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Geng C, Feng Y, Yang Y, Yang H, Li Z, Tang Y, Wang J, Zhao H. Allergic asthma aggravates angiotensin Ⅱ-induced cardiac remodeling in mice. Transl Res 2022; 244:88-100. [PMID: 35108660 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2022.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death globally, and heart failure (HF) represents its terminal stage. Asthma, one of the most common chronic diseases, has been reported to be associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. However, the link between asthma and HF has rarely been studied, and the possible mechanisms by which asthma affects HF are unclear. This study aimed to explore the influence of asthma on HF and the possible mechanisms. We analyzed data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and found a higher prevalence of HF among asthmatic individuals, and identified an independent association between HF and asthma. Subsequently, we produced mice with concurrent ovalbumin (OVA) sensitization-induced allergic asthma and angiotensin Ⅱ infusion-induced cardiac remodeling to explore the effect of asthma on cardiac remodeling in vivo. The results showed that OVA-induced asthma impaired heart function and aggravated cardiac remodeling in mice. We also found that OVA sensitization increased the expression levels of immunoglobulin E (IgE) in serum and IgE receptor (FcεR1) in the heart, and enhanced the activation of downstream signaling molecules of IgE-FcεR1 in the heart. Importantly, blockage of IgE-FcεR1 using FcεR1-deficient mice or an anti-IgE antibody prevented asthma-induced decline of cardiac function, and alleviated cardiac remodeling. These findings demonstrate the adverse effects of allergic asthma on the heart, and suggest the potential application of anti-IgE therapy in the treatment of asthma complicated with heart conditions.
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Key Words
- AKT, protein kinase B
- ANP, natriuretic peptide type A
- Ang Ⅱ, angiotensin Ⅱ
- BALF, bronchioalveolar lavage fluid
- BMI, body mass index
- BNP, natriuretic peptide type B
- BW, body weight
- CAD, coronary heart disease
- COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- CVD, cardiovascular disease
- EF, ejection fraction
- FS, fraction shortening
- HF, heart failure
- HW, heart weight
- IgE, immunoglobulin E
- LVAW, left ventricular anterior wall
- LVID, left ventricular internal dimension
- LVPW, left ventricular posterior wall
- NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
- OVA, ovalbumin
- TC, total cholesterol
- TG, triglyceride
- WGA, wheat germ agglutinin
- WT, wild type
- pSmad2/3, phosphorylated small mothers against decapentaplegic 2 and 3
- α-SMA, α-smooth muscle actin
- β-MHC, β-myosin heavy chain
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Geng
- Department of Pathophysiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology Institute of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yufan Feng
- Department of Pathophysiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology Institute of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Pathophysiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology Institute of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hongqin Yang
- Department of Pathophysiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology Institute of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiwei Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology Institute of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yaqin Tang
- Department of Pathophysiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology Institute of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology Institute of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Hongmei Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology Institute of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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Dong S, Guo X, Han F, He Z, Wang Y. Emerging role of natural products in cancer immunotherapy. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:1163-1185. [PMID: 35530162 PMCID: PMC9069318 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has become a new generation of anti-tumor treatment, but its indications still focus on several types of tumors that are sensitive to the immune system. Therefore, effective strategies that can expand its indications and enhance its efficiency become the key element for the further development of cancer immunotherapy. Natural products are reported to have this effect on cancer immunotherapy, including cancer vaccines, immune-check points inhibitors, and adoptive immune-cells therapy. And the mechanism of that is mainly attributed to the remodeling of the tumor-immunosuppressive microenvironment, which is the key factor that assists tumor to avoid the recognition and attack from immune system and cancer immunotherapy. Therefore, this review summarizes and concludes the natural products that reportedly improve cancer immunotherapy and investigates the mechanism. And we found that saponins, polysaccharides, and flavonoids are mainly three categories of natural products, which reflected significant effects combined with cancer immunotherapy through reversing the tumor-immunosuppressive microenvironment. Besides, this review also collected the studies about nano-technology used to improve the disadvantages of natural products. All of these studies showed the great potential of natural products in cancer immunotherapy.
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Key Words
- AKT, alpha-serine/threonine-specific protein kinase
- Adoptive immune-cells transfer immunotherapy
- B2M, beta-2-microglobulin
- BMDCs, bone marrow dendritic cells
- BPS, basil polysaccharide
- BTLA, B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator
- CAFs, cancer-associated fibroblasts
- CCL22, C–C motif chemokine 22
- CIKs, cytokine-induced killer cells
- COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2
- CRC, colorectal cancer
- CTL, cytotoxic T cell
- CTLA-4, cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4
- Cancer immunotherapy
- Cancer vaccines
- DAMPs, damage-associated molecular patterns
- DCs, dendritic cells
- FDA, US Food and Drug Administration
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- HER-2, human epidermal growth factor receptor-2
- HIF-1α, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α
- HMGB1, high-mobility group box 1
- HSPs, heat shock proteins
- ICD, Immunogenic cell death
- ICTs, immunological checkpoints
- IFN-γ, interferon γ
- IL-10, interleukin-10
- Immuno-check points
- Immunosuppressive microenvironment
- LLC, Lewis lung cancer
- MDSCs, myeloid-derived suppressor cells
- MHC, major histocompatibility complex class
- MITF, melanogenesis associated transcription factor
- MMP-9, matrix metalloprotein-9
- Mcl-1, myeloid leukemia cell differentiation protein 1
- NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
- NKTs, natural killer T cells
- NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer
- Natural products
- OVA, ovalbumin
- PD-1, programmed death-1
- PD-L1, programmed death receptor ligand 1
- PGE-2, prostaglandin E2
- PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- TAMs, tumor-associated macrophages
- TAP, transporters related with antigen processing
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β
- TILs, tumor infiltration lymphocytes
- TLR, Toll-like receptor
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor α
- TSA, tumor specific antigens
- Teffs, effective T cells
- Th1, T helper type 1
- Tregs, regulatory T cells
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor
- mTOR, mechanistic target of rapamycin
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Affiliation(s)
- Songtao Dong
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xiangnan Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Fei Han
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Zhonggui He
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yongjun Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
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Kakutani H, Yuzuriha T, Nakao T, Ohta S. Long-term orally exposure of dioxins affects antigen-specific antibody production in mice. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:53-57. [PMID: 35004181 PMCID: PMC8717457 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen-specific (OVA) antibody production in the serum increased dose-dependently by TCDD concentrations below 500 ng/kg after long-term (10 weeks) exposure. Similar increases were seen in fecal and vaginal samples but were not significant. Th1 and Th2 lymphocyte responses, as determined by antibody and cytokine production, also significantly increased dose-dependently up to 500 ng/kg TCDD, and the Th1/Th2 balance was shifted toward Th1.
