body mass index
- CVD, cardiovascular disease
- DAG, diacylglycerol
- DBP, diastolic blood pressure
- DGLA, dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid
- DNL, de novo lipogenesis
- FATPs, fatty acid transport proteins
- FFA, free fatty acids
- Free fatty acids
- GLA, γ-linolenic acid
- HA, heptadecanoic acid
- HDL, high-density lipoprotein
- HO, metabolically healthy obese
- HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin
- Insulin resistance
- LA, linoleic acid
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- MS, metabolic syndrome
- MUFA, monounsaturated acid
- Metabolic syndrome
- NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
- NW, normal weight
- OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test
- OPLS-DA, orthogonal partial least square discriminant analysis
- Obesity
- PA, palmitoleic acid
- PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid
- RSD, relative standard deviation
- SBP, systolic blood pressure
- SCD, stearoyl-CoA desaturase
- SFA, saturated fatty acid
- SHDS, the Shanghai Diabetes Study
- SHOS, the Shanghai Obesity Study
- T2D, type 2 diabetes
- TC, total cholesterol
- TG, triglycerides
- Type 2 diabetes
- UFA, unsaturated fatty acid
- UO, metabolically unhealthy obese
- Unsaturated fatty acids
- VLCD, very low carbohydrate diet
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Hansen JS, Clemmesen JO, Secher NH, Hoene M, Drescher A, Weigert C, Pedersen BK, Plomgaard P. Glucagon-to-insulin ratio is pivotal for splanchnic regulation of FGF-21 in humans. Mol Metab 2015; 4:551-60. [PMID: 26266087 PMCID: PMC4529499 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21) is a liver-derived metabolic regulator induced by energy deprivation. However, its regulation in humans is incompletely understood. We addressed the origin and regulation of FGF-21 secretion in humans. METHODS By determination of arterial-to-venous differences over the liver and the leg during exercise, we evaluated the organ-specific secretion of FGF-21 in humans. By four different infusion models manipulating circulating glucagon and insulin, we addressed the interaction of these hormones on FGF-21 secretion in humans. RESULTS We demonstrate that the splanchnic circulation secretes FGF-21 at rest and that it is rapidly enhanced during exercise. In contrast, the leg does not contribute to the systemic levels of FGF-21. To unravel the mechanisms underlying the regulation of exercise-induced hepatic release of FGF-21, we manipulated circulating glucagon and insulin. These studies demonstrated that in humans glucagon stimulates splanchnic FGF-21 secretion whereas insulin has an inhibitory effect. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our data reveal that 1) in humans, the splanchnic bed contributes to the systemic FGF-21 levels during rest and exercise; 2) under normo-physiological conditions FGF-21 is not released from the leg; 3) a dynamic interaction of glucagon-to-insulin ratio regulates FGF-21 secretion in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Schiøler Hansen
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Centre for Physical Activity Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark ; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Niels Henry Secher
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Miriam Hoene
- Division of Pathobiochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, University Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Drescher
- Division of Pathobiochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, University Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Cora Weigert
- Division of Pathobiochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, University Tuebingen, Germany ; Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany ; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Germany
| | - Bente Klarlund Pedersen
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Centre for Physical Activity Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Plomgaard
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Centre for Physical Activity Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark ; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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16
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Balaž M, Ukropcova B, Kurdiova T, Vlcek M, Surova M, Krumpolec P, Vanuga P, Gašperíková D, Klimeš I, Payer J, Wolfrum C, Ukropec J. Improved adipose tissue metabolism after 5-year growth hormone replacement therapy in growth hormone deficient adults: The role of zinc-α2-glycoprotein. Adipocyte 2015; 4:113-22. [PMID: 26167410 DOI: 10.4161/21623945.2014.973772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) supplementation therapy to adults with GH deficiency has beneficial effects on adipose tissue lipid metabolism, improving thus adipocyte functional morphology and insulin sensitivity. However, molecular nature of these effects remains unclear. We therefore tested the hypothesis that lipid-mobilizing adipokine zinc-α2-glycoprotein is causally linked to GH effects on adipose tissue lipid metabolism. Seventeen patients with severe GH deficiency examined before and after the 5-year GH replacement therapy were compared with age-, gender- and BMI-matched healthy controls. Euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp was used to assess whole-body and adipose tissue-specific insulin sensitivity. Glucose tolerance was determined by oGTT, visceral and subcutaneous abdominal adiposity by MRI, adipocyte size morphometrically after collagenase digestion, lipid accumulation and release was studied in differentiated human primary adipocytes in association with GH treatment and zinc-α2-glycoprotein gene silencing. Five-year GH replacement therapy improved glucose tolerance, adipose tissue insulin sensitivity and reduced adipocyte size without affecting adiposity and whole-body insulin sensitivity. Adipose tissue zinc-α2-glycoprotein expression was positively associated with whole-body and adipose tissue insulin sensitivity and negatively with adipocyte size. GH treatment to adipocytes in vitro increased zinc-α2-glycoprotein expression (>50%) and was paralleled by enhanced lipolysis and decreased triglyceride accumulation (>35%). Moreover, GH treatment improved antilipolytic action of insulin in cultured adipocytes. Most importantly, silencing zinc-α2-glycoprotein eliminated all of the GH effects on adipocyte lipid metabolism. Effects of 5-year GH supplementation therapy on adipose tissue lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity are associated with zinc-α2-glycoprotein. Presence of this adipokine is required for the GH action on adipocyte lipid metabolism in vitro.
