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Wang X, Yuwen TJ, Zhong Y, Li ZG, Wang XY. A new method for predicting the prognosis of colorectal cancer patients through a combination of multiple tumor-associated macrophage markers at the invasive front. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13211. [PMID: 36798759 PMCID: PMC9925966 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are closely related to tumorigenesis and metastasis of multiple cancer types. The infiltration of TAMs is used for predicting the prognosis of cancers, including colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the density and prognostic significance of M1 and M2 TAM phenotypes in the intratumor versus the invasive front (IF) are largely unknown in CRC. In this study, CD68 was selected as a general marker of TAMs, CD11c, NOS2 and CXCL10 as markers for M1 phenotype and CD163, CD206, CD115 as markers for M2 phenotype. Firstly, immunohistochemistry staining and double-labeling immunofluorescence staining showed that M1 molecular markers (NOS2, CXCL10, CD11c) were lowly expressed at both IF and intratumor, while M2 molecular markers (CD163, CD206, CD115) were highly expressed mainly at IF. Moreover, we also demonstrated that three M1 molecular markers including NOS2, CXCL10 and CD11c were correlated to each other. Meanwhile, three M2 molecular markers including CD163, CD206, and CD115 were also correlated to each other. Patients with low expression of three M1 molecular markers (NOS2/CXCL10/CD11c) exhibited low overall survival (OS) rate, whereas patients with high expression of three M2 molecular markers (CD163/CD206/CD115) exhibited low OS rate. We also observed that the prognostic value of treble markers combination (NOS2/CXCL10/CD11c or CD163/CD206/CD115) was superior to that of single marker. Together, our results reveal the combination of treble TAMs markers (NOS2/CXCL10/CD11c or CD163/CD206/CD115) could better evaluate the prognosis of CRC patients, which might be used as a more comprehensive method for predicting the prognosis of CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wang
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China,Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China,Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Tian-jiao Yuwen
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China,Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China,Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Yan Zhong
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China,Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China,Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China,Department of Pathology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518100, China
| | - Zu-Guo Li
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China,Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China,Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China,Department of Pathology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518100, China,Corresponding author. Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Xiao-Yan Wang
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China,Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China,Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China,Corresponding author. Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China.
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Yang H, Kang B, Ha Y, Lee SH, Kim I, Kim H, Lee WS, Kim G, Jung S, Rha SY, Gaillard VE, Cheon J, Kim C, Chon HJ. High serum IL-6 correlates with reduced clinical benefit of atezolizumab and bevacizumab in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. JHEP Rep 2023; 5:100672. [PMID: 36866388 PMCID: PMC9972403 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2023.100672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims We elucidated the clinical and immunologic implications of serum IL-6 levels in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treated with atezolizumab and bevacizumab (Ate/Bev). Methods We prospectively enrolled 165 patients with unresectable HCC (discovery cohort: 84 patients from three centres; validation cohort: 81 patients from one centre). Baseline blood samples were analysed using a flow cytometric bead array. The tumour immune microenvironment was analysed using RNA sequencing. Results In the discovery cohort, clinical benefit 6 months (CB6m) was defined as complete or partial response, or stable disease for ≥6 months. Among various blood-based biomarkers, serum IL-6 levels were significantly higher in participants without CB6m than in those with CB6m (mean 11.56 vs. 5.05 pg/ml, p = 0.02). Using maximally selected rank statistics, the optimal cut-off value for high IL-6 was determined as 18.49 pg/ml, and 15.2% of participants were found to have high IL-6 levels at baseline. In both the discovery and validation cohorts, participants with high baseline IL-6 levels had a reduced response rate and worse progression-free and overall survival after Ate/Bev treatment compared with those with low baseline IL-6 levels. In multivariable Cox regression analysis, the clinical implications of high IL-6 levels persisted, even after adjusting for various confounding factors. Participants with high IL-6 levels showed reduced interferon-γ and tumour necrosis factor-α secretion from CD8+ T cells. Moreover, excess IL-6 suppressed cytokine production and proliferation of CD8+ T cells. Finally, participants with high IL-6 levels exhibited a non-T-cell-inflamed immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment. Conclusions High baseline IL-6 levels can be associated with poor clinical outcomes and impaired T-cell function in patients with unresectable HCC after Ate/Bev treatment. Impact and implications Although patients with hepatocellular carcinoma who respond to treatment with atezolizumab and bevacizumab exhibit favourable clinical outcomes, a fraction of these still experience primary resistance. We found that high baseline serum levels of IL-6 correlate with poor clinical outcomes and impaired T-cell response in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma treated with atezolizumab and bevacizumab.
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Key Words
- AFP, alpha-foetoprotein
- Ate/Bev, atezolizumab and bevacizumab
- Atezolizumab
- BCLC, Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer
- Bevacizumab
- CB6m, clinical benefit 6 months
- CONSORT, Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials
- CR, complete response
- CRAFITY, C-reactive protein and AFP in immunotherapy
- CTLA-4, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4
- DC, dendritic cell
- ECOG, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group
- FFPE, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- HR, hazard ratio
- Hepatocellular carcinoma
- IFN-γ, interferon-γ
- IL-6
- Immunotherapy
- MDSC, myeloid-derived suppressor cell
- MSI, microsatellite instability
- MVI, macrovascular invasion
- ORR, objective response rate
- OS, overall survival
- PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cell
- PD, progressive disease
- PD-1, programmed-death-1
- PD-L1, programmed-death ligand-1
- PFS, progression-free survival
- PR, partial response
- RECIST, Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumours
- SD, stable disease
- TME, tumour microenvironment
- TNF-α, tumour necrosis factor-α
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Yang
- Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Beodeul Kang
- Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea,Yonsei Graduate School, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonjung Ha
- Department of Gastroenterology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hwan Lee
- Department of Surgery, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Ilhwan Kim
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University College of Medicine, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeyeong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Suk Lee
- Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwangil Kim
- Department of Pathology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghoon Jung
- Department of Radiology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Young Rha
- Yonsei Graduate School, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Division of Medical Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jaekyung Cheon
- Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea,Corresponding authors. Address: Medical Oncology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, 59 Yatap-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 13496, Republic of Korea. Tel.: +82-31-780-7590; Fax: +82-31-780-3929.
| | - Chan Kim
- Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea,Corresponding authors. Address: Medical Oncology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, 59 Yatap-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 13496, Republic of Korea. Tel.: +82-31-780-7590; Fax: +82-31-780-3929.
| | - Hong Jae Chon
- Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea,Corresponding authors. Address: Medical Oncology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, 59 Yatap-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 13496, Republic of Korea. Tel.: +82-31-780-7590; Fax: +82-31-780-3929.
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Sridhar S, Wu S, Situ J, Shun EHK, Li Z, Zhang AJX, Hui K, Fong CHY, Poon VKM, Chew NFS, Yip CCY, Chan WM, Cai JP, Yuen KY. A small animal model of chronic hepatitis E infection using immunocompromised rats. JHEP Rep 2022; 4:100546. [PMID: 36052220 PMCID: PMC9424580 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2022.100546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims HEV variants such as swine genotypes within Paslahepevirus species balayani (HEV-A) and rat HEV (Rocahepevirus ratti; HEV-C1) cause chronic hepatitis E in immunocompromised individuals. There are few reliable and accessible small animal models that accurately reflect chronic HEV infection. We aimed to develop an immunocompromised rat model of chronic hepatitis E infection. Methods In this animal model infection study, rats were immunosuppressed with a drug combination (prednisolone, tacrolimus, and mycophenolate mofetil) commonly taken by transplant recipients. Rats were challenged with human- and rat-derived HEV-C1 strains or a human-derived HEV-A strain. Viral load, liver function, liver histology, humoural, and cellular immune responses were monitored. Results A high-dose (HD) immunosuppressive regimen consistently prolonged human- and rat-derived HEV-C1 infection in rats (up to 12 weeks post infection) compared with transient infections in low-dose (LD) immunosuppressant-treated and immunocompetent (IC) rats. Mean HEV-C1 viral loads in stool, serum, and liver tissue were higher in HD regimen-treated rats than in LD or IC rats (p <0.05). Alanine aminotransferase elevation was observed in chronically infected rats, which was consistent with histological hepatitis and HEV-C1 antigen expression in liver tissue. None (0/6) of the HD regimen-treated, 5/6 LD regimen-treated, and 6/6 IC rats developed antibodies to HEV-C1 in species-specific immunoblots. Reversal of immunosuppression was associated with clearance of viraemia and restoration of HEV-C1-specific humoural and cellular immune responses in HD regimen-treated rats, mimicking patterns in treated patients with chronic hepatitis E. Viral load suppression was observed with i.p. ribavirin treatment. HD regimen-treated rats remained unsusceptible to HEV-A infection. Conclusions We developed a scalable immunosuppressed rat model of chronic hepatitis E that closely mimics this infection phenotype in transplant recipients. Lay summary Convenient small animal models are required for the study of chronic hepatitis E in humans. We developed an animal model of chronic hepatitis E by suppressing immune responses of rats with drugs commonly taken by humans as organ transplant rejection prophylaxis. This model closely mimicked features of chronic hepatitis E in humans. Chronic HEV infection is challenging to model with small animals. Rats can be immunocompromised by transplant rejection drugs taken by patients. This model supports chronic rat HEV infection robustly and consistently. Immunosuppression in this model is scalable, reversible, and responsive to ribavirin.
