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Xiao Q, Li X, Li Y, Wu Z, Xu C, Chen Z, He W. Biological drug and drug delivery-mediated immunotherapy. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:941-960. [PMID: 33996408 PMCID: PMC8105778 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The initiation and development of major inflammatory diseases, i.e., cancer, vascular inflammation, and some autoimmune diseases are closely linked to the immune system. Biologics-based immunotherapy is exerting a critical role against these diseases, whereas the usage of the immunomodulators is always limited by various factors such as susceptibility to digestion by enzymes in vivo, poor penetration across biological barriers, and rapid clearance by the reticuloendothelial system. Drug delivery strategies are potent to promote their delivery. Herein, we reviewed the potential targets for immunotherapy against the major inflammatory diseases, discussed the biologics and drug delivery systems involved in the immunotherapy, particularly highlighted the approved therapy tactics, and finally offer perspectives in this field.
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Key Words
- AAs, amino acids
- ACT, adoptive T cell therapy
- AHC, Chlamydia pneumonia
- ALL, acute lymphoblastic leukemia
- AP, ascorbyl palmitate
- APCs, antigen-presenting cells
- AS, atherosclerosis
- ASIT, antigen-specific immunotherapy
- Adoptive cell transfer
- ApoA–I, apolipoprotein A–I
- ApoB LPs, apolipoprotein-B-containing lipoproteins
- Atherosclerosis
- BMPR-II, bone morphogenetic protein type II receptor
- Biologics
- Bregs, regulatory B lymphocytes
- CAR, chimeric antigen receptor
- CCR9–CCL25, CC receptor 9–CC chemokine ligand 25
- CD, Crohn's disease
- CETP, cholesterol ester transfer protein
- CTLA-4, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein-4
- CX3CL1, CXXXC-chemokine ligand 1
- CXCL 16, CXC-chemokine ligand 16
- CXCR 2, CXC-chemokine receptor 2
- Cancer immunotherapy
- CpG ODNs, CpG oligodeoxynucleotides
- DAMPs, danger-associated molecular patterns
- DCs, dendritic cells
- DDS, drug delivery system
- DMARDs, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs
- DMPC, 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine
- DSS, dextran sulfate sodium
- Dex, dexamethasone
- Drug delivery
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- ECs, endothelial cells
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- EPR, enhanced permeability and retention effect
- ET-1, endothelin-1
- ETAR, endothelin-1 receptor type A
- FAO, fatty acid oxidation
- GM-CSF, granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor
- HA, hyaluronic acid
- HDL, high density lipoprotein
- HER2, human epidermal growth factor-2
- IBD, inflammatory bowel diseases
- ICOS, inducible co-stimulator
- ICP, immune checkpoint
- IFN, interferon
- IL, interleukin
- IT-hydrogel, inflammation-targeting hydrogel
- Immune targets
- Inflammatory diseases
- JAK, Janus kinase
- LAG-3, lymphocyte-activation gene 3
- LDL, low density lipoprotein
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- LTB4, leukotriene B4
- MCP-1, monocyte chemotactic protein-1
- MCT, monocrotaline
- MDSC, myeloid-derived suppressor cell
- MHCs, major histocompatibility complexes
- MHPC, 1-myristoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-phosphocholine
- MIF, migration inhibitory factor
- MM, multiple myeloma
- MMP, matrix metalloproteinase
- MOF, metal–organic framework
- MPO, myeloperoxidase
- MSCs, mesenchymal stem cells
- NF-κB, nuclear factor κ-B
- NK, natural killer
- NPs, nanoparticles
- NSAIDs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
- PAECs, pulmonary artery endothelial cells
- PAH, pulmonary arterial hypertension
- PASMCs, pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells
- PBMCs, peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- PCSK9, proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9
- PD-1, programmed death protein-1
- PD-L1, programmed cell death-ligand 1
- PLGA, poly lactic-co-glycolic acid
- Pulmonary artery hypertension
- RA, rheumatoid arthritis
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SHP-2, Src homology 2 domain–containing tyrosine phosphatase 2
- SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus
- SMCs, smooth muscle cells
- Src, sarcoma gene
- TCR, T cell receptor
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor β
- TILs, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes
- TIM-3, T-cell immunoglobulin mucin 3
- TLR, Toll-like receptor
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- TRAF6, tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6
- Teff, effector T cell
- Th17, T helper 17
- Tph, T peripheral helper
- Tregs, regulatory T cells
- UC, ulcerative colitis
- VEC, vascular endothelial cadherin
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- VISTA, V-domain immunoglobulin-containing suppressor of T-cell activation
