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Tobias JH, Nethander M, Faber BG, Heppenstall SV, Ebsim R, Cootes T, Lindner C, Saunders FR, Gregory JS, Aspden RM, Harvey NC, Kemp JP, Frysz M, Ohlsson C. Femoral neck width genetic risk score is a novel independent risk factor for hip fractures. J Bone Miner Res 2024; 39:241-251. [PMID: 38477772 DOI: 10.1093/jbmr/zjae002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Femoral neck width (FNW) derived from DXA scans may provide a useful adjunct to hip fracture prediction. Therefore, we investigated whether FNW is related to hip fracture risk independently of femoral neck bone mineral density (FN-BMD), using a genetic approach. FNW was derived from points automatically placed on the proximal femur using hip DXA scans from 38 150 individuals (mean age 63.8 yr, 48.0% males) in UK Biobank (UKB). Genome-wide association study (GWAS) identified 71 independent genome-wide significant FNW SNPs, comprising genes involved in cartilage differentiation, hedgehog, skeletal development, in contrast to SNPs identified by FN-BMD GWAS which primarily comprised runx1/Wnt signaling genes (MAGMA gene set analyses). FNW and FN-BMD SNPs were used to generate genetic instruments for multivariable Mendelian randomization. Greater genetically determined FNW increased risk of all hip fractures (odds ratio [OR] 1.53; 95% CI, 1.29-1.82 per SD increase) and femoral neck fractures (OR 1.58;1.30-1.92), but not trochanteric or forearm fractures. In contrast, greater genetically determined FN-BMD decreased fracture risk at all 4 sites. FNW and FN-BMD SNPs were also used to generate genetic risk scores (GRSs), which were examined in relation to incident hip fracture in UKB (excluding the FNW GWAS population; n = 338 742, 3222 cases) using a Cox proportional hazards model. FNW GRS was associated with increased risk of all incident hip fractures (HR 1.08;1.05-1.12) and femoral neck fractures (hazard ratio [HR] 1.10;1.06-1.15), but not trochanteric fractures, whereas FN-BMD GRS was associated with reduced risk of all hip fracture types. We conclude that the underlying biology regulating FNW and FN-BMD differs, and that DXA-derived FNW is causally related to hip fractures independently of FN-BMD, adding information beyond FN-BMD for hip fracture prediction. Hence, FNW derived from DXA analyses or a FNW GRS may contribute clinically useful information beyond FN-BMD for hip fracture prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H Tobias
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Translational Health Sciences, Southmead Hospital, University of Bristol, Bristol BS10 5NB, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Nethander
- Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Bioinformatics and Data Center, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Benjamin G Faber
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Translational Health Sciences, Southmead Hospital, University of Bristol, Bristol BS10 5NB, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie V Heppenstall
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Translational Health Sciences, Southmead Hospital, University of Bristol, Bristol BS10 5NB, United Kingdom
| | - Raja Ebsim
- Division of Informatics, Imaging and Data Sciences, School of Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Cootes
- Division of Informatics, Imaging and Data Sciences, School of Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia Lindner
- Division of Informatics, Imaging and Data Sciences, School of Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona R Saunders
- Centre for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3FX, United Kingdom
| | - Jenny S Gregory
- Centre for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3FX, United Kingdom
| | - Richard M Aspden
- Centre for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3FX, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas C Harvey
- Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - John P Kemp
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD, Australia 4102
| | - Monika Frysz
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Translational Health Sciences, Southmead Hospital, University of Bristol, Bristol BS10 5NB, United Kingdom
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Drug Treatment, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden
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2