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Key Words
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- HD, high dose
- HEV
- HEV, hepatitis E virus
- HEV-A, Paslahepevirus balayani
- HEV-C1
- HEV-C1, Rocahepevirus ratti genotype 1
- IC, immunocompetent
- IFN-γ, interferon-γ
- Immunosuppression
- LD, low dose
- MMF, mycophenolate mofetil
- Orthohepevirus C
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- Rat hepatitis E
- Ribavirin
- Rocahepevirus ratti
- VTM, virus transport medium
- dpi, days post infection
- rRT-PCR, real-time reverse-transcription PCR
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Sridhar
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shusheng Wu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jianwen Situ
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Estie Hon-Kiu Shun
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhiyu Li
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Anna Jin-Xia Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kyle Hui
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Carol Ho-Yan Fong
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Vincent Kwok-Man Poon
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nicholas Foo-Siong Chew
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Cyril Chik-Yan Yip
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wan-Mui Chan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jian-Piao Cai
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,The Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Shen Y, Qi X, Wu J, Gao Y, Shao L, Zhang W, Wang S. Effect of adjusted cut-offs of interferon-γ release assays on diagnosis of tuberculosis in patients with fever of unknown origin. J Clin Tuberc Other Mycobact Dis 2022; 26:100290. [PMID: 35005253 PMCID: PMC8717605 DOI: 10.1016/j.jctube.2021.100290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading cause of fever of unknown origin (FUO). In recent years, interferon-γ release assays (IGRAs) have been widely utilized and the cut-off values given by the manufacturers are set in countries where rates of TB are not as high. Methods A prospective cohort study was conducted in a Chinese general hospital to evaluate the diagnostic performance of T-SPOT.TB (T-SPOT) and QuantiFERON-TB Gold (QFT) in detecting active TB (ATB) in a high TB endemic area. Test results were compared with the culture and clinically confirmed diagnosis. Further, we explored an alternative method of interpreting IGRAs by increasing the cut-off values. Results The sensitivity and specificity of T-SPOT in detecting ATB were 85.3% (95% CI 81.6–94.0%) and 71.8% (95% CI 67.3–76.0%), respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of QFT were 72.3% (95% CI 62.8–80.1%) and 77.0% (95% CI 72.7–80.8%), respectively. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was used for evaluation of different cut-off values. When the cut-off values were adjusted as 125 spot-forming cells (SFCs)/ 2.5*105 cells for T-SPOT and 4.0 IU/ml for QFT, the specificity could be improved to > 90.0% (90.3% and 94.1%, respectively), and the sensitivity were 43.1% and 41.6%, respectively. The new adjusted cut-off values were validated in another independent validation cohort. Conclusion The adjusted cut-off values of the two assays considerably improved the diagnostic value when applied to FUO patients in clinical settings.
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Key Words
- ATB, active tuberculosis
- BCG, Bacillus Calmette–Guérin
- CFP-10, culture filtrate protein
- CNS, central nervous system
- EPTB, extrapulmonary tuberculosis
- ESAT-6, early secreted antigenic target 6
- FUO, fever of unknown origin
- IFN-γ, interferon-γ
- IGRAs, interferon-γ release assays
- Interferon-γ release assay
- LTBI, latent tuberculosis infection
- Mtb, Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- PBMCs, peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- PTB, pulmonary tuberculosis
- QFT, QuantiFERON-TB Gold
- QuantiFERON-TB Gold
- ROC, receiver operating characteristic
- SFC, spot-forming cells
- T-SPOT, T-SPOT®.TB
- T-SPOT.TB
- TB, tuberculosis
- TST, Tuberculin skin test
- Tuberculosis
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaojie Shen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Xiao Qi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Lingyun Shao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, Shanghai 200040, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Wenhong Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, Shanghai 200040, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Sen Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, Shanghai 200040, China
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Ren H, Yong J, Yang Q, Yang Z, Liu Z, Xu Y, Wang H, Jiang X, Miao W, Li X. Self-assembled FeS-based cascade bioreactor with enhanced tumor penetration and synergistic treatments to trigger robust cancer immunotherapy. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:3244-61. [PMID: 34729313 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Major challenges for cancer treatment are how to effectively eliminate primary tumor and sufficiently induce immunogenic cell death (ICD) to provoke a robust immune response for metastasis control. Here, a self-assembled cascade bioreactor was developed to improve cancer treatment with enhanced tumor penetration and synergistic therapy of starvation, chemodynamic (CDT) and photothermal therapy. Ultrasmall FeS-GOx nanodots were synthesized with glucose oxidase (GOx) as template and induced by paclitaxel (PTX) to form self-assembling FeS-GOx@PTX (FGP) via hydrophobic interaction. After accumulated at tumor sites, FGP disassembles to smaller FeS-GOx for enhanced deep tumor penetration. GOx maintains high enzymatic activity to catalyze glucose with assistant of oxygen to generate hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as starvation therapy. Fenton reaction involving the regenerated H2O2 in turn produced more hydroxyl radicals for enhanced CDT. Following near-infrared laser at 808 nm, FGPs displayed pronounced tumor inhibition in vitro and in vivo by the combination therapy. The consequent increased exposure to calreticulin amplified ICD and promoted dendritic cells maturation. In combination with anti-CTLA4 checkpoint blockade, FGP can absolutely eliminate primary tumor and avidly inhibit distant tumors due to the enhanced intratumoral infiltration of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Our work presents a promising strategy for primary tumor and metastasis inhibition.