- YCs, yeast-derived microcapsules
- bDMARDs, biological DMARDs
- hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein
- mAbs, monoclonal antibodies
- mPAP, mean pulmonary artery pressure
- nCmP, nanocomposite microparticle
- rHDL, recombinant HDL
- rhTNFRFc, recombinant human TNF-α receptor II-IgG Fc fusion protein
- scFv, single-chain variable fragment
- α1D-AR, α1D-adrenergic receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Xiao
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiaotong Li
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yi Li
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhenfeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Chenjie Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Zhongjian Chen
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China
| | - Wei He
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China
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Yang M, Li J, Gu P, Fan X. The application of nanoparticles in cancer immunotherapy: Targeting tumor microenvironment. Bioact Mater 2020; 6:1973-1987. [PMID: 33426371 PMCID: PMC7773537 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor development and metastasis are closely related to the structure and function of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Recently, TME modulation strategies have attracted much attention in cancer immunotherapy. Despite the preliminary success of immunotherapeutic agents, their therapeutic effects have been restricted by the limited retention time of drugs in TME. Compared with traditional delivery systems, nanoparticles with unique physical properties and elaborate design can efficiently penetrate TME and specifically deliver to the major components in TME. In this review, we briefly introduce the substitutes of TME including dendritic cells, macrophages, fibroblasts, tumor vasculature, tumor-draining lymph nodes and hypoxic state, then review various nanoparticles targeting these components and their applications in tumor therapy. In addition, nanoparticles could be combined with other therapies, including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and photodynamic therapy, however, the nanoplatform delivery system may not be effective in all types of tumors due to the heterogeneity of different tumors and individuals. The changes of TME at various stages during tumor development are required to be further elucidated so that more individualized nanoplatforms could be designed.
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Key Words
- AC-NPs, antigen-capturing nanoparticles
- ANG2, angiopoietin-2
- APCs, antigen-presenting cells
- Ab, antibodies
- Ag, antigen
- AuNCs, gold nanocages
- AuNPs, gold nanoparticles
- BBB, blood-brain barrier
- BTK, Bruton's tyrosine kinase
- Bcl-2, B-cell lymphoma 2
- CAFs, cancer associated fibroblasts
- CAP, cleavable amphiphilic peptide
- CAR-T, Chimeric antigen receptor-modified T-cell therapy
- CCL, chemoattractant chemokines ligand
- CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocytes
- CTLA4, cytotoxic lymphocyte antigen 4
- CaCO3, calcium carbonate
- Cancer immunotherapy
- DCs, dendritic cells
- DMMA, 2,3-dimethylmaleic anhydrid
- DMXAA, 5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid
- DSF/Cu, disulfiram/copper
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- EMT, epithelial-mesenchymal transition
- EPG, egg phosphatidylglycerol
- EPR, enhanced permeability and retention
- FAP, fibroblast activation protein
- FDA, the Food and Drug Administration
- HA, hyaluronic acid
- HB-GFs, heparin-binding growth factors
- HIF, hypoxia-inducible factor
- HPMA, N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide
- HSA, human serum albumin
- Hypoxia
- IBR, Ibrutinib
- IFN-γ, interferon-γ
- IFP, interstitial fluid pressure
- IL, interleukin
- LMWH, low molecular weight heparin
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- M2NP, M2-like TAM dual-targeting nanoparticle
- MCMC, mannosylated carboxymethyl chitosan
- MDSCs, myeloid-derived suppressor cells
- MPs, microparticles
- MnO2, manganese dioxide
- NF-κB, nuclear factor κB
- NK, nature killer
- NO, nitric oxide
- NPs, nanoparticles
- Nanoparticles
- ODN, oligodeoxynucleotides
- PD-1, programmed cell death protein 1
- PDT, photodynamic therapy
- PFC, perfluorocarbon
- PHDs, prolyl hydroxylases
- PLGA, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)
- PS, photosensitizer
- PSCs, pancreatic stellate cells
- PTX, paclitaxel
- RBC, red-blood-cell
- RLX, relaxin-2
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SA, sialic acid
- SPARC, secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine
- TAAs, tumor-associated antigens
- TAMs, tumor-associated macrophages
- TDPA, tumor-derived protein antigens
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor β
- TIE2, tyrosine kinase with immunoglobulin and epidermal growth factor homology domain 2
- TIM-3, T cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain-3
