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Smit A, Meijer O, Winter E. The multi-faceted nature of age-associated osteoporosis. Bone Rep 2024; 20:101750. [PMID: 38566930 PMCID: PMC10985042 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2024.101750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Age-associated osteoporosis (AAOP) poses a significant health burden, characterized by increased fracture risk due to declining bone mass and strength. Effective prevention and early treatment strategies are crucial to mitigate the disease burden and the associated healthcare costs. Current therapeutic approaches effectively target the individual contributing factors to AAOP. Nonetheless, the management of AAOP is complicated by the multitude of variables that affect its development. Main intrinsic and extrinsic factors contributing to AAOP risk are reviewed here, including mechanical unloading, nutrient deficiency, hormonal disbalance, disrupted metabolism, cognitive decline, inflammation and circadian disruption. Furthermore, it is discussed how these can be targeted for prevention and treatment. Although valuable as individual targets for intervention, the interconnectedness of these risk factors result in a unique etiology for every patient. Acknowledgement of the multifaceted nature of AAOP will enable the development of more effective and sustainable management strategies, based on a holistic, patient-centered approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.E. Smit
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - O.C. Meijer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - E.M. Winter
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Medicine, Center for Bone Quality, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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2
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Circulating Alpha-Tocopherol Levels, Bone Mineral Density, and Fracture: Mendelian Randomization Study. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13061940. [PMID: 34198753 PMCID: PMC8228419 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent cohort studies indicate a potential role of the antioxidant α-tocopherol in reducing bone loss and risk of fractures, especially hip fractures. We performed a Mendelian randomization investigation of the associations of circulating α-tocopherol with estimated bone mineral density (eBMD) using heel ultrasound and fractures, identified from hospital records or by self-reports and excluding minor fractures. Circulating α-tocopherol was instrumented by three genetic variants associated with α-tocopherol levels at p < 5 × 10-8 in a genome-wide association meta-analysis of 7781 participants of European ancestry. Summary-level data for the genetic associations with eBMD in 426,824 individuals and with fracture (53,184 cases and 373,611 non-cases) were acquired from the UK Biobank. Two of the three genetic variants were strongly associated with eBMD. In inverse-variance weighted analysis, a genetically predicted one-standard-deviation increase of circulating α-tocopherol was associated with 0.07 (95% confidence interval, 0.05 to 0.09) g/cm2 increase in BMD, which corresponds to a >10% higher BMD. Genetically predicted circulating α-tocopherol was not associated with odds of any fracture (odds ratio 0.97, 95% confidence interval, 0.91 to 1.05). In conclusion, our results strongly strengthen a causal link between increased circulating α-tocopherol and greater BMD. Both an intervention study in those with a low dietary intake of α-tocopherol is warranted and a Mendelian randomization study with fragility fractures as an outcome.
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Segheto KJ, Juvanhol LL, da Silva DCG, de Carvalho CJ, Hansen F, Gabiatti MP, Kakehasi AM, Longo GZ. Does the relationship between 25-hydroxyvitamin D status and bone mass vary according to skin color in adults? Results of a Brazilian population-based study. Arch Osteoporos 2021; 16:31. [PMID: 33591401 DOI: 10.1007/s11657-021-00876-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Skin color has been indicated as an important factor in determining serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], and consequently bone health. However, studies are controversial and scarce for mixed populations. PURPOSE/INTRODUCTION To analyze the association of 25(OH)D with bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD); and to investigate the presence of interaction with skin color in Brazilian adults. METHODS This is a cross-sectional, population-based study conducted with adult individuals (20-59 years) of both genders. Bone health was assessed by dual energy radiological absortometry. Vitamin D status was measured using serum 25(OH)D. Skin color and other variables in the adjusted model were collected using a questionnaire and anthropometric assessment. Associations and interactions were evaluated using linear regression models stratified according to gender. RESULTS Non-white men with vitamin D deficiency (< 20.0 ng/mL) have less bone mass than those with insufficiency and sufficiency for the femoral neck and hip sites. According to the adjusted regression analysis, the deficient status of 25(OH)D in men was associated with worse bone health for the lumbar spine sites (β = - 0.1; p = 0.006), femoral neck (β = - 0.08; p = 0.006), and hip (β = - 0.08; p = 0.009). No statistically significant associations were observed between 25(OH)D and bone health in women. In addition, no statistical interaction was identified between skin color and vitamin D status in relation to bone health (p > 0.05 for all tests) in either gender and for all bone sites evaluated. CONCLUSION Deficient vitamin D status is associated with lower bone mass in adults with differences observed according to gender, but not according to skin color.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kátia Josiany Segheto
- Departamento de Nutrição e Saúde, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Avenida PH Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36571-000, Brasil.
| | - Leidjaira Lopes Juvanhol
- Departamento de Nutrição e Saúde, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Avenida PH Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36571-000, Brasil
| | | | - Cristiane Junqueira de Carvalho
- Departamento de Medicina e Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Avenida PH Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36571-000, Brasil
| | - Fernanda Hansen
- Departamento de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, 88040-900, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brasil
| | - Mariana Papini Gabiatti
- Departamento de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, 88040-900, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brasil
| | - Adriana Maria Kakehasi
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, n. 190, Santa Efigênia, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30130-100, Brasil
| | - Giana Zarbato Longo
- Departamento de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, 88040-900, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brasil
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Sorell
- Department of Family Medicine, St. Joseph's Regional Medical Center, Mishawaka, IN
| | | | - Stephen M Simons
- Sports Medicine and Orthopedics, St. Joseph Regional Medical Center, Medical Office Building at Mishawaka Medical Center, Mishawaka, IN
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Byberg L, Warensjö Lemming E. Milk Consumption for the Prevention of Fragility Fractures. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2720. [PMID: 32899514 PMCID: PMC7551481 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Results indicating that a high milk intake is associated with both higher and lower risks of fragility fractures, or that indicate no association, can all be presented in the same meta-analysis, depending on how it is performed. In this narrative review, we discuss the available studies examining milk intake in relation to fragility fractures, highlight potential problems with meta-analyses of such studies, and discuss potential mechanisms and biases underlying the different results. We conclude that studies examining milk and dairy intakes in relation to fragility fracture risk need to study the different milk products separately. Meta-analyses should consider the doses in the individual studies. Additional studies in populations with a large range of intake of fermented milk are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liisa Byberg
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Orthopaedics, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden;
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Warensjö Lemming E, Byberg L. Is a Healthy Diet Also Suitable for the Prevention of Fragility Fractures? Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092642. [PMID: 32872582 PMCID: PMC7551566 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis and sarcopenia contribute to the risk of fracture in the population. These conditions share common features, and it is known that a healthy diet may have beneficial effects on both, theoretically resulting in fewer fractures. The present narrative review gives an overview of recent epidemiological research related to the association between healthy diets/dietary patterns, bone health and fragility fractures. The review also gives a brief overview on general dietary recommendations and advice as the cornerstone of public health nutrition. Although muscle health and sarcopenia contribute to the risk of fractures, these endpoints were not the focus of this review. Healthy diets are nutrient dense and contain bioactive components that are needed for the constant remodeling of the skeleton and to slow the rate of bone loss and muscle wasting, thus contributing to the prevention of fragility fractures. Compliance with healthy dietary patterns were predominantly found to be inversely associated with bone outcomes, although this was not entirely consistent across all studies. Different a priori diet scores, such as the Mediterranean diet score and the Dietary Inflammatory Index, as well as a posteriori data driven dietary patterns, such as the prudent or healthy dietary pattern, were inversely associated with fragility fractures in different populations. In conclusion, different healthy dietary patterns may contribute to bone health and less fractures. Following current dietary guidelines is thus advisable for the prevention of fragility fractures.