Dioxins are persistent environmental toxins that are still present in the food supply despite strong efforts to minimize exposure. Dioxins ingested by humans accumulate in fat and are excreted very slowly, so their long-term effects at low concentrations are a matter of concern. It is necessary to consider long-term, low-dose continuous administration under conditions that are as close as possible to a person's diet. In this study, we orally administered 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), the most common dioxin, at low doses in mice and observed the immunological effects. We found that antigen-specific (OVA) antibody production in the serum increased dose-dependently by TCDD concentrations below 500 ng/kg after long-term (10 weeks) exposure. Similar increases were seen in fecal and vaginal samples but were not significant. Th1 and Th2 lymphocyte responses, as determined by antibody and cytokine production, also significantly increased dose-dependently up to 500 ng/kg TCDD, and the Th1/Th2 balance was shifted toward Th1. These results indicate that low-dose, long-term TCDD exposure results in immunological abnormalities, perhaps by increasing antigen permeability. Different doses of dioxins may have opposing effects, being immunostimulatory at low doses (100 ng/kg/day) and immunosuppressive at high doses (500 ng/kg/day).
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Key Words
- 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)
- AhR, aryl hydrocarbon receptor
- EROD, ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase
- IFN-γ, interferon-gamma
- IL-10, interleukin-10
- IL-13, interleukin-13
- IL-17, interleukin-17
- IL-2, interleukin-2
- IL-4, interleukin-4
- Ig, immunoglobulin
- OVA, ovalbumin
- OVA-specific antibody titer
- Subclinical oral exposure of TCDD
- TCDD, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorobibenzo-p-dioxin
- TDI, tolerable daily intake
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Kakutani
- Laboratory of Disease Prevention, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Yuzuriha
- Laboratory of Disease Prevention, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
| | - Teruyuki Nakao
- Laboratory of Disease Prevention, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
| | - Souichi Ohta
- Laboratory of Disease Prevention, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
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Wang D, Mehrabi Nasab E, Athari SS. Study effect of Baicalein encapsulated/loaded Chitosan-nanoparticle on allergic Asthma pathology in mouse model. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:4311-4317. [PMID: 34354413 PMCID: PMC8324934 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma as chronic airway disease has high prevalence in children and imbalance of Th1/Th2 is a critical mechanism in pathogenesis of the asthma. Baicalein as a cell protective and anti-inflammatory flavonoid may have anti-asthma effect. Therefore, for better using lung, baicalein was used in chitosan-nanoparticle as anti-asthma treatment. Baicalein was loaded and encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticle. The morphology, physical characters (particle size, zeta potential and FT-IR) were analyzed. Drug encapsulation and loading capacity, accumulative release-time were studied. After asthma model producing, the mice were treated with L-B-NP and E-B-NP. At least, MCh challenge test, Cytokines measurement and Lung Histopathology were done. Nanoparticles had average size 285 ± 25 nm with negative charge −2.5 mV. The L-B-NP decreased penh value and E-B-NP decreased inflammation. Both nanoparticles increased IL-12 and decreased IL-5. Also, L-B-NP decreased mucus secretion in bronchi. L-B-NP and E-B-NP control immune-allergo-inflammatory response of asthma. L-B-NP controlled AHR and E-B-NP controlled inflammation that can be used as controlling anti-asthma drug.
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Key Words
- AB, alcian blue
- AHR, airway hyperresponsiveness
- AP-1, activator protein 1
- Airway
- BALf, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid
- BBB, blood–brain barrier
- COX, cyclooxygenase
- E-B-NP, encapsulated-Baicalein-nanoparticles
- ELISA, the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- FT-IR, fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy
- Flavonoid
- H&E, hematoxylin and eosin
- IL, interleukin
- IP, intraperitoneal
- IT, intratracheal
- Inflammation
- L-B-NP, loaded-Baicalein-nanoparticles
- MAP, mitogen-activated protein
- MCh, methacholine
- MTT, The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide
- NF-κB, the nuclear factor-κB
- Nano
- OVA, ovalbumin
- PAS, periodic acid–schiff
- PG, prostaglandin
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- Th, T lymphocyte helper
- iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase
- mV, millivolt
- nm, nanometer
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine of Traditional Chinese Medicine, People's Hospital of Yanting County, Sichuan 621600, China
| | - Entezar Mehrabi Nasab
- Cardiologist, Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyyed Shamsadin Athari
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
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Suzuki M, Yokota M, Kanemitsu Y, Min WP, Ozaki S, Nakamura Y. Intranasal administration of regulatory dendritic cells is useful for the induction of nasal mucosal tolerance in a mice model of allergic rhinitis. World Allergy Organ J 2020; 13:100447. [PMID: 32817781 PMCID: PMC7426451 DOI: 10.1016/j.waojou.2020.100447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intranasally administered dendritic cells (DCs) migrate into blood and thymus to induce immune responses. Regulatory dendritic cells (DCs) are also useful agents for allergy control. However, to the best of our knowledge, the effects of intranasal administration of regulatory DCs on allergy have not been reported until now. Therefore, we examined the effects of intranasal route of administration of CD40-silenced DCs on allergic responses and compared these with the effects of other administration routes, based on our previous findings on the inhibitory effects of CD40-silenced DCs on allergic responses. Methods Mice with allergic rhinitis were treated intranasally, subcutaneously, intraperitoneally, or intravenously with CD40-silenced ovalbumin (OVA)-pulsed DCs that were transfected with CD40 siRNAs and pulsed with OVA antigen. The effects of these DCs on allergic reactions and symptoms were estimated. Results Intranasal, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, or intravenous administration of OVA-pulsed CD40-silenced DCs inhibited allergic responses and symptoms in mice. Furthermore, intranasal administration of OVA-pulsed CD40-silenced DCs significantly reduced allergic symptoms and the number of eosinophils in the nasal mucosa compared with subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, or intravenous administration of these DCs. Intranasal administration of OVA-pulsed CD40-silenced DCs resulted in significantly up-regulated IL-10, IL-35, and Foxp3 expression, and enhanced the percentage of CD11c+CD40− and CD4+CD25+ cells within the cervical lymph nodes compared to subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, or intravenous routes of administration. Conclusions We believe that this is the first report to demonstrate that regulatory DCs infiltrate into the cervical lymph nodes after intranasal administration of these cells and that intranasal administration of regulatory DCs is more effective for the induction of tolerance in the nasal mucosa than subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, or intravenous administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motohiko Suzuki
- Departments of Otorhinolaryngology, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Makoto Yokota
- Departments of Otorhinolaryngology, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kanemitsu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Nagoya City, University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Wei-Ping Min