- TLR, Toll-like receptor
- TME, tumor microenvironment
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha
- TfR, transferrin receptor
- Tregs, regulatory T cells
- Tumor microenvironment
- UPS-NP, ultra-pH-sensitive nanoparticle
- VDA, vasculature disrupting agent
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- cDCs, conventional dendritic cells
- melittin-NP, melittin-lipid nanoparticle
- nMOFs, nanoscale metal-organic frameworks
- scFv, single-chain variable fragment
- siRNA, small interfering RNA
- tdLNs, tumor-draining lymph nodes
- α-SMA, alpha-smooth muscle actin
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Akiba H, Takayanagi K, Kusano-Arai O, Iwanari H, Hamakubo T, Tsumoto K. Generation of biparatopic antibody through two-step targeting of fragment antibodies on antigen using SpyTag and SpyCatcher. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 25:e00418. [PMID: 31993343 PMCID: PMC6976922 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2020.e00418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Biparatopic fragment antibodies can overcome deficiencies in avidity of conventional antibody fragments. Here, we describe a technology for generating biparatopic antibodies through two-step targeting using a pair of polypeptides, SpyTag and SpyCatcher, that spontaneously react to form a covalent bond between antibody fragments. In this method, two antibody fragments, each targeting different epitopes of the antigen, are fused to SpyTag and to SpyCatcher. When the two polypeptides are serially added to the antigen, their proximity on the antigen results in covalent bond formation and generation of a biparatopic antibody. We validated the system with purified recombinant antigen. Results in antigen-overexpressing cells were promising although further optimization will be required. Because this strategy results in high-affinity targeting with a bipartite molecule that has considerably lower molecular weight than an antibody, this technology is potentially useful for diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Akiba
- Center for Drug Design Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan.,Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kensuke Takayanagi
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Osamu Kusano-Arai
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8904, Japan
| | - Hiroko Iwanari
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8904, Japan
| | - Takao Hamakubo
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8904, Japan.,Department of Protein-protein Interaction Research, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Nippon Medical School, 1-396 Kosugimachi, Nakahara-ku, Kawasaki, 211-8533, Japan
| | - Kouhei Tsumoto
- Center for Drug Design Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan.,Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.,Medical Proteomics Laboratory, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
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Sun W, Yang Z, Lin H, Liu M, Zhao C, Hou X, Hu Z, Cui B. Improvement in affinity and thermostability of a fully human antibody against interleukin-17A by yeast-display technology and CDR grafting. Acta Pharm Sin B 2019; 9:960-972. [PMID: 31649846 PMCID: PMC6804450 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are widely used in many fields due to their high specificity and ability to recognize a broad range of antigens. IL-17A can induce a rapid inflammatory response both alone and synergistically with other proinflammatory cytokines. Accumulating evidence suggests that therapeutic intervention of IL-17A signaling offers an attractive treatment option for autoimmune diseases and cancer. Here, we present a combinatorial approach for optimizing the affinity and thermostability of a novel anti-hIL-17A antibody. From a large naïve phage-displayed library, we isolated the anti-IL-17A mAb 7H9 that can neutralize the effects of recombinant human IL-17A. However, the modest neutralization potency and poor thermostability limit its therapeutic applications. In vitro affinity optimization was then used to generate 8D3 by using yeast-displayed random mutagenesis libraries. This resulted in four key amino acid changes and provided an approximately 15-fold potency increase in a cell-based neutralization assay. Complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) of 8D3 were further grafted onto the stable framework of the huFv 4D5 to improve thermostability. The resulting hybrid antibody 9NT/S has superior stabilization and affinities beyond its original antibody. Human fibrosarcoma cell-based assays and in vivo analyses in mice indicated that the anti-IL-17A antibody 9NT/S efficiently inhibited the secretion of IL-17A-induced proinflammatory cytokines. Therefore, this lead anti-IL-17A mAb might be used as a potential best-in-class candidate for treating IL-17A related diseases.