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Segheto KJ, Juvanhol LL, de Carvalho CJ, da Silva DCG, Kakehasi AM, Longo GZ. Factors associated with bone mineral content in adults: a population-based study. EINSTEIN-SAO PAULO 2019; 18:eAO4694. [PMID: 31664331 PMCID: PMC6896653 DOI: 10.31744/einstein_journal/2020ao4694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the association among bone mineral content, sociodemographic, anthropometric and behavioral factors, and health status of Brazilian adults. METHODS This was a cross-sectional, population-based study including 701 individuals from both sexes aged between 20 and 59 years. DEXA was used to evaluate dependent variable. The associations were evaluated using linear regression models stratified by sex. RESULTS When mean bone mineral content values were compared, we found significant differences related to sex and all the independent variables evaluated. In the adjusted models, we identified an inverse association between bone mineral content and age in both sexes. Among men, to be overweight and/or obese, be highly educated, and have almost sufficiency of 25(OH)D were associated with higher bone mineral content values. On the other hand, among women, to be non-white skin color, overweight and/or obese were associated with better bone health. The main factors associated with low total bone mineral density were advanced age, white skin color, low level of formal education, eutrophy, and 25(OH)D deficiency. CONCLUSION Our results may help to identify adults who are at higher risk, and these findings should be used as guidelines for prevention and early diagnosis.
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Popp KL, Xu C, Yuan A, Hughes JM, Unnikrishnan G, Reifman J, Bouxsein ML. Trabecular microstructure is influenced by race and sex in Black and White young adults. Osteoporos Int 2019; 30:201-209. [PMID: 30397770 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-018-4729-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Lower fracture rates in Black men and women compared to their White counterparts are incompletely understood. High-resolution imaging specific to trabecular bone may provide insight. Black participants have enhanced trabecular morphology. These differences may contribute to the lower fracture risk in Black versus White individuals. INTRODUCTION Lower fracture rates in Black men and women compared to their White counterparts may be explained by favorable bone microstructure in Black individuals. Individual trabecular segmentation (ITS) analysis, which characterizes the alignment and plate- and rod-like nature of trabecular bone using high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT), may provide insight into trabecular differences by race/ethnic origin. PURPOSE We determined differences in trabecular bone microarchitecture, connectivity, and alignment according to race/ethnic origin and sex in young adults. METHODS We analyzed HR-pQCT scans of 184 adult (24.2 ± 3.4 years) women (n = 51 Black, n = 50 White) and men (n = 34 Black, n = 49 White). We used ANCOVA to compare bone outcomes, and adjusted for age, height, and weight. RESULTS Overall, the effect of race on bone outcomes did not differ by sex, and the effect of sex on bone outcomes did not differ by race. After adjusting for covariates, Black participants and men of both races had greater trabecular plate volume fraction, plate thickness, plate number density, plate surface area, and greater axial alignment of trabeculae, leading to higher trabecular bone stiffness compared to White participants and women, respectively (p < 0.05 for all). CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that more favorable bone microarchitecture in Black individuals compared to White individuals and in men compared to women is not unique to the cortical bone compartment. Enhanced plate-like morphology and greater trabecular axial alignment, established in young adulthood, may contribute to the improved bone strength and lower fracture risk in Black versus White individuals and in men compared to women.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Popp
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Blossom Street, THR-1051, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA, 02155, USA.
- Military Performance Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Ave, Natick, MA, 01760, USA.
| | - C Xu
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advance Technology Research Center, United States Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - A Yuan
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Blossom Street, THR-1051, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - J M Hughes
- Military Performance Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Ave, Natick, MA, 01760, USA
| | - G Unnikrishnan
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advance Technology Research Center, United States Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - J Reifman
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advance Technology Research Center, United States Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - M L Bouxsein
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Blossom Street, THR-1051, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Center for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, One Overland Street, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
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9
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Calais-Ferreira L, Oliveira VC, Craig JM, Flander LB, Hopper JL, Teixeira-Salmela LF, Ferreira PH. Twin studies for the prognosis, prevention and treatment of musculoskeletal conditions. Braz J Phys Ther 2018; 22:184-189. [PMID: 29361503 PMCID: PMC5993967 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjpt.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Musculoskeletal conditions are highly prevalent in our ageing society and are therefore incurring substantial increases in population levels of years lived with disability (YLD). An evidence-based approach to the prognosis, prevention, and treatment of those disorders can allow an overall improvement in the quality of life of patients, while also softening the burden on national health care systems. METHODS In this Masterclass article, we provide an overview of the most relevant twin study designs, their advantages, limitations and major contributions to the investigation of traits related to the domain of musculoskeletal physical therapy. CONCLUSIONS Twin studies can be an important scientific tool to address issues related to musculoskeletal conditions. They allow researchers to understand how genes and environment combine to influence human health and disease. Twin registries and international collaboration through existing networks can provide resources for achieving large sample sizes and access to expertise in study design and analysis of twin data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Calais-Ferreira
- The University of Melbourne, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Vinicius C Oliveira
- Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Reabilitação e Desempenho Funcional, Diamantina, MG, Brazil
| | - Jeffrey M Craig
- Deakin University, School of Medicine, Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Royal Children's Hospital, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; The University of Melbourne, Department of Paediatrics, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Louisa B Flander
- The University of Melbourne, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - John L Hopper
- The University of Melbourne, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Luci F Teixeira-Salmela
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Departamento de Fisioterapia, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Paulo H Ferreira
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Health Sciences, Musculoskeletal Health Research Group, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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10
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Khouri R, Silva-Santos G, Dierckx T, Menezes SM, Decanine D, Theys K, Silva AC, Farré L, Bittencourt A, Mangino M, Roederer M, Vandamme AM, Van Weyenbergh J. A genetic IFN/STAT1/FAS axis determines CD4 T stem cell memory levels and apoptosis in healthy controls and Adult T-cell Leukemia patients. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1426423. [PMID: 29721391 PMCID: PMC5927537 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1426423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) is an aggressive, chemotherapy-resistant CD4+CD25+ leukemia caused by HTLV-1 infection, which usually develops in a minority of patients several decades after infection. IFN + AZT combination therapy has shown clinical benefit in ATL, although its mechanism of action remains unclear. We have previously shown that an IFN-responsive FAS promoter polymorphism in a STAT1 binding site (rs1800682) is associated to ATL susceptibility and survival. Recently, CD4 T stem cell memory (TSCM) Fashi cells have been identified as the hierarchical cellular apex of ATL, but a possible link between FAS, apoptosis, proliferation and IFN response in ATL has not been studied. In this study, we found significant ex vivo antiproliferative, antiviral and immunomodulatory effects of IFN-α treatment in short-term culture of primary mononuclear cells from ATL patients (n = 25). Bayesian Network analysis allowed us to integrate ex vivo IFN-α response with clinical, genetic and immunological data from ATL patients, thereby revealing a central role for FAS -670 polymorphism and apoptosis in the coordinated mechanism of action of IFN-α. FAS genotype-dependence of IFN-induced apoptosis was experimentally validated in an independent cohort of healthy controls (n = 20). The same FAS -670 polymorphism also determined CD4 TSCM levels in a genome-wide twin study (p = 7 × 10-11, n = 460), confirming a genetic link between apoptosis and TSCM levels. Transcriptomic analysis and cell type deconvolution confirmed the FAS genotype/TSCM link and IFN-α-induced downregulation of CD4 TSCM-specific genes in ATL patient cells. In conclusion, ex vivo IFN-α treatment exerts a pleiotropic effect on primary ATL cells, with a genetic IFN/STAT1/Fas axis determining apoptosis vs. proliferation and underscoring the CD4 TSCM model of ATL leukemogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Khouri
- KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Leuven, Belgium
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz (IGM) - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador-Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Tim Dierckx
- KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Soraya Maria Menezes
- KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Daniele Decanine
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz (IGM) - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador-Bahia, Brazil
| | - Kristof Theys
- KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Aline Clara Silva
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz (IGM) - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador-Bahia, Brazil
| | - Lourdes Farré
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz (IGM) - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador-Bahia, Brazil
| | - Achiléa Bittencourt
- Department of Pathology, Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Prof Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador-Bahia, Brazil
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College, London, UK
| | - Mario Roederer
- Immunotechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda-MD, USA
| | - Anne-Mieke Vandamme
- KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Unidade de Microbiologia, Instituto de Highne e Medicina Tropical, Universidade, Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Johan Van Weyenbergh
- KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Leuven, Belgium
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11
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Jelenkovic A, Hur YM, Sund R, Yokoyama Y, Siribaddana SH, Hotopf M, Sumathipala A, Rijsdijk F, Tan Q, Zhang D, Pang Z, Aaltonen S, Heikkilä K, Öncel SY, Aliev F, Rebato E, Tarnoki AD, Tarnoki DL, Christensen K, Skytthe A, Kyvik KO, Silberg JL, Eaves LJ, Maes HH, Cutler TL, Hopper JL, Ordoñana JR, Sánchez-Romera JF, Colodro-Conde L, Cozen W, Hwang AE, Mack TM, Sung J, Song YM, Yang S, Lee K, Franz CE, Kremen WS, Lyons MJ, Busjahn A, Nelson TL, Whitfield KE, Kandler C, Jang KL, Gatz M, Butler DA, Stazi MA, Fagnani C, D'Ippolito C, Duncan GE, Buchwald D, Derom CA, Vlietinck RF, Loos RJ, Martin NG, Medland SE, Montgomery GW, Jeong HU, Swan GE, Krasnow R, Magnusson PK, Pedersen NL, Dahl-Aslan AK, McAdams TA, Eley TC, Gregory AM, Tynelius P, Baker LA, Tuvblad C, Bayasgalan G, Narandalai D, Lichtenstein P, Spector TD, Mangino M, Lachance G, Bartels M, van Beijsterveldt TC, Willemsen G, Burt SA, Klump KL, Harris JR, Brandt I, Nilsen TS, Krueger RF, McGue M, Pahlen S, Corley RP, Hjelmborg JVB, Goldberg JH, Iwatani Y, Watanabe M, Honda C, Inui F, Rasmussen F, Huibregtse BM, Boomsma DI, Sørensen TIA, Kaprio J, Silventoinen K. Genetic and environmental influences on adult human height across birth cohorts from 1886 to 1994. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27964777 PMCID: PMC5156525 DOI: 10.7554/elife.20320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human height variation is determined by genetic and environmental factors, but it remains unclear whether their influences differ across birth-year cohorts. We conducted an individual-based pooled analysis of 40 twin cohorts including 143,390 complete twin pairs born 1886–1994. Although genetic variance showed a generally increasing trend across the birth-year cohorts, heritability estimates (0.69-0.84 in men and 0.53-0.78 in women) did not present any clear pattern of secular changes. Comparing geographic-cultural regions (Europe, North America and Australia, and East Asia), total height variance was greatest in North America and Australia and lowest in East Asia, but no clear pattern in the heritability estimates across the birth-year cohorts emerged. Our findings do not support the hypothesis that heritability of height is lower in populations with low living standards than in affluent populations, nor that heritability of height will increase within a population as living standards improve. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.20320.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Jelenkovic
- Department of Social Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
| | - Yoon-Mi Hur
- Department of Education, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam, South Korea
| | - Reijo Sund
- Department of Social Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yoshie Yokoyama
- Department of Public Health Nursing, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sisira H Siribaddana
- Institute of Research & Development, Battaramulla, Sri Lanka.,Faculty of Medicine & Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura, Sri Lanka
| | - Matthew Hotopf
- NIHR Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Athula Sumathipala
- Institute of Research & Development, Battaramulla, Sri Lanka.,Research Institute for Primary Care and Health Sciences, School for Primary Care Research, Faculty of Health, Keele University, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Fruhling Rijsdijk
- MRC Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Qihua Tan
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Biodemography, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Dongfeng Zhang
- Department of Public Health, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, China
| | - Zengchang Pang
- Department of Noncommunicable Diseases Prevention, Qingdao Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao, China
| | - Sari Aaltonen
- Department of Social Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kauko Heikkilä
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sevgi Y Öncel
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, Turkey
| | - Fazil Aliev
- Faculty of Business, Karabuk University, Karabuk, Turkey.,Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, United States.,Department of African American Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, United States
| | - Esther Rebato
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
| | - Adam D Tarnoki
- Department of Radiology and Oncotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Hungarian Twin Registry, Budapest, Hungary
| | - David L Tarnoki
- Department of Radiology and Oncotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Hungarian Twin Registry, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kaare Christensen
- The Danish Twin Registry, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Public Health, Epidemiology, Biostatistics & Biodemography, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Axel Skytthe
- The Danish Twin Registry, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Public Health, Epidemiology, Biostatistics & Biodemography, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kirsten O Kyvik
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Odense Patient data Explorative Network (OPEN), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Judy L Silberg
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States
| | - Lindon J Eaves
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States
| | - Hermine H Maes
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Psychiatry & Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States
| | - Tessa L Cutler
- The Australian Twin Registry, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - John L Hopper
- The Australian Twin Registry, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Juan R Ordoñana
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Juan F Sánchez-Romera
- IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain.,Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Lucia Colodro-Conde
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Wendy Cozen
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States.,USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Amie E Hwang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Thomas M Mack
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States.,USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Joohon Sung
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South-Korea
| | - Yun-Mi Song
- Department of Family Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South-Korea
| | - Sarah Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South-Korea
| | - Kayoung Lee
- Department of Family Medicine, Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Carol E Franz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - William S Kremen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States.,VA San Diego Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Michael J Lyons
- Department of Psychology, Boston University, Boston, United States
| | | | - Tracy L Nelson