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Key Words
- ALP, alkaline phosphatise
- ALT, alanine transaminase
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- BUN, blood urea nitrogen
- CDT, chemodynamic therapy
- CLSM, confocal laser scanning microscope
- CREA, creatinine
- CRT, calreticulin
- CTLA-4, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4
- CTLs, cytotoxic T lymphocytes
- Cancer immunotherapy
- Ce6, Chlorin e6
- DAMPs, damage-related molecular patterns
- DAPI, 2-(4-amidinophenyl)-6-indolecarbamidine dihydrochloride
- DCs, dendritic cells
- DLS, dynamic light scattering
- DMPO, dimethyl pyridine N-oxide
- EDC, 1-ethyl-3-(3ʹ-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide
- EDS, energy-dispersive spectrometry
- EPR, enhanced permeability and retention
- ESR, electron spin resonance
- FG, FeS-GOx nanodots
- FGP, FeS-GOx@PTX nanoparticles
- FITC, fluorescein Isothiocyanate
- FeCl2·4H2O, iron dichloride tetrahydrate
- FeS-based cascade bioreactor
- GOx, glucose oxidase
- Glu, glucose
- Glucose oxidase
- H&E, hematoxylin and eosin
- H2DCFDA, 2,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein acetoacetic acid
- HMGB-1, high mobility group box protein 1
- HPF, 2-[6-(4,-hydroxy) phenoxy-3H-xanthene-3-on-9-yl
- HSA, human serum albumin
- ICB, immune checkpoint blockade
- ICD amplifier
- ICD, immunogenic cell death
- IFN-γ, interferon-γ
- MB, methylene blue
- MCTS, multicellular tumor spheroids
- MFI, median fluorescence Intensity
- Metastasis inhibition
- NHS, N-hydroxy succinimide
- Na2S, sodium sulfide
- OH, hydroxyl
- PBS, phosphate buffer saline
- PTT, photothermal therapy
- PTX, paclitaxel
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SEM, scanning electron microscope
- Synergistic therapy
- TAA, tumor-associated antigens
- TDLN, tumor-draining lymph nodes
- TEM, transmission microscope
- TMB, 3,3ʹ,5,5ʹ-tetramathylbenzidine
- TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling
- Tumor penetration
- XPS, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
- XRD, X-ray diffraction patterns
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Chen J, Qiao Y, Chen G, Chang C, Dong H, Tang B, Cheng X, Liu X, Hua Z. Salmonella flagella confer anti-tumor immunological effect via activating Flagellin/TLR5 signalling within tumor microenvironment. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:3165-3177. [PMID: 34729307 PMCID: PMC8546927 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
mediated cancer therapy has achieved remarkable anti-tumor effects in experimental animal models, but the detailed mechanism remains unsolved. In this report, the active involvement of the host immune response in this process was confirmed by comparing the tumor-suppressive effects of Salmonella in immunocompetent and immunodeficient mice bearing melanoma allografts. Since flagella are key inducers of the host immune response during bacterial infection, flagella were genetically disrupted to analyse their involvement in Salmonella-mediated cancer therapy. The results showed that flagellum-deficient strains failed to induce significant anti-tumor effects, even when more bacteria were administered to offset the difference in invasion efficiency. Flagella mainly activate immune cells via Flagellin/Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) signalling pathway. Indeed, we showed that exogenous activation of TLR5 signalling by recombinant Flagellin and exogenous expression of TLR5 both enhanced the therapeutic efficacy of flagellum-deficient Salmonella against melanoma. Our study highlighted the therapeutic value of the interaction between Salmonella and the host immune response through Flagellin/TLR5 signalling pathway during Salmonella-mediated cancer therapy, thereby suggesting the potential application of TLR5 agonists in the cancer immune therapy.
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Key Words
- AKT, Akt serine/threonine kinase
- Bacteria-mediated cancer therapy
- CFU, colony-forming units
- CTLA-4, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4
- Cancer immune therapy
- DN, dominant-negative
- ERBB2, Erb-B2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2
- ERKl, extracellular regulated protein kinase 1
- Flagellin
- Flagellum
- GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- IFN-γ, interferon-γ
- IL, interleukins
- IκB, inhibitor of NF-κB
- JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- LRR, leucine-rich repeat
- MyD88, myeloid differentiation factor 88
- NF-κB
- NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-B
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- PD-1, programmed cell death protein-1
- PD-L1, programmed cell death-ligand 1
- PEI, polyethylenimine
- Salmonella
- TIR, Toll/Interleukin-1 receptor
- TLR, Toll-like receptor
- TLR5
- TME, tumor microenvironment
- TRAF6, TNF receptor associated factor 6
- VNP20009
- i.p., intraperitoneally
- i.t., intratumorally
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Zhang Y, Wang T, Tian Y, Zhang C, Ge K, Zhang J, Chang J, Wang H. Gold nanorods-mediated efficient synergistic immunotherapy for detection and inhibition of postoperative tumor recurrence. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:1978-1992. [PMID: 34386332 PMCID: PMC8343192 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor recurrence after surgery is the main cause of treatment failure. However, the initial stage of recurrence is not easy to detect, and it is difficult to cure in the late stage. In order to improve the life quality of postoperative patients, an efficient synergistic immunotherapy was developed to achieve early diagnosis and treatment of post-surgical tumor recurrence, simultaneously. In this paper, two kinds of theranostic agents based on gold nanorods (AuNRs) platform were prepared. AuNRs and quantum dots (QDs) in one agent was used for the detection of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) technology to indicate the occurrence of in situ recurrence, while AuNRs in the other agent was used for photothermal therapy (PTT), together with anti-PDL1 mediated immunotherapy to alleviate the process of tumor metastasis. A series of assays indicated that this synergistic immunotherapy could induce tumor cell death and the increased generation of CD3+/CD4+ T-lymphocytes and CD3+/CD8+ T-lymphocytes. Besides, more immune factors (IL-2, IL-6, and IFN-γ) produced by synergistic immunotherapy were secreted than mono-immunotherapy. This cooperative immunotherapy strategy could be utilized for diagnosis and treatment of postoperative tumor recurrence at the same time, providing a new perspective for basic and clinical research.
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Key Words
- AFP, alpha fetoprotein
- AP1-QDs, CEA aptamer-modified CdTe QDs
- AP2-AuNRs, CEA aptamer-modified AuNRs
- AP2-AuNRs, and interferon-γ
- AgNO3, silver nitrate
- AuNRs, gold nanorods
- CA, cancer antigen
- CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen
- CTAB, cetrimonium bromide
- CTCs, circulating tumor cells
- Carcinoembryonic antigen
- CdCl2, cadmium chloride
- CdTe QDs, CdTe quantum dots
- DC, dendritic cells
- DLS, dynamic light scattering
- EDC, 1-ethyl-3-(3′-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- FRET, fluorescence resonance energy transfer
- Fluorescence resonance energy transfer
- GSH, glutathione
- Gold nanorods
- HAuCl4, gold chloride
- Helf, human embryonic lung fibroblasts lines
- Hydrogel+IFN-γ+QA, thermal responsive hydrogels co-loaded with AP1-QDs
- Hydrogel+IFN-γ, thermal responsive hydrogels loaded with interferon-γ
- ICG, indocyanine green
- IFN-γ, interferon-γ
- IR, infrared
- LA+NIR, liposomes encapsulated AuNRs with near-infrared irradiation
- LA, liposomes encapsulated AuNRs
- LAI, liposomes loaded with ICG and encapsulated AuNRs
- LLC, murine lung cancer cells
- Lung metastasis
- MTT, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide
- NHS, N-hydroxysuccinimide
- NIR, near-infrared irradiation
- NaBH4, sodium borohydride
- NaHTe, sodium hydrogen telluride
- PD1, programmed cell death protein 1
- PDL1, programmed cell death-ligand 1
- PI, propidium iodide
- PLGA-PEG-PLGA, thermal responsive hydrogel
- PTT, photothermal therapy
- Phototherapy
- Post-surgical tumor recurrence
- QDs, quantum dots
- Synergistic immunotherapy
- TEM, transmission electron microscope
- Theranostics
- aPDL1-LA+NIR, anti-PDL1-modified liposomes encapsulated AuNRs with near-infrared irradiation
- aPDL1-LA, anti-PDL1-modified liposomes encapsulated AuNRs
- aPDL1-LAI, anti-PDL1-modified liposomes loaded with ICG and encapsulated AuNRs
- anti-PDL1, anti-programmed cell death-ligand 1
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Tianjin Engineering Center of Micro-Nano Biomaterials and Detection-Treatment Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Tiange Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Tianjin Engineering Center of Micro-Nano Biomaterials and Detection-Treatment Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yu Tian
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Tianjin Engineering Center of Micro-Nano Biomaterials and Detection-Treatment Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Chaonan Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Tianjin Engineering Center of Micro-Nano Biomaterials and Detection-Treatment Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Kun Ge
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Jinchao Zhang
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Jin Chang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Tianjin Engineering Center of Micro-Nano Biomaterials and Detection-Treatment Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, Tianjin 300072, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Hanjie Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Tianjin Engineering Center of Micro-Nano Biomaterials and Detection-Treatment Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, Tianjin 300072, China
- Corresponding authors.