- Departments of Departments of Surgery, Microbiology and Immunology, and Pathology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Shinya Ozaki
- Departments of Otorhinolaryngology, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Nakamura
- Departments of Otorhinolaryngology, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
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Erdos G, Balmert SC, Carey CD, Falo GD, Patel NA, Zhang J, Gambotto A, Korkmaz E, Falo LD. Improved Cutaneous Genetic Immunization by Microneedle Array Delivery of an Adjuvanted Adenovirus Vaccine. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 140:2528-2531.e2. [PMID: 32330464 PMCID: PMC7172852 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.03.966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Geza Erdos
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stephen C Balmert
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cara Donahue Carey
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gabriel D Falo
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nikita A Patel
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jiying Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrea Gambotto
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Emrullah Korkmaz
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh Swanson School of Engineering, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Louis D Falo
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh Swanson School of Engineering, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; The UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; The McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Yamada Y, Yokooji T, Ninomiya N, Taogoshi T, Morita E, Matsuo H. Evaluation of the allergenicity of ω5-gliadin-deficient Hokushin wheat (1BS-18) in a wheat allergy rat model. Biochem Biophys Rep 2019; 20:100702. [PMID: 31720438 PMCID: PMC6838741 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2019.100702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously developed Hokushin wheat line as a hypoallergenic wheat lacking ω5-gliadin (1BS-18), a major allergen for wheat-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis. However, the allergenicity of 1BS-18 has not been understood completely. In this study, we evaluated the allergenicity of 1BS-18 such as anaphylactic elicitation ability and sensitization ability using rats sensitized with ω5-gliadin or glutens prepared from Hokushin (Hokushin gluten) or 1BS-18 (1BS-18 gluten). Rats were sensitized by intraperitoneal administration of ω5-gliadin, Hokushin gluten or 1BS-18 gluten. Immunoglobulin E-mediated systemic anaphylaxis was evaluated by measuring changes in rectal temperature for 30 min after intravenous challenge with ω5-gliadin or the test glutens in unsensitized rats or rats sensitized with ω5-gliadin or the test glutens. In ω5-gliadin-sensitized rats, intravenous challenge with ω5-gliadin or Hokushin gluten significantly decreased the rectal temperature at 30 min after challenge while challenge with 1BS-18 gluten did not reduce the rectal temperature. Furthermore, intravenous challenge with ω5-gliadin significantly decreased the rectal temperature in rats sensitized with Hokushin gluten or 1BS-18 gluten. However, the reduced degree observed in 1BS-18 gluten-sensitized rats was smaller than that in Hokushin gluten-sensitized rats. In conclusion, 1BS-18 elicited no allergic reaction in ω5-gliadin-sensitized rats and had less sensitization ability for ω5-gliadin than that of Hokushin wheat.
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Key Words
- 1BS-18, hypoallergenic wheat lacking ω5-gliadin
- Ab, antibody
- Allergenicity
- BN, Brown-Norway
- ELISA, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay
- HRP, horseradish peroxidase
- Hypoallergenic wheat
- Ig, immunoglobulin
- OVA, ovalbumin
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PBS-T, phosphate-buffered saline contining 0.1% Tween 20
- QOL, quality of life
- Rat
- WDEIA, wheat-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis
- Wheat allergy
- ω5-Gliadin
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukinori Yamada
- Department of Pharmaceutical Services, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Tomoharu Yokooji
- Department of Pharmaceutical Services, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Naoki Ninomiya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Services, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Takanori Taogoshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Services, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Eishin Morita
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, 693-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Matsuo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Services, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
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Liu CL, Shi GP. Calcium-activated chloride channel regulator 1 (CLCA1): More than a regulator of chloride transport and mucus production. World Allergy Organ J 2019; 12:100077. [PMID: 31871532 DOI: 10.1016/j.waojou.2019.100077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CLCA1 is a member of the CLCA (calcium-activated chloride channel regulator) family and plays an essential role in goblet cell mucus production from the respiratory tract epithelium. CLCA1 also regulates Ca2+-dependent Cl- transport that involves the channel protein transmembrane protein 16A (TMEM16A) and its accessary molecules. CLCA1 modulates epithelial cell chloride current and participates in the pathogenesis of mucus hypersecretory-associated respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis, pneumonia, colon colitis, cystic fibrosis intestinal mucous disease, ulcerative colitis, and gastrointestinal parasitic infection. Most studies have been focused on the expression regulation of CLCA1 in human specimens. Limited studies used the CLCA1-deficient mice and CLCA1 blocking agents and yielded inconsistent conclusions regarding its role in these diseases. CLCA1 not only regulates mucin expression, but also participates in innate immune responses by binding to yet unidentified molecules on inflammatory cells for cytokine and chemokine production. CLCA1 also targets lymphatic endothelial cells and cancer cells by regulating lymphatic cell proliferation and lymphatic sinus growth in the lymphatic organs and controlling cancer cell differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis, all which depend on the location of the lymphatic vessels, the type of cancers, the presence of Th2 cytokines, and possibly the availability and type of CLCA1-binding proteins. Here we summarize available studies related to these different activities of CLCA1 to assist our understanding of how this secreted modifier of calcium-activated chloride channels (CaCCs) affects mucus production and innate immunity during the pathogenesis of respiratory, gastrointestinal, and malignant diseases.
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Key Words
- AMCase, acidic mammalian chitinase
- BALF, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid
- Bpifa1, bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI) fold-containing family A member 1
- CF, cystic fibrosis
- CFTR, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
- CLCA1
- CLCA1, calcium-activated chloride channel regulator 1
- COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- CXCL-1, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1
- CaCCs, calcium-activated chloride channels
- Cancer
- CeO2NPs, cerium dioxide nanoparticles
- DOG1, discovered on gastrointestinal stromal tumours-1
- DSS, dextran sodium sulfate
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- EMT, epithelial-mesenchymal transition
- ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- EpOCs, epithelial organoid cultures
- FAK, focal adhesion kinase
- Gastrointestinal disease
- Gob-5, goblet cell protein-5
- HDMA, house dust mite allergen
- IAD, inflammatory airway diseases
- Innate immunity
- KCNMB1, potassium calcium-activated channel subfamily M regulatory beta subunit 1
- LFA-1, lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1.