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Zheng J, Wheeler E, Pietzner M, Andlauer TFM, Yau MS, Hartley AE, Brumpton BM, Rasheed H, Kemp JP, Frysz M, Robinson J, Reppe S, Prijatelj V, Gautvik KM, Falk L, Maerz W, Gergei I, Peyser PA, Kavousi M, de Vries PS, Miller CL, Bos M, van der Laan SW, Malhotra R, Herrmann M, Scharnagl H, Kleber M, Dedoussis G, Zeggini E, Nethander M, Ohlsson C, Lorentzon M, Wareham N, Langenberg C, Holmes MV, Davey Smith G, Tobias JH. Lowering of Circulating Sclerostin May Increase Risk of Atherosclerosis and Its Risk Factors: Evidence From a Genome-Wide Association Meta-Analysis Followed by Mendelian Randomization. Arthritis Rheumatol 2023; 75:1781-1792. [PMID: 37096546 PMCID: PMC10586470 DOI: 10.1002/art.42538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study, we aimed to establish the causal effects of lowering sclerostin, target of the antiosteoporosis drug romosozumab, on atherosclerosis and its risk factors. METHODS A genome-wide association study meta-analysis was performed of circulating sclerostin levels in 33,961 European individuals. Mendelian randomization (MR) was used to predict the causal effects of sclerostin lowering on 15 atherosclerosis-related diseases and risk factors. RESULTS We found that 18 conditionally independent variants were associated with circulating sclerostin. Of these, 1 cis signal in SOST and 3 trans signals in B4GALNT3, RIN3, and SERPINA1 regions showed directionally opposite signals for sclerostin levels and estimated bone mineral density. Variants with these 4 regions were selected as genetic instruments. MR using 5 correlated cis-SNPs suggested that lower sclerostin increased the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) (odds ratio [OR] 1.32 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.03-1.69]) and myocardial infarction (MI) (OR 1.35 [95% CI 1.01-1.79]); sclerostin lowering was also suggested to increase the extent of coronary artery calcification (CAC) (β = 0.24 [95% CI 0.02-0.45]). MR using both cis and trans instruments suggested that lower sclerostin increased hypertension risk (OR 1.09 [95% CI 1.04-1.15]), but otherwise had attenuated effects. CONCLUSION This study provides genetic evidence to suggest that lower levels of sclerostin may increase the risk of hypertension, type 2 DM, MI, and the extent of CAC. Taken together, these findings underscore the requirement for strategies to mitigate potential adverse effects of romosozumab treatment on atherosclerosis and its related risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zheng
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China, and Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China, and MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Bristol Medical School, University of BristolBristolUK
| | - Eleanor Wheeler
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic ScienceUniversity of Cambridge School of Clinical MedicineCambridgeUK
| | - Maik Pietzner
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK, and Computational Medicine, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité–Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Till F. M. Andlauer
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of MedicineTechnical University of MunichMunichGermany
| | - Michelle S. Yau
- Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLifeHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusetts
| | | | - Ben Michael Brumpton
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, and HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNUNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyLevangerNorway
| | - Humaira Rasheed
- MRC IEU, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, and HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, and Division of Medicine and Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - John P. Kemp
- MRC IEU, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, and The University of Queensland Diamantina InstituteThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Monika Frysz
- MRC IEU, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, and Musculoskeletal Research UnitUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Jamie Robinson
- MRC IEU, Bristol Medical SchoolUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Sjur Reppe
- Unger‐Vetlesen Institute, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital and Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Oslo University Hospital and Department of Medical BiochemistryOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
| | - Vid Prijatelj
- Department of Internal MedicineErasmus MC University Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | - Louise Falk
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK, and Computational Medicine, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité–Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Winfried Maerz
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Austria, and SYNLAB Academy, SYNLAB Holding Deutschland GmbH and Vth Department of Medicine (Nephrology, Hypertensiology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology, Diabetology), Medical Faculty MannheimUniversity of HeidelbergMannheimGermany
| | - Ingrid Gergei
- Vth Department of Medicine (Nephrology, Hypertensiology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology, Diabetology), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, and Therapeutic Area Cardiovascular MedicineBoehringer Ingelheim International GmbHIngelheimGermany
| | - Patricia A. Peyser
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public HealthUniversity of MichiganAnn Arbor
| | - Maryam Kavousi
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MCUniversity Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Paul S. de Vries
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public HealthThe University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