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Yang M, Li J, Gu P, Fan X. The application of nanoparticles in cancer immunotherapy: Targeting tumor microenvironment. Bioact Mater 2020; 6:1973-1987. [PMID: 33426371 PMCID: PMC7773537 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor development and metastasis are closely related to the structure and function of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Recently, TME modulation strategies have attracted much attention in cancer immunotherapy. Despite the preliminary success of immunotherapeutic agents, their therapeutic effects have been restricted by the limited retention time of drugs in TME. Compared with traditional delivery systems, nanoparticles with unique physical properties and elaborate design can efficiently penetrate TME and specifically deliver to the major components in TME. In this review, we briefly introduce the substitutes of TME including dendritic cells, macrophages, fibroblasts, tumor vasculature, tumor-draining lymph nodes and hypoxic state, then review various nanoparticles targeting these components and their applications in tumor therapy. In addition, nanoparticles could be combined with other therapies, including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and photodynamic therapy, however, the nanoplatform delivery system may not be effective in all types of tumors due to the heterogeneity of different tumors and individuals. The changes of TME at various stages during tumor development are required to be further elucidated so that more individualized nanoplatforms could be designed.
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Key Words
- AC-NPs, antigen-capturing nanoparticles
- ANG2, angiopoietin-2
- APCs, antigen-presenting cells
- Ab, antibodies
- Ag, antigen
- AuNCs, gold nanocages
- AuNPs, gold nanoparticles
- BBB, blood-brain barrier
- BTK, Bruton's tyrosine kinase
- Bcl-2, B-cell lymphoma 2
- CAFs, cancer associated fibroblasts
- CAP, cleavable amphiphilic peptide
- CAR-T, Chimeric antigen receptor-modified T-cell therapy
- CCL, chemoattractant chemokines ligand
- CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocytes
- CTLA4, cytotoxic lymphocyte antigen 4
- CaCO3, calcium carbonate
- Cancer immunotherapy
- DCs, dendritic cells
- DMMA, 2,3-dimethylmaleic anhydrid
- DMXAA, 5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid
- DSF/Cu, disulfiram/copper
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- EMT, epithelial-mesenchymal transition
- EPG, egg phosphatidylglycerol
- EPR, enhanced permeability and retention
- FAP, fibroblast activation protein
- FDA, the Food and Drug Administration
- HA, hyaluronic acid
- HB-GFs, heparin-binding growth factors
- HIF, hypoxia-inducible factor
- HPMA, N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide
- HSA, human serum albumin
- Hypoxia
- IBR, Ibrutinib
- IFN-γ, interferon-γ
- IFP, interstitial fluid pressure
- IL, interleukin
- LMWH, low molecular weight heparin
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- M2NP, M2-like TAM dual-targeting nanoparticle
- MCMC, mannosylated carboxymethyl chitosan
- MDSCs, myeloid-derived suppressor cells
- MPs, microparticles
- MnO2, manganese dioxide
- NF-κB, nuclear factor κB
- NK, nature killer
- NO, nitric oxide
- NPs, nanoparticles
- Nanoparticles
- ODN, oligodeoxynucleotides
- PD-1, programmed cell death protein 1
- PDT, photodynamic therapy
- PFC, perfluorocarbon
- PHDs, prolyl hydroxylases
- PLGA, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)
- PS, photosensitizer
- PSCs, pancreatic stellate cells
- PTX, paclitaxel
- RBC, red-blood-cell
- RLX, relaxin-2
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SA, sialic acid
- SPARC, secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine
- TAAs, tumor-associated antigens
- TAMs, tumor-associated macrophages
- TDPA, tumor-derived protein antigens
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor β
- TIE2, tyrosine kinase with immunoglobulin and epidermal growth factor homology domain 2
- TIM-3, T cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain-3
- TLR, Toll-like receptor
- TME, tumor microenvironment
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha
- TfR, transferrin receptor
- Tregs, regulatory T cells
- Tumor microenvironment
- UPS-NP, ultra-pH-sensitive nanoparticle
- VDA, vasculature disrupting agent
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- cDCs, conventional dendritic cells
- melittin-NP, melittin-lipid nanoparticle
- nMOFs, nanoscale metal-organic frameworks
- scFv, single-chain variable fragment
- siRNA, small interfering RNA
- tdLNs, tumor-draining lymph nodes
- α-SMA, alpha-smooth muscle actin
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Venkatesan D, Iyer M, Narayanasamy A, Siva K, Vellingiri B. Kynurenine pathway in Parkinson's disease-An update. eNeurologicalSci 2020; 21:100270. [PMID: 33134567 PMCID: PMC7585940 DOI: 10.1016/j.ensci.2020.100270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex multi-factorial neurodegenerative disorder where various altered metabolic pathways contribute to the progression of the disease. Tryptophan (TRP) is a major precursor in kynurenine pathway (KP) and it has been discussed in various in vitro studies that the metabolites quinolinic acid (QUIN) causes neurotoxicity and kynurenic acid (KYNA) acts as neuroprotectant respectively. More studies are also focused on the effects of other KP metabolites and its enzymes as it has an association with ageing and PD pathogenesis. Until now, very few studies have targeted the role of genetic mutations in abnormal KP metabolism in adverse conditions of PD. Therefore, the present review gives an updated research studies on KP in connection with PD. Moreover, the review emphasizes on the urge for the development of biomarkers and also this would be an initiative in generating an alternative therapeutic approach for PD.
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Key Words
- 3-HAA, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid
- 3-HK, 3-hydroxykynurenine
- 6-OHDA, 6-hydroxydopamine
- AA, anthranilic acid
- ACMSD, amino-carboxymuconatesemialdehyde decarboxylase
- AD, Alzheimer's disease
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- Ageing
- AhR, aryl hydrocarbon receptor
- Biomarkers
- CNS, central nervous system
- CSF, cerebrospinal fluid
- DA, dopaminergic
- FAM, formamidase
- IDO-1, indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenases
- IFN-γ, interferon-γ
- KATs, kynurenine aminotransferases
- KMO, kynurenine −3-monooxygenase
- KP, Kynurenine pathway
- KYN, kynurenine
- KYNA, kynurenic acid
- Kynurenine pathway (KP)
- L-DOPA, L-dopamine
- LID, L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia
- MPTP, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine
- NAD+, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
- NADPH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
- NFK, N′-formylkynurenine
- NMDA, N-methyl-d-aspartate
- PA, picolinic acid
- PD, Parkinson's disease
- Parkinson's disease (PD)
- QUIN, quinolinic acid
- RBCs, red blood cells
- SNpc, substantianigra pars compacta
- TDO, tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase
- TRP, tryptophan
- Therapeutics
- XA, xanthurenic acid
- ZNS, zonisamide
- α-synuclein, αSyn
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhivya Venkatesan
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mahalaxmi Iyer
- Department of Zoology, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore 641 043, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arul Narayanasamy
- Disease Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kamalakannan Siva
- National Centre for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, New Delhi 110054, India
| | - Balachandar Vellingiri
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
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Ji G, Ma L, Yao H, Ma S, Si X, Wang Y, Bao X, Ma L, Chen F, Ma C, Huang L, Fang X, Song W. Precise delivery of obeticholic acid via nanoapproach for triggering natural killer T cell-mediated liver cancer immunotherapy. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:2171-2182. [PMID: 33304784 PMCID: PMC7715527 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary bile acids were reported to augment secretion of chemokine (C‒X‒C motif) ligand 16 (CXCL16) from liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) and trigger natural killer T (NKT) cell-based immunotherapy for liver cancer. However, abundant expression of receptors for primary bile acids across the gastrointestinal tract overwhelms the possibility of using agonists against these receptors for liver cancer control. Taking advantage of the intrinsic property of LSECs in capturing circulating nanoparticles in the circulation, we proposed a strategy using nanoemulsion-loaded obeticholic acid (OCA), a clinically approved selective farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonist, for precisely manipulating LSECs for triggering NKT cell-mediated liver cancer immunotherapy. The OCA-nanoemulsion (OCA-NE) was prepared via ultrasonic emulsification method, with a diameter of 184 nm and good stability. In vivo biodistribution studies confirmed that the injected OCA-NE mainly accumulated in the liver and especially in LSECs and Kupffer cells. As a result, OCA-NE treatment significantly suppressed hepatic tumor growth in a murine orthotopic H22 tumor model, which performed much better than oral medication of free OCA. Immunologic analysis revealed that the OCA-NE resulted in augmented secretion of CXCL16 and IFN-γ, as well as increased NKT cell populations inside the tumor. Overall, our research provides a new evidence for the antitumor effect of receptors for primary bile acids, and should inspire using nanotechnology for precisely manipulating LSECs for liver cancer therapy.