- LFC, log2 fold change
- MUC5AC, mucin 5AC
- Mucin
- NFA, niflumic acid
- OVA, ovalbumin
- Respiratory diseases
- SPDEF, sterile alpha motif [SAM] domain-containing prostate-derived Ets transcription factor
- STAT6, signal transducer and activator of transcription 6
- TMEM16A, transmembrane protein 16A
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α
- VWA, von Willebrand factor type A
- WT, wild-type
- cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate
- rIFABP, rat intestinal fatty acid binding protein promoter
- β4BMs, β4-binding motifs
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Yanagisawa R, Koike E, Win-Shwe TT, Takano H. Oral exposure to low dose bisphenol A aggravates allergic airway inflammation in mice. Toxicol Rep 2019; 6:1253-1262. [PMID: 31788436 PMCID: PMC6880024 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral exposure to BPA relevant to human exposure aggravated allergic asthma. Low dose BPA with allergen reduced lung mRNA levels of hormone receptors. Low dose BPA with allergen altered lymph node and bone marrow microenvironments.
Bisphenol A (BPA) is widely used in many consumer products and has adverse effects on human health including allergic diseases. We investigated the effects of low dose BPA, comparable to actual human oral exposure, on allergic asthma in mice. C3H/HeJ male mice were fed a chow diet containing BPA (equivalent to 0.09, 0.90, or 9.01 μg/kg/day) and were intratracheally administered ovalbumin (OVA, 1 μg/animal) every two weeks from 5–11 weeks of age. All doses of BPA plus OVA enhanced pulmonary inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness, and increased lung mRNA levels of Th2 cytokine/chemokine, and serum OVA-specific IgE and IgG1 compared to OVA alone, with greater effects observed in the middle- and high-dose BPA plus OVA groups. Furthermore, high-dose BPA with OVA decreased lung mRNA levels of ERβ and AR compared with OVA. Furthermore, BPA enhanced OVA-restimulated cell proliferation and protein levels of IL-4 and IL-5 in mediastinal lymph node (MLN) cells in OVA-sensitized mice. In bone marrow (BM) cells, middle-dose BPA with OVA increased Gr-1 expression. In conclusion, oral exposure to low-dose BPA at levels equivalent to human exposure can aggravate allergic asthmatic responses through enhancement of Th2-skewed responses, lung hormone receptor downregulation, and MLN and BM microenvironment change.
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Key Words
- AhR, aryl hydrocarbon receptor
- Allergic asthma
- Ar, androgen receptor
- BM, bone marrow
- BPA, bisphenol a
- Bisphenol A
- ER, estrogen receptor
- Endocrine disruptor
- FACS, fluorescence-activated cell-sorting
- GR, glucocorticoid receptor
- Gr-1, granulocyte-differentiation antigen
- Hormone receptor
- Hprt1, hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1
- IFN-γ, interferon-gamma
- IL, interleukin
- Ig, immunoglobulin
- Low dose effects
- MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1
- MIP-1α, macrophage inflammatory protein 1-alpha
- MLN, mediastinal lymph node
- OVA, ovalbumin
- RANTES, normal T cell expressed and secreted
- SDF-1α, stromal cell derived factor 1 alpha
- Th, T helper
- Th2 response
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Yanagisawa
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Eiko Koike
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tin-Tin Win-Shwe
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Takano
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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10
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Zhao G, Chandrudu S, Skwarczynski M, Toth I. The application of self-assembled nanostructures in peptide-based subunit vaccine development. Eur Polym J 2017; 93:670-681. [PMID: 32226094 PMCID: PMC7094324 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Smaller polymer-peptide conjugates-based nanoparticles are often more immunogenic. Lipid-antigen conjugates-based nanoparticles can interact with immune receptors. Peptides with β-sheet conformation usually form nanofibers. α-Helical and random coil peptides tend to self-assemble into nanoparticles. Peptide-based nanostructures are usually poorer inducers of immune responses.
Peptide based-vaccines are becoming one of the most widely investigated prophylactic and therapeutic health care interventions against a variety of diseases, including cancer. However, the lack of a safe and highly efficient adjuvant (immune stimulant) is regarded as the biggest obstacle to vaccine development. The incorporation of a peptide antigen in a nanostructure-based delivery system was recently shown to overcome this obstacle. Nanostructures are often formed from antigens conjugated to molecules such as polymers, lipids, and peptide, with the help of self-assembly phenomenon. This review describes the application of self-assembly process for the production of peptide-based vaccine candidates and the ability of these nanostructures to stimulate humoral and cellular immune responses.
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Key Words
- (C18)2, N,N-dioctadecyl succinamic acid
- APC, antigen-presenting cell
- BMA, butyl methacrylate
- C16, 2-(R/S)-hexadecanoic acid
- CFA, complete Freund's adjuvant
- Conjugation
- CuAAC, copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition
- DLS, dynamic light scattering
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- FDA, Food and Drug Administration
- GAS, group A streptococcus
- HCV, hepatitis C virus
- HIV, human immunodeficiency virus
- HPV, human papilloma virus
- IFA, incomplete Freund’s adjuvant
- IgG, immunoglobulin G
- LCP, lipid core peptide
- Lipopeptide
- Nanofiber
- Nanoparticle
- OVA, ovalbumin
- PADRE, pan DR epitope
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PDSMA, pyridyl disulfide methacrylamide
- PEG-PPS, poly(ethylene glycol)-stabilized poly(propylene sulfide) core nanoparticle
- Pam2Cys, dipalmitoyl-S-glyceryl cysteine
- Pam3Cys, tripalmitoyl-S-glyceryl cysteine
- PbCSP, Plasmodium berghei circumsporozoite protein
- Polymer
- SAP, self-assembling polypeptide
- SARS, severe acute respiratory syndrome
- Self-assembly
- T-VEC, talimogene laherparepvec
- TEM, transmission electron microscopy
- TLR2, toll-like receptor 2
- TLR4, toll-like receptor 4
- TLR9, toll-like receptor 9
- VLP, virus-like particle
- Vaccine
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangzu Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Saranya Chandrudu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Mariusz Skwarczynski
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Istvan Toth
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
- Corresponding author at: School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
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11
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Mintern JD, Macri C, Chin WJ, Panozza SE, Segura E, Patterson NL, Zeller P, Bourges D, Bedoui S, McMillan PJ, Idris A, Nowell CJ, Brown A, Radford KJ, Johnston AP, Villadangos JA. Differential use of autophagy by primary dendritic cells specialized in cross-presentation. Autophagy 2016; 11:906-17. [PMID: 25950899 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1045178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen-presenting cells survey their environment and present captured antigens bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Formation of MHC-antigen complexes occurs in specialized compartments where multiple protein trafficking routes, still incompletely understood, converge. Autophagy is a route that enables the presentation of cytosolic antigen by MHC class II molecules. Some reports also implicate autophagy in the presentation of extracellular, endocytosed antigen by MHC class I molecules, a pathway termed "cross-presentation." The role of autophagy in cross-presentation is controversial. This may be due to studies using different types of antigen presenting cells for which the use of autophagy is not well defined. Here we report that active use of autophagy is evident only in DC subtypes specialized in cross-presentation. However, the contribution of autophagy to cross-presentation varied depending on the form of antigen: it was negligible in the case of cell-associated antigen or antigen delivered via receptor-mediated endocytosis, but more prominent when the antigen was a soluble protein. These findings highlight the differential use of autophagy and its machinery by primary cells equipped with specific immune function, and prompt careful reassessment of the participation of this endocytic pathway in antigen cross-presentation.
