1
|
Xu H, Yang A, Pang Y, Pei H. Advances and challenges in the technologies for cyanobacterial cells removal in drinking water treatment. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 359:142338. [PMID: 38754486 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Harmful cyanobacteria in reservoirs pose a serious threat to drinking water safety due to the intracellular metabolites, such as toxins and unpleasant tastes & odours. Effective removal of harmful cyanobacteria with little to no cell damage is very important to ensure the safety of drinking water. This review first introduced development history of cyanobacterial removal technologies in drinking water treatment. Then, impacts of oxidation, coagulation and pre-oxidation enhanced coagulation processes on cyanobacterial removal and integrity of the cells were comprehensively evaluated and discussed. Oxidation can remove cyanobacteria, but high doses of oxidants can result in significant cell lysis and release of intracellular metabolites, especially when using chlorine or ozone. Although there is practically no cell damage during coagulation, the removal efficiency is low in many cases. Pre-oxidation may improve cyanobacterial removal by the subsequent solid-liquid separation processes, and moderate pre-oxidation with little to no cell lysis is very important. Mechanisms of interface interaction between pre-oxidants and cyanobacteria should be defined in future to ensure moderate pre-oxidation of algal cells. Fate of cyanobacterial cells in sludge is also reviewed because more and more waterworks return sludge supernatant to the inlet of plant. Damage to cyanobacterial cells in sludge depends mainly upon coagulant type and dosage, algal species, and cyanobacteria-containing sludge should be treated before cell lysis. Efficient techniques for harmless disposal of cyanobacteria-containing sludge should be developed in future. This paper will help to better understand the cyanobacterial removal processes and provide improved perspectives for future research in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hangzhou Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Center on Environmental Science and Technology, Jinan, 250061, China
| | - Aonan Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Yiming Pang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Haiyan Pei
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Center on Environmental Science and Technology, Jinan, 250061, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), Shanghai, 202162, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Thawabteh AM, Naseef HA, Karaman D, Bufo SA, Scrano L, Karaman R. Understanding the Risks of Diffusion of Cyanobacteria Toxins in Rivers, Lakes, and Potable Water. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:582. [PMID: 37756009 PMCID: PMC10535532 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15090582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Blue-green algae, or cyanobacteria, may be prevalent in our rivers and tap water. These minuscule bacteria can grow swiftly and form blooms in warm, nutrient-rich water. Toxins produced by cyanobacteria can pollute rivers and streams and harm the liver and nervous system in humans. This review highlights the properties of 25 toxin types produced by 12 different cyanobacteria genera. The review also covered strategies for reducing and controlling cyanobacteria issues. These include using physical or chemical treatments, cutting back on fertilizer input, algal lawn scrubbers, and antagonistic microorganisms for biocontrol. Micro-, nano- and ultrafiltration techniques could be used for the removal of internal and extracellular cyanotoxins, in addition to powdered or granular activated carbon, ozonation, sedimentation, ultraviolet radiation, potassium permanganate, free chlorine, and pre-treatment oxidation techniques. The efficiency of treatment techniques for removing intracellular and extracellular cyanotoxins is also demonstrated. These approaches aim to lessen the risks of cyanobacterial blooms and associated toxins. Effective management of cyanobacteria in water systems depends on early detection and quick action. Cyanobacteria cells and their toxins can be detected using microscopy, molecular methods, chromatography, and spectroscopy. Understanding the causes of blooms and the many ways for their detection and elimination will help the management of this crucial environmental issue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amin Mahmood Thawabteh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Nursing and Health Professions, Birzeit University, Ramallah 00972, Palestine
- General Safety Section, General Services Department, Birzeit University, Bir Zeit 71939, Palestine
| | - Hani A Naseef
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Nursing and Health Professions, Birzeit University, Ramallah 00972, Palestine
| | - Donia Karaman
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem 20002, Palestine
| | - Sabino A Bufo
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
- Department of Geography, Environmental Management and Energy Studies, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park Kingsway Campus, Johannesburg 2092, South Africa
| | - Laura Scrano
- Department of European and Mediterranean Cultures, University of Basilicata, Via Lanera 20, 75100 Matera, Italy
| | - Rafik Karaman
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem 20002, Palestine
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
He ZH, Han XD, Jin JX, Li JS, Tang W, Shi JY. Recycling of water treatment sludge in concrete: The role of water-binder ratio from a nanoscale perspective. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 873:162456. [PMID: 36842600 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
For eutrophic water bodies, potassium permanganate is an effective pre-oxidant to remove algae and its residue in water treatment sludge. Recycling water treatment sludge in concrete is an environmentally friendly and high-value utilization measure. However, little research has been done on the effect of manganese-rich drinking water sludge ash (DWSA) on concrete. The effect of water-binder ratio (w/b) on strength, shrinkage and microstructural characteristics of concrete containing DWSA was investigated, and the structural behavior was explained from a nanoscale perspective. The results show that recycling 10 % DWSA in concrete improved the strength and shrinkage resistance of the samples. Reducing the w/b effectively increased the strength of DWSA-modified concrete and reduced the shrinkage deformation. The paste with high w/b had higher contents of non-evaporated water and calcium hydroxide, as well as higher reaction degree of DWSA. Nanoscale characterization shows that reducing the w/b reduced the volume fraction of pore and unhydrated phases in the matrix and increased the proportion of high-density C-S-H. Meanwhile, reducing the w/b also reduced the interfacial transition zone width of DWSA-modified concrete. Recycling DWSA in concrete effectively reduced the total carbon footprint and cost of the mixture. The combined application of reducing the w/b and incorporating DWSA effectively improved the economic and environmental benefits of concrete material. For the concrete modified with 10 % DWSA (w/b = 0.3), its cost and carbon emissions are reduced by 14 %-21 % and 19 %-25 % compared with the reference sample, respectively. Overall, this study reveals the action mechanism of DWSA in cement system at different w/b from nanoscale perspective, and gives a new insight on determining the optimal w/b in full-scale application of DWSA concrete.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hai He
- College of Civil Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China; Key Laboratory of Rock Mechanics and Geohazards of Zhejiang Province, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Xu-Dong Han
- College of Civil Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Jia-Xu Jin
- School of Civil Engineering, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin, Liaoning 123000, China
| | - Jiang-Shan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Wei Tang
- Department of Architecture and Design Art, Shaoxing Vocational and Technical College, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Jin-Yan Shi
- School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Evaluation of ferrate (VI) for enhanced coagulation of algae-rich water: Mechanisms of Microcystis aeruginosa cell dehydration. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
5
|
Zhu J, Stuetz RM, Hamilton L, Power K, Crosbie ND, Tamburic B. Management of biogenic taste and odour: From source water, through treatment processes and distribution systems, to consumers. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 323:116225. [PMID: 36115245 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Biogenic taste and odour (T&O) have become a global concern for water utilities, due to the increasing frequency of algal blooms and other microbial events arising from the combined effects of climate change and eutrophication. Microbially-produced T&O compounds impact source waters, drinking water treatment plants, and drinking water distribution systems. It is important to manage across the entire biogenic T&O pathway to identify key risk factors and devise strategies that will safeguard the quality of drinking water in a changing world, since the presence of T&O impacts consumer confidence in drinking water safety. This study provides a critical review of current knowledge on T&O-causing microbes and compounds for proactive management, including the identification of abiotic risk factors in source waters, a discussion on the effectiveness of existing T&O barriers in drinking water treatment plants, an analysis of risk factors for biofilm growth in water distribution systems, and an assessment of the impacts of T&O on consumers. The fate of biogenic T&O in drinking water systems is tracked from microbial production pathways, through the release of intracellular T&O by cell lysis, to the treatment of microbial cells and dissolved T&O. Based on current knowledge, five impactful research and management directions across the T&O pathway are recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhu
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Richard M Stuetz
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | | | - Kaye Power
- Sydney Water Corporation, Parramatta, NSW, 2150, Australia
| | - Nicholas D Crosbie
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia; Melbourne Water Corporation, Docklands, VIC, 3008, Australia
| | - Bojan Tamburic
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Banerji A, Benesh K. Incorporating Microbial Species Interaction in Management of Freshwater Toxic Cyanobacteria: A Systems Science Challenge. AQUATIC ECOLOGY 2022; 3:570-587. [PMID: 36643215 PMCID: PMC9836389 DOI: 10.3390/ecologies3040042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Water resources are critically important, but also pose risks of exposure to toxic and pathogenic microbes. Increasingly, a concern is toxic cyanobacteria, which have been linked to the death and disease of humans, domesticated animals, and wildlife in freshwater systems worldwide. Management approaches successful at reducing cyanobacterial abundance and toxin production have tended to be short-term solutions applied on small scales (e.g., algaecide application) or solutions that entail difficult multifaceted investments (e.g., modification of landscape and land use to reduce nutrient inputs). However, implementation of these approaches can be undermined by microbial species interactions that (a) provide toxic cyanobacteria with protection against the method of control or (b) permit toxic cyanobacteria to be replaced by other significant microbial threats. Understanding these interactions is necessary to avoid such scenarios and can provide a framework for novel strategies to enhance freshwater resource management via systems science (e.g., pairing existing physical and chemical approaches against cyanobacteria with ecological strategies such as manipulation of natural enemies, targeting of facilitators, and reduction of benthic occupancy and recruitment). Here, we review pertinent examples of the interactions and highlight potential applications of what is known.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aabir Banerji
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research & Development, Duluth, MN 55804, USA
| | - Kasey Benesh
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science & Education, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Impact of Stagnation on the Diversity of Cyanobacteria in Drinking Water Treatment Plant Sludge. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14110749. [PMID: 36355999 PMCID: PMC9697381 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14110749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Health-related concerns about cyanobacteria-laden sludge of drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) have been raised in the past few years. Microscopic taxonomy, shotgun metagenomic sequencing, and microcystin (MC) measurement were applied to study the fate of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins after controlled sludge storage (stagnation) in the dark in a full-scale drinking water treatment plant within 7 to 38 days. For four out of eight dates, cyanobacterial cell growth was observed by total taxonomic cell counts during sludge stagnation. The highest observed cell growth was 96% after 16 days of stagnation. Cell growth was dominated by potential MC producers such as Microcystis, Aphanocapsa, Chroococcus, and Dolichospermum. Shotgun metagenomic sequencing unveiled that stagnation stress shifts the cyanobacterial communities from the stress-sensitive Nostocales (e.g., Dolichospermum) order towards less compromised orders and potential MC producers such as Chroococcales (e.g., Microcystis) and Synechococcales (e.g., Synechococcus). The relative increase of cyanotoxin producers presents a health challenge when the supernatant of the stored sludge is recycled to the head of the DWTP or discharged into the source. These findings emphasize the importance of a strategy to manage cyanobacteria-laden sludge and suggest practical approaches should be adopted to control health/environmental impacts of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins in sludge.