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Key Words
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- BUN, blood urea nitrogen
- CDCA, chenodeoxycholic acid
- Cr, creatinine
- FXR, farnesoid X receptor
- Farnesoid X receptor
- H&E, hematoxylin and eosin
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography
- HSCs, hepatic stellate cells
- IFN-γ, interferon-γ
- IVIS, in vivo imaging system
- LSECs, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells
- Liver cancer
- Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells
- NE, nanoemulsion
- NKT cells, natural killer T cells
- Nanoemulsion
- OCA, obeticholic acid
- Obeticholic acid
- PBC, primary biliary cholangitis
- TACE, transarterial chemoembolisation
- TSR, tumor suppression rate
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Lasseter HC, Provost AC, Chaby LE, Daskalakis NP, Haas M, Jeromin A. Cross-platform comparison of highly sensitive immunoassay technologies for cytokine markers: Platform performance in post-traumatic stress disorder and Parkinson's disease. Cytokine X 2020; 2:100027. [PMID: 33604555 PMCID: PMC7885879 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytox.2020.100027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-platform comparisons were conducted across five leading immunoassay platforms. Plasma and serum were obtained from healthy controls and clinical populations. Analytic parameters included sensitivity, precision, and performance correlation. Platform performance was highly variable, particularly for low-abundant cytokines. Findings highlight certain immunoassays should be prioritized in future research.
There is mounting evidence of systemic inflammation in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD), yet inconsistency and a lack of replicability in findings of putative biological markers have delayed progress in this space. Variability in performance between platforms may contribute to the lack of consensus in the biomarker literature, as has been seen for a number of psychiatric disorders, including PTSD. Thus, there is a need for high-performance, scalable, and validated platforms for the discovery and development of biomarkers of inflammation for use in drug development and as clinical diagnostics. To identify the best platform for use in future biomarker discovery efforts, we conducted a comprehensive cross-platform and cross-assay evaluation across five leading platform technologies. This initial assessment focused on four cytokines that have been implicated PTSD – interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interferon (IFN)-γ. To assess platform performance and understand likely measurements in individuals with brain disorders, serum and plasma samples were obtained from individuals with PTSD (n = 13) or Parkinson’s Disease (n = 14) as well as healthy controls (n = 5). We compared platform performance across a number of common analytic parameters, including assay precision, sensitivity, frequency of endogenous analyte detection (FEAD), correlation between platforms, and parallelism in measurement of cytokines using a serial dilution series. The single molecule array (Simoa™) ultra-sensitive platform (Quanterix), MESO V-Plex (Mesoscale Discovery), and Luminex xMAP® (Myriad) were conducted by their respective vendors, while Luminex® and Quantikine® high-sensitivity ELISA assays were evaluated by R&D System’s Biomarker Testing Services. The assay with the highest sensitivity in detecting endogenous analytes across all analytes and clinical populations (i.e. the highest FEAD), was the Simoa™ platform. In contrast, more variable performance was observed for MESO V-plex, R&D Luminex® and Quantikine®, while Myriad’s Luminex xMAP® exhibited low FEAD across all analytes and samples. Simoa™ also demonstrated high precision in detecting endogenous cytokines, as reflected in < 20 percent coefficient of variance (%CV) across replicate runs for samples from the healthy controls, PTSD patients, and PD patients. In contrast, MESO V-Plex, R&D Luminex® and Quantikine® had variable performance in terms of precision across cytokines. Myriad Luminex xMAP® could not be included in precision estimates because the vendor did not run samples in duplicate. For cross-platform performance comparisons, the highest cross-platform correlations were observed for IL-6 such that all platforms – except for Myriad’s Luminex xMAP® – had strong correlations with one another in measurements of IL-6 (r range = 0.59 – 0.86). For the other cytokines, there was low to no correlation across platforms, such that reported measurements of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IFN-γ varied across assays. Taken together, these findings provide novel evidence that the choice of immunoassay could greatly impact reported cytokine findings. The current study provides crucial information on the variability in performance between platforms and across immunoassays that may help inform the selection of assay in future research studies. Further, the results emphasize the need for performing comparative evaluations of immunoassays as new technologies emerge over time, particularly given the lack of reference standards for the quantitative assessments of cytokines.
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Key Words
- BLQ, below limit of quantification
- Biomarker
- CV, coefficient of variance
- Cytokine
- FEAD, frequency of endogenous analyte detection
- IFN-γ, interferon-γ
- IL-1β, interleukin-1β
- IL-6, interleukin-6
- IUGB, Indiana University Genetics Biobank
- Immunoassay
- LLOD, lower limit of detection
- LLOQ, lower limit of quantification
- MSD, Mesoscale Discovery
- PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- PD, Parkinson’s disease
- PMA, phorbol myristate acetate
- PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder
- Parkinson’s disease
- Post-traumatic stress disorder
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α
- ULOD, upper limit of detection
- ULOQ, upper limit of quantification
- Ultrasensitive technologies
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather C Lasseter
- Cohen Veterans Bioscience Inc., 535 8th Avenue, 12th Floor, New York, NY 10018, United States
| | - Allison C Provost
- Cohen Veterans Bioscience Inc., 535 8th Avenue, 12th Floor, New York, NY 10018, United States
| | - Lauren E Chaby
- Cohen Veterans Bioscience Inc., 535 8th Avenue, 12th Floor, New York, NY 10018, United States
| | - Nikolaos P Daskalakis
- Cohen Veterans Bioscience Inc., 535 8th Avenue, 12th Floor, New York, NY 10018, United States
| | - Magali Haas
- Cohen Veterans Bioscience Inc., 535 8th Avenue, 12th Floor, New York, NY 10018, United States
| | - Andreas Jeromin
- Cohen Veterans Bioscience Inc., 535 8th Avenue, 12th Floor, New York, NY 10018, United States
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Zhou F, Mei J, Han X, Li H, Yang S, Wang M, Chu L, Qiao H, Tang T. Kinsenoside attenuates osteoarthritis by repolarizing macrophages through inactivating NF- κB/MAPK signaling and protecting chondrocytes. Acta Pharm Sin B 2019; 9:973-85. [PMID: 31649847 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective was to investigate the effect of kinsenoside (Kin) treatments on macrophage polarity and evaluate the resulting protection of chondrocytes to attenuate osteoarthritis (OA) progression. RAW264.7 macrophages were polarized to M1/M2 subtypes then administered with different concentrations of Kin. The polarization transitions were evaluated with quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), confocal observation and flow cytometry analysis. The mechanism of Kin repolarizing M1 macrophages was evaluated by Western blot. Further, macrophage conditioned medium (CM) and IL-1β were administered to chondrocytes. Micro-CT scanning and histological observations were conducted in vivo on anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) mice with or without Kin treatment. We found that Kin repolarized M1 macrophages to the M2 phenotype. Mechanistically, Kin inhibited the phosphorylation of IκBα, which further reduced the downstream phosphorylation of P65 in nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling. Moreover, Kin inhibited mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) signaling molecules p-JNK, p-ERK and p-P38. Additionally, Kin attenuated macrophage CM and IL-1β-induced chondrocyte damage. In vivo, Kin reduced the infiltration of M1 macrophages, promoted M2 macrophages in the synovium, inhibited subchondral bone destruction and reduced articular cartilage damage induced by ACLT. All the results indicated that Kin is an effective therapeutic candidate for OA treatment.