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Key Words
- 3-MA, 3-methyladenine
- Atg7-DC CKO, Atg7 DC conditional knockout
- BafA, bafilomycin A1
- CD, cluster of differentiation
- CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocyte
- DALIS, dendritic cell aggresome-like inducible structures
- DC, dendritic cell
- IFC imaging flow cytometry
- LAP, LC3 associated phagocytosis
- LC3B, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 β
- MHC I, major histocompatibility complex class I
- MHC II, major histocompatibility complex class II
- OT-I, OVA-specific CD8+ T cell
- OT-II, OVA-specific CD4+ T cell; SIM, structured illumination microscopy.
- OVA, ovalbumin
- antigen presentation
- autophagy
- dendritic cells
- green fluorescent protein, GFP
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12
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Fujinami N, Yoshikawa T, Sawada Y, Shimomura M, Iwama T, Sugai S, Kitano S, Uemura Y, Nakatsura T. Enhancement of antitumor effect by peptide vaccine therapy in combination with anti-CD4 antibody: Study in a murine model. Biochem Biophys Rep 2016; 5:482-491. [PMID: 28955856 PMCID: PMC5600353 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The clinical efficacy of cancer peptide vaccine therapy is insufficient. To enhance the anti-tumor effect of peptide vaccine therapy, we combined this therapy with an anti-CD4 mAb (GK1.5), which is known to deplete CD4+ cells, including regulatory T cells (Tregs). Methods To determine the treatment schedule, the number of lymphocyte subsets in the peripheral blood of mice was traced by flow cytometry after administration of anti-CD4 mAb. The ovalbumin (OVA)257–264 peptide vaccine was injected intradermally and anti-CD4 mAb was administered intraperitoneally into C57BL/6 mice at different schedules. We evaluated the enhancement of OVA peptide-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) induction in the combination therapy using the ELISPOT assay, CD107a assay, and cytokine assay. We then examined the in vivo metastasis inhibitory effect by OVA peptide vaccine therapy in combination with anti-CD4 mAb against OVA-expressing thymoma (EG7) in a murine liver metastatic model. Results We showed that peptide-specific CTL induction was enhanced by the peptide vaccine in combination with anti-CD4 mAb and that the optimized treatment schedule had the strongest induction effect of peptide-specific CTLs using an IFN-γ ELISPOT assay. We also confirmed that the CD107a+ cells secreted perforin and granzyme B and the amount of IL-2 and TNF produced by these CTLs increased when the peptide vaccine was combined with anti-CD4 mAb. Furthermore, metastasis was inhibited by peptide vaccines in combination with anti-CD4 mAb compared to peptide vaccine alone in a murine liver metastatic model. Conclusion The use of anti-CD4 mAb in combination with the OVA peptide vaccine therapy increased the number of peptide-specific CTLs and showed a higher therapeutic effect against OVA-expressing tumors. The combination with anti-CD4 mAb may provide a new cancer vaccine strategy. Peptide-specific CTL induction and function were enhanced by depletion of CD4+ cells. Anti-tumor effect by the peptide vaccine was enhanced by the depletion of CD4+ cells. Metastasis was inhibited by vaccine with depletion of CD4+ cells in a murine model. Combination with the depletion of CD4+ cells could be a new cancer vaccine strategy.
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Key Words
- 7-AAD, 7-amino-actinomycin D
- Anti-CD4 antibody
- CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocyte
- Cancer
- DC, dendritic cell
- ELISPOT assay, enzyme-linked immunospot assay
- FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate
- FOXP3, forkhead box P3
- GPC3, glypican-3
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- IFN-γ, interferon-γ
- IL-2, interleukine-2
- Immunotherapy
- MHC, major histocompatibility complex
- Murine liver metastatic model
- OVA, ovalbumin
- PD-1, programmed death-1
- PE, phycoerythrin
- Peptide vaccine
- QOL, quality of life
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor-βl
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- Treg, regulatory T cell
- mAb, monoclonal antibody
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiro Fujinami
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan.,Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Yoshikawa
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yu Sawada
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Manami Shimomura
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tatsuaki Iwama
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shiori Sugai
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan.,Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Japan
| | - Shigehisa Kitano
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Experimental Therapeutics, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tsukiji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Uemura
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Nakatsura
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan.,Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Japan
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13
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Abstract
The mucosal immune system plays a crucial part in the control of infection. Exposure of humans and animals to potential pathogens generally occurs through mucosal surfaces, thus, strategies that target the mucosa seem rational and efficient vaccination measures. Vaccination through the mucosal immune system can induce effective systemic immune responses simultaneously with mucosal immunity compared with parenteral vaccination. M cells are capable of transporting luminal antigens to the underlying lymphoid tissues and can be exploited by pathogens as an entry portal to invade the host. Therefore, targeting M-cell-specific molecules might enhance antigen entry, initiate the immune response, and induce protection against mucosal pathogens. Here, we outline our understanding of the distribution and function of M cells, and summarize the advances in mucosal vaccine strategies that target M cells.