- Department of Health and Exercise Sciences and Colorado School of Public Health, Colorado State University, Colorado, United States
| | | | | | - Kerry L Jang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Margaret Gatz
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States.,Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David A Butler
- Health and Medicine Division, The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Washington, United States
| | - Maria A Stazi
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità - National Center for Epidemiology, Surveillance and Health Promotion, Rome, Italy
| | - Corrado Fagnani
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità - National Center for Epidemiology, Surveillance and Health Promotion, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina D'Ippolito
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità - National Center for Epidemiology, Surveillance and Health Promotion, Rome, Italy
| | - Glen E Duncan
- Washington State Twin Registry, Washington State University - Health Sciences Spokane, Spokane, United States
| | - Dedra Buchwald
- Washington State Twin Registry, Washington State University, Seattle, United States
| | - Catherine A Derom
- Centre of Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ghent University Hospitals, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Ruth Jf Loos
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States.,The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- Genetic Epidemiology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sarah E Medland
- Genetic Epidemiology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Grant W Montgomery
- Molecular Epidemiology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Hoe-Uk Jeong
- Department of Education, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam, South Korea
| | - Gary E Swan
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Ruth Krasnow
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, United States
| | - Patrik Ke Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nancy L Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna K Dahl-Aslan
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Institute of Gerontology and Aging Research Network - Jönköping (ARN-J), School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden
| | - Tom A McAdams
- MRC Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thalia C Eley
- MRC Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alice M Gregory
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Per Tynelius
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laura A Baker
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Catherine Tuvblad
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States.,School of Law, Psychology and Social Work, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | | | - Danshiitsoodol Narandalai
- Healthy Twin Association of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.,Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Paul Lichtenstein
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Timothy D Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Genevieve Lachance
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Meike Bartels
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - S Alexandra Burt
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States
| | - Kelly L Klump
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States
| | | | | | | | - Robert F Krueger
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States
| | - Matt McGue
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States
| | - Shandell Pahlen
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States
| | - Robin P Corley
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, United States
| | - Jacob V B Hjelmborg
- The Danish Twin Registry, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Public Health, Epidemiology, Biostatistics & Biodemography, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jack H Goldberg
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Yoshinori Iwatani
- Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mikio Watanabe
- Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Chika Honda
- Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Fujio Inui
- Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Faculty of Health Science, Kio University, Nara, Japan
| | - Finn Rasmussen
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Brooke M Huibregtse
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, United States
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Thorkild I A Sørensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research (Section on Metabolic Genetics), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Institute for Molecular Medicine FIMM, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Karri Silventoinen
- Department of Social Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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12
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Jakob F, Genest F, Baron G, Stumpf U, Rudert M, Seefried L. [Regulation of bone metabolism in osteoporosis : novel drugs for osteoporosis in development]. Unfallchirurg 2016; 118:925-32. [PMID: 26471379 DOI: 10.1007/s00113-015-0085-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Bone is continuously regenerated and remodeled as an adaptation to mechanical load. Bone mass and fracture resistance are maintained by a balanced equilibrium between bone formation and bone resorption. Regeneration and response to mechanical load are, however, impaired in osteoporosis and during aging. Bone resorption is enhanced by chronic inflammation while bone formation is altered by rising levels of inhibitors in the aging organism. Core molecular principles of the regulation of bone metabolism in health and disease have been characterized and developed as therapeutic targets. The receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand (RANKL) and osteoclast-derived protease cathepsin K are important regulators and effectors of osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption. Bone formation is stimulated by bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) and via the parathyroid hormone receptor and the Wnt signaling pathway. The principles of osteoclast inhibition using bisphosphonates have now been known for almost three decades. Based on more recent knowledge RANKL and cathepsin K have been developed as new therapeutic targets to inhibit bone resorption. While denosumab, a RANKL antibody, has already been introduced into routine treatment strategies, the cathepsin K antagonist odanacatib is currently in the licensing process. Bone formation can also be stimulated by local administration of BMPs, by systemic treatment with the parathyroid hormone fragment teriparatide and by using antibodies targeting the Wnt inhibitor sclerostin. The latter are presently being tested in phase III clinical studies. In the near future a panel of traditional and novel treatment strategies will be available that will enable us to meet the individual clinical needs during aging and for the treatment of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Jakob
- Experimentelle und Klinische Osteologie, Orthopädie und Orthopädische Klinik König-Ludwig-Haus, Universität Würzburg, Brettreichstraße 11, 97074, Würzburg, Deutschland.
| | - F Genest
- Experimentelle und Klinische Osteologie, Orthopädie und Orthopädische Klinik König-Ludwig-Haus, Universität Würzburg, Brettreichstraße 11, 97074, Würzburg, Deutschland
| | - G Baron
- Experimentelle und Klinische Osteologie, Orthopädie und Orthopädische Klinik König-Ludwig-Haus, Universität Würzburg, Brettreichstraße 11, 97074, Würzburg, Deutschland
| | - U Stumpf
- Osteologisches Schwerpunktzentrum, Chirurgische Klinik und Poliklinik, Nußbaumstr. 20, 80336, München, Deutschland
| | - M Rudert
- Experimentelle und Klinische Osteologie, Orthopädie und Orthopädische Klinik König-Ludwig-Haus, Universität Würzburg, Brettreichstraße 11, 97074, Würzburg, Deutschland
| | - L Seefried
- Experimentelle und Klinische Osteologie, Orthopädie und Orthopädische Klinik König-Ludwig-Haus, Universität Würzburg, Brettreichstraße 11, 97074, Würzburg, Deutschland
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13
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Discovery and refinement of genetic loci associated with cardiometabolic risk using dense imputation maps. Nat Genet 2016; 48:1303-1312. [PMID: 27668658 PMCID: PMC5279872 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Large-scale whole-genome sequence data sets offer novel opportunities to identify genetic variation underlying human traits. Here we apply genotype imputation based on whole-genome sequence data from the UK10K and 1000 Genomes Project into 35,981 study participants of European ancestry, followed by association analysis with 20 quantitative cardiometabolic and hematological traits. We describe 17 new associations, including 6 rare (minor allele frequency (MAF) < 1%) or low-frequency (1% < MAF < 5%) variants with platelet count (PLT), red blood cell indices (MCH and MCV) and HDL cholesterol. Applying fine-mapping analysis to 233 known and new loci associated with the 20 traits, we resolve the associations of 59 loci to credible sets of 20 or fewer variants and describe trait enrichments within regions of predicted regulatory function. These findings improve understanding of the allelic architecture of risk factors for cardiometabolic and hematological diseases and provide additional functional insights with the identification of potentially novel biological targets.