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Key Words
- ACC1, acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- DGAT, diacylglycerol acyltransferase
- DMEM, Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium
- EHC, euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp
- FABP4, fatty acid binding protein 4
- FAS, fatty acid synthase
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- FFA, free fatty acids
- GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- GH, growth hormone
- GHD, growth hormone deficiency
- GLUT4, glucose transporter 4
- HSL, hormone sensitive lipase
- IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor 1
- IRS1, insulin receptor substrate 1
- MRI, magnetic resonance imaging
- PPARGC1A, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor 1 gamma coactivator 1 α
- RPL13A, ribosomal protein L13a
- TG, triglycerides
- ZAG, zinc-α2-glycoprotein.
- adipocyte size
- adipose tissue
- glucose tolerance
- growth hormone deficiency
- growth hormone replacement therapy
- insulin sensitivity
- lipolysis
- oGTT, oral glucose tolerance test
- rhGH, recombinant human growth hormone
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Chappuis S, Ripperger JA, Schnell A, Rando G, Jud C, Wahli W, Albrecht U. Role of the circadian clock gene Per2 in adaptation to cold temperature. Mol Metab 2013; 2:184-93. [PMID: 24049733 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Adaptive thermogenesis allows mammals to resist to cold. For instance, in brown adipose tissue (BAT) the facultative uncoupling of the proton gradient from ATP synthesis in mitochondria is used to generate systemic heat. However, this system necessitates an increase of the Uncoupling protein 1 (Ucp1) and its activation by free fatty acids. Here we show that mice without functional Period2 (Per2) were cold sensitive because their adaptive thermogenesis system was less efficient. Upon cold-exposure, Heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) induced Per2 in the BAT. Subsequently, PER2 as a co-activator of PPARα increased expression of Ucp1. PER2 also increased Fatty acid binding protein 3 (Fabp3), a protein important to transport free fatty acids from the plasma to mitochondria to activate UCP1. Hence, in BAT PER2 is important for the coordination of the molecular response of mice exposed to cold by synchronizing UCP1 expression and its activation.
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Key Words
- Adrβ3, beta-adrenergic receptor 3
- BAT, brown adipose tissue
- BMAL1, brain and muscle ARNT-like factor
- Brown adipose tissue
- CLOCK, circadian locomotor output cycles kaput
- ChIP, chromatin immunoprecipitation
- FABP3, fatty acid binding protein 3
- FFA, free fatty acids
- HSE, heat shock element
- HSF1, heat shock factor 1
- Humidity
- NPAS2, neuronal PAS-domain containing protein 2
- PGC-1, PPAR-coactivator -1
- PPAR, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
- PPRE, PPAR element
- Per2, Period2
- RXR, retinoid X receptor
- SCN, suprachiasmatic nuclei
- Season
- TAG, triglycerides
- UCP1, uncoupling protein 1
- WAT, white adipose tissue
- WT, wild-type
- ZT, zeitgeber time
- luc, luciferase
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Chappuis
- Department of Biology, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Fribourg, Switzerland
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