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Key Words
- AIN457, secukinumab
- Antibody engineering
- Antibody maturation
- CDR grafting
- CDRs, complementarity-determining regions
- FACS, fluorescent-activated cell sorting
- HC, heavy chain
- HRP, horse radish peroxidase
- KD, dissociation constant
- Koff, the dissociation rate constant
- Kon, the association rate constant
- LC, light chain
- LY2439821, ixekizumab
- MACS, magnetic-activated cell sorting
- MFI, mean fluorescence intensity
- Monoclonal antibody
- Phage display
- VH, the variable regions of heavy chains
- VL, the variable regions of light chains
- YSD, yeast surface display
- Yeast surface display
- mAbs, monoclonal antibodies
- scFv, single-chain variable fragment
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bing Cui
- Corresponding author. Tel./fax: +86 10 83165034.
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Jin Z, Xu L, Li Y. Approaches for generation of anti-leukemia specific T cells. Cell Regen 2019; 7:40-44. [PMID: 30671229 PMCID: PMC6326242 DOI: 10.1016/j.cr.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
As three decades ago, it was reported that adoptive T cell immunotherapy by infusion of autologous tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) mediated objective cancer regression in patients with metastatic melanoma. A new era of T cell immunotherapy arose since the improvement and clinical use of anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T) for the treatment of refractory and relapsed B lymphocyte leukemia. However, several challenges and difficulties remain on the way to reach generic and effective T cell immunotherapy, including lacking a generic method for generating anti-leukemia-specific T cells from every patient. Here, we summarize the current methods of generating anti-leukemia-specific T cells, and the promising approaches in the future.
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Key Words
- ACT, adoptive cellular immunotherapy
- APL, promyelocytic leukemia
- Anti-leukemia T cell
- B-ALL, cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia
- CAR-T
- CAR-T, chimeric antigen receptor T cells
- CML, chronic myelogenous leukemia
- CR, complete remission
- CTLs, cytotoxic T cells
- DLI, donor lymphocyte infusion
- FLT3-ITD, FLT3 internal tandem duplication
- GVHD, graft-versus-host disease
- GVL, graft-versus-leukemia
- HLA, human leukocyte antigen
- HPCs, hematopoietic progenitor cells
- IL-2, interleukin-2
- Ig, immunoglobulin
- T cell immunotherapy
- T cell reprogramming
- TAA, tumor-associated antigen
- TCR-T
- TCR-T, TCR gene-modified T cell
- TIL, infiltrating lymphocytes
- TKI, tyrosine kinase inhibitor
- WT1, Wilm's tumor antigen 1
- allo-HSCT, allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
- hESC, human embryonic stem cell
- iPSCs, induced pluripotent stem cells
- iTs, induced functional T cells
- scFv, single-chain variable fragment
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyi Jin
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education; Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine; Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.,Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Postdoctoral Research Station, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Ling Xu
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education; Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine; Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.,Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yangqiu Li
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education; Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine; Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.,Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
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Reusch U, Duell J, Ellwanger K, Herbrecht C, Knackmuss SH, Fucek I, Eser M, McAleese F, Molkenthin V, Gall FL, Topp M, Little M, Zhukovsky EA. A tetravalent bispecific TandAb (CD19/CD3), AFM11, efficiently recruits T cells for the potent lysis of CD19(+) tumor cells. MAbs 2016; 7:584-604. [PMID: 25875246 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2015.1029216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