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14
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Beaumont M, Goodrich JK, Jackson MA, Yet I, Davenport ER, Vieira-Silva S, Debelius J, Pallister T, Mangino M, Raes J, Knight R, Clark AG, Ley RE, Spector TD, Bell JT. Heritable components of the human fecal microbiome are associated with visceral fat. Genome Biol 2016; 17:189. [PMID: 27666579 PMCID: PMC5036307 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-016-1052-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Variation in the human fecal microbiota has previously been associated with body mass index (BMI). Although obesity is a global health burden, the accumulation of abdominal visceral fat is the specific cardio-metabolic disease risk factor. Here, we explore links between the fecal microbiota and abdominal adiposity using body composition as measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in a large sample of twins from the TwinsUK cohort, comparing fecal 16S rRNA diversity profiles with six adiposity measures. RESULTS We profile six adiposity measures in 3666 twins and estimate their heritability, finding novel evidence for strong genetic effects underlying visceral fat and android/gynoid ratio. We confirm the association of lower diversity of the fecal microbiome with obesity and adiposity measures, and then compare the association between fecal microbial composition and the adiposity phenotypes in a discovery subsample of twins. We identify associations between the relative abundances of fecal microbial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and abdominal adiposity measures. Most of these results involve visceral fat associations, with the strongest associations between visceral fat and Oscillospira members. Using BMI as a surrogate phenotype, we pursue replication in independent samples from three population-based cohorts including American Gut, Flemish Gut Flora Project and the extended TwinsUK cohort. Meta-analyses across the replication samples indicate that 8 OTUs replicate at a stringent threshold across all cohorts, while 49 OTUs achieve nominal significance in at least one replication sample. Heritability analysis of the adiposity-associated microbial OTUs prompted us to assess host genetic-microbe interactions at obesity-associated human candidate loci. We observe significant associations of adiposity-OTU abundances with host genetic variants in the FHIT, TDRG1 and ELAVL4 genes, suggesting a potential role for host genes to mediate the link between the fecal microbiome and obesity. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide novel insights into the role of the fecal microbiota in cardio-metabolic disease with clear potential for prevention and novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Beaumont
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, 3rd Floor, South Wing, Block D, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Julia K Goodrich
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Matthew A Jackson
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, 3rd Floor, South Wing, Block D, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Idil Yet
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, 3rd Floor, South Wing, Block D, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Emily R Davenport
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Sara Vieira-Silva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- VIB lab for Bioinformatics and (eco-)systems biology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Justine Debelius
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- Present address: Departments of Pediatrics and Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Tess Pallister
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, 3rd Floor, South Wing, Block D, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, 3rd Floor, South Wing, Block D, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Jeroen Raes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- VIB lab for Bioinformatics and (eco-)systems biology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rob Knight
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- Biofrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- Present address: Departments of Pediatrics and Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Andrew G Clark
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Ruth E Ley
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Department of Microbiome Science, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tim D Spector
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, 3rd Floor, South Wing, Block D, London, SE1 7EH, UK.
| | - Jordana T Bell
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, 3rd Floor, South Wing, Block D, London, SE1 7EH, UK.
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15
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Network Analysis Implicates Alpha-Synuclein (Snca) in the Regulation of Ovariectomy-Induced Bone Loss. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29475. [PMID: 27378017 PMCID: PMC4932518 DOI: 10.1038/srep29475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The postmenopausal period in women is associated with decreased circulating estrogen levels, which accelerate bone loss and increase the risk of fracture. Here, we gained novel insight into the molecular mechanisms mediating bone loss in ovariectomized (OVX) mice, a model of human menopause, using co-expression network analysis. Specifically, we generated a co-expression network consisting of 53 gene modules using expression profiles from intact and OVX mice from a panel of inbred strains. The expression of four modules was altered by OVX, including module 23 whose expression was decreased by OVX across all strains. Module 23 was enriched for genes involved in the response to oxidative stress, a process known to be involved in OVX-induced bone loss. Additionally, module 23 homologs were co-expressed in human bone marrow. Alpha synuclein (Snca) was one of the most highly connected “hub” genes in module 23. We characterized mice deficient in Snca and observed a 40% reduction in OVX-induced bone loss. Furthermore, protection was associated with the altered expression of specific network modules, including module 23. In summary, the results of this study suggest that Snca regulates bone network homeostasis and ovariectomy-induced bone loss.
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16
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Adams DJ, Rowe DW, Ackert-Bicknell CL. Genetics of aging bone. Mamm Genome 2016; 27:367-80. [PMID: 27272104 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-016-9650-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
With aging, the skeleton experiences a number of changes, which include reductions in mass and changes in matrix composition, leading to fragility and ultimately an increase of fracture risk. A number of aspects of bone physiology are controlled by genetic factors, including peak bone mass, bone shape, and composition; however, forward genetic studies in humans have largely concentrated on clinically available measures such as bone mineral density (BMD). Forward genetic studies in rodents have also heavily focused on BMD; however, investigations of direct measures of bone strength, size, and shape have also been conducted. Overwhelmingly, these studies of the genetics of bone strength have identified loci that modulate strength via influencing bone size, and may not impact the matrix material properties of bone. Many of the rodent forward genetic studies lacked sufficient mapping resolution for candidate gene identification; however, newer studies using genetic mapping populations such as Advanced Intercrosses and the Collaborative Cross appear to have overcome this issue and show promise for future studies. The majority of the genetic mapping studies conducted to date have focused on younger animals and thus an understanding of the genetic control of age-related bone loss represents a key gap in knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J Adams
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Musculoskeletal Institute, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - David W Rowe
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, Department of Reconstructive Sciences, Biomaterials and Skeletal Development, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Cheryl L Ackert-Bicknell
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 665, Rochester, NY, 14624, USA.