Collapse
|
8
|
Alkhadra M, Su X, Suss ME, Tian H, Guyes EN, Shocron AN, Conforti KM, de Souza JP, Kim N, Tedesco M, Khoiruddin K, Wenten IG, Santiago JG, Hatton TA, Bazant MZ. Electrochemical Methods for Water Purification, Ion Separations, and Energy Conversion. Chem Rev 2022; 122:13547-13635. [PMID: 35904408 PMCID: PMC9413246 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural development, extensive industrialization, and rapid growth of the global population have inadvertently been accompanied by environmental pollution. Water pollution is exacerbated by the decreasing ability of traditional treatment methods to comply with tightening environmental standards. This review provides a comprehensive description of the principles and applications of electrochemical methods for water purification, ion separations, and energy conversion. Electrochemical methods have attractive features such as compact size, chemical selectivity, broad applicability, and reduced generation of secondary waste. Perhaps the greatest advantage of electrochemical methods, however, is that they remove contaminants directly from the water, while other technologies extract the water from the contaminants, which enables efficient removal of trace pollutants. The review begins with an overview of conventional electrochemical methods, which drive chemical or physical transformations via Faradaic reactions at electrodes, and proceeds to a detailed examination of the two primary mechanisms by which contaminants are separated in nondestructive electrochemical processes, namely electrokinetics and electrosorption. In these sections, special attention is given to emerging methods, such as shock electrodialysis and Faradaic electrosorption. Given the importance of generating clean, renewable energy, which may sometimes be combined with water purification, the review also discusses inverse methods of electrochemical energy conversion based on reverse electrosorption, electrowetting, and electrokinetic phenomena. The review concludes with a discussion of technology comparisons, remaining challenges, and potential innovations for the field such as process intensification and technoeconomic optimization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad
A. Alkhadra
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Xiao Su
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Matthew E. Suss
- Faculty
of Mechanical Engineering, Technion—Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel,Wolfson
Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion—Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel,Nancy
and Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Huanhuan Tian
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Eric N. Guyes
- Faculty
of Mechanical Engineering, Technion—Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Amit N. Shocron
- Faculty
of Mechanical Engineering, Technion—Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Kameron M. Conforti
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - J. Pedro de Souza
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Nayeong Kim
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Michele Tedesco
- European
Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Wetsus, Oostergoweg 9, 8911 MA Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Khoiruddin Khoiruddin
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi
Bandung, Jl. Ganesha no. 10, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia,Research
Center for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha no. 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - I Gede Wenten
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi
Bandung, Jl. Ganesha no. 10, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia,Research
Center for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha no. 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - Juan G. Santiago
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - T. Alan Hatton
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Martin Z. Bazant
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States,Department
of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States,
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ren B, Weitzel KA, Duan X, Nadagouda MN, Dionysiou DD. A comprehensive review on algae removal and control by coagulation-based processes: mechanism, material, and application. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
|
10
|
Jalili F, Moradinejad S, Zamyadi A, Dorner S, Sauvé S, Prévost M. Evidence-Based Framework to Manage Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins in Water and Sludge from Drinking Water Treatment Plants. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14060410. [PMID: 35737071 PMCID: PMC9228313 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14060410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Freshwater bodies and, consequently, drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) sources are increasingly facing toxic cyanobacterial blooms. Even though conventional treatment processes including coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, and filtration can control cyanobacteria and cell-bound cyanotoxins, these processes may encounter challenges such as inefficient removal of dissolved metabolites and cyanobacterial cell breakthrough. Furthermore, conventional treatment processes may lead to the accumulation of cyanobacteria cells and cyanotoxins in sludge. Pre-oxidation can enhance coagulation efficiency as it provides the first barrier against cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins and it decreases cell accumulation in DWTP sludge. This critical review aims to: (i) evaluate the state of the science of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxin management throughout DWTPs, as well as their associated sludge, and (ii) develop a decision framework to manage cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins in DWTPs and sludge. The review identified that lab-cultured-based pre-oxidation studies may not represent the real bloom pre-oxidation efficacy. Moreover, the application of a common exposure unit CT (residual concentration × contact time) provides a proper understanding of cyanobacteria pre-oxidation efficiency. Recently, reported challenges on cyanobacterial survival and growth in sludge alongside the cell lysis and cyanotoxin release raised health and technical concerns with regards to sludge storage and sludge supernatant recycling to the head of DWTPs. According to the review, oxidation has not been identified as a feasible option to handle cyanobacterial-laden sludge due to low cell and cyanotoxin removal efficacy. Based on the reviewed literature, a decision framework is proposed to manage cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins and their associated sludge in DWTPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Jalili
- Department of Civil, Mineral and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada; (F.J.); (S.D.); (M.P.)
| | - Saber Moradinejad
- Department of Civil, Mineral and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada; (F.J.); (S.D.); (M.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Arash Zamyadi
- Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia;
| | - Sarah Dorner
- Department of Civil, Mineral and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada; (F.J.); (S.D.); (M.P.)
| | - Sébastien Sauvé
- Department of Chemistry, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada;
| | - Michèle Prévost
- Department of Civil, Mineral and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada; (F.J.); (S.D.); (M.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Malta JF, Nardocci AC, Razzolini MTP, Diniz V, Cunha DGF. Exposure to microcystin-LR in tropical reservoirs for water supply poses high risks for children and adults. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:253. [PMID: 35254523 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-09875-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
While the presence of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) in raw water from eutrophic reservoirs poses human health concerns, the risks associated with the ingestion of MC-LR in drinking water are not fully elucidated. We used a time series of MC-LR in raw water from tropical urban reservoirs in Brazil to estimate the hazard quotients (HQs) for non-carcinogenic health effects and the potential ingestion of MC-LR through drinking water. We considered scenarios of MC-LR removal in the drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) of two supply systems (Cascata and Guarapiranga). The former uses coagulation/flocculation/sedimentation/filtration/disinfection, while the latter has an additional step of membrane ultrafiltration, with contrasting expected MC-LR removal efficiencies. We considered reference values for infants (0.30 μg L-1), children/adults (1.60 μg L-1), or the population in general (1.0 μg L-1). For most scenarios for Cascata, the 95% upper confidence level of the HQ indicated high risks of exposure for the population (HQ > 1), particularly for infants (HQ = 30.910). The water treatment in Cascata was associated to the potential exposure to MC-LR due to its limited removal capacity, with up to 263 days/year with MC-LR above threshold values. The Guarapiranga system had the lowest MC-LR in the raw water as well as higher expected removal efficiencies in the DWTP, resulting in negligible risks. We reinforce the importance of integrating raw water quality characteristics and treatment technologies to reduce the risks of exposure to MC-LR, especially for vulnerable population groups. Our results can serve as a starting point for risk management strategies to minimize cases of MC-LR intoxication in Brazil and other developing countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janaína Fagundes Malta
- Department of Hydraulic and Sanitary Engineering, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São-Carlense, 400, Sao Carlos, SP, 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Adelaide Cassia Nardocci
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr Arnaldo 715, 1º andar, Sao Paulo, SP, 01246-904, Brazil
- Center for Research, Environmental Risk Assessment (NARA), Av. Dr Arnaldo 715, 1° andar, Sao Paulo, SP, 01246-904, Brazil
| | - Maria Tereza Pepe Razzolini
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr Arnaldo 715, 1º andar, Sao Paulo, SP, 01246-904, Brazil
- Center for Research, Environmental Risk Assessment (NARA), Av. Dr Arnaldo 715, 1° andar, Sao Paulo, SP, 01246-904, Brazil
| | - Vinicíus Diniz
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Campinas, PO Box 6154, Campinas, SP, 13084-971, Brazil
| | - Davi Gasparini Fernandes Cunha
- Department of Hydraulic and Sanitary Engineering, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São-Carlense, 400, Sao Carlos, SP, 13566-590, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Almuhtaram H, Hofmann R. Evaluation of ultraviolet/peracetic acid to degrade M. aeruginosa and microcystins -LR and -RR. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127357. [PMID: 34687995 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The reactivity of peracetic acid (PAA) alone, and PAA exposed to ultraviolet radiation (UV), was investigated on Microcystis aeruginosa cells, and on microcystin-LR and -RR. Reaction rates between PAA and MC-LR (k = 3.46 M-1 s-1) and MC-RR (k = 2.67 M-1 s-1) were determined in an unbuffered acidic solution, and they are approximately 35-45 times lower than a previously reported reaction rate between MC-LR and chlorine at pH 6. Peracetic acid reacted with M. aeruginosa cells as a function of PAA and cell concentrations, with 10 mg/L PAA resulting in 1-log reduction of total MC-LR within 15 min. Advanced oxidation by UV/PAA readily degraded MC-LR and MC-RR, outperforming UV/H2O2 at pH 7.7 by > 50% on an equimolar basis. Indirect photolysis at this pH is due to •OH and organic radicals, as determined by trials in the presence of excess tert-butanol to scavenge •OH. The process is less effective when the pH departs from neutral conditions (5.9 or 10.6) due to the decreased effects of both radicals. These findings suggest that PAA alone might be a viable option for cyanobacteria and microcystins control in preoxidation applications and that UV/PAA is an effective process for degrading MC-LR and MC-RR at neutral pH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Husein Almuhtaram
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A4, Canada.
| | - Ron Hofmann
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Oxidation to Control Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins in Drinking Water Treatment Plants: Challenges at the Laboratory and Full-Scale Plants. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14040537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The impact of oxidation on mitigation of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins in drinking water treatment sludge was investigated at the laboratory and treatment plant scales. Two common oxidants, KMnO4 (5 and 10 mg/L) and H2O2 (10 and 20 mg/L) were applied under controlled steady-state conditions. Non-oxidized and oxidized sludge was left to stagnate in the dark for 7 to 38 days. Controlled laboratory trials show that KMnO4 and H2O2 decreased cell counts up to 62% and 77%, respectively. The maximum total MC level reduction achieved after oxidation was 41% and 98% using 20 mg/L H2O2 and 10 mg/L KMnO4, respectively. Stagnation caused cell growth up to 2.6-fold in 8 out of 22 oxidized samples. Microcystin (MC) producer orders as Chroococcales and Synechococcales were persistent while Nostocales was sensitive to combined oxidation and stagnation stresses. In parallel, two on-site shock oxidation treatments were performed in the DWTP’s sludge holding tank using 10 mg/L KMnO4. On-site shock oxidation decreased taxonomic cell counts by up to 43% within 24 h. Stagnation preceded by on-site shock oxidation could increase total cell counts by up to 55% as compared to oxidation alone. The increase of cell counts and mcyD gene copy numbers during stagnation revealed the impact of oxidation/stagnation on cyanobacterial cell growth. These findings show the limitations of sludge oxidation as a strategy to manage cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins in sludge and suggest that alternative approaches to prevent the accumulation and mitigation of cyanobacteria in sludge should be considered.