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Key Words
- ANX, Annexin; BALT, bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue
- C5aR, C5a receptor
- DCs, dendritic cells
- DENV, dengue virus
- EDIII, envelope domain III
- FAE, follicle-associated epithelium
- GALT, gut-associated lymphoid tissue
- GENALT, genital-associated lymphoid tissue
- GP2, Glycoprotein 2
- Hsp60, heat shock protein 60
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- M cells
- M cells, microfold cells
- MALT, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
- NALT, nasopharynx- or nose-associated lymphoid tissue
- OVA, ovalbumin
- OmpH, outer membrane protein H
- PP, Peyer's patches
- PRRs, pathogen recognition receptors
- PrPC, cellular prion protein
- SELEX, Systematic Evolution of Ligands by EXponential enrichment
- SIgA secretory IgA
- TLR-4, Toll-like receptor-4
- UEA-1,Ulex europaeus agglutinin-1
- antigen
- infection
- mucosal immunity
- pσ1, reovirus surface protein σ1
- vaccine
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Wang
- a State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology; National Foot-and-Mouse Disease Reference Laboratory; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute; CAAS ; Lanzhou , Gansu , China
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14
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Bloy N, Buqué A, Aranda F, Castoldi F, Eggermont A, Cremer I, Sautès-Fridman C, Fucikova J, Galon J, Spisek R, Tartour E, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L. Trial watch: Naked and vectored DNA-based anticancer vaccines. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e1026531. [PMID: 26155408 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1026531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
One type of anticancer vaccine relies on the administration of DNA constructs encoding one or multiple tumor-associated antigens (TAAs). The ultimate objective of these preparations, which can be naked or vectored by non-pathogenic viruses, bacteria or yeast cells, is to drive the synthesis of TAAs in the context of an immunostimulatory milieu, resulting in the (re-)elicitation of a tumor-targeting immune response. In spite of encouraging preclinical results, the clinical efficacy of DNA-based vaccines employed as standalone immunotherapeutic interventions in cancer patients appears to be limited. Thus, efforts are currently being devoted to the development of combinatorial regimens that allow DNA-based anticancer vaccines to elicit clinically relevant immune responses. Here, we discuss recent advances in the preclinical and clinical development of this therapeutic paradigm.
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Key Words
- AFP, α-fetoprotein
- APC, antigen-presenting cell
- CDR, complementarity-determining region
- CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen
- CIN, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
- CTLA4, cytotoxic T lymphocyte protein 4
- DAMP, damage-associated molecular pattern
- DC, dendritic cell
- FDA, Food and Drug Administration
- GM-CSF, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor
- GX-188E
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- HNSCC, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
- HPV, human papillomavirus
- IL, interleukin
- OS, overall survival
- OVA, ovalbumin
- PAP, prostate acid phosphatase
- SCGB2A2, secretoglobin, family 2A, member 2
- SOX2, SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 2
- T, brachyury homolog
- TAA, tumor-associated antigen
- TLR, Toll-like receptor
- TRA, tumor rejection antigen
- Treg, regulatory T cell
- VGX-3100
- WT1, Wilms tumor 1
- adjuvants
- dendritic cell
- electroporation
- mucosal immunity
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma Bloy
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus ; Villejuif, France ; INSERM , U1138; Paris, France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Center de Recherche des Cordeliers ; Paris, France
| | - Aitziber Buqué
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus ; Villejuif, France ; INSERM , U1138; Paris, France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Center de Recherche des Cordeliers ; Paris, France
| | - Fernando Aranda
- Group of Immune receptors of the Innate and Adaptive System; Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesca Castoldi
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus ; Villejuif, France ; INSERM , U1138; Paris, France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Center de Recherche des Cordeliers ; Paris, France ; Faculté de Medicine; Université Paris Sud/Paris XI ; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France ; Sotio a.c ; Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Isabelle Cremer
- INSERM , U1138; Paris, France ; Equipe 13; Center de Recherche des Cordeliers ; Paris, France ; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI ; Paris, France
| | - Catherine Sautès-Fridman
- INSERM , U1138; Paris, France ; Equipe 13; Center de Recherche des Cordeliers ; Paris, France ; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI ; Paris, France
| | - Jitka Fucikova
- Sotio a.c ; Prague, Czech Republic ; Dept. of Immunology; 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol; Charles University ; Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jérôme Galon
- INSERM , U1138; Paris, France ; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI ; Paris, France ; Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology; Center de Recherche des Cordeliers ; Paris, France ; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité ; Paris, France
| | - Radek Spisek
- Sotio a.c ; Prague, Czech Republic ; Dept. of Immunology; 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol; Charles University ; Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eric Tartour
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité ; Paris, France ; INSERM , U970; Paris, France ; Paris-Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC) ; Paris, France ; Service d'Immunologie Biologique; Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou (HEGP); AP-HP ; Paris, France
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus ; Villejuif, France ; INSERM, U1015, CICBT507 ; Villejuif, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- INSERM , U1138; Paris, France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Center de Recherche des Cordeliers ; Paris, France ; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI ; Paris, France ; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité ; Paris, France ; Pôle de Biologie; Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou; AP-HP ; Paris, France ; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus ; Villejuif, France
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus ; Villejuif, France ; INSERM , U1138; Paris, France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Center de Recherche des Cordeliers ; Paris, France ; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI ; Paris, France ; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité ; Paris, France
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15
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Ahmed MS, Byeon SE, Jeong Y, Miah MA, Salahuddin M, Lee Y, Park SS, Bae YS. Dab2, a negative regulator of DC immunogenicity, is an attractive molecular target for DC-based immunotherapy. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e984550. [PMID: 25949867 DOI: 10.4161/2162402x.2014.984550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dab2 is an adapter protein involved in receptor-mediated signaling, endocytosis, cell adhesion, hematopoietic cell differentiation, and angiogenesis. It plays a pivotal role in controlling cellular homeostasis. In the immune system, the Dab2 is a Foxp3 target gene and is required for regulatory T (Treg) cell function. Dab2 expression and its biological function in dendritic cells (DCs) have not been described. In this study, we found that Dab2 was significantly induced during the development of mouse bone marrow (BM)-derived DCs (BMDCs) and human monocyte-derived DCs (MoDCs). Even in a steady state, Dab2 was expressed in mouse splenic DCs (spDCs). STAT5 activation, Foxp3 expression, and hnRNPE1 activation mediated by PI3K/Akt signaling were required for Dab2 expression during GM-CSF-derived BMDC development regardless of TGF-β signaling. Dab2-silencing was accompanied by enhanced IL-12 and IL-6 expression, and an improved capacity of DC for antigen uptake, migration and T cell stimulation, which generated strong CTL in vaccinated mice. Vaccination with Dab2-silenced DCs inhibited tumor growth more effectively than did vaccination with wild type DCs. Dab2-overexpression abrogated the efficacy of the DC vaccine in DC-based tumor immunotherapy. These data strongly suggest that Dab2 might be an intrinsic negative regulator of the immunogenicity of DCs, thus might be an attractive molecular target to improve DC vaccine efficacy.