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Key Words
- AP-1, activator protein-1
- Arg-1, arginase-1
- BV, bone volume
- BV/TV, bone volume/total tissue volume
- C/EBP β, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β
- CM, conditioned medium
- Chondrocytes
- DMEM, Dulbecco׳s minimum essential medium
- GA, gouty arthritis
- H&E, hematoxylin & eosin
- HUVECs, human umbilical vein endothelial cells
- IFN-γ, interferon-γ
- IRF4, interferon regulatory factor 4
- Kin, kinsenoside
- Kinsenoside
- LPS, lipopolysaccharides
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinases
- MSU, monosodium urate
- Macrophages
- NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB
- NSAIDs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
- OA, osteoarthritis
- OARSI, Osteoarthritis Research Society International
- Osteoarthritis
- PPARγ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ
- Polarization
- RA, rheumatoid arthritis
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- S&F, safranin O-fast green
- TLRs, toll-like receptors
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α
- Tb.N, trabecular number
- Tb.Sp, trabecular separation
- Tb.Th, trabecular thickness
- iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase
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O'Rourke L, Clarke G, Nolan A, Watkins C, Dinan TG, Stanton C, Ross RP, Ryan CA. Tryptophan metabolic profile in term and preterm breast milk: implications for health. J Nutr Sci 2018; 7:e13. [PMID: 29686862 PMCID: PMC5906556 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2017.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast milk is the only source of the essential amino acid tryptophan (TRP) in breast-fed infants. Low levels of TRP could have implications for infant neurodevelopment. The objectives of the present study were to compare the relationship of TRP and its neuroactive pathway metabolites kynurenine (Kyn) and kynurenic acid (KynA) in preterm and term expressed breast milk (EBM) in the first 14 d following birth, and the relationship of TRP metabolism to maternal stress and immune status. A total of twenty-four mothers were recruited from Cork University Maternity Hospital: twelve term (>38 weeks) and twelve preterm (<35 weeks). EBM samples were collected on days 7 and 14. Free TRP, Kyn and KynA were measured using HPLC, total TRP using MS, cytokines using the Meso Scale Discovery (MSD) assay system, and cortisol using a cortisol ELISA kit. Although total TRP was higher in preterm EBM in comparison with term EBM (P < 0·05), free TRP levels were lower (P < 0·05). Kyn, KynA and the Kyn:TRP ratio increased significantly in term EBM from day 7 to day 14 (P < 0·05), but not in preterm EBM. TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8 were higher in day 7 preterm and term EBM in comparison with day 14. There were no significant differences between term and preterm EBM cortisol levels. Increased availability of total TRP, lower levels of free TRP and alterations in the temporal dynamics of TRP metabolism in preterm compared with term EBM, coupled with higher EBM inflammatory markers on day 7, may have implications for the neurological development of exclusively breast-fed preterm infants.
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Key Words
- Cortisol
- Cytokines
- EBM, expressed breast milk
- Human milk
- IDO, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase
- IFN-γ, interferon-γ
- Kyn, kynurenine
- KynA, kynurenic acid
- Kynurenic acid
- Kynurenine
- MSD, Meso Scale Discovery
- QC, quality control
- TDO, tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase
- TRP, tryptophan
- Tryptophan
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise O'Rourke
- Graduate Entry Medical School, University of Limerick, Limerick, Republic of Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Republic of Ireland
| | - Gerard Clarke
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Republic of Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Republic of Ireland
| | - Aoife Nolan
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Republic of Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Republic of Ireland
| | - Claire Watkins
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Republic of Ireland
- Teagasc, Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Republic of Ireland
| | - Timothy G. Dinan
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Republic of Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Republic of Ireland
| | - Catherine Stanton
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Republic of Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Republic of Ireland
- Teagasc, Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Republic of Ireland
| | - R. Paul Ross
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Republic of Ireland
- College of Science, Engineering and Food Science, University College Cork, Cork, Republic of Ireland
| | - Cornelius Anthony Ryan
- Department of Neonatology, Cork University Maternity Hospital, Cork, Republic of Ireland
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University College Cork, Cork, Republic of Ireland
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14
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Wang Y, Kim R, Hinman SS, Zwarycz B, Magness ST, Allbritton NL. Bioengineered Systems and Designer Matrices That Recapitulate the Intestinal Stem Cell Niche. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 5:440-453.e1. [PMID: 29675459 PMCID: PMC5904029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between intestinal stem cells (ISCs) and the surrounding niche environment is complex and dynamic. Key factors localized at the base of the crypt are necessary to promote ISC self-renewal and proliferation, to ultimately provide a constant stream of differentiated cells to maintain the epithelial barrier. These factors diminish as epithelial cells divide, migrate away from the crypt base, differentiate into the postmitotic lineages, and end their life span in approximately 7 days when they are sloughed into the intestinal lumen. To facilitate the rapid and complex physiology of ISC-driven epithelial renewal, in vivo gradients of growth factors, extracellular matrix, bacterial products, gases, and stiffness are formed along the crypt-villus axis. New bioengineered tools and platforms are available to recapitulate various gradients and support the stereotypical cellular responses associated with these gradients. Many of these technologies have been paired with primary small intestinal and colonic epithelial cells to re-create select aspects of normal physiology or disease states. These biomimetic platforms are becoming increasingly sophisticated with the rapid discovery of new niche factors and gradients. These advancements are contributing to the development of high-fidelity tissue constructs for basic science applications, drug screening, and personalized medicine applications. Here, we discuss the direct and indirect evidence for many of the important gradients found in vivo and their successful application to date in bioengineered in vitro models, including organ-on-chip and microfluidic culture devices.
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Key Words
- 3D, 3-dimensional
- BMP, Bone morphogenetic protein
- Bioengineering
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- Eph, erythropoietin-producing human hepatocellular receptor
- Ephrin, Eph family receptor interacting proteins
- Gradients
- IFN-γ, interferon-γ
- ISC, intestinal stem cell
- Intestinal Epithelial Cells
- NO, nitric oxide
- SFCA, short-chain fatty acids
- Stem Cell Niche
- TA, transit amplifying
- Wnt, wingless-related integration site
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuli Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Raehyun Kim
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Samuel S. Hinman
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Bailey Zwarycz
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Scott T. Magness
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina,Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina,Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina,Scott T. Magness, PhD, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 111 Mason Farm Road, Room 4337 Medical Biomolecular Research Building, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599. fax: (919) 966-2284.
| | - Nancy L. Allbritton
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina,Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Nancy L. Allbritton, MD, PhD, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chapman Hall, Room 241, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599. fax: (919) 966-2963.
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Workman MJ, Gleeson JP, Troisi EJ, Estrada HQ, Kerns SJ, Hinojosa CD, Hamilton GA, Targan SR, Svendsen CN, Barrett RJ. Enhanced Utilization of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Human Intestinal Organoids Using Microengineered Chips. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 5:669-677.e2. [PMID: 29930984 PMCID: PMC6009013 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Human intestinal organoids derived from induced pluripotent stem cells have tremendous potential to elucidate the intestinal epithelium's role in health and disease, but it is difficult to directly assay these complex structures. This study sought to make this technology more amenable for study by obtaining epithelial cells from induced pluripotent stem cell-derived human intestinal organoids and incorporating them into small microengineered Chips. We then investigated if these cells within the Chip were polarized, had the 4 major intestinal epithelial subtypes, and were biologically responsive to exogenous stimuli. METHODS Epithelial cells were positively selected from human intestinal organoids and were incorporated into the Chip. The effect of continuous media flow was examined. Immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization were used to demonstrate that the epithelial cells were polarized and possessed the major intestinal epithelial subtypes. To assess if the incorporated cells were biologically responsive, Western blot analysis and quantitative polymerase chain reaction were used to assess the effects of interferon (IFN)-γ, and fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran 4 kDa permeation was used to assess the effects of IFN-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α on barrier function. RESULTS The optimal cell seeding density and flow rate were established. The continuous administration of flow resulted in the formation of polarized intestinal folds that contained Paneth cells, goblet cells, enterocytes, and enteroendocrine cells along with transit-amplifying and LGR5+ stem cells. Administration of IFN-γ for 1 hour resulted in the phosphorylation of STAT1, whereas exposure for 3 days resulted in a significant upregulation of IFN-γ related genes. Administration of IFN-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α for 3 days resulted in an increase in intestinal permeability. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that the Intestine-Chip is polarized, contains all the intestinal epithelial subtypes, and is biologically responsive to exogenous stimuli. This represents a more amenable platform to use organoid technology and will be highly applicable to personalized medicine and a wide range of gastrointestinal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Workman
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - John P. Gleeson
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Elissa J. Troisi
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Hannah Q. Estrada
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | | | | | | | - Stephan R. Targan
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Clive N. Svendsen
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Robert J. Barrett
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
- Correspondence Address correspondence to: Robert J. Barrett, PhD, Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute and F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Advanced Health Sciences Pavilion 8308, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90048. fax: (310) 248-8066.