Collapse
|
14
|
Sukenik A, Kaplan A. Cyanobacterial Harmful Algal Blooms in Aquatic Ecosystems: A Comprehensive Outlook on Current and Emerging Mitigation and Control Approaches. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1472. [PMID: 34361909 PMCID: PMC8306311 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9071472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
An intensification of toxic cyanobacteria blooms has occurred over the last three decades, severely affecting coastal and lake water quality in many parts of the world. Extensive research is being conducted in an attempt to gain a better understanding of the driving forces that alter the ecological balance in water bodies and of the biological role of the secondary metabolites, toxins included, produced by the cyanobacteria. In the long-term, such knowledge may help to develop the needed procedures to restore the phytoplankton community to the pre-toxic blooms era. In the short-term, the mission of the scientific community is to develop novel approaches to mitigate the blooms and thereby restore the ability of affected communities to enjoy coastal and lake waters. Here, we critically review some of the recently proposed, currently leading, and potentially emerging mitigation approaches in-lake novel methodologies and applications relevant to drinking-water treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Assaf Sukenik
- The Yigal Allon Kinneret Limnological Laboratory, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, P.O. Box 447, Migdal 14950, Israel
| | - Aaron Kaplan
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Edmond J. Safra Campus, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel;
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Addison EL, Gerlach KT, Spellman CD, Santilli G, Fairbrother AR, Shepard Z, Dudle JD, Goodwill JE. Physicochemical implications of cyanobacteria oxidation with Fe(VI). CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 266:128956. [PMID: 33218732 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Increases in harmful algal blooms has negatively impacted many surface-sourced drinking water utilities. To control these blooms, many water utilities implement pre-oxidation with ozone, chlorine, or permanganate; however, pre-oxidation of algae has both positive and negative water quality outcomes. This study investigated ferrate (Fe(VI)) as an alternative oxidant by measuring its effect on cell lysing, surface characteristics, and coagulation in waters containing the cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa. Bench scale studies were conducted to examine the complex combination of processes in a Fe(VI)-algae system. These processes were characterized by fluorescence index, surface charge, collision frequency modeling, particle counts and sphericity, total nitrogen, and ferrate decomposition measurements. Results showed that Fe(VI) lysed algal cells, but further oxidation of released organic matter is possible. The presence of algae did not significantly impact the rate of Fe(VI) decomposition. Fe(VI) pre-oxidation may also be capable of decreasing the formation of nitrogenated disinfection byproducts through subsequent oxidation of released nitrogen rich organic matter. Streaming current and zeta potential results indicate destabilization of the resulting algae and iron suspension was incomplete under most conditions. Particle collision frequency modeling indicates fluid shear to be an important aggregation mechanism of the resulting suspension. Overall, Fe(VI) is a viable alternative to other strong oxidants for water utilities struggling with harmful algal blooms, but the final fate of the resulting organic matter must be further studied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erika L Addison
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - Kyle T Gerlach
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA
| | - Charles D Spellman
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - Grace Santilli
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - Alyson R Fairbrother
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA; Tighe & Bond, 300 West Exchange Street, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Zachary Shepard
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - Jeanine D Dudle
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA
| | - Joseph E Goodwill
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Potential Impacts on Treated Water Quality of Recycling Dewatered Sludge Supernatant during Harmful Cyanobacterial Blooms. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13020099. [PMID: 33572944 PMCID: PMC7912369 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13020099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms and the associated release of cyanotoxins pose problems for many conventional water treatment plants due to their limited removal by typical unit operations. In this study, a conventional water treatment process consisting of coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, and sludge dewatering was assessed in lab-scale experiments to measure the removal of microcystin-LR and Microcystis aeruginosa cells using liquid chromatography with mass spectrometer (LC-MS) and a hemacytometer, respectively. The overall goal was to determine the effect of recycling cyanotoxin-laden dewatered sludge supernatant on treated water quality. The lab-scale experimental system was able to maintain the effluent water quality below relevant the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) and World Health Organisation (WHO) standards for every parameter analyzed at influent concentrations of M. aeruginosa above 106 cells/mL. However, substantial increases of 0.171 NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Unit), 7 × 104 cells/L, and 0.26 µg/L in turbidity, cyanobacteria cell counts, and microcystin-LR concentration were observed at the time of dewatered supernatant injection. Microcystin-LR concentrations of 1.55 µg/L and 0.25 µg/L were still observed in the dewatering process over 24 and 48 h, respectively, after the initial addition of M.aeruginosa cells, suggesting the possibility that a single cyanobacterial bloom may affect the filtered water quality long after the bloom has dissipated when sludge supernatant recycling is practiced.
Collapse
|
17
|
Low Dose Coagulant and Local Soil Ballast Effectively Remove Cyanobacteria (Microcystis) from Tropical Lake Water without Cell Damage. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13020111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The combination of a low dose of coagulant with a ballast, also known as “flock and sink,” has been proposed as a lake restoration and cyanobacteria bloom management strategy. The effectiveness of this technique using aluminum sulfate (alum) as a coagulant and a local soil (LS) from Thailand as a ballast in eutrophic water dominated by positively buoyant Microcystis colonies collected from a tropical lake was investigated by measuring changes in chlorophyll-a (chl-a), pH, and zeta potential. Cell integrity was also evaluated using scanning electron microscopy. Results showed that alum alone could reduce chl-a (up to 60% to 83%) at doses (higher than 3 to 6 mg Al/L) dependent on the initial pH (7.6 to 8.2) and initial chl-a concentration (138 to 615 µg/L) of the lake water but resulted in morphological changes to cellular structure and generally required a dose that reduced pH to <7. LS ballast alone was able to reduce chl-a concentrations (up to 26% at highest dose of 400 mg/L) and caused no significant changes to pH or zeta potential. Combining a low dose of alum (2 mg Al/L) with some amount of LS ballast (50 to 400 mg/L) created an interaction effect that resulted in 81 to 88% reduction in chl-a without changes to zeta potential or morphological changes to cellular structure. Flock and sink may serve a niche role in lake restoration when positively buoyant cyanobacteria are present in the water column during time of treatment. This research showed that an 800% increase in ballast dose resulted in about an 8% reduction in chl-a when combined with 2 mg Al/L of alum. Therefore, it is recommended that ballast dose should be determined by considering its phosphorus sorption capacity and the potentially releasable phosphorus in the lake sediment in order to realize long-term reductions in sediment nutrient release.
Collapse
|
18
|
Jalili F, Trigui H, Guerra Maldonado JF, Dorner S, Zamyadi A, Shapiro BJ, Terrat Y, Fortin N, Sauvé S, Prévost M. Can Cyanobacterial Diversity in the Source Predict the Diversity in Sludge and the Risk of Toxin Release in a Drinking Water Treatment Plant? Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13010025. [PMID: 33401450 PMCID: PMC7823770 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional processes (coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, and filtration) are widely used in drinking water treatment plants and are considered a good treatment strategy to eliminate cyanobacterial cells and cell-bound cyanotoxins. The diversity of cyanobacteria was investigated using taxonomic cell counts and shotgun metagenomics over two seasons in a drinking water treatment plant before, during, and after the bloom. Changes in the community structure over time at the phylum, genus, and species levels were monitored in samples retrieved from raw water (RW), sludge in the holding tank (ST), and sludge supernatant (SST). Aphanothece clathrata brevis, Microcystis aeruginosa, Dolichospermum spiroides
, and Chroococcus minimus were predominant species detected in RW by taxonomic cell counts. Shotgun metagenomics revealed that Proteobacteria was the predominant phylum in RW before and after the cyanobacterial bloom. Taxonomic cell counts and shotgun metagenomic showed that the Dolichospermum bloom occurred inside the plant. Cyanobacteria and Bacteroidetes were the major bacterial phyla during the bloom. Shotgun metagenomics also showed that Synechococcus, Microcystis
, and Dolichospermum were the predominant detected cyanobacterial genera in the samples. Conventional treatment removed more than 92% of cyanobacterial cells but led to cell accumulation in the sludge up to 31 times more than in the RW influx. Coagulation/sedimentation selectively removed more than 96% of Microcystis and Dolichospermum. Cyanobacterial community in the sludge varied from raw water to sludge during sludge storage (1-13 days). This variation was due to the selective removal of coagulation/sedimentation as well as the accumulation of captured cells over the period of storage time. However, the prediction of the cyanobacterial community composition in the SST remained a challenge. Among nutrient parameters, orthophosphate availability was related to community profile in RW samples, whereas communities in ST were influenced by total nitrogen, Kjeldahl nitrogen (N- Kjeldahl), total and particulate phosphorous, and total organic carbon (TOC). No trend was observed on the impact of nutrients on SST communities. This study profiled new health-related, environmental, and technical challenges for the production of drinking water due to the complex fate of cyanobacteria in cyanobacteria-laden sludge and supernatant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Jalili
- Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada; (H.T.); (J.F.G.M.); (S.D.); (M.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Hana Trigui
- Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada; (H.T.); (J.F.G.M.); (S.D.); (M.P.)
| | - Juan Francisco Guerra Maldonado
- Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada; (H.T.); (J.F.G.M.); (S.D.); (M.P.)
| | - Sarah Dorner
- Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada; (H.T.); (J.F.G.M.); (S.D.); (M.P.)
| | - Arash Zamyadi
- Water Research Australia, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia;
| | - B. Jesse Shapiro
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC H2V 0B3, Canada; (B.J.S.); (Y.T.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
- McGill Genome Center, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Yves Terrat
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC H2V 0B3, Canada; (B.J.S.); (Y.T.)
| | - Nathalie Fortin
- National Research Council Canada, Energy, Mining and Environment, Montréal, QC H4P 2R2, Canada;
| | - Sébastien Sauvé
- Department of Chemistry, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada;
| | - Michèle Prévost
- Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada; (H.T.); (J.F.G.M.); (S.D.); (M.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Crettaz-Minaglia M, Fallico M, Aranda O, Juarez I, Pezzoni M, Costa C, Andrinolo D, Giannuzzi L. Effect of temperature on microcystin-LR removal and lysis activity on Microcystis aeruginosa (cyanobacteria) by an indigenous bacterium belonging to the genus Achromobacter. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:44427-44439. [PMID: 32767213 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09901-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microcystis is a frequent cyanobacterium bloom-forming with cosmopolitan distribution which can produce a hepatotoxin group called microcystins (MCs). These MCs are resistant to the traditional processes employed in the water treatment plants and they are often detected after conventional treatments. Because of this, the bio-removal studies have obtained a great interest in the last decades. In this work, a bacterial strain namely LG1 with the ability to remove microcystin-LR (MC-LR) under laboratory conditions was isolated from Rio de la Plata River and it was identified as Achromobacter spp. This ubiquitous bacterium was able to remove 79.5% MC-LR in 7 days with average removal time of 3.33 ± 0.08, 3.06 ± 0.05, and 2.77 ± 0.05 days at 28, 32, and 36 ± 1 °C, being higher at high temperature (36 °C) with an activation energy = 16.79 ± 1.99 kJ mol-1. LG1 grew better at higher temperature (from 28 to 36 ± 1 °C) increasing the specific growth rate (μ) and reducing 2-fold the lag phase duration (LPD) without significant differences (p > 0.05) between maximum population density (MPD). In addition, LG1 showed a lysis activity on two M. aeruginosa native strains in 7 days measured as chlorophyll a (Chl-a) concentration. The lysis activity increased around 2-fold when increasing the temperature from 28 to 36 ± 1 °C. This is the first report of an indigenous bacterium belonging to the genus Achromobacter spp. isolated from the Rio de la Plata River with the capacity to remove MC-LR and lysis activity on M. aeruginosa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melina Crettaz-Minaglia
- Laboratorio de Toxicología General, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, UNLP, La Plata, Argentina.
- CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Maximiliano Fallico
- Laboratorio de Toxicología General, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Oswaldo Aranda
- Laboratorio de Toxicología General, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Ivan Juarez
- CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos, UNLP-CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Magdalena Pezzoni
- Departamento de Radiobiología, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cristina Costa
- Departamento de Radiobiología, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Dario Andrinolo
- Laboratorio de Toxicología General, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
- CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leda Giannuzzi
- CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos, UNLP-CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Pestana CJ, Portela Noronha J, Hui J, Edwards C, Gunaratne HQN, Irvine JTS, Robertson PKJ, Capelo-Neto J, Lawton LA. Photocatalytic removal of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa PCC7813 and four microcystins by TiO 2 coated porous glass beads with UV-LED irradiation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 745:141154. [PMID: 32758751 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria and their toxic secondary metabolites are a challenge in water treatment due to increased biomass and dissolved metabolites in the raw water. Retrofitting existing water treatment infrastructure is prohibitively expensive or unfeasible, hence 'in-reservoir' treatment options are being explored. In the current study, a treatment system was able to photocatalytically inhibit the growth of Microcystis aeruginosa and remove released microcystins by photocatalysis using titanium dioxide coated, porous foamed glass beads and UV-LEDs (365 nm). A 35% reduction of M. aeruginosa PCC7813 cell density compared to control samples was achieved in seven days. As a function of cell removal, intracellular microcystins (microcystin-LR, -LY, -LW, and -LF) were removed by 49% from 0.69 to 0.35 μg mL-1 in seven days. Microcystins that leaked into the surrounding water from compromised cells were completely removed by photocatalysis. The findings of the current study demonstrate the feasibility of an in-reservoir treatment unit applying low cost UV-LEDs and porous foamed beads made from recycled glass coated with titanium dioxide as a means to control cyanobacteria and their toxins before they can reach the water treatment plant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos J Pestana
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom.
| | - Jolita Portela Noronha
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Jianing Hui
- School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Christine Edwards
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - H Q Nimal Gunaratne
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - John T S Irvine
- School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Peter K J Robertson
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - José Capelo-Neto
- Department of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Linda A Lawton
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Dai R, Xiong Y, Ma Y, Tang T. Algae removal performance of UV-radiation-enhanced coagulation for two representative algal species. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 745:141013. [PMID: 32721610 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Algal blooms severely impact the ecological environment and human health, as well as drinking water supplies and treatment systems. This study investigated UV-radiation-enhanced aluminum (Al)-based coagulation for the removal of two representative algal species (Microcystis aeruginosa and Cyclotella sp.) which are responsible for most fresh water algal bloom in different seasons. The results demonstrated that the UV-Al process can enhance algae removal, and simultaneously control algal organic matter (AOM) release. Comparing with Microcystis aeruginosa, Cyclotella sp. was more sensitive to UV irradiation and its activity was severely inhibited by 240 s of UV irradiation; intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) increased sharply then decreased rapidly, and SEM images showed cell walls exhibited substantial compression. UV irradiation decreased the zeta potential, which might have contributed to algae removal. Approximately 93.5% of Microcystis aeruginosa cells and 91.4% of Cyclotella sp. cells were removed after 240 s of UV irradiation with 0.4 mmol/L Al. The MCs concentrations after Al coagulation were low (<100 ng/L). The DOC of Microcystis aeruginosa and Cyclotella sp. was also lower (1.2 and 1.6 mg/L, respectively) than the national standard level after UV-Al process. This study highlights the practical application of UV irradiation for enhancing algae removal and simultaneously controlling AOM release in water treatment plants, which is a simple and promising technology. This result also indicates that the water treatment parameters should be adjusted according to the algae species present in different seasons, especially for diatom which needs low UV irradiation and Al dosage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruihua Dai
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Yiming Xiong
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yingxiao Ma
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Tingting Tang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ai Y, Lee S, Lee J. Drinking water treatment residuals from cyanobacteria bloom-affected areas: Investigation of potential impact on agricultural land application. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 706:135756. [PMID: 31940734 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In cyanobacteria bloom-affected areas, drinking water treatment processes are optimized to ensure the absence of cyanotoxins in their finished water. A concern about the sludge generated from water treatment has emerged because the removed cyanotoxins and cyanobacteria can get concentrated in the sludge, called water treatment residuals (WTR), and these WTR are often applied on land for beneficial purposes. However, the impact of WTR from bloom-affected areas on the agricultural application and public health is hardly reported. The objective of this study was to characterize bloom-affected WTR by focusing on cyanotoxins, toxin-producing cyanobacteria, microbiomes, and resistome profiles. In addition, the fate of WTR-originated microcystin in crops and soil was examined. WTR samples were obtained from a bloom-affected area in Ohio, USA in November 2017. Cyanotoxins and toxin-producing cyanobacteria were quantified with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and droplet digital PCR, respectively. Microbiome and resistome were determined with Nanopore sequencing. Cyanotoxin concentrations were measured: microcystin (259 μg/kg), saxitoxin (0.16 μg/kg), anatoxin-a (not detected), and β-Methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) (575 μg/kg). MC-producing cyanobacteria concentrations were determined: Planktothrix (5.3 × 107 gene copies/g) and Microcystis (3.3 × 103 gene copies/g). Proteobacteria was the most predominant and Planktothrix phage was a remarkably dominant virus in the WTR microbiome. Aminoglycoside resistance was the most abundant class, and antibiotic resistance was found in multiple pathogens (e.g. Mycobacterium). WTR land application was simulated by growing carrots with a mixture of WTR and soil in a greenhouse. At harvest, ~80% of WTR-originated microcystin was found in the soil (83-96 μg/kg) and 5% accumulated in carrots (19-28 μg/kg). This study provides the first insight into the cyanotoxin, microbiome, and resistome profile of bloom-affected WTR. Our finding suggests that careful WTR management is needed for the beneficial use of WTR for protecting agricultural environments, especially soil and groundwater, and food safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuehan Ai
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Seungjun Lee
- College of Public Health, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jiyoung Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; College of Public Health, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Cui H, Huang X, Yu Z, Chen P, Cao X. Application progress of enhanced coagulation in water treatment. RSC Adv 2020; 10:20231-20244. [PMID: 35520422 PMCID: PMC9059168 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra02979c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Water industries worldwide consider coagulation/flocculation to be one of the major treatment methods for improving the overall efficiency and cost effectiveness of water and wastewater treatment. Enhancing the coagulation process is currently a popular research topic. In this review article, the latest developments in enhanced coagulation are summarized. In addition, the mechanisms of enhanced coagulation and the effect of process parameters on processing efficiency are discussed from the perspective of ballast-enhanced coagulation, preoxidation, ultrasound, and composite coagulants. Finally, improvements and new directions for enhanced coagulation are proposed. This review summarizes the current situation of enhanced coagulation and looks forward to future development.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Cui
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture
- Northeast Petroleum University
- China
- Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation
- Projective Engineering of Heilongjiang Province
| | - Xing Huang
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture
- Northeast Petroleum University
- China
| | - Zhongchen Yu
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture
- Northeast Petroleum University
- China
- Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation
- Projective Engineering of Heilongjiang Province
| | - Ping Chen
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture
- Northeast Petroleum University
- China
- Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation
- Projective Engineering of Heilongjiang Province
| | - Xiaoling Cao
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture
- Northeast Petroleum University
- China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Bi X, Dai W, Wang X, Dong S, Zhang S, Zhang D, Wu M. Microcystins distribution, bioaccumulation, and Microcystis genotype succession in a fish culture pond. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 688:380-388. [PMID: 31233918 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In freshwater aquaculture ponds, cyanobacterial blooms and microcystins (MCs) pollution have attracted considerable attention due to their toxic effects. To provide an insight into cyanobacterial problems in aquaculture ponds, MCs distribution, bioaccumulation, and Microcystis genotype succession in a fishpond were investigated from May 2017 to November 2017. The distribution of MCs in filtered water, seston, and sediment varied considerably among months. MCs concentrations in filtered water, seston, and sediment ranged from 1.16 to 3.66 μg/L, 0.64 to 13.98 μg/g DW, and 1.34 to 5.90 μg/g DW, respectively. In addition, chemical oxygen demand was positively correlated with sestonic MCs concentrations. MCs concentrations accumulated in different tissues of market-size fish were in the order of liver > kidney > intestine > muscle. MCs content in muscle was 4.3 times higher than the WHO recommended tolerable daily intake level. Twenty-four ITS genotypes of Microcystis were identified from a total of 653 sequences. During the survey period, considerable genotype variation and rapid genotype succession were observed and dominant genotype was absent. A redundancy analysis revealed that Microcystis genotypes could significantly influence the variations in the proportions of the potentially toxic Microcystis, which could in turn influence the MCs concentrations in seston.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangdong Bi
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic-Ecology and Aquaculture of Tianjin, College of Fishery, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Wei Dai
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic-Ecology and Aquaculture of Tianjin, College of Fishery, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China.