| | - Clint L. Miller
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Department of Public Health SciencesUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesville
| | - Maxime Bos
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MCUniversity Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Sander W. van der Laan
- Central Diagnostics Laboratory, Division of Laboratories, Pharmacy, and Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center UtrechtUtrecht UniversityUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Rajeev Malhotra
- Cardiology Division, Department of MedicineMassachusetts General HospitalBoston
| | - Markus Herrmann
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory DiagnosticsMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - Hubert Scharnagl
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory DiagnosticsMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - Marcus Kleber
- SYNLAB Academy, SYNLAB Holding Deutschland GmbHMannheimGermany
| | - George Dedoussis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and EducationHarokopio UniversityAthensGreece
| | - Eleftheria Zeggini
- Institute of Translational Genomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, and Technical University of Munich (TUM) and Klinikum Rechts der IsarTUM School of MedicineMunichGermany
| | - Maria Nethander
- Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg and Bioinformatics and Data Centre, Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of MedicineUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Mattias Lorentzon
- Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden, and Region Västra Götaland, Geriatric Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden, and Mary McKillop Institute for Health ResearchAustralian Catholic UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Nick Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic ScienceUniversity of Cambridge School of Clinical MedicineCambridgeUK
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK, and Computational Medicine, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité–Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Michael V. Holmes
- MRC IEU, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, and Clinical Trial Service Unit & Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population HealthUniversity of Oxford, and National Institute for Health Research, Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University HospitalOxfordUK
| | | | - Jonathan H. Tobias
- MRC IEU, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, and Musculoskeletal Research UnitUniversity of BristolBristolUK
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3
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Faber BG, Frysz M, Boer CG, Evans DS, Ebsim R, Flynn KA, Lundberg M, Southam L, Hartley A, Saunders FR, Lindner C, Gregory JS, Aspden RM, Lane NE, Harvey NC, Evans DM, Zeggini E, Davey Smith G, Cootes T, Van Meurs J, Kemp JP, Tobias JH. The identification of distinct protective and susceptibility mechanisms for hip osteoarthritis: findings from a genome-wide association study meta-analysis of minimum joint space width and Mendelian randomisation cluster analyses. EBioMedicine 2023; 95:104759. [PMID: 37619450 PMCID: PMC10470292 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hip minimum joint space width (mJSW) provides a proxy for cartilage thickness. This study aimed to conduct a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of mJSW to (i) identify new genetic determinants of mJSW and (ii) identify which mJSW loci convey hip osteoarthritis (HOA) risk and would therefore be of therapeutic interest. METHODS GWAS meta-analysis of hip mJSW derived from plain X-rays and DXA was performed, stratified by sex and adjusted for age and ancestry principal components. Mendelian randomisation (MR) and cluster analyses were used to examine causal effect of mJSW on HOA. FINDINGS 50,745 individuals were included in the meta-analysis. 42 SNPs, which mapped to 39 loci, were identified. Mendelian randomisation (MR) revealed little evidence of a causal effect of mJSW on HOA (ORIVW 0.98 [95% CI 0.82-1.18]). However, MR-Clust analysis suggested the null MR estimates reflected the net effect of two distinct causal mechanisms cancelling each other out, one of which was protective, whereas the other increased HOA susceptibility. For the latter mechanism, all loci were positively associated with height, suggesting mechanisms leading to greater height and mJSW increase the risk of HOA in later life. INTERPRETATIONS One group of mJSW loci reduce HOA risk via increased mJSW, suggesting possible utility as targets for chondroprotective therapies. The second group of mJSW loci increased HOA risk, despite increasing mJSW, but were also positively related to height, suggesting they contribute to HOA risk via a growth-related mechanism. FUNDING Primarily funded by the Medical Research Council and Wellcome Trust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin G Faber
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, University of Bristol, UK; Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, UK.