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17
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Sforza E, Saint Martin M, Thomas T, Collet P, Garet M, Barthélémy JC, Roche F. Risk factors of osteoporosis in healthy elderly with unrecognized obstructive sleep apnea: role of physical activity. Sleep Med 2016; 22:25-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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18
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Kemp JP, Medina-Gomez C, Tobias JH, Rivadeneira F, Evans DM. The case for genome-wide association studies of bone acquisition in paediatric and adolescent populations. BONEKEY REPORTS 2016; 5:796. [PMID: 27257477 DOI: 10.1038/bonekey.2016.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Peak bone mass, the maximum amount of bone accrued at the end of the growth period, is an important predictor of future risk of osteoporosis and fracture. Hence, the contribution of genetic factors influencing bone accrual is of considerable interest to the osteoporosis research community. In this article, we review evidence that genetic factors play an important role in bone growth, describe the genetic loci implicated so far and briefly discuss lessons learned from the application of genome-wide association studies. Moreover, we attempt to make the case for genetic investigations of bone mineral density in paediatric and young adult populations, describing their potential to increase our knowledge of the process of bone metabolism throughout the life course, and in turn, identify novel targets for the pharmacological treatment of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Kemp
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Level 5 Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Joint first authors
| | - Carolina Medina-Gomez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Joint first authors
| | - Jonathan H Tobias
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Joint senior authors
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Joint senior authors
| | - David M Evans
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Level 5 Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Joint senior authors
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19
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Skousgaard SG, Skytthe A, Möller S, Overgaard S, Brandt LPA. Sex differences in risk and heritability estimates on primary knee osteoarthritis leading to total knee arthroplasty: a nationwide population based follow up study in Danish twins. Arthritis Res Ther 2016; 18:46. [PMID: 26864139 PMCID: PMC4750301 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-016-0939-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Symptomatic knee osteoarthritis is a highly age and sex associated complex disease. Little is known about the causes behind this age and sex associated increase, or if genetic and environmental factors impacts differently by gender. Our study examined the risk and heritability of primary knee osteoarthritis leading to total knee arthroplasty and whether these differences were attributable to sex and age differences in heritability. METHODS All twins of known zygosity from The Danish Twin Register alive in 1997 were examined in a nationwide population based follow-up study collecting information on all twins recorded in The Danish Knee Arthroplasty from 1997 to follow-up in 2010. Our main outcomes were the cumulative incidence, probandwise concordance rates, heritability, within pair correlations in monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs and the genetic and environmental influence estimated in models taking into account that individuals may not have had a total knee arthroplasty at follow up. RESULTS 92,748 twins were eligible for analyses and 576 twins had a record of primary knee osteoarthritis in The Danish Knee Arthroplasty Register at follow-up comprising 358 female and 218 male twin cases. The risk increased particular after the age of 50 years displaying significant sex differences in the elderly. In the sex stratified analyses a discrete genetic component was found in females, but in males no genetic component could be detected. In both genders common and unique environmental factors were highly significant. In the sex-adjusted analysis an additive genetic component of 18 % (0; 62), a shared environmental component of 61 % (25; 97) and an individual environmental component of 21 % (6; 36) accounted for the variation in liability to primary total knee arthroplasty. CONCLUSION The risk of primary total knee arthroplasty increases significantly after the age of 50 years, in particular in females, displaying significant sex differences in the elderly. After sex-adjustment 82 % of the variation in liability to primary total knee arthroplasty was attributable to common and unique environmental factors; the remaining 18 % of this variation was attributable to additive genetic factors indicating a pivotal impact of environmental factors on this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren Glud Skousgaard
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Odense University Hospital, 5000, Odense C, Denmark. .,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology & Orthopedic Research Unit, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000, Odense C, Denmark. .,Clinical Institute, University of Southern Denmark, 5000, Odense C, Denmark.
| | - Axel Skytthe
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Biodemography, The Danish Twin Registry, University of Southern Denmark, 5000, Odense C, Denmark.
| | - Sören Möller
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Biodemography, The Danish Twin Registry, University of Southern Denmark, 5000, Odense C, Denmark.
| | - Søren Overgaard
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology & Orthopedic Research Unit, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000, Odense C, Denmark. .,Clinical Institute, University of Southern Denmark, 5000, Odense C, Denmark.
| | - Lars Peter Andreas Brandt
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Odense University Hospital, 5000, Odense C, Denmark. .,Clinical Institute, University of Southern Denmark, 5000, Odense C, Denmark.
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Lill CM, Liu T, Norman K, Meyer A, Steinhagen-Thiessen E, Demuth I, Bertram L. Genetic Burden Analyses of Phenotypes Relevant to Aging in the Berlin Aging Study II (BASE-II). Gerontology 2016; 62:316-22. [PMID: 26821332 DOI: 10.1159/000438900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Body mass index (BMI), bone mineral density (BMD), and telomere length are phenotypes that modulate the course of aging. Over 40% of their phenotypic variance is determined by genetics. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have recently uncovered >100 independent single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) showing genome-wide significant (p < 5 × 10-8) association with these traits. OBJECTIVE To test the individual and combined impact of previously reported GWAS SNPs on BMI, BMD, and relative leukocyte telomere length (rLTL) in ∼1,750 participants of the Berlin Aging Study II (BASE-II), a cohort consisting predominantly of individuals >60 years of age. METHODS Linear regression analyses were performed on a total of 101 SNPs and BMI, BMD measurements of the femoral neck (FN) and lumbar spine (LS), and rLTL. The combined effect of all trait-specific SNPs was evaluated by generating a weighted genomic profile score (wGPS) used in the association analyses. The predictive capability of the wGPS was estimated by determining the area under the receiver operating curve (AUC) for osteoporosis status (determined by BMD) with and without the wGPS. RESULTS Five loci showed experiment-wide significant association with BMI (FTO rs1558902, p = 1.80 × 10-5) or BMD (MEPE rs6532023, pFN = 5.40 × 10-4, pLS = 1.09 × 10-4; TNFRSF11B rs2062377, pLS = 8.70 × 10-4; AKAP11 rs9533090, pLS = 1.05 × 10-3; SMG6 rs4790881, pFN = 3.41 × 10-4) after correction for multiple testing. Several additional loci showed nominally significant (p < 0.05) association with BMI and BMD. The trait-specific wGPS was highly significantly associated with BMD (p < 2 × 10-16) and BMI (p = 1.10 × 10-6). No significant association was detected for rLTL in either single-SNP or wGPS-based analyses. The AUC for osteoporosis improved modestly from 0.762 (95% CI 0.733-0.800) to 0.786 (95% CI 0.756-0.823) and 0.785 (95% CI 0.757-0.824) upon inclusion of the FN- and LS-BMD wGPS, respectively. CONCLUSION Our study provides an independent validation of previously reported genetic association signals for BMI and BMD in the BASE-II cohort. Additional studies are needed to pinpoint the factors underlying the proportion of phenotypic variance that remains unexplained by the current models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Lill
- Lx00FC;beck Interdisciplinary Platform for Genome Analytics (LIGA), Institutes of Neurogenetics and Integrative and Experimental Genomics, University of Lx00FC;beck, Lx00FC;beck, Germany
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21
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Skousgaard SG, Hjelmborg J, Skytthe A, Brandt LPA, Möller S, Overgaard S. Probability and heritability estimates on primary osteoarthritis of the hip leading to total hip arthroplasty: a nationwide population based follow-up study in Danish twins. Arthritis Res Ther 2015; 17:336. [PMID: 26589897 PMCID: PMC4654897 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-015-0854-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Primary hip osteoarthritis, radiographic as well as symptomatic, is highly associated with increasing age in both genders. However, little is known about the mechanisms behind this, in particular if this increase is caused by genetic factors. This study examined the risk and heritability of primary osteoarthritis of the hip leading to a total hip arthroplasty, and if this heritability increased with increasing age. METHODS In a nationwide population-based follow-up study 118,788 twins from the Danish Twin Register and 90,007 individuals from the Danish Hip Arthroplasty Register for the period 1995 to 2010 were examined. Our main outcomes were the cumulative incidence, proband-wise concordance and heritability on age, within-pair correlations in monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs, and the genetic and environmental influence estimated in models taking into account that individuals may not have had a total hip arthroplasty at the time of follow-up. RESULTS There were 94,063 twins eligible for analyses, comprising 835 cases of 36 concordant and 763 discordant twin pairs. The probability increased particularly from 50 years of age. After sex and age adjustment a significant additive genetic component of 47% (12:79), a shared environmental component of 21% (2:76) and a unique environment component of 32% (21:41) accounted for the variation in population liability to total hip arthroplasty. The sex-adjusted proband-wise concordance and heritability on age indicated an increasing age-associated genetic influence onwards from 60 years of age. CONCLUSION The cumulative incidence in primary hip osteoarthritis leading to total hip arthroplasty increases in particular after the age of 50 years in both genders. Family factors of genes and shared environment are highly significant and account for 68% of the variation in the population liability to total hip arthroplasty; however, the genetic influence increases significantly from 60 years of age onwards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren Glud Skousgaard
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Odense University Hospital, 5000, Odense C, Denmark. .,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology & Orthopaedic Research Unit, Odense University Hospital, 5000, Odense C, Denmark. .,Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000, Odense C, Denmark.