To harness the potent tumor-killing capacity of T cells for the treatment of CD19(+) malignancies, we constructed AFM11, a humanized tetravalent bispecific CD19/CD3 tandem diabody (TandAb) consisting solely of Fv domains. The molecule exhibits good manufacturability and stability properties. AFM11 has 2 binding sites for CD3 and 2 for CD19, an antigen that is expressed from early B cell development through differentiation into plasma cells, and is an attractive alternative to CD20 as a target for the development of therapeutic antibodies to treat B cell malignancies. Comparison of the binding and cytotoxicity of AFM11 with those of a tandem scFv bispecific T cell engager (BiTE) molecule targeting the same antigens revealed that AFM11 elicited more potent in vitro B cell lysis. Though possessing high affinity to CD3, the TandAb mediates serial-killing of CD19(+) cells with little dependence of potency or efficacy upon effector:target ratio, unlike the BiTE. The advantage of the TandAb over the BiTE was most pronounced at lower effector:target ratios. AFM11 mediated strictly target-dependent T cell activation evidenced by CD25 and CD69 induction, proliferation, and cytokine release, notwithstanding bivalent CD3 engagement. In a NOD/scid xenograft model, AFM11 induced dose-dependent growth inhibition of Raji tumors in vivo, and radiolabeled TandAb exhibited excellent localization to tumor but not to normal tissue. After intravenous administration in mice, half-life ranged from 18.4 to 22.9 h. In a human ex vivo B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia study, AFM11 exhibited substantial cytotoxic activity in an autologous setting. Thus, AFM11 may represent a promising therapeutic for treatment of CD19(+) malignancies with an advantageous safety risk profile and anticipated dosing regimen.
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Key Words
- ALL
- AUCtot, total area under the curve
- B-ALL, B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia
- BBB, blood-brain barrier
- BiTE, bispecific T cell engager
- CAR, chimeric antigen receptor
- CCS, cell culture supernatant
- CD, cluster of differentiation
- CD3
- CDR, complementarity determining region
- CHO, Chinese hamster ovary
- CL, clearance
- CLL, chronic lymphocytic leukemia
- CNS, central nervous system
- Cmax, maximal concentration
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- E:T, effector:target
- EC50, half maximal effective concentration
- ECL, electrochemiluminescence
- F, fluorescence
- FACS, fluorescence-activated cell sorting
- FCS, fetal calf serum
- FR, framework region
- Fab, fragment antigen-binding
- Fc, fragment crystallizable
- FcRn, neonatal Fc receptor
- FcgR, Fc gamma receptor
- Fv, variable fragment
- HMF, high molecular weight forms
- HSA, human serum albumin
- His, histidine
- IFN, interferon
- IL, interleukin
- IgG, immunoglobulin G
- KD, dissociation constant
- LMF, low molecular weight forms
- MSD, MesoScale Discovery
- MWCO, molecular weight cut-off
- NHL, non-Hodgkin lymphoma
- NK, natural killer
- NOD/scid, nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency
- Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
- ORR, overall response rate
- PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cell
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- PES, polyethersulfone
- PHA, phytohemagglutinin
- PI, propidium iodide
- SABC, standardized antibody binding capacity
- SD, standard deviation
- SDS-PAGE, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- SE-HPLC, size exclusion high-pressure liquid chromatography
- SEC, size exclusion chromatography
- SPR, surface plasmon resonance
- T cells
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- TandAb, tandem diabody
- VH, variable heavy
- VL, variable light
- Vss, volume of distribution at steady state
- WBA, whole body autoradiography
- bispecific antibodies
- ctrl., control
- i.v., intravenous
- ka, association rate constant
- kd, dissociation rate constant
- s.c., subcutaneous
- scFv, single-chain variable fragment
- t1/2, terminal elimination half-life
- w/o, without
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Reusch
- a Affimed Therapeutics AG ; Heidelberg , Germany
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Wiersma VR, de Bruyn M, Shi C, Gooden MJM, Wouters MCA, Samplonius DF, Hendriks D, Nijman HW, Wei Y, Zhou J, Helfrich W, Bremer E. C-type lectin-like molecule-1 (CLL1)-targeted TRAIL augments the tumoricidal activity of granulocytes and potentiates therapeutic antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. MAbs 2015; 7:321-30. [PMID: 25760768 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2015.1007811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic effect of anti-cancer monoclonal antibodies stems from their capacity to opsonize targeted cancer cells with subsequent phagocytic removal, induction of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) or