| | - Monika Frysz
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, University of Bristol, UK; Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, UK
| | - Cindy G Boer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Daniel S Evans
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, USA
| | - Raja Ebsim
- Division of Informatics, Imaging and Data Sciences, The University of Manchester, UK
| | - Kaitlyn A Flynn
- Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Australia; Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Mischa Lundberg
- UQ Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Australia
| | - Lorraine Southam
- Institute of Translational Genomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - April Hartley
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, UK
| | - Fiona R Saunders
- Centre for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Health, University of Aberdeen, UK
| | - Claudia Lindner
- Division of Informatics, Imaging and Data Sciences, The University of Manchester, UK
| | - Jennifer S Gregory
- Centre for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Health, University of Aberdeen, UK
| | - Richard M Aspden
- Centre for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Health, University of Aberdeen, UK
| | - Nancy E Lane
- Center for Musculoskeletal Health, University of California Davis, Sacramento, USA
| | - Nicholas C Harvey
- Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Centre, University of Southampton, UK; NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - David M Evans
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, UK; Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia; UQ Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Australia
| | - Eleftheria Zeggini
- Institute of Translational Genomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Technical University of Munich and Klinikum Rechts der Isar, TUM School of Medicine, Germany
| | - George Davey Smith
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, UK
| | - Timothy Cootes
- Division of Informatics, Imaging and Data Sciences, The University of Manchester, UK
| | - Joyce Van Meurs
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - John P Kemp
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, UK; Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Australia; Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Jonathan H Tobias
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, University of Bristol, UK; Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, UK
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4
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Medina-Gomez C, Mullin BH, Chesi A, Prijatelj V, Kemp JP, Shochat-Carvalho C, Trajanoska K, Wang C, Joro R, Evans TE, Schraut KE, Li-Gao R, Ahluwalia TS, Zillikens MC, Zhu K, Mook-Kanamori DO, Evans DS, Nethander M, Knol MJ, Thorleifsson G, Prokic I, Zemel B, Broer L, McGuigan FE, van Schoor NM, Reppe S, Pawlak MA, Ralston SH, van der Velde N, Lorentzon M, Stefansson K, Adams HHH, Wilson SG, Ikram MA, Walsh JP, Lakka TA, Gautvik KM, Wilson JF, Orwoll ES, van Duijn CM, Bønnelykke K, Uitterlinden AG, Styrkársdóttir U, Akesson KE, Spector TD, Tobias JH, Ohlsson C, Felix JF, Bisgaard H, Grant SFA, Richards JB, Evans DM, van der Eerden B, van de Peppel J, Ackert-Bicknell C, Karasik D, Kague E, Rivadeneira F. Bone mineral density loci specific to the skull portray potential pleiotropic effects on craniosynostosis. Commun Biol 2023; 6:691. [PMID: 37402774 PMCID: PMC10319806 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04869-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Skull bone mineral density (SK-BMD) provides a suitable trait for the discovery of key genes in bone biology, particularly to intramembranous ossification, not captured at other skeletal sites. We perform a genome-wide association meta-analysis (n ~ 43,800) of SK-BMD, identifying 59 loci, collectively explaining 12.5% of the trait variance. Association signals cluster within gene-sets involved in skeletal development and osteoporosis. Among the four novel loci (ZIC1, PRKAR1A, AZIN1/ATP6V1C1, GLRX3), there are factors implicated in intramembranous ossification and as we show, inherent to craniosynostosis processes. Functional follow-up in zebrafish confirms the importance of ZIC1 on cranial suture patterning. Likewise, we observe abnormal cranial bone initiation that culminates in ectopic sutures and reduced BMD in mosaic atp6v1c1 knockouts. Mosaic prkar1a knockouts present asymmetric bone growth and, conversely, elevated BMD. In light of this evidence linking SK-BMD loci to craniofacial abnormalities, our study provides new insight into the pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of skeletal diseases.