| | - Jacob Hjelmborg
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Biodemography, The Danish Twin Registry, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, 5000, Odense C, Denmark.
| | - Axel Skytthe
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Biodemography, The Danish Twin Registry, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, 5000, Odense C, Denmark.
| | - Lars Peter Andreas Brandt
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Odense University Hospital, 5000, Odense C, Denmark. .,Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000, Odense C, Denmark.
| | - Sören Möller
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Biodemography, The Danish Twin Registry, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, 5000, Odense C, Denmark.
| | - Søren Overgaard
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology & Orthopaedic Research Unit, Odense University Hospital, 5000, Odense C, Denmark. .,Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000, Odense C, Denmark.
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Abstract
Age-related hearing impairment (ARHI) is a common condition with complex etiology but a recognized genetic component. Heritability estimates for pure tone audiogram-determined hearing ability lie in the range 26–75%. The speech-in-noise (SIN) auditory test, however, may be better at encapsulating ARHI symptoms, particularly the diminished ability to segregate environmental sounds into comprehendible auditory streams. As heritability of SIN has not previously been reported, we explored the genetic and environmental contributions to ARHI determined by SIN in 2,076 twins (87.8% female) aged 18–87 (mean age 54.4). SIN was found to be significantly heritable (A, unadjusted for age = 40%; 95% confidence intervals, CI = 32%–47%). With age adjustment, heritability fell (A= 25%; 95% CI = 16–33%), and a relatively strong influence of environmental exposure unshared within twin siblings was identified (E= 75%). To explore the environmental aspects further, we assessed the influence of diet (through the Food Frequency Questionnaire, FFQ), smoking (through self-report and cotinine metabolite levels) and alcohol intake (through the FFQ). A negative influence of high cholesterol diet was observed after adjustment (p= .037). A protective effect of raised serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels was observed after adjustment (p= .004). This study is the first assessment of the genetic and environmental influence on SIN perception. The findings suggest SIN is less heritable than pure tone audiogram (PTA) ability and highly influenced by the environment unique to each twin. Furthermore, a possible role of dietary fat in the etiology of ARHI is highlighted.
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Current prevention strategies for low-trauma fractures amongst older persons depend on the notions that fractures are mainly caused by osteoporosis (pathophysiology), that patients at high risk can be identified (screening) and that the risk is amenable to bone-targeted pharmacotherapy (treatment). However, all these three notions can be disputed. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Most fracture patients have fallen, but actually do not have osteoporosis. A high likelihood of falling, in turn, is attributable to an ageing-related decline in physical functioning and general frailty. SCREENING Currently available fracture risk prediction strategies including bone densitometry and multifactorial prediction tools are unable to identify a large proportion of patients who will sustain a fracture, whereas many of those with a high fracture risk score will not sustain a fracture. TREATMENT The evidence for the viability of bone-targeted pharmacotherapy in preventing hip fracture and other clinical fragility fractures is mainly limited to women aged 65-80 years with osteoporosis, whereas the proof of hip fracture-preventing efficacy in women over 80 years of age and in men at all ages is meagre or absent. Further, the antihip fracture efficacy shown in clinical trials is absent in real-life studies. Many drugs for the treatment of osteoporosis have also been associated with increased risks of serious adverse events. There are also considerable uncertainties related to the efficacy of drug therapy in preventing clinical vertebral fractures, whereas the efficacy for preventing other fractures (relative risk reductions of 20-25%) remains moderate, particularly in terms of the low absolute risk reduction in fractures with this treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L N Järvinen
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - K Michaëlsson
- Section of Orthopaedics, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - P Aspenberg
- Clinical Sciences, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - H Sievänen
- The UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
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Buttazzoni C, Rosengren BE, Karlsson C, Dencker M, Nilsson JÅ, Karlsson MK. A Pediatric Bone Mass Scan has Poor Ability to Predict Peak Bone Mass: An 11-Year Prospective Study in 121 Children. Calcif Tissue Int 2015; 96:379-88. [PMID: 25716719 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-015-9965-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This 11-year prospective longitudinal study examined how a pre-pubertal pediatric bone mass scan predicts peak bone mass. We measured bone mineral content (BMC; g), bone mineral density (BMD; g/cm(2)), and bone area (cm(2)) in femoral neck, total body and lumbar spine by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in a population-based cohort including 65 boys and 56 girls. At baseline all participants were pre-pubertal with a mean age of 8 years (range 6-9), they were re-measured at a mean 11 years (range 10-12) later. The participants were then mean 19 years (range 18-19), an age range that corresponds to peak bone mass in femoral neck in our population. We calculated individual BMC, BMD, and bone size Z scores, using all participants at each measurement as reference and evaluated correlations between the two measurements. Individual Z scores were also stratified in quartiles to register movements between quartiles from pre-pubertal age to peak bone mass. The correlation coefficients (r) between pre-pubertal and young adulthood measurements for femoral neck BMC, BMD, and bone area varied between 0.37 and 0.65. The reached BMC value at age 8 years explained 42 % of the variance in the BMC peak value; the corresponding values for BMD were 31 % and bone area 14 %. Among the participants with femoral neck BMD in the lowest childhood quartile, 52 % had left this quartile at peak bone mass. A pediatric bone scan with a femoral neck BMD value in the lowest quartile had a sensitivity of 47 % [95 % confidence interval (CI) 28, 66] and a specificity of 82 % (95 % CI 72, 89) to identify individuals who would remain in the lowest quartile at peak bone mass. The pre-pubertal femoral neck BMD explained only 31 % of the variance in femoral neck peak bone mass. A pre-pubertal BMD scan in a population-based sample has poor ability to predict individuals who are at risk of low peak bone mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Buttazzoni
- Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit, Department of Orthopedics and Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, 205 02, Malmō, Sweden,
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Korostishevsky M, Steves CJ, Malkin I, Spector T, Williams FMK, Livshits G. Genomics and metabolomics of muscular mass in a community-based sample of UK females. Eur J Hum Genet 2015; 24:277-83. [PMID: 25898920 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2015.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The contribution of specific molecular-genetic factors to muscle mass variation and sarcopenia remains largely unknown. To identify endogenous molecules and specific genetic factors associated with appendicular lean mass (APLM) in the general population, cross-sectional data from the TwinsUK Adult Twin Registry were used. Non-targeted mass spec-based metabolomic profiling was performed on plasma of 3953 females (mostly dizygotic and monozygotic twins). APLM was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and genotyping was genome-wide (GWAS). Specific metabolites were used as intermediate phenotypes in the identification of single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with APLM using GWAS. In all, 162 metabolites were found significantly correlated with APLM, and explained 17.4% of its variation. However, the top three of them (unidentified substance X12063, urate, and mannose) explained 11.1% (P ≤ 9.25 × 10(-26)) so each was subjected to GWAS. Each metabolite showed highly significant (P ≤ 9.28 × 10(-46)) associations with genetic variants in the corresponding genomic regions. Mendelian randomization using these SNPs found no evidence for a direct causal effect of these metabolites on APLM. However, using a new software platform for bivariate analysis we showed that shared genetic factors contribute significantly (P ≤ 4.31 × 10(-43)) to variance in both the metabolites and APLM--independent of the effect of the associated SNPs. There are several metabolites, having a clear pattern of genetic inheritance, which are highly significantly associated with APLM and may provide a cheap and readily accessible biomarker of muscle mass. However, the mechanism by which the genetic factor influences muscle mass remains to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Korostishevsky