induction of complement-mediated cytotoxicity (CDC). The major immune effector cells involved in these processes are natural killer (NK) cells and granulocytes. The latter and most prevalent blood cell population contributes to phagocytosis, but is not effective in inducing ADCC. Here, we report that targeted delivery of the tumoricidal protein tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) to granulocyte marker C-type lectin-like molecule-1 (CLL1), using fusion protein CLL1:TRAIL, equips granulocytes with high levels of TRAIL. Upon CLL1-selective binding of this fusion protein, granulocytes acquire additional TRAIL-mediated cytotoxic activity that, importantly, potentiates antibody-mediated cytotoxicity of clinically used therapeutic antibodies (e.g., rituximab, cetuximab). Thus, CLL1:TRAIL could be used as an adjuvant to optimize the clinical potential of anticancer antibody therapy by augmenting tumoricidal activity of granulocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie R Wiersma
- a University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG) ; Department of Surgery; Translational Surgical Oncology ; Groningen , The Netherlands
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Abstract
pH-dependent antibodies are engineered to release their target at a slightly acidic pH, a property making them suitable for clinical as well as biotechnological applications. Such antibodies were previously obtained by histidine scanning of pre-existing antibodies, a labor-intensive strategy resulting in antibodies that displayed residual binding to their target at pH 6.0. We report here the de novo isolation of pH-dependent antibodies selected by phage display from libraries enriched in histidines. Strongly pH-dependent clones with various affinity profiles against CXCL10 were isolated by this method. Our best candidate has nanomolar affinity for CXCL10 at pH 7.2, but no residual binding was detected at pH 6.0. We therefore propose that this new process is an efficient strategy to generate pH-dependent antibodies.
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Key Words
- BLI, bio-layer interferometry
- CDR, complementary determining region
- CDRH, CDR of the heavy chain
- CDRL, CDR of the light chain
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- GPCR, G protein-coupled receptor
- KB, kinetic buffer
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- SPR, surface plasmon resonance
- antibody recycling
- chemokine
- histidine
- mAb, monoclonal antibody
- monoclonal antibody
- pH-dependency
- phage display
- phage libraries
- scFv, single-chain variable fragment
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Boshuizen RS, Marsden C, Turkstra J, Rossant CJ, Slootstra J, Copley C, Schwamborn K. A combination of in vitro techniques for efficient discovery of functional monoclonal antibodies against human CXC chemokine receptor-2 (CXCR2). MAbs 2015; 6:1415-24. [PMID: 25484047 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.36237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Development of functional monoclonal antibodies against intractable GPCR targets. RESULTS Identification of structured peptides mimicking the ligand binding site, their use in panning to enrich for a population of binders, and the subsequent challenge of this population with receptor overexpressing cells leads to functional monoclonal antibodies. CONCLUSION The combination of techniques provides a successful strategic approach for the development of functional monoclonal antibodies against CXCR2 in a relatively small campaign. SIGNIFICANCE The presented combination of techniques might be applicable for other, notoriously difficult, GPCR targets. SUMMARY The CXC chemokine receptor-2 (CXCR2) is a member of the large 'family A' of G-protein-coupled-receptors and is overexpressed in various types of cancer cells. CXCR2 is activated by binding of a number of ligands, including interleukin 8 (IL-8) and growth-related protein α (Gro-α). Monoclonal antibodies capable of blocking the ligand-receptor interaction are therefore of therapeutic interest; however, the development of biological active antibodies against highly structured GPCR proteins is challenging. Here we present a combination of techniques that improve the discovery of functional monoclonal antibodies against the native CXCR2 receptor. The IL-8 binding site of CXCR2 was identified by screening peptide libraries with the IL-8 ligand, and then reconstructed as soluble synthetic peptides. These peptides were used as antigens to probe an antibody fragment