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Key Words
- BAT, blocking the TGF-β-activated translation element
- BM, bone marrow
- CFSE, 5, 6-carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester
- CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocyte
- DCs, dendritic cells
- Dab2
- Dab2, disabled-2 adaptor protein
- Dab2KD, Dab2-knockdown
- Foxp3, forkhead box P3
- GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor
- OT-1 and OT-2 mice, OVA257–264 and OVA323–339-peptide-specific T cell receptor transgenic mice
- OVA, ovalbumin
- PI3K, phosphoinositide-3 kinase
- STAT5, transducer and activator of transcription 5
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β
- Treg, regulatory T
- WT, wild type
- dendritic cells
- hMoDC, human monocyte-derived dendritic cell
- hnRNP E1, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein E1
- imDC, immature DC
- immunogenicity
- mDC, mature DC
- molecular target
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Selim Ahmed
- Department of Biological Science; Sungkyunkwan University ; Suwon, Gyounggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Eun Byeon
- Department of Biological Science; Sungkyunkwan University ; Suwon, Gyounggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yideul Jeong
- Department of Biological Science; Sungkyunkwan University ; Suwon, Gyounggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Mohammad Alam Miah
- Department of Biological Science; Sungkyunkwan University ; Suwon, Gyounggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Salahuddin
- Department of Biological Science; Sungkyunkwan University ; Suwon, Gyounggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Lee
- Department of Biological Science; Sungkyunkwan University ; Suwon, Gyounggi-do, Republic of Korea ; CreaGene Research Institute ; Seongnam-shi, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Soo Park
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology; Korea University ; Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Soo Bae
- Department of Biological Science; Sungkyunkwan University ; Suwon, Gyounggi-do, Republic of Korea ; CreaGene Research Institute ; Seongnam-shi, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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16
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Flores C, Pham C, Snyder D, Yang S, Sanchez-Perez L, Sayour E, Cui X, Kemeny H, Friedman H, Bigner DD, Sampson J, Mitchell DA. Novel role of hematopoietic stem cells in immunologic rejection of malignant gliomas. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e994374. [PMID: 25949916 PMCID: PMC4404923 DOI: 10.4161/2162402x.2014.994374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive cellular therapy (ACT) after lymphodepletive conditioning can induce dramatic clinical responses, but this approach has been largely limited to melanoma due to a lack of reliable methods for expanding tumor-specific lymphocytes from the majority of other solid cancers. We have employed tumor RNA-pulsed dendritic cells (DCs) to reliably expand CD4+ and CD8+ tumor-reactive T lymphocytes for curative ACT in a highly-invasive, chemotherapy- and radiation-resistant malignant glioma model. Curative treatment of established intracranial tumors involved a synergistic interaction between myeloablative (MA) conditioning, adoptively transferred tumor-specific T cells, and tumor RNA-pulsed DC vaccines. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), administered for salvage from MA conditioning, rapidly migrated to areas of intracranial tumor growth and facilitated the recruitment of tumor-specific lymphocytes through HSC-elaborated chemokines and enhanced immunologic rejection of intracranial tumors during ACT. Furthermore, HSC transplant under non-myeloablative (NMA) conditions also enhanced immunologic tumor rejection, indicating a novel role for the use of HSCs in the immunologic treatment of malignant gliomas and possibly other solid tumors.
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Key Words
- ACT, adoptive cellular therapy
- CAR, chimeric antigen receptor
- CBA, cytokine bead array
- CCL3, (MIP1α) macrophage inhibitory protein 1
- CXCL12, (SDF1) stromal derived factor 1
- DC, dendritic cell
- FACS, fluorescence activated cell sorting
- GBM
- HSC, haematopoietic stem cell
- IFNγ, interferon gamma
- IL-15, interleukin 15
- IL-7, interleukin 7
- MA, myeloablative
- NMA, non-myeloablative
- OVA, ovalbumin
- SEM, standard error of mean
- TAA, tumor associated antigens
- TCR, T cell receptor
- TMZ, temozolomide
- TNFα, tumor necrosis factor α
- TTRNA-T cells, tumor-specific T cells activated ex vivo using RNA-pulsed DCs
- WBI, whole brain irradiation.