| | - Xueying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic-Ecology and Aquaculture of Tianjin, College of Fishery, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Shaojie Dong
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic-Ecology and Aquaculture of Tianjin, College of Fishery, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Shulin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic-Ecology and Aquaculture of Tianjin, College of Fishery, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Dajuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic-Ecology and Aquaculture of Tianjin, College of Fishery, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Miao Wu
- Department of Molecular Sciences, PO Box 7015, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Palagama DSW, Devasurendra AM, Baliu-Rodriguez D, Kirchhoff JR, Isailovic D. Treated rice husk as a recyclable sorbent for the removal of microcystins from water. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 666:1292-1300. [PMID: 30970494 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) appear during harmful algal blooms (HABs) in water sources worldwide, and represent a threat for humans and animals ingesting or inhaling MCs from the environment. Herein, treated rice husk (RH) was tested as a recyclable sorbent for removal of six MCs (MC-RR, MC-LR, MC-YR, MC-LA, MC-LF, and MC-LW) from water. RH was refluxed with hydrochloric acid and heated to 250 °C to produce the sorbent material. Twenty milligrams of treated RH removed >95% of the MCs from a 30 mL solution containing 25 μg/L of each MC. The adsorption of MCs onto RH follows the Freundlich isotherm model (R2 ≥ 0.9612) and pseudo-second-order kinetics (R2 ≥ 0.9996). More than 90% of MCs were removed within 5 min, and >95% were removed at equilibrium (in <40 min). Performance of the RH sorbent was evaluated by removing MCs from Lake Erie water collected during an algal bloom in 2017. The total concentration (extracellular plus intracellular) of six tested MCs in lake water ranged from 3.7 to 13,605.9 μg/L, and removal of MCs by treated RH ranged from 100.0% to 71.8%, respectively. The removal capacity of RH for the six MCs from the lake water sample containing 13,605.9 μg/L of MCs was 586 μg per g of treated RH. After being used to extract MCs, the RH was heated to 560 °C to produce silica nanoparticles. Therefore, treated RH enables rapid and efficient removal of MCs from water and it can be recycled for use as a raw material. Overall, treated RH can contribute to mitigation of environmental and health effects caused by MCs and reduce concerns for toxic waste disposal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dilrukshika S W Palagama
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics and School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Amila M Devasurendra
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics and School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - David Baliu-Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics and School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Jon R Kirchhoff
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics and School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA.
| | - Dragan Isailovic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics and School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Pestana CJ, Capelo-Neto J, Lawton L, Oliveira S, Carloto I, Linhares HP. The effect of water treatment unit processes on cyanobacterial trichome integrity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 659:1403-1414. [PMID: 31096351 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Many toxic and/or noxious cyanobacteria appear in nature with a filamentous, stacked cell arrangement called trichomes. Although water treatment can be optimized to keep cyanobacterial cells intact and avoid the release of toxic and/or noxious compounds, many physical and chemical stresses encountered during the treatment process may result in trichome truncation, decreasing treatment efficiency by allowing single cells or short trichomes to reach the product water. This makes it possible for harmful/noxious compounds as well as organic matter to enter the distribution system. Investigations in a pilot and three full-scale water treatment plants were carried out in order to elucidate the degree of trichome truncation across different unit processes. It was found that genera (Pseudanabaena, Planktolyngbya) with short trichomes (<10-12 cells per trichome), are hardly affected by the unit processes (loss of one to four cells respectively), while genera (Planktothrix, Geitlerinema, Dolichospermum) with longer trichomes (30+ cells per trichome) suffer from high degrees of truncation (up to 63, 30, and 56 cells per trichome respectively). The presence of a rigid sheath and/or mucilaginous layer appears to offer some protection from truncation. It was observed that certain unit processes alter the sensitivity or resilience of trichomes to disruption by physical stress. Some genera (Planktothrix, Geitlerinema) were sensitive to pre-oxidation making them more susceptible to shear stress, while Dolichospermum sp. appears more robust after pre-oxidation. While the potential of toxicogenic genera breaking through into the product water is a real danger, in the current study no toxicogenic cyanobacteria were observed. This work stresses the need for plant operators to study the incoming cyanobacterial composition in the raw water in order to adjust treatment parameters and thus limit the potential of toxic/noxious compound breakthrough.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos J Pestana
- Federal University of Ceará, Department of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Fortaleza, Brazil; School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, UK
| | - José Capelo-Neto
- Federal University of Ceará, Department of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Fortaleza, Brazil.
| | - Linda Lawton
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Samylla Oliveira
- Federal University of Ceará, Department of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Ismael Carloto
- Federal University of Ceará, Department of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Helísia P Linhares
- Federal University of Ceará, Department of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Fortaleza, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Assessment of the Water Treatment Process’s Empirical Model Predictions for the Management of Aesthetic and Health Risks Associated with Cyanobacteria. WATER 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/w10050590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
28
|
Li H, Pei H, Xu H, Jin Y, Sun J. Behavior of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii during coagulation and sludge storage - higher potential risk of toxin release than Microcystis aeruginosa? JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 347:307-316. [PMID: 29331810 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the global warming and its strong adaptability, Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii has spread world-wide. However, as one of toxic cyanobacteria in many drinking water sources, it has not been drawn proper consideration in drinking water treatment plants so far. The investigation aimed at unveiling the fate of C. raciborskii during polyaluminum ferric chloride (PAFC) coagulation and sludge storage, revealing its differences from Microcystis aeruginosa. Results showed that C. raciborskii cells were effectively removed intactly under optimum coagulation conditions, but PAFC at higher dosages (>10 mg/L) triggered additional cylindrospermopsins release. In sludge storage, coagulated C. raciborskii cells suffered severe oxidative damage, leading to significant cylindrospermopsins release after day 6. C. raciborskii manifested different behaviors from M. aeruginosa which cells didn't release much microcystins during coagulation and sludge storage. This was mostly due to their differences in physiology and morphology. In flocs, M. aeruginosa could be enveloped by coagulant which can protect cells against the nasty attack from outside, whereas C. raciborskii with long filaments was hard to be wrapped and prone to suffering oxidative damage. These results confirmed C. raciborskii had a higher risk of toxin release in water production process than M. aeruginosa, which should deserve more attention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongmin Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Haiyan Pei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Center on Environmental Science and Technology, Jinan, 250061, China.
| | - Hangzhou Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Yan Jin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Jiongming Sun
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Dugan NR, Smith S, Sanan TT. The Impacts of Potassium Permanganate and Powdered Activated Carbon on Cyanotoxin Release. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 110:31-42. [PMID: 31073245 DOI: 10.1002/awwa.1125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bench-scale trials were performed to: (1) Expose Microcystis aeruginosa cells to potassium permanganate doses of 1, 3 and 5 mg/L, at contact times of 15, 30 and 90 minutes, pH levels of 7 and 9, and turbidities of 0.1, 5 and 20 NTU; (2) Compare the impacts of oxidation alone and oxidation plus powdered activated carbon for the final 60 minutes of contact time and (3) evaluate the impact of these treatment conditions on extracellular microcystins, extra- plus intracellular (combined) microcystins, cell membrane integrity and chlorophyll-a concentrations. Toxin releases from the cells were observed at both pH levels. The greatest toxin releases were observed at the lowest KMnO4 doses. The toxin releases were accompanied by relatively stable total cell counts, increases in membrane compromised cells and decreases in chlorophyll-a. The application of 10 mg/L PAC resulted in extracellular toxin concentrations that were markedly lower than those observed in oxidant-only situations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R Dugan
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, 513-569-7239,
| | - Samantha Smith
- Pegasus Technical Services, 46 East Hollister Street, Cincinnati, OH 45219, 513-569-7681,
| | - Toby T Sanan
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, 513-569-7667,
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Gonzalez-Torres A, Rich A, Marjo C, Henderson R. Evaluation of biochemical algal floc properties using Reflectance Fourier-Transform Infrared Imaging. ALGAL RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2017.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
31
|
Chu W, Yao D, Deng Y, Sui M, Gao N. Production of trihalomethanes, haloacetaldehydes and haloacetonitriles during chlorination of microcystin-LR and impacts of pre-oxidation on their formation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 327:153-160. [PMID: 28064143 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) in drinking water have gained much attention due to their adverse health effects. However, little is known about the impact of pre-oxidation in the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) during the downstream chlorination of MCs. The present study examined the formation of both carbonaceous and nitrogenous DBPs from chlorination of MC-LR (the most abundant MC species) and evaluated the impact of permanganate (PM), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and chlorine dioxide (ClO2) pre-oxidation on the DBP formation in chlorination. Higher yields of chloroform (CF) (maximum 43.0%) were observed from chlorination of MC-LR than free amino acids which are included in MC-LR structure. Chloral hydrate (CH) and dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN) were also produced from the chlorination of MC-LR, and the latter one was formed probably due to the chlorination of peptide bonds. A high pH favored the production of CF and CH, but inhibited the formation of DCAN. In the presence of bromide, bromo-DBPs could be produced to pose a threat. For example, 0.58μg/L of tribromoacetaldehyde was produced from the chlorination of MC-LR at Br-=200μg/L. PM and ClO2 pre-oxidation could both reduce the DBP formation from MC-LR. In contrast, H2O2 appeared not to significantly control the DBP formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenhai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Dechang Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yang Deng
- Department of Earth and Environmental Studies, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ 07043, USA
| | - Minghao Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Naiyun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kieber RJ, Hartrey LM, Felix D, Corzine C, Avery GB, Mead RN, Skrabal SA. Photorelease of microcystin-LR from resuspended sediments. HARMFUL ALGAE 2017; 63:1-6. [PMID: 28366384 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A series of ten photolysis experiments was conducted with sediments exposed to Microcystis sp. blooms to determine if sunlight is capable of mobilizing the biotoxin microcystin-LR (MC-LR) into the water column. There was a net photorelease of MC-LR in irradiated suspensions in all cases relative to dark controls, ranging from 0.4 to 192μgL-1g-1 into the dissolved phase. This should be viewed as a minimum estimate of photorelease due to concurrent photodegradation of dissolved toxin. Dissolved MC-LR concentrations in a sediment suspension increased linearly in the aqueous phase during a six-hour irradiation with simulated sunlight suggesting that longer exposure times produce greater quantities of MC-LR. There was a significant positive correlation between photorelease of toxin and percent organic carbon of the resuspended material, implying that organic-rich sediments yield the greatest photorelease of MC-LR upon exposure to full spectrum sunlight. Samples exposed to photosynthetically active radiation (400nm-700nm) were responsible for less than 2% of the photorelease compared to full spectrum exposures. Model calculations indicate that photochemical processing of bloom impacted sediments could be responsible for as much as 100% of the average standing stock of MC-LR in a freshwater pond located in southeastern North Carolina, where surface water concentrations were also measured. Mass spectrometric analysis revealed a new peak in light exposed flasks that appears to be a photo-induced isomerized product of MC-LR. Photoproduction from resuspended sediments therefore represents a significant but previously unrecognized source of highly toxic MC-LR and photoproducts of unknown toxicity and fate to aquatic ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Kieber
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28403-3297, United States.