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16
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Wang Y, Kim R, Gunasekara DB, Reed MI, DiSalvo M, Nguyen DL, Bultman SJ, Sims CE, Magness ST, Allbritton NL. Formation of Human Colonic Crypt Array by Application of Chemical Gradients Across a Shaped Epithelial Monolayer. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 5:113-130. [PMID: 29693040 PMCID: PMC5904049 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The successful culture of intestinal organoids has greatly enhanced our understanding of intestinal stem cell physiology and enabled the generation of novel intestinal disease models. Although of tremendous value, intestinal organoid culture systems have not yet fully recapitulated the anatomy or physiology of the in vivo intestinal epithelium. The aim of this work was to re-create an intestinal epithelium with a high density of polarized crypts that respond in a physiologic manner to addition of growth factors, metabolites, or cytokines to the basal or luminal tissue surface as occurs in vivo. METHODS A self-renewing monolayer of human intestinal epithelium was cultured on a collagen scaffold microfabricated with an array of crypt-like invaginations. Placement of chemical factors in either the fluid reservoir below or above the cell-covered scaffolding created a gradient of that chemical across the growing epithelial tissue possessing the in vitro crypt structures. Crypt polarization (size of the stem/proliferative and differentiated cell zones) was assessed in response to gradients of growth factors, cytokines, and bacterial metabolites. RESULTS Chemical gradients applied to the shaped human epithelium re-created the stem/proliferative and differentiated cell zones of the in vivo intestine. Short-chain fatty acids applied as a gradient from the luminal side confirmed long-standing hypotheses that butyrate diminished stem/progenitor cell proliferation and promoted differentiation into absorptive colonocytes. A gradient of interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α significantly suppressed the stem/progenitor cell proliferation, altering crypt formation. CONCLUSIONS The in vitro human colon crypt array accurately mimicked the architecture, luminal accessibility, tissue polarity, cell migration, and cellular responses of in vivo intestinal crypts.
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Key Words
- ALP, alkaline phosphatase
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- DM, differentiation medium
- DM-B, differentiation medium plus 5 mmol/L butyrate
- DM-D, DM plus 10 μmol/L DAPT
- EDC, 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- EM, expansion medium
- EdU, 5-ethynyl-20-deoxyuridine
- IFN-γ, interferon-γ
- Intestinal Epithelial Cells
- Intestine-On-A-Chip
- KRT20, cytokeratin 20
- Muc2, mucin 2
- NHS, N-hydroxysuccinimide
- Olfm4, olfactomedin-4
- P, passage
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PDMS, polydimethylsiloxane
- PTFE, polytetrafluoroethylene
- Polarized Crypt
- SCFA, short-chain fatty acid
- SEM, scanning electron microscope
- SM, stem medium
- Stem Cell Niche
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α
- ZO-1, zonula occludens-1
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuli Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Raehyun Kim
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Dulan B. Gunasekara
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Mark I. Reed
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Matthew DiSalvo
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Daniel L. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Scott J. Bultman
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Christopher E. Sims
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Scott T. Magness
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Nancy L. Allbritton
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
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Sang X, Wang R, Han Y, Zhang C, Shen H, Yang Z, Xiong Y, Liu H, Liu S, Li R, Yang R, Wang J, Wang X, Bai Z, Xiao X. T cell--associated immunoregulation and antiviral effect of oxymatrine in hydrodynamic injection HBV mouse model. Acta Pharm Sin B 2017; 7:311-318. [PMID: 28540167 PMCID: PMC5430867 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Although oxymatrine (OMT) has been shown to directly inhibit the replication of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in vitro, limited research has been done with this drug in vivo. In the present study, the antiviral effect of OMT was investigated in an immunocompetent mouse model of chronic HBV infection. The infection was achieved by tail vein injection of a large volume of DNA solution. OMT (2.2, 6.7 and 20 mg/kg) was administered by daily intraperitoneal injection for 6 weeks. The efficacy of OMT was evaluated by the levels of HBV DNA, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) and hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg). The immunoregulatory activity of OMT was evaluated by serum ELISA and flow cytometry. Results shows that OMT at 20 mg/kg inhibited HBV replication, and it was more efficient than entecavir (ETV) in the elimination of serum HBsAg and intrahepatic HBcAg. In addition, OMT accelerated the production of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in a dose-dependent manner in CD4+ T cells. Our findings demonstrate the beneficial effects of OMT on the enhancement of immunological function and in the control of HBV antigens. The findings suggest this drug to be a good antiviral therapeutic candidate for the treatment of HBV infection.
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Key Words
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- CD4+ T cell
- CHB, chronic hepatitis B
- ETV, entecavir
- HBV
- HBV, hepatitis B virus
- HBcAg, hepatitis B core antigen
- HBeAg, hepatitis B e antigen
- HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antigen
- HE, hematoxylin and eosin
- IFN-γ
- IFN-γ, interferon-γ
- IL-4, interleukin-4
- Mouse
- NAs, nucleoside and nucleotide analogs
- OMT, oxymatrine
- Oxymatrine
- TCMs, traditional Chinese medicines
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α
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18
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Kawano M, Miyoshi M, Ogawa A, Sakai F, Kadooka Y. Lactobacillus gasseri SBT2055 inhibits adipose tissue inflammation and intestinal permeability in mice fed a high-fat diet. J Nutr Sci 2016; 5:e23. [PMID: 27293560 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2016.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The probiotic Lactobacillus gasseri SBT2055 (LG2055) has anti-obesity effects. Obesity is closely correlated with inflammation in adipose tissue, and maintaining adipose tissue in a less-inflamed state requires intestinal integrity or a barrier function to protect the intestine from the disruption that can be caused by a high-fat diet (HFD). Here, we examined the anti-inflammatory and intestinal barrier-protecting effects of LG2055 in C57BL/6 mice fed a normal-fat diet (NFD), HFD, or the HFD containing LG2055 (HFD-LG) for 21 weeks. HFD-LG intake significantly prevented HFD-induced increases in body weight, visceral fat mass, and the ratio of inflammatory-type macrophages to anti-inflammatory ones in adipose tissue. Mice fed the HFD showed higher intestinal permeability to a fluorescent dextran administered by oral administration and an elevated concentration of antibodies specific to lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in the blood compared with those fed the NFD, suggesting an increased penetration of the gut contents into the systemic circulation. These elevations of intestinal permeability and anti-LPS antibody levels were significantly suppressed in mice fed the HFD-LG. Moreover, treatment with LG2055 cells suppressed an increase in the cytokine-induced permeability of Caco-2 cell monolayers. These results suggest that LG2055 improves the intestinal integrity, reducing the entry of inflammatory substances like LPS from the intestine, which may lead to decreased inflammation in adipose tissue.