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Grants
- UL1 TR000128 NCATS NIH HHS
- U01 AG042124 NIA NIH HHS
- U01 AG042145 NIA NIH HHS
- U01 AG042168 NIA NIH HHS
- U01 AG042140 NIA NIH HHS
- U24 AG051129 NIA NIH HHS
- R01 AR051124 NIAMS NIH HHS
- U01 AG027810 NIA NIH HHS
- U01 AR066160 NIAMS NIH HHS
- MC_UU_00007/10 Medical Research Council
- R01 HD058886 NICHD NIH HHS
- RC2 AR058973 NIAMS NIH HHS
- Wellcome Trust
- M01 RR000240 NCRR NIH HHS
- U01 AG042143 NIA NIH HHS
- UL1 RR026314 NCRR NIH HHS
- U01 AG042139 NIA NIH HHS
- EC | EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation H2020 | H2020 Priority Excellent Science | H2020 European Research Council (H2020 Excellent Science - European Research Council)
- European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST)
- Wellcome Trust (Wellcome)
- Department of Health | National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC)
- U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)
- ZonMw (Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development)
- EC | EC Seventh Framework Programm | FP7 Ideas: European Research Council (FP7-IDEAS-ERC - Specific Programme: "Ideas" Implementing the Seventh Framework Programme of the European Community for Research, Technological Development and Demonstration Activities (2007 to 2013))
- Vetenskapsrådet (Swedish Research Council)
- U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS)
- Gouvernement du Canada | Canadian Institutes of Health Research (Instituts de Recherche en Santé du Canada)
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research)
- NCHA (Netherlands Consortium Healthy Ageing) Leiden/ Rotterdam; Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs, Agriculture and Innovation (project KB-15-004-003); the Research Institute for Diseases in the Elderly [Netherlands] (014-93-015; RIDE2)
- Clinical and Translational Research Center (5-MO1-RR-000240 and UL1 RR-026314); U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) GrantRecipient="Au50"
- European Commission FP6 STRP grant number 018947 (LSHG-CT-2006-01947); Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research and the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (NWO-RFBR 047.017.043); Netherlands Brain Foundation (project number F2013(1)-28) GrantRecipient="Au40"
- Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government (CZB/4/276, CZB/4/710) GrantRecipient="Au28"
- Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government (CZB/4/276, CZB/4/710) GrantRecipient="Au38"
- The Pawsey Supercomputing Centre (with Funding from the Australian Government and the Government of Western Australia; PG 16/0162, PG 17/director2025) GrantRecipient="Au45”
- European Commission (EC)
- U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS);NIH Roadmap for Medical Research [USA]: U01 AG027810, U01 AG042124, U01 AG042139, U01 AG042140, U01 AG042143, U01 AG042145, U01 AG042168, U01 AR066160, and UL1 TR000128 GrantRecipient="Au39”
- Versus Arthritis [USA] 21937 GrantRecipient="Au57”
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Medina-Gomez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin H Mullin
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Alessandra Chesi
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Vid Prijatelj
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John P Kemp
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | | | - Katerina Trajanoska
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carol Wang
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Raimo Joro
- Institute of Biomedicine, Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Tavia E Evans
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Katharina E Schraut
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4UX, Scotland
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland
| | - Ruifang Li-Gao
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tarunveer S Ahluwalia
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2820, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, 2820, Denmark
- The Bioinformatics Center, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
| | - M Carola Zillikens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kun Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Dennis O Mook-Kanamori
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Centre, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel S Evans
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA
| | - Maria Nethander
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 90, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Center for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 90, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maria J Knol
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ivana Prokic
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Babette Zemel
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Division of GI, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Linda Broer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fiona E McGuigan
- Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Natasja M van Schoor
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam UMC, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sjur Reppe
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, 0372, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, 0372, Oslo, Norway
- Unger-Vetlesen Institute, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, 0456, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mikolaj A Pawlak