| | - Lindsey M Hartrey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28403-3297, United States
| | - David Felix
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28403-3297, United States
| | - Coleman Corzine
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28403-3297, United States
| | - G Brooks Avery
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28403-3297, United States
| | - Ralph N Mead
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28403-3297, United States
| | - Stephen A Skrabal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28403-3297, United States
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Wu L, Lan J, Wang S, Zhu J. Synthesis of N-doped Carbon Xerogel (N-CX) and its Applications for Adsorption Removal of Microcystin-LR. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/zpch-2016-0912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
N-doped carbon xerogel (N-CX) is synthesized and used for adsorption removal of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) from aqueous solution. Characterizations including N2 physisorption, TEM and XPS indicate that N atoms are doped into the N-CX and the material has porous structure. Adsorption tests show that the N-CX is efficient for MC-LR adsorption, with adsorption capacity of 1916.2 μg g−1, which is higher than that of commercial activated carbon (1034.13 μg g−1) and graphene oxide (1700 μg g−1). The material is recyclable after desorption treatment by washing with NaOH solution, with no loss of uptake within five cycles. Effect of initial MC-LR concentration, temperature, and pH on the adsorption behavior is further investigated, to realize the adsorption process, showing that the adsorption process obeys the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order equation. Thermodynamical calculation indicates that the adsorption of MC-LR onto N-CX is a spontaneous and exothermic process, with the Gibbs free energy (ΔG) of −16.1 kJ mol−1 and enthalpy (ΔH) of −18.45 kJ mol−1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laiyan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science of the State Ethnic Affairs and Commission Ministry of Education , College of Resources and Environmental Science , South-Central University for Nationalities , Wuhan 430074 , China
| | - Jirong Lan
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science of the State Ethnic Affairs and Commission Ministry of Education , College of Resources and Environmental Science , South-Central University for Nationalities , Wuhan 430074 , China
| | - Songbo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science of the State Ethnic Affairs and Commission Ministry of Education , College of Resources and Environmental Science , South-Central University for Nationalities , Wuhan 430074 , China
| | - Junjiang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science of the State Ethnic Affairs and Commission Ministry of Education , College of Chemistry and Materials Science , South-Central University for Nationalities , Wuhan 430074 , China
- Institute of Catalysis for Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shenyang Normal University , Shenyang 110034 , China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Mohamed Z. Cyanobacterial Toxins in Water Sources and Their Impacts on Human Health. PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-1762-7.ch054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are a group of phytoplankton of marine and freshwaters. The accelerated eutrophication of water sources by agricultural and industrial run-off has increased the occurrence and intensity of cyanobacterial blooms. They are of particular concern because of their production for potent hepato-, neuro-, and dermatoxins, being hazardous to human health. Dissemination of knowledge about cyanobacteria and their cyanotoxins assists water supply authorities in developing monitoring and management plans, and provides the public with appropriate information to avoid exposure to these toxins. This chapter provides a broad overview and up-to-date information on cyanobacteria and their toxins in terms of their occurrence, chemical and toxicological characteristics, fate in the environment, guideline limits, and effective treatment techniques to remove these toxins from drinking water. Future research directions were also suggested to fill knowledge and research gaps, and advance the abilities of utilities and water treatment plant designers to deal with these toxins.
Collapse
|
35
|
Pestana CJ, Reeve PJ, Sawade E, Voldoire CF, Newton K, Praptiwi R, Collingnon L, Dreyfus J, Hobson P, Gaget V, Newcombe G. Fate of cyanobacteria in drinking water treatment plant lagoon supernatant and sludge. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 565:1192-1200. [PMID: 27265732 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In conventional water treatment processes, where the coagulation and flocculation steps are designed to remove particles from drinking water, cyanobacteria are also concentrated into the resultant sludge. As a consequence, cyanobacteria-laden sludge can act as a reservoir for metabolites such as taste and odour compounds and cyanotoxins. This can pose a significant risk to water quality where supernatant from the sludge treatment facility is returned to the inlet to the plant. In this study the complex processes that can take place in a sludge treatment lagoon were investigated. It was shown that cyanobacteria can proliferate in the conditions manifest in a sludge treatment lagoon, and that cyanobacteria can survive and produce metabolites for at least 10days in sludge. The major processes of metabolite release and degradation are very dependent on the physical, chemical and biological environment in the sludge treatment facility and it was not possible to accurately model the net effect. For the first time evidence is provided to suggest that there is a greater risk associated with recycling sludge supernatant than can be estimated from the raw water quality, as metabolite concentrations increased by up to 500% over several days after coagulation, attributed to increased metabolite production and/or cell proliferation in the sludge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos J Pestana
- Australian Water Quality Centre, South Australian Water Corporation, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Petra J Reeve
- Australian Water Quality Centre, South Australian Water Corporation, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Emma Sawade
- Australian Water Quality Centre, South Australian Water Corporation, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Camille F Voldoire
- Australian Water Quality Centre, South Australian Water Corporation, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; École Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux (ECPM), Strasbourg 67087, France
| | - Kelly Newton
- Australian Water Quality Centre, South Australian Water Corporation, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Radisti Praptiwi
- Australian Water Quality Centre, South Australian Water Corporation, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Lea Collingnon
- Australian Water Quality Centre, South Australian Water Corporation, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; École Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux (ECPM), Strasbourg 67087, France
| | - Jennifer Dreyfus
- Allwater, Adelaide Services Alliance, Wakefield St, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Peter Hobson
- Australian Water Quality Centre, South Australian Water Corporation, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Virginie Gaget
- University of Adelaide, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Gayle Newcombe
- Australian Water Quality Centre, South Australian Water Corporation, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Han J, Jeon BS, Park HD. Microcystin release and Microcystis cell damage mechanism by alum treatment with long-term and large dose as in-lake treatment. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2016; 51:455-462. [PMID: 26865010 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2015.1128708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Most of our previous studies reported aluminum causes no cell damage or lysis, and no subsequent toxin release in conventional treatment of drinking water or in the laboratory, on the contrary, we investigated the effect of long-term and large-dose alum treatment, because the environmental conditions in lakes and treatment plants are widely different. The microcosm experiments were designed to simulate the effect of adding alum under the similar conditions of common lakes and reservoirs, and the bottle experiments were conducted to examine the budget or dynamics of microcystin after adding alum. In precipitate analyses, we also confirm the release and dynamics of microcystin and the damage mechanisms of Microcystis cells under alum treatment. In microcosms treated with alum alone, the extracellular microcystin-LR (MC-LR) concentration increased to approximately 82% in 7 days. Similar results were obtained in bottle experiments. By plotting the concentration of released microcystin over time, we inferred that the extracellular MC-LR concentration exponentially rose toward an asymptotic maximum. Moreover, in scanning electron microscope images, some cells exhibited torn membranes with miniscule traces of aluminum hydroxide coating. We conclude that alum treatment, particularly at maximum dosage administered over long periods, seriously damages Microcystis cells and induces microcystin release. Therefore, long-term application of large alum doses is not recommended as an in-lake treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jisun Han
- a Department of Mountain and Environmental Science , Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University , Matsumoto , Japan
| | - Bong-Seok Jeon
- a Department of Mountain and Environmental Science , Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University , Matsumoto , Japan
| | - Ho-Dong Park
- a Department of Mountain and Environmental Science , Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University , Matsumoto , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Zamyadi A, Henderson R, Stuetz R, Hofmann R, Ho L, Newcombe G. Fate of geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol in full-scale water treatment plants. WATER RESEARCH 2015; 83:171-183. [PMID: 26143274 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The increasing frequency and intensity of taste and odour (T&O) producing cyanobacteria in water sources is a growing global issue. Geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) are the main cyanobacterial T&O compounds and can cause complaints from consumers at levels as low as 10 ng/L. However, literature concerning the performance of full-scale treatment processes for geosmin and MIB removal is rare. Hence, the objectives of this study were to: 1) estimate the accumulation and breakthrough of geosmin and MIB inside full-scale water treatment plants; 2) verify the potential impact of sludge recycling practice on performance of plants; and, 3) assess the effectiveness of aged GAC for the removal of these compounds. Sampling after full-scale treatment processes and GAC pilot assays were conducted to achieve these goals. Geosmin and MIB monitoring in full-scale plants provided the opportunity to rank the performance of studied treatment processes with filtration and granular activated carbon providing the best barriers for removal of total and extracellular compounds, correspondingly. Geosmin was removed to a greater extent than MIB using GAC. Geosmin and MIB residuals in water post GAC contactors after two years of operation was 20% and 40% of initial concentrations, correspondingly. Biological activity on the GAC surface enhanced the removal of T&O compounds. These observations demonstrated that a multi-barrier treatment approach is required to ensure cyanobacteria and their T&O compounds are effectively removed from drinking water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arash Zamyadi
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia.
| | - Rita Henderson
- bioMASS Lab, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Richard Stuetz
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Ron Hofmann
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Lionel Ho
- Australian Water Quality Centre (AWQC) - South Australian Water Corporation (SA Water), Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Gayle Newcombe
- Australian Water Quality Centre (AWQC) - South Australian Water Corporation (SA Water), Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Maghsoudi E, Fortin N, Greer C, Duy SV, Fayad P, Sauvé S, Prévost M, Dorner S. Biodegradation of multiple microcystins and cylindrospermopsin in clarifier sludge and a drinking water source: Effects of particulate attached bacteria and phycocyanin. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 120:409-417. [PMID: 26122734 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The effects of particulate attached bacteria (PAB) and phycocyanin on the simultaneous biodegradation of a mixture of microcystin-LR, YR, LY, LW, LF and cylindrospermopsin (CYN) was assessed in clarifier sludge of a drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) and in a drinking water source. The biomass from lake water and clarifier sludge was able to degrade all microcystins (MCs) at initial concentrations of 10µgL(-1) with pseudo-first order reaction half-lives ranging from 2.3 to 8.8 days. CYN was degraded only in the sludge with a biodegradation rate of 1.0×10(-1)d(-1) and a half-life of 6.0 days. This is the first study reporting multiple MCs and CYN biodegradation in the coagulation-flocculation sludge of a DWTP. The removal of PAB from the lake water and the sludge prolonged the lag time substantially, such that no biodegradation of MCLY, LW and LF was observed within 24 days. Biodegradation rates were shown to increase in the presence of C-phycocyanin as a supplementary carbon source for indigenous bacteria, a cyanobacterial product that accompanies cyanotoxins during cyanobacteria blooms. MCs in mixtures degraded more slowly (or not at all) than if they were degraded individually, an important outcome as MCs in the environment are often present in mixtures. The results from this study showed that the majority of the bacterial biomass responsible for the biodegradation of cyanotoxins is associated with particles or biological flocs and there is a potential for extreme accumulation of cyanotoxins within the DWTP during a transient bloom.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Maghsoudi
- Polytechnique de Montréal, Civil, Mineral and Mining Engineering Department, P.O. Box 6079, Station Centre- Ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3A7.