phage display library to obtain subpopulations binding to the IL-8 binding site of CXCR2. Further enrichment of the phage population was achieved by an additional selection round with CXCR2 overexpressing cells as a different antigen source. The scFvs from the CXCR2 specific phage clones were sequenced and converted into monoclonal antibodies. The obtained antibodies bound specifically to CXCR2 expressing cells and inhibited the IL-8 and Gro-α induced ß-arrestin recruitment with IC50 values of 0.3 and 0.2 nM, respectively, and were significantly more potent than the murine monoclonal antibodies (18 and 19 nM, respectively) obtained by the classical hybridoma technique, elicited with the same peptide antigen. According to epitope mapping studies, the antibody efficacy is largely defined by N-terminal epitopes comprising the IL-8 and Gro-α binding sites. The presented strategic combination of in vitro techniques, including the use of different antigen sources, is a powerful alternative for the development of functional monoclonal antibodies by the classical hybridoma technique, and might be applicable to other GPCR targets.
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Key Words
- ABTS, 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- CLIPS™, Chemical LInkage of Peptides onto Scaffolds
- CXCR2
- ECL, extracellular loop
- EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay
- Fmoc, fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl
- GPCR
- GPCR, G-protein coupled receptor
- Gro-α, growth-related protein α
- IL-8, interleukin 8
- IPTG, isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside
- MFI, mean fluorescence intensity
- PBS, phosphate buffer saline
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- PEG, polyethyleneglycol
- TES, 2-[[1,3-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)propan-2-yl]amino]ethanesulfonic acid
- TRIS, tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane
- ligand inhibition
- monoclonal antibody
- phage display library
- scFv, single-chain variable fragment
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Martinelli C, Colombo E, Piccini D, Sironi C, Pelicci PG, de Marco A. An intrabody specific for the nucleophosmin carboxy-terminal mutant and fused to a nuclear localization sequence binds its antigen but fails to relocate it in the nucleus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [PMID: 28626645 PMCID: PMC5466097 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A scFv intrabody specific for the NPMc+ mutant NES sequence was isolated. It was expressed as a fusion with a NLS and such construct accumulates in the nucleus. The scFv-NLS fusion binds its antigen in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. The complex shuttles to the nucleus but accumulates in the cytoplasm. Stronger NLS should be developed to revert the strength of pathogenic NES.
The cytoplasmic accumulation of NPM1 (NPMc+) is found in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with NPM1 mutation. NPM1 must shuttle between nucleus and cytoplasm to assure physiological protein synthesis and, therefore, the elimination of NPMc+ is not a suitable therapeutic option. We isolated, characterized, and produced a functional scFv intrabody fused to nuclear localization signal(s) (NLS) that does not recognize NPM1 but binds to the mutant-specific C-terminal NES (nuclear export signal) of NPMc+, responsible for its cytoplasmic accumulation. The scFv-NLS fusion accumulated in the nuclei of wild type cells and strongly bound to its antigen in the cytoplasm of NPMc+ expressing cells. However, it failed to relocate the majority of NPMc+ in the nucleus, even when fused to four NLS. Our results show the technical feasibility of producing recombinant intrabodies with defined sub-cellular targeting and nuclear accumulation but the lack of information concerning the features that confer variable strength to the signal peptides impairs the development of biomolecules able to counteract pathological sub-cellular distribution of shuttling proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emanuela Colombo
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy.,Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Cristina Sironi
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Pier Giuseppe Pelicci
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy.,Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Ario de Marco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Nova Gorica, Glavni Trg 9, SI-5261 Vipava, Slovenia
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