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701, Poznan, Poland
| | - Stuart H Ralston
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, Scotland
| | - Nathalie van der Velde
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mattias Lorentzon
- Center for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 90, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | | | - Hieab H H Adams
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Latin American Brain Health (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
| | - Scott G Wilson
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John P Walsh
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Timo A Lakka
- Institute of Biomedicine, Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, 70100, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70210, Finland
| | - Kaare M Gautvik
- Unger-Vetlesen Institute, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, 0456, Oslo, Norway
| | - James F Wilson
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4UX, Scotland
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, Scotland
| | - Eric S Orwoll
- Department of Public Health & Preventive Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, OR97239, USA
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Klaus Bønnelykke
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2820, Denmark
| | - Andre G Uitterlinden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Kristina E Akesson
- Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Orthopedics Malmö, Skåne University Hospital, S-21428, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Timothy D Spector
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Jonathan H Tobias
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Bristol, BS10 5NB, UK
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Center for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 90, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Drug Treatment, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Region Västra Götaland, SE-413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Janine F Felix
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Bisgaard
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2820, Denmark
| | - Struan F A Grant
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - J Brent Richards
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, H3T 1E2, QC, Canada
| | - David M Evans
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Bram van der Eerden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen van de Peppel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - David Karasik
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, 1311502, Israel
- Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Roslindale, MA, 02131, USA
| | - Erika Kague
- The School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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5
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Faber BG, Frysz M, Hartley AE, Ebsim R, Boer CG, Saunders FR, Gregory JS, Aspden RM, Harvey NC, Southam L, Giles W, Le Maitre CL, Wilkinson JM, van Meurs JBJ, Zeggini E, Cootes T, Lindner C, Kemp JP, Davey Smith G, Tobias JH. A Genome-Wide Association Study Meta-Analysis of Alpha Angle Suggests Cam-Type Morphology May Be a Specific Feature of Hip Osteoarthritis in Older Adults. Arthritis Rheumatol 2023; 75:900-909. [PMID: 36662418 PMCID: PMC10374163 DOI: 10.1002/art.42451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the genetic architecture of cam morphology using alpha angle (AA) as a proxy measure and conduct an AA genome-wide association study (GWAS) followed by Mendelian randomization (MR) to evaluate its causal relationship with hip osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS Observational analyses examined associations between AA measurements derived from hip dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans from the UK Biobank study and radiographic hip OA outcomes and subsequent total hip replacement. Following these analyses, an AA GWAS meta-analysis was performed (N = 44,214) using AA measurements previously derived in the Rotterdam Study. Linkage disequilibrium score regression assessed the genetic correlation between AA and hip OA. Genetic associations considered significant (P < 5 × 10-8 ) were used as AA genetic instrument for 2-sample MR analysis. RESULTS DXA-derived AA showed expected associations between AA and radiographic hip OA (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.63 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.58, 1.67]) and between AA and total hip replacement (adjusted hazard ratio 1.45 [95% CI 1.33, 1.59]) in the UK Biobank study cohort. The heritability of AA was 10%, and AA had a moderate genetic correlation with hip OA (rg = 0.26 [95% CI 0.10, 0.43]). Eight independent genetic signals were associated with AA. Two-sample MR provided weak evidence of causal effects of AA on hip OA risk (inverse variance weighted OR 1.84 [95% CI 1.14, 2.96], P = 0.01). In contrast, genetic predisposition for hip OA had stronger evidence of a causal effect on increased AA (inverse variance weighted β = 0.09 [95% CI 0.04, 0.13], P = 4.58 × 10-5 ). CONCLUSION Expected observational associations between AA and related clinical outcomes provided face validity for the DXA-derived AA measurements. Evidence of bidirectional associations between AA and hip OA, particularly for risk of hip OA on AA, suggests that hip shape modeling secondary to a genetic predisposition to hip OA contributes to the well-established relationship between hip OA and cam morphology in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin G. Faber