| | - Nathalie Fortin
- National Research Council Canada, Energy, Mining and Environment, 6100 Royalmount Ave., Montréal, QC, Canada H4P 2R2
| | - Charles Greer
- National Research Council Canada, Energy, Mining and Environment, 6100 Royalmount Ave., Montréal, QC, Canada H4P 2R2
| | - Sung Vo Duy
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, Canada H3C 3J7
| | - Paul Fayad
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, Canada H3C 3J7
| | - Sébastien Sauvé
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, Canada H3C 3J7
| | - Michèle Prévost
- Polytechnique de Montréal, Civil, Mineral and Mining Engineering Department, P.O. Box 6079, Station Centre- Ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3A7
| | - Sarah Dorner
- Polytechnique de Montréal, Civil, Mineral and Mining Engineering Department, P.O. Box 6079, Station Centre- Ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3A7
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Nabweteme R, Yoo M, Kwon HS, Kim YJ, Hwang G, Lee CH, Ahn IS. Application of the extended DLVO approach to mechanistically study the algal flocculation. J IND ENG CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2015.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
40
|
Adsorption characteristics of multiple microcystins and cylindrospermopsin on sediment: Implications for toxin monitoring and drinking water treatment. Toxicon 2015; 103:48-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
41
|
Garcia ACA, Rodrigues MAS, Xavier JLN, Gazulla V, Meneguzzi A, Bernardes AM. Degradation of cyanotoxins (microcystin) in drinking water using photoelectrooxidation. BRAZ J BIOL 2015; 75:45-9. [PMID: 26270212 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.1413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The discharge of sewage and industrial effluents containing high concentrations of pollutants in water bodies increases eutrophication. Cyanobacteria, some of the organisms whose growth is promoted by high nutrient concentrations, are resistant and produce several types of toxins, known as cyanotoxins, highly harmful to human beings. Current water treatment systems for the public water supply are not efficient in degradation of toxins. Advanced oxidation processes (AOP) have been tested for the removal of cyanotoxins, and the results have been positive. This study examines the application of photoelectrooxidation in the degradation of cyanotoxins (microcystins). The performance of the oxidative processes involved was evaluated separately: Photocatalysis, Electrolysis and Photoelectrooxidation. Results showed that the electrical current and UV radiation were directly associated with toxin degradation. The PEO system is efficient in removing cyanotoxins, and the reduction rate reached 99%. The final concentration of toxin was less than 1 µg/L of microcystin in the treated solution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A C A Garcia
- Laboratório de Corrosão, Proteção e Reciclagem de Materiais, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, BR
| | | | - J L N Xavier
- Laboratório de Corrosão, Proteção e Reciclagem de Materiais, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, BR
| | - V Gazulla
- Laboratório de Corrosão, Proteção e Reciclagem de Materiais, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, BR
| | - A Meneguzzi
- Laboratório de Corrosão, Proteção e Reciclagem de Materiais, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, BR
| | - A M Bernardes
- Laboratório de Corrosão, Proteção e Reciclagem de Materiais, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, BR
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Wang Z, Wang C, Wang P, Qian J, Hou J, Ao Y, Wu B. The performance of chitosan/montmorillonite nanocomposite during the flocculation and floc storage processes of Microcystis aeruginosa cells. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:11148-11161. [PMID: 25940464 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4412-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the performance of chitosan-modified nano-sized montmorillonite (CTS/NMMT) during the flocculation of Microcystis aeruginosa (MA). The release of intracellular microcystins (MCs) caused by the damage of intact MA cells during the flocculation and floc storage processes was also comprehensively evaluated through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and measurement of K(+) and Mg(2+) release. With the application of the Box-Behnken experimental design combined with response surface methodology, the quadratic statistical model was established to predict and optimize the interactive effects of content of CTS/NMMT, weight ratio of NMMT to CTS, and agitation time on the removal efficiency of MA cells. A maximum removal of 94.7 % MA cells was observed with content of CTS/NMMT 300-320 mg L(-1), weight ratio of NMMT to CTS 14-16, and agitation time 16-50 min. During the flocculation process, CTS/NMMT aggregated MA cells as flocs and served as a protection shield for cells. The extracellular and intracellular microcystin-leucine-arginine (MC-LR) decreased remarkably and the yield of intracellular MC-LR showed a decreasing trend during the flocculation. The cell integrity was slightly damaged by the mechanical actions rather than by the flocculant. During the floc storage process, cell lysis and membrane damage were remarkably aggravated. The noticeable increase of K(+) and Mg(2+) release indicated that CTS/NMMT damaged the integrity of most MA cells in the flocs and liberated the intracellular MC-LR. Meanwhile, NMMT and CTS polymers assisted the adsorptive removal of extracellular MC-LR released to water. The flocs should be timely treated within 12 h to prevent the leakage of MCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, No. 1 Xikang Road, Nanjing, 210098, China,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Lürling M, Meng D, Faassen EJ. Effects of hydrogen peroxide and ultrasound on biomass reduction and toxin release in the cyanobacterium, Microcystis aeruginosa. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:3260-80. [PMID: 25513892 PMCID: PMC4280534 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6123260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms are expected to increase, and the toxins they produce threaten human health and impair ecosystem services. The reduction of the nutrient load of surface waters is the preferred way to prevent these blooms; however, this is not always feasible. Quick curative measures are therefore preferred in some cases. Two of these proposed measures, peroxide and ultrasound, were tested for their efficiency in reducing cyanobacterial biomass and potential release of cyanotoxins. Hereto, laboratory assays with a microcystin (MC)-producing cyanobacterium (Microcystis aeruginosa) were conducted. Peroxide effectively reduced M. aeruginosa biomass when dosed at 4 or 8 mg L-1, but not at 1 and 2 mg L-1. Peroxide dosed at 4 or 8 mg L-1 lowered total MC concentrations by 23%, yet led to a significant release of MCs into the water. Dissolved MC concentrations were nine-times (4 mg L-1) and 12-times (8 mg L-1 H2O2) higher than in the control. Cell lysis moreover increased the proportion of the dissolved hydrophobic variants, MC-LW and MC-LF (where L = Leucine, W = tryptophan, F = phenylalanine). Ultrasound treatment with commercial transducers sold for clearing ponds and lakes only caused minimal growth inhibition and some release of MCs into the water. Commercial ultrasound transducers are therefore ineffective at controlling cyanobacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miquel Lürling
- Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Debin Meng
- Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Elisabeth J Faassen
- Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Ma M, Liu R, Liu H, Qu J. Mn(VII)-Fe(II) pre-treatment for Microcystis aeruginosa removal by Al coagulation: simultaneous enhanced cyanobacterium removal and residual coagulant control. WATER RESEARCH 2014; 65:73-84. [PMID: 25090625 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A novel Mn(VII)-Fe(II) pre-treatment was proposed to simultaneously enhance the removal of Microcystis aeruginosa by aluminum chloride (AlCl3) coagulation and enabled lowering the dose of Al as effective coagulation can be achieved only by Al, however, at higher doses. In this process, permanganate [Mn(VII)] and ferrous sulfate [Fe(II)] were dosed sequentially prior to Al. The application of Fe(II) not only avoids the extensive oxidation of M. aeruginosa by Mn(VII) but also introduces Fe(III) formed in situ into the system. Results show that, at Al doses of 83.3-108.3 μM, Mn(VII)-Fe(II) pretreatment (Mn(VII) dose: 8.3-16.7 μM; Fe(II) dose: 39.5 μM) is capable of enhancing M. aeruginosa removal by 73.4-81.4%. In contrast, only 0-65.4% and 2.7-8.2% increase in M. aeruginosa removal is achieved by Mn(VII) and Fe(II) pre-treatment, respectively. The ESI-MS spectrum shows that the freshly formed Fe(III) hydrolyzes much more slowly than pre-formed Fe(III) does, and this effect results in its higher efficiency towards the removal of M. aeruginosa. Moreover, in the co-existing system, Fe tends to hydrolyze preferentially and the presence of Fe salts improves the precipitation of Al and vice versa. Thus, the use of Fe and Al as dual-coagulants is practically valuable to control the residual level of coagulant(s) besides its improvement on the removal of M. aeruginosa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Ma
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Ruiping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Huijuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jiuhui Qu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Amezaga JM, Amtmann A, Biggs CA, Bond T, Gandy CJ, Honsbein A, Karunakaran E, Lawton L, Madsen MA, Minas K, Templeton MR. Biodesalination: a case study for applications of photosynthetic bacteria in water treatment. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 164:1661-76. [PMID: 24610748 PMCID: PMC3982732 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.233973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Shortage of freshwater is a serious problem in many regions worldwide, and is expected to become even more urgent over the next decades as a result of increased demand for food production and adverse effects of climate change. Vast water resources in the oceans can only be tapped into if sustainable, energy-efficient technologies for desalination are developed. Energization of desalination by sunlight through photosynthetic organisms offers a potential opportunity to exploit biological processes for this purpose. Cyanobacterial cultures in particular can generate a large biomass in brackish and seawater, thereby forming a low-salt reservoir within the saline water. The latter could be used as an ion exchanger through manipulation of transport proteins in the cell membrane. In this article, we use the example of biodesalination as a vehicle to review the availability of tools and methods for the exploitation of cyanobacteria in water biotechnology. Issues discussed relate to strain selection, environmental factors, genetic manipulation, ion transport, cell-water separation, process design, safety, and public acceptance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaime M. Amezaga
- School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom (J.M.A., C.J.G.)
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom (A.A., A.H., M.A.M.)
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom (C.A.B., E.K.)
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom (T.B., M.R.T.); and
- Institute for Innovation, Design and Sustainability, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7AQ, United Kingdom (L.L., K.M.)
| | | | - Catherine A. Biggs
- School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom (J.M.A., C.J.G.)
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom (A.A., A.H., M.A.M.)
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom (C.A.B., E.K.)
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom (T.B., M.R.T.); and
- Institute for Innovation, Design and Sustainability, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7AQ, United Kingdom (L.L., K.M.)
| | - Tom Bond
- School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom (J.M.A., C.J.G.)
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom (A.A., A.H., M.A.M.)
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom (C.A.B., E.K.)