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Key Words
- Anti-inflammation effects
- Anti-obesity effects
- Diet-induced obesity
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- FCM, flow cytometry buffer
- FD-4, fluorescein isothiocyanate–dextran
- FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate
- HFD, high-fat diet
- HFD-LG, high-fat diet containing Lactobacillus gasseri SBT2055
- IFN-γ, interferon-γ
- Intestinal barrier function
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- LY, Lucifer yellow
- Lactobacillus gasseri SBT2055
- M1, classically activated macrophages
- M2, alternatively activated macrophages
- NFD, normal-fat diet
- SVF, stromal–vascular fraction
- TEER, trans-epithelial electrical resistance
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Fujinami N, Yoshikawa T, Sawada Y, Shimomura M, Iwama T, Sugai S, Kitano S, Uemura Y, Nakatsura T. Enhancement of antitumor effect by peptide vaccine therapy in combination with anti-CD4 antibody: Study in a murine model. Biochem Biophys Rep 2016; 5:482-491. [PMID: 28955856 PMCID: PMC5600353 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The clinical efficacy of cancer peptide vaccine therapy is insufficient. To enhance the anti-tumor effect of peptide vaccine therapy, we combined this therapy with an anti-CD4 mAb (GK1.5), which is known to deplete CD4+ cells, including regulatory T cells (Tregs). Methods To determine the treatment schedule, the number of lymphocyte subsets in the peripheral blood of mice was traced by flow cytometry after administration of anti-CD4 mAb. The ovalbumin (OVA)257–264 peptide vaccine was injected intradermally and anti-CD4 mAb was administered intraperitoneally into C57BL/6 mice at different schedules. We evaluated the enhancement of OVA peptide-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) induction in the combination therapy using the ELISPOT assay, CD107a assay, and cytokine assay. We then examined the in vivo metastasis inhibitory effect by OVA peptide vaccine therapy in combination with anti-CD4 mAb against OVA-expressing thymoma (EG7) in a murine liver metastatic model. Results We showed that peptide-specific CTL induction was enhanced by the peptide vaccine in combination with anti-CD4 mAb and that the optimized treatment schedule had the strongest induction effect of peptide-specific CTLs using an IFN-γ ELISPOT assay. We also confirmed that the CD107a+ cells secreted perforin and granzyme B and the amount of IL-2 and TNF produced by these CTLs increased when the peptide vaccine was combined with anti-CD4 mAb. Furthermore, metastasis was inhibited by peptide vaccines in combination with anti-CD4 mAb compared to peptide vaccine alone in a murine liver metastatic model. Conclusion The use of anti-CD4 mAb in combination with the OVA peptide vaccine therapy increased the number of peptide-specific CTLs and showed a higher therapeutic effect against OVA-expressing tumors. The combination with anti-CD4 mAb may provide a new cancer vaccine strategy. Peptide-specific CTL induction and function were enhanced by depletion of CD4+ cells. Anti-tumor effect by the peptide vaccine was enhanced by the depletion of CD4+ cells. Metastasis was inhibited by vaccine with depletion of CD4+ cells in a murine model. Combination with the depletion of CD4+ cells could be a new cancer vaccine strategy.
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Key Words
- 7-AAD, 7-amino-actinomycin D
- Anti-CD4 antibody
- CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocyte
- Cancer
- DC, dendritic cell
- ELISPOT assay, enzyme-linked immunospot assay
- FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate
- FOXP3, forkhead box P3
- GPC3, glypican-3
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- IFN-γ, interferon-γ
- IL-2, interleukine-2
- Immunotherapy
- MHC, major histocompatibility complex
- Murine liver metastatic model
- OVA, ovalbumin
- PD-1, programmed death-1
- PE, phycoerythrin
- Peptide vaccine
- QOL, quality of life
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor-βl
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- Treg, regulatory T cell
- mAb, monoclonal antibody
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiro Fujinami
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan.,Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Yoshikawa
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yu Sawada
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Manami Shimomura
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tatsuaki Iwama
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shiori Sugai
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan.,Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Japan
| | - Shigehisa Kitano
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Experimental Therapeutics, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tsukiji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Uemura
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Nakatsura
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan.,Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Japan
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Rudyk C, Litteljohn D, Syed S, Dwyer Z, Hayley S. Paraquat and psychological stressor interactions as pertains to Parkinsonian co-morbidity. Neurobiol Stress 2015; 2:85-93. [PMID: 26844243 PMCID: PMC4730791 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A number of epidemiological and experimental studies have implicated the non-selective herbicide, paraquat, in the development of sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD). While preclinical research has focused mainly on elucidating the nigrostriatal effects of paraquat, relatively little data are available concerning non-motor brain systems and inflammatory immune processes (which have been implicated in PD). Hence, in the present study, we sought to take a multi-system approach to characterize the influence of paraquat upon extra-nigrostriatal brain regions, as well ascertain whether the impact of the pesticide might be enhanced in the context of chronic intermittent stressor exposure. Our findings support the contention that paraquat itself acted as a systemic stressor, with the pesticide increasing plasma corticosterone, as well as altering neurochemical activity in the locus coeruleus, paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, nucleus accumbens, dorsal striatum, and central amygdala. However, with the important exception striatal dopamine turnover, the stressor treatment did not further augment these effects. Additionally, paraquat altered inter-cytokine correlations and, to a lesser extent, circulating cytokine levels, and concomitant stress exposure modulated some of these effects. Finally, paraquat provoked significant (albeit modest) reductions of sucrose preference and weight gain, hinting at possible anhendonic-like or sickness responses. These data suggest that, in addition to being a well known oxidative stress generator, paraquat can act as a systemic stressor affecting hormonal and neurochemical activity, but largely not interacting with a concomitant stressor regimen.
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Key Words
- 5-HIAA, 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid
- 5-HT, serotonin
- ANOVA, analysis of variance
- Anhedonia
- CIS, chronic intermittent immobilization/social defeat stressor
- Cytokine
- DA, dopamine
- DOPAC, 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid
- EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
- GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
- HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography
- HVA, homovanillic acid
- IFN-γ, interferon-γ
- IL, interleukin
- KO, knockout
- LC, locus coeruleus
- LLOQ, lower limit of quantification
- MCP, monocyte chemoatrractant protein
- MHPG, 3-methoxy-4-hydroexyphenylglycol
- MIP, macrophage inflammatory protein
- Monoamine
- NE, norepinephrine
- Neuroendocrine
- PD, Parkinson's disease
- PVN, paraventricular nucleus
- Pesticide
- Stressor
- TNF-α, tumour necrosis factor-alpha
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Rudyk
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Darcy Litteljohn
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shuaib Syed
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zach Dwyer
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shawn Hayley
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Temml V, Kuehnl S, Schuster D, Schwaiger S, Stuppner H, Fuchs D. Interaction of Carthamus tinctorius lignan arctigenin with the binding site of tryptophan-degrading enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. FEBS Open Bio 2013; 3:450-2. [PMID: 24251110 PMCID: PMC3829989 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 08/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mediterranean Carthamus tinctorius (Safflower) is used for treatment of inflammatory conditions and neuropsychiatric disorders. Recently C. tinctorius lignans arctigenin and trachelogenin but not matairesinol were described to interfere with the activity of tryptophan-degrading enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro. We examined a potential direct influence of compounds on IDO enzyme activity applying computational calculations based on 3D geometry of the compounds. The interaction pattern analysis and force field-based minimization was performed within LigandScout 3.03, the docking simulation with MOE 2011.10 using the X-ray crystal structure of IDO. Results confirm the possibility of an intense interaction of arctigenin and trachelogenin with the binding site of the enzyme, while matairesinol had no such effect.
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Key Words
- 1-MT, d-1-methyl tryptophan
- 5-HT, 5-hydroxytryptamine, serotonin
- Carthamus tinctorius
- GBVI/WSA, generalized-born volume integral/weighted surface area
- IDO, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase
- IFN-γ, interferon-γ
- Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase
- Kyn/Trp, kynurenine to tryptophan ratio
- Lignan
- MMFF94, Merck Molecular Force Field 94
- PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- TDO, tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase
- Treg, regulatory T-cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Temml
- University of Innsbruck, Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, CCB Innrain 80/82, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
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