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Translational Health Sciences, and Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical SchoolUniversity of BristolUK
| | - Monika Frysz
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Translational Health Sciences, and Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical SchoolUniversity of BristolUK
| | - April E. Hartley
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical SchoolUniversity of BristolUK
| | - Raja Ebsim
- Division of Informatics, Imaging and Data ScienceThe University of ManchesterUK
| | - Cindy G. Boer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MCUniversity Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Fiona R. Saunders
- Centre for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal HealthUniversity of AberdeenUK
| | | | - Richard M. Aspden
- Centre for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal HealthUniversity of AberdeenUK
| | - Nicholas C. Harvey
- Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Centre, University of Southampton, UK, and NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research CentreUniversity of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation TrustUK
| | - Lorraine Southam
- Institute of Translational Genomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München–German Research Center for Environmental HealthNeuherbergGermany
| | - William Giles
- Department of Oncology and MetabolismThe University of SheffieldUK
| | | | | | - Joyce B. J. van Meurs
- Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Orthopaedics & Sports Medicine, Erasmus MCRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Eleftheria Zeggini
- Institute of Translational Genomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München–German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, and TUM School of MedicineTechnical University of Munich and Klinikum Rechts der IsarGermany
| | - Timothy Cootes
- Division of Informatics, Imaging and Data ScienceThe University of ManchesterUK
| | - Claudia Lindner
- Division of Informatics, Imaging and Data ScienceThe University of ManchesterUK
| | - John P. Kemp
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK, and The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of QueenslandQueenslandAustralia
| | - George Davey Smith
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical SchoolUniversity of BristolUK
| | - Jonathan H. Tobias
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Translational Health Sciences, and Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical SchoolUniversity of BristolUK
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6
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D'Urso S, Arumugam P, Weider T, Hwang LD, Bond TA, Kemp JP, Warrington NM, Evans DM, O'Mara TA, Moen GH. Mendelian randomization analysis of factors related to ovulation and reproductive function and endometrial cancer risk. BMC Med 2022; 20:419. [PMID: 36320039 PMCID: PMC9623961 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-022-02585-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Observational epidemiological studies suggest a link between several factors related to ovulation and reproductive function and endometrial cancer (EC) risk; however, it is not clear whether these relationships are causal, and whether the risk factors act independently of each other. The aim of this study was to investigate putative causal relationships between the number of live births, age at last live birth, and years ovulating and EC risk. METHODS: We conducted a series of observational analyses to investigate various risk factors and EC risk in the UK Biobank (UKBB). Additionally, multivariate analysis was performed to elucidate the relationship between the number of live births, age at last live birth, and years ovulating and other related factors such as age at natural menopause, age at menarche, and body mass index (BMI). Secondly, we used Mendelian randomization (MR) to assess if these observed relationships were causal. Genome-wide significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were extracted from previous studies of woman's number of live births, age at menopause and menarche, and BMI. We conducted a genome-wide association analysis using the UKBB to identify SNPs associated with years ovulating, years using the contraceptive pill, and age at last live birth. RESULTS We found evidence for a causal effect of the number of live births (inverse variance weighted (IVW) odds ratio (OR): 0.537, p = 0.006), the number of years ovulating (IVW OR: 1.051, p = 0.014), in addition to the known risk factors BMI, age at menarche, and age at menopause on EC risk in the univariate MR analyses. Due to the close relationships between these factors, we followed up with multivariable MR (MVMR) analysis. Results from the MVMR analysis showed that number of live births had a causal effect on EC risk (OR: 0.783, p = 0.036) independent of BMI, age at menarche and age at menopause. CONCLUSIONS MVMR analysis showed that the number of live births causally reduced the risk of EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon D'Urso
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Pooja Arumugam
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Therese Weider