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Claire J Steves
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ida Malkin
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Timothy Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Frances M K Williams
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Gregory Livshits
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
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Roederer M, Quaye L, Mangino M, Beddall MH, Mahnke Y, Chattopadhyay P, Tosi I, Napolitano L, Terranova Barberio M, Menni C, Villanova F, Di Meglio P, Spector TD, Nestle FO. The genetic architecture of the human immune system: a bioresource for autoimmunity and disease pathogenesis. Cell 2015; 161:387-403. [PMID: 25772697 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Despite recent discoveries of genetic variants associated with autoimmunity and infection, genetic control of the human immune system during homeostasis is poorly understood. We undertook a comprehensive immunophenotyping approach, analyzing 78,000 immune traits in 669 female twins. From the top 151 heritable traits (up to 96% heritable), we used replicated GWAS to obtain 297 SNP associations at 11 genetic loci, explaining up to 36% of the variation of 19 traits. We found multiple associations with canonical traits of all major immune cell subsets and uncovered insights into genetic control for regulatory T cells. This data set also revealed traits associated with loci known to confer autoimmune susceptibility, providing mechanistic hypotheses linking immune traits with the etiology of disease. Our data establish a bioresource that links genetic control elements associated with normal immune traits to common autoimmune and infectious diseases, providing a shortcut to identifying potential mechanisms of immune-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Roederer
- ImmunoTechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Lydia Quaye
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Margaret H Beddall
- ImmunoTechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yolanda Mahnke
- ImmunoTechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Pratip Chattopadhyay
- ImmunoTechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Isabella Tosi
- Cutaneous Medicine Unit, St. John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Luca Napolitano
- Cutaneous Medicine Unit, St. John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | | | - Cristina Menni
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Federica Villanova
- Cutaneous Medicine Unit, St. John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Paola Di Meglio
- Cutaneous Medicine Unit, St. John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Tim D Spector
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK.
| | - Frank O Nestle
- Cutaneous Medicine Unit, St. John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 9RT, UK
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Araujo AB, Yang M, Suarez EA, Dagincourt N, Abraham JR, Chiu G, Holick MF, Bouxsein ML, Zmuda JM. Racial/ethnic and socioeconomic differences in bone loss among men. J Bone Miner Res 2014; 29:2552-60. [PMID: 24984683 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
As men age, they lose bone and are susceptible to fracture. Despite having lower fracture rates than women, men have worse fractures than women do. Racial/ethnic and socioeconomic status (SES) disparities in fracture rates exist, yet data on rates of bone loss by race/ethnicity and SES among men are limited. We examined annualized percentage change in bone mineral density (%ΔBMD) at the hip (N = 681), spine (N = 663), and forearm (N = 636) during 7 years of follow-up among men aged 30-79 years at baseline. Multivariable models tested whether race/ethnicity, income, or genetic ancestry predicted annualized %ΔBMD after controlling for an extensive set of covariates. Annualized %ΔBMD ranged from -0.65(0.04)% (femoral neck) to +0.26(0.03)% (1/3 distal radius), and changes were consistent across age groups with the exception of the ultradistal radius, where annualized declines increased with age. Neither self-identified race/ethnicity nor genetic ancestry were associated with annualized %ΔBMD. In contrast, income was strongly associated (dose-response) with annualized %ΔBMD at total hip (independent of confounders, self-identified race/ethnicity, and genetic ancestry). Fully adjusted least-square mean change in annualized %ΔBMD at the total hip were -0.24(0.12)% and -0.16(0.06)% steeper among men with low and moderate incomes, respectively, than among men with higher incomes (overall p = 0.0293). Results show a linear decline in bone that begins relatively early in life among men, that rates of bone loss do not vary with race/ethnicity (self-identified or "objectively" measured), and that income plays an important role in relation to bone loss at the hip. These data suggest that fracture risk in men may be driven in part by income-related differences in bone loss, but also, that the known higher fracture risk among white men is not the result of racial/ethnic differences in bone loss, but rather, early life exposures that lead to attainment of higher peak bone mass among minorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre B Araujo
- Department of Epidemiology, New England Research Institutes, Inc., Watertown, MA, USA; Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Abstract
Osteoporosis and related fractures disproportionately impact patients with advanced age, those with the frailty phenotype, and those with multiple comorbidities. Recent studies report a changing incidence in fracture type among the oldest old throughout the world, a finding not satisfactorily explained by advances in treatment of lifestyle factors. A growing recognition of the importance of muscle and bone interaction is leading to improved understanding of the underlying biochemical pathways linking them and new therapeutic targets. New models of care for frail older populations, particularly after hip fracture, are being developed but have been challenged to identify appropriate outcomes to target. An appreciation for the relationship between age-related comorbidities, fracture risk, and competing mortality risk is essential for practitioners caring for the oldest-old population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathleen S Colón-Emeric
- Duke University Medical Center and the Durham VA Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, 508 Fulton St. GRECC 182, Durham, NC, 27705, USA,
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Abstract
TwinsUK is a nation-wide registry of volunteer twins in the United Kingdom, with about 12,000 registered twins (83% female, equal number of monozygotic and dizygotic twins, predominantly middle-aged and older). Over the last 20 years, questionnaire and blood/urine/tissue samples have been collected on over 7,000 subjects, as well as three comprehensive phenotyping assessments in the clinical facilities of the Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London. The primary focus of study has been the genetic basis of healthy aging process and complex diseases, including cardiovascular, metabolic, musculoskeletal, and ophthalmologic disorders. Alongside the detailed clinical, biochemical, behavioral, and socio-economic characterization of the study population, the major strength of TwinsUK is availability of several 'omics' technologies for the participants. These include genome-wide scans of single nucleotide variants, next-generation sequencing, exome sequencing, epigenetic markers (MeDIP sequencing), gene expression arrays and RNA sequencing, telomere length measures, metabolomic profiles, and gut flora microbiomics. The scientific community now can freely access parts of the phenotype data from the 'TwinsUK', and interested researchers are encouraged to contact us via our Web site (www.twinsuk.ac.uk) for future collaborations.
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