- cellular therapy
- glioblastoma
- glioma
- hematopoietic stem cells
- immunotherapy
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Flores
- UF Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program; Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy; Department of Neurosurgery; University of Florida ; Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Christina Pham
- UF Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program; Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy; Department of Neurosurgery; University of Florida ; Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - David Snyder
- Division of Neurosurgery; Department of Surgery; Duke University Medical Center ; Durham, NC, USA
| | - Shicheng Yang
- Division of Neurosurgery; Department of Surgery; Duke University Medical Center ; Durham, NC, USA
| | - Luis Sanchez-Perez
- Division of Neurosurgery; Department of Surgery; Duke University Medical Center ; Durham, NC, USA
| | - Elias Sayour
- UF Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program; Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy; Department of Neurosurgery; University of Florida ; Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Xiuyu Cui
- Division of Neurosurgery; Department of Surgery; Duke University Medical Center ; Durham, NC, USA
| | - Hanna Kemeny
- Division of Neurosurgery; Department of Surgery; Duke University Medical Center ; Durham, NC, USA
| | - Henry Friedman
- Division of Neurosurgery; Department of Surgery; Duke University Medical Center ; Durham, NC, USA
| | - Darell D Bigner
- Department of Pathology; Duke University Medical Center ; Durham, NC, USA
| | - John Sampson
- Division of Neurosurgery; Department of Surgery; Duke University Medical Center ; Durham, NC, USA ; Department of Pathology; Duke University Medical Center ; Durham, NC, USA
| | - Duane A Mitchell
- UF Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program; Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy; Department of Neurosurgery; University of Florida ; Gainesville, FL, USA
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17
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Korrer MJ, Routes JM. Adenovirus serotype 5 E1A expressing tumor cells elicit a tumor-specific CD8+ T cell response independent of NKG2D. Results Immunol 2015; 5:1-5. [PMID: 25685658 PMCID: PMC4309920 DOI: 10.1016/j.rinim.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The expression of the Adenovirus serotype 2 or serotype 5 (Ad2/5) E1A gene in tumor cells upregulates ligands that are recognized by the NKG2D activating receptor, which is expressed on NK cells and T cells, and reduces their tumorigenicity, a process dependent on NK cells and T cells. In some model systems, the forced overexpression of NKG2D ligands on tumor cells induced antigen-specific CD8+ T cells that mediated anti-tumor immunity. We wanted to determine if the interaction of NKG2D ligands on tumor cells that express E1A with NKG2D on immune cells contributed to the ability of E1A to induce a CD8+ T cell anti-tumor response or reduce tumorigenicity. To address these questions, we used the MCA-205 tumor cell line or MCA-205 cells that expressed Ad5 E1A (MCA-205-E1A cells), a fusion protein of E1A and ovalbumin (MCA-205-E1A-OVA) or OVA (MCA-205-OVA). We found that the expression of E1A or E1A–OVA, but not OVA, upregulated the expression of the NKG2D ligand RAE-1 on the surface of MCA-205 cells. Additionally, MCA-205-E1A cells and MCA-205-E1A-OVA cells were more sensitive to NK cell lysis than MCA-205 or MCA-205-OVA cells in WT B6 mice, but not NKG2D deficient B6 mice. Next, we adoptively transferred WT or NKG2D deficient OT-1 T cells (CD8 T cells that recognize OVA residues 257–264) into WT B6 mice or B6 mice that were deficient in NKG2D respectively and measured the expansion of OT-1 cells following immunization with MCA-205-E1A-OVA or MCA-205-OVA cells. We found that the expansion of OT-1 cells following immunization of either OVA-expressing MCA-205 cell lines was not affected by the presence or absence of NKG2D in B6 mice. Finally, we found that the capacity of E1A to reduce the tumorigenicity of MCA-205 cells was not impaired in B6-NKG2D deficient mice as compared to WT B6 mice. Our results suggest that the ability of E1A to reduce the tumorigenicity of MCA-205 cells, or induce an antigen-specific CD8+ T cell response, is independent of the interaction of NKG2D ligands with the NKG2D receptor.
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Key Words
- Ad, adenovirus
- Adenovirus E1A
- B6, C57BL/6
- CD8+ T cells
- E1A, early region 1 A
- MCA, methylcholanthrene
- NK cells
- NK, natural killer
- NKG2D
- NKG2D ligands
- NKG2D, natural killer group 2 D
- OVA, ovalbumin
- RAE-1, retinoic acid early inducible
- TPD50, tumor producing dose 50
- Tumor immunology
- WT, wildtype
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Korrer
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Correspondence to: Medical College of Wisconsin, 9000 W. Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53226-4874, USA.
| | - John M. Routes
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Correspondence to: Medical College of Wisconsin, 9000 W. Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53226-4874, USA.
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18
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Kim YH, Yoshimoto M, Nakayama K, Tanino S, Fujimura Y, Yamada K, Tachibana H. Tannic acid, a higher galloylated pentagalloylglucose, suppresses antigen-specific IgE production by inhibiting ɛ germline transcription induced by STAT6 activation. FEBS Open Bio 2013; 3:341-5. [PMID: 24251093 PMCID: PMC3821021 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-4 is a critical stimulator that induces ɛ germline transcripts (ɛGT) for switch recombination to initiate immunoglobulin (Ig) E and is important in allergic disease pathogenesis. We found pentagalloylglucose (PGG) inhibited IL-4-induced ɛGT expression. PGG exerted its inhibitory function by suppressing IL-4-induced activation of IL-4Rα, JAK3 and STAT6. Furthermore, tannic acid, a higher galloylated PGG, attenuated ovalbumin-induced IgE production in vivo by inhibiting IL-4-induced ɛGT expression and the IL-4 signaling pathway. In conclusion, our results suggest that tannic acid may attenuate allergic diseases by suppressing IgE production by inhibiting IL-4-induced signaling. Tannic acid (TA) is highly galloylated pentagalloylglucose derived from oriental herbs. Germline transcript (GT) expression is indispensable for immunoglobulin (Ig) E class switching. PGG and TA inhibit ɛGT expression by attenuating IL-4 signaling. TA attenuates ovalbumin-induced IgE production in vivo.
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Key Words
- IFN-γ, interferon-gamma
- IL, interleukin
- IgE
- IgE, immunoglobulin E
- JAK, Janus kinase
- OVA, ovalbumin
- PGG, 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β-d-glucose
- Pentagalloylglucose
- STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription
- Signal transducers and activators of transcription6
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor-beta
- Tannic acid
- ɛ Germline transcript
- ɛGT, ɛ germline transcript
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Hee Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
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Ito Y, Shigemori S, Sato T, Shimazu T, Hatano K, Otani H, Kitazawa H, Shimosato T. Class I/II hybrid inhibitory oligodeoxynucleotide exerts Th1 and Th2 double immunosuppression. FEBS Open Bio 2012; 3:41-5. [PMID: 23847756 PMCID: PMC3668506 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We designed class I/II hybrid inhibitory oligodeoxynucleotides (iODNs), called iSG, and found that the sequence 5′-TTAGGG-3′, which has a six-base loop head structure, and a 3′-oligo (dG)3–5 tail sequence are important for potent immunosuppressive activity. Interestingly, splenocytes isolated from ovalbumin (OVA)-immunized mice and treated with iSG3 showed suppression of not only interleukin (IL)-6, IL-12p35, IL-12p40, and interferon (IFN) γ mRNA expression, but also IL-4 and IL-13 mRNA expression. Thus, both Th2 and Th1 immune responses can be strongly suppressed by iODNs in splenocytes from allergen-immunized mice, suggesting usefulness in the treatment of diseases induced by over-active immune activation.
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Key Words
- Class I iODN
- Class I/II hybrid iODN
- Class II iODN
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- IFN, interferon
- IL, interleukin
- MTT, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide
- ODN, oligodeoxynucleotide
- OVA, ovalbumin
- PO, phosphodiester
- PS, phosphorothioate
- STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription
- TLR, Toll-like receptor
- Th1 cell, type 1 helper T cell
- Th2 cell, type 2 helper T cell
- iODN
- immunosuppression
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Ito
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Minamiminowa 399-4598, Japan
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