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom (T.B., M.R.T.); and
- Institute for Innovation, Design and Sustainability, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7AQ, United Kingdom (L.L., K.M.)
| | - Catherine J. Gandy
- School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom (J.M.A., C.J.G.)
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom (A.A., A.H., M.A.M.)
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom (C.A.B., E.K.)
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom (T.B., M.R.T.); and
- Institute for Innovation, Design and Sustainability, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7AQ, United Kingdom (L.L., K.M.)
| | - Annegret Honsbein
- School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom (J.M.A., C.J.G.)
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom (A.A., A.H., M.A.M.)
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom (C.A.B., E.K.)
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom (T.B., M.R.T.); and
- Institute for Innovation, Design and Sustainability, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7AQ, United Kingdom (L.L., K.M.)
| | - Esther Karunakaran
- School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom (J.M.A., C.J.G.)
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom (A.A., A.H., M.A.M.)
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom (C.A.B., E.K.)
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom (T.B., M.R.T.); and
- Institute for Innovation, Design and Sustainability, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7AQ, United Kingdom (L.L., K.M.)
| | - Linda Lawton
- School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom (J.M.A., C.J.G.)
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom (A.A., A.H., M.A.M.)
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom (C.A.B., E.K.)
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom (T.B., M.R.T.); and
- Institute for Innovation, Design and Sustainability, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7AQ, United Kingdom (L.L., K.M.)
| | - Mary Ann Madsen
- School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom (J.M.A., C.J.G.)
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom (A.A., A.H., M.A.M.)
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom (C.A.B., E.K.)
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom (T.B., M.R.T.); and
- Institute for Innovation, Design and Sustainability, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7AQ, United Kingdom (L.L., K.M.)
| | - Konstantinos Minas
- School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom (J.M.A., C.J.G.)
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom (A.A., A.H., M.A.M.)
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom (C.A.B., E.K.)
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom (T.B., M.R.T.); and
- Institute for Innovation, Design and Sustainability, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7AQ, United Kingdom (L.L., K.M.)
| | - Michael R. Templeton
- School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom (J.M.A., C.J.G.)
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom (A.A., A.H., M.A.M.)
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom (C.A.B., E.K.)
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom (T.B., M.R.T.); and
- Institute for Innovation, Design and Sustainability, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7AQ, United Kingdom (L.L., K.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Fates of Microcystis aeruginosa cells and associated microcystins in sediment and the effect of coagulation process on them. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 6:152-67. [PMID: 24380974 PMCID: PMC3920254 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6010152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During toxic Microcystis aeruginosa blooms, large amounts of cells can enter sediment through natural settlement, and coagulation treatment used to control water blooms can enhance the accumulation of cells. However, the current understanding of the fates of these cells and associated microcystins (MCs), as well as the effect of coagulation treatment on these factors, is limited. The results of the present study show that Microcystis aeruginosa cells in sediment were steadily decomposed under experimental conditions, and that they completely disappeared within 28 days. The major MCs released from settled cells were immediately degraded in sediment, and microbial degradation may be the main mechanism involved in this process. Coagulation treatment with PAC (polyaluminium chloride) + sepiolite can efficiently remove Microcystis aeruginosa cells from the water column and prevent their re-invasion. Furthermore, coagulation treatment with PAC + sepiolite had no significant effect on the release and decomposition of MCs and, thus, will not enhance the MCs pollution. However, coagulation treatment can accelerate the nutrient cycle by enhancing the settlement of cells. More attention should be paid to the effect on nutrient cycle when coagulation treatment is used for restoration of aquatic ecosystems.
Collapse
|
47
|
Lürling M, van Oosterhout F. Controlling eutrophication by combined bloom precipitation and sediment phosphorus inactivation. WATER RESEARCH 2013; 47:6527-6537. [PMID: 24041525 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The hypothesis that the combination of the flocculent polyaluminium chloride (PAC) with the lanthanum-modified bentonite Phoslock(®) (Flock & Lock) could sink effectively a water bloom of cyanobacteria and could shift a turbid, cyanobacteria infested lake to a clear water lake was tested in a controlled laboratory experiment and a whole lake experiment. In the laboratory, a relatively low dose of the flocculent PAC (2.2 and 4.4 mg Al l(-1)) was insufficient to sediment positively buoyant cyanobacteria (Microcystis aeruginosa). Similarly, the lanthanum modified clay (dosed at 390 mg l(-1)) was insufficient to sediment the positively buoyant cyanobacteria. However, the combination of PAC and Phoslock(®) effectively sedimented cyanobacteria flocks. Likewise, a combined treatment of 2 tons PAC and 18 tons Phoslock(®) in Lake Rauwbraken in April 2008 effectively sedimented a developing cyanobacteria bloom of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae. The average chlorophyll-a concentration in the two years prior to this Flock & Lock treatment was 19.5 (±36.5) μg l(-1), while it was as low as 3.7 (±4.5) μg l(-1) in the years following the treatment. The combined treatment effectively reduced the amount of total phosphorus (TP) in the water column from on average 169 (±126) μg P l(-1) before the application to 14 (±15) μg P l(-1) after the treatment. Based on mean summer chlorophyll-a and TP concentrations, the lake was shifted from a eutrophic/hypertrophic state to an oligo/mesotrophic state. From directly after treatment in April 2008 until and including 2013, Lake Rauwbraken remained in an oligo-mesotrophic clear water state with TP reduced to less than 10% of the pre-treatment. This result shows that eutrophication in relatively small, isolated, stratifying lakes can be restored by targeting both water column and sediment P using a combination of flocculent and solid phase P-sorbent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miquel Lürling
- Aquatic Ecology & Water Quality Management Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), P.O. Box 50, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Han J, Jeon BS, Futatsugi N, Park HD. The effect of alum coagulation for in-lake treatment of toxic Microcystis and other cyanobacteria related organisms in microcosm experiments. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2013; 96:17-23. [PMID: 23856121 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Microcosm and bottle experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of alum treatment on cyanobacteria-lysing organisms and microcystin-degrading bacteria as well as Microcystis cells, and to provide detailed evidence of Microcystis cell damage by investigating precipitated Microcystis cells. The alum concentration to be pH 6.0 is the maximum which does not cause toxicity by monomeric Al, therefore, this concentration was defined as maximum dose. Microcystis cells were considerably damaged by the alum treatment with maximum dose and long contact time. Seven days post-treatment, intracellular microcystin-LR was released into the extracellular environment in excess of 95 percent and chlorophyll a is not easily released from inside the cell, chl.a of precipitated Microcystis cells was also decreased to approximately 50 percent. Moreover, alum treatment caused damage to cyanobacteria-lysing organisms and microcystin-degrading bacteria, as well as to Microcystis cells. Therefore, it could be concluded that alum treatment with maximum dose (48 mg L(-1) as AI) is not suitable for removing cyanobacterial bloom without the release of cyanotoxin in reservoirs and ponds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jisun Han
- Department of Mountain and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Ashahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Merel S, Walker D, Chicana R, Snyder S, Baurès E, Thomas O. State of knowledge and concerns on cyanobacterial blooms and cyanotoxins. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2013; 59:303-27. [PMID: 23892224 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2013.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 452] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are ubiquitous microorganisms considered as important contributors to the formation of Earth's atmosphere and nitrogen fixation. However, they are also frequently associated with toxic blooms. Indeed, the wide range of hepatotoxins, neurotoxins and dermatotoxins synthesized by these bacteria is a growing environmental and public health concern. This paper provides a state of the art on the occurrence and management of harmful cyanobacterial blooms in surface and drinking water, including economic impacts and research needs. Cyanobacterial blooms usually occur according to a combination of environmental factors e.g., nutrient concentration, water temperature, light intensity, salinity, water movement, stagnation and residence time, as well as several other variables. These environmental variables, in turn, have promoted the evolution and biosynthesis of strain-specific, gene-controlled metabolites (cyanotoxins) that are often harmful to aquatic and terrestrial life, including humans. Cyanotoxins are primarily produced intracellularly during the exponential growth phase. Release of toxins into water can occur during cell death or senescence but can also be due to evolutionary-derived or environmentally-mediated circumstances such as allelopathy or relatively sudden nutrient limitation. Consequently, when cyanobacterial blooms occur in drinking water resources, treatment has to remove both cyanobacteria (avoiding cell lysis and subsequent toxin release) and aqueous cyanotoxins previously released. Cells are usually removed with limited lysis by physical processes such as clarification or membrane filtration. However, aqueous toxins are usually removed by both physical retention, through adsorption on activated carbon or reverse osmosis, and chemical oxidation, through ozonation or chlorination. While the efficient oxidation of the more common cyanotoxins (microcystin, cylindrospermopsin, anatoxin and saxitoxin) has been extensively reported, the chemical and toxicological characterization of their by-products requires further investigation. In addition, future research should also investigate the removal of poorly considered cyanotoxins (β-methylamino-alanine, lyngbyatoxin or aplysiatoxin) as well as the economic impact of blooms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Merel
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1133 James E. Rogers Way, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Zamyadi A, Dorner S, Sauvé S, Ellis D, Bolduc A, Bastien C, Prévost M. Species-dependence of cyanobacteria removal efficiency by different drinking water treatment processes. WATER RESEARCH 2013; 47:2689-2700. [PMID: 23515107 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation and breakthrough of several potentially toxic cyanobacterial species within drinking water treatment plants (DWTP) have been reported recently. The objectives of this project were to test the efficiency of different treatment barriers in cyanobacterial removal. Upon observation of cyanobacterial blooms, intensive sampling was conducted inside a full scale DWTP at raw water, clarification, filtration and oxidation processes. Samples were taken for microscopic speciation/enumeration and microcystins analysis. Total cyanobacteria cell numbers exceeded World Health Organisation and local alert levels in raw water (6,90,000 cells/mL). Extensive accumulation of cyanobacteria species in sludge beds and filters, and interruption of treatment were observed. Aphanizomenon cells were poorly coagulated and they were not trapped efficiently in the sludge. It was also demonstrated that Aphanizomenon cells passed through and were not retained over the filter. However, Microcystis, Anabaena, and Pseudanabaena cells were adequately removed by clarification and filtration processes. The breakthrough of non toxic cyanobacterial cells into DWTPs could also result in severe treatment disruption leading to plant shutdown. Application of intervention threshold values restricted to raw water does not take into consideration the major long term accumulation of potentially toxic cells in the sludge and the risk of toxins release. Thus, a sampling regime inside the plant adapted to cyanobacterial occurrence and intensity is recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arash Zamyadi
- École Polytechnique de Montreal, Civil, Mineral and Mining Engineering Department, P.O. Box 6079, Station Centre-ville, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|