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Liang-Dar Hwang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Tom A Bond
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Bristol Medical School, Population Health Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - John P Kemp
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nicole M Warrington
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - David M Evans
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Tracy A O'Mara
- Cancer Research Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Gunn-Helen Moen
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- Bristol Medical School, Population Health Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
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7
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Bergen DJM, Tong Q, Shukla A, Newham E, Zethof J, Lundberg M, Ryan R, Youlten SE, Frysz M, Croucher PI, Flik G, Richardson RJ, Kemp JP, Hammond CL, Metz JR. Regenerating zebrafish scales express a subset of evolutionary conserved genes involved in human skeletal disease. BMC Biol 2022; 20:21. [PMID: 35057801 PMCID: PMC8780716 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01209-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Scales are mineralised exoskeletal structures that are part of the dermal skeleton. Scales have been mostly lost during evolution of terrestrial vertebrates whilst bony fish have retained a mineralised dermal skeleton in the form of fin rays and scales. Each scale is a mineralised collagen plate that is decorated with both matrix-building and resorbing cells. When removed, an ontogenetic scale is quickly replaced following differentiation of the scale pocket-lining cells that regenerate a scale. Processes promoting de novo matrix formation and mineralisation initiated during scale regeneration are poorly understood. Therefore, we performed transcriptomic analysis to determine gene networks and their pathways involved in dermal scale regeneration. Results We defined the transcriptomic profiles of ontogenetic and regenerating scales of zebrafish and identified 604 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). These were enriched for extracellular matrix, ossification, and cell adhesion pathways, but not in enamel or dentin formation processes indicating that scales are reminiscent to bone. Hypergeometric tests involving monogenetic skeletal disorders showed that DEGs were strongly enriched for human orthologues that are mutated in low bone mass and abnormal bone mineralisation diseases (P< 2× 10−3). The DEGs were also enriched for human orthologues associated with polygenetic skeletal traits, including height (P< 6× 10−4), and estimated bone mineral density (eBMD, P< 2× 10−5). Zebrafish mutants of two human orthologues that were robustly associated with height (COL11A2, P=6× 10−24) or eBMD (SPP1, P=6× 10−20) showed both exo- and endo- skeletal abnormalities as predicted by our genetic association analyses; col11a2Y228X/Y228X mutants showed exoskeletal and endoskeletal features consistent with abnormal growth, whereas spp1P160X/P160X mutants predominantly showed mineralisation defects. Conclusion We show that scales have a strong osteogenic expression profile comparable to other elements of the dermal skeleton, enriched in genes that favour collagen matrix growth. Despite the many differences between scale and endoskeletal developmental processes, we also show that zebrafish scales express an evolutionarily conserved sub-population of genes that are relevant to human skeletal disease. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-021-01209-8.
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8
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Li J, Glover JD, Zhang H, Peng M, Tan J, Mallick CB, Hou D, Yang Y, Wu S, Liu Y, Peng Q, Zheng SC, Crosse EI, Medvinsky A, Anderson RA, Brown H, Yuan Z, Zhou S, Xu Y, Kemp JP, Ho YYW, Loesch DZ, Wang L, Li Y, Tang S, Wu X, Walters RG, Lin K, Meng R, Lv J, Chernus JM, Neiswanger K, Feingold E, Evans DM, Medland SE, Martin NG, Weinberg SM, Marazita ML, Chen G, Chen Z, Zhou Y, Cheeseman M, Wang L, Jin L, Headon DJ, Wang S. Limb development genes underlie variation in human fingerprint patterns. Cell 2022; 185:95-112.e18. [PMID: 34995520 PMCID: PMC8740935 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fingerprints are of long-standing practical and cultural interest, but little is known about the mechanisms that underlie their variation. Using genome-wide scans in Han Chinese cohorts, we identified 18 loci associated with fingerprint type across the digits, including a genetic basis for the long-recognized “pattern-block” correlations among the middle three digits. In particular, we identified a variant near EVI1 that alters regulatory activity and established a role for EVI1 in dermatoglyph patterning in mice. Dynamic EVI1 expression during human development supports its role in shaping the limbs and digits, rather than influencing skin patterning directly. Trans-ethnic meta-analysis identified 43 fingerprint-associated loci, with nearby genes being strongly enriched for general limb development pathways. We also found that fingerprint patterns were genetically correlated with hand proportions. Taken together, these findings support the key role of limb development genes in influencing the outcome of fingerprint patterning. GWAS identifies variants associated with fingerprint type across all digits Fingerprint-associated genes are strongly enriched for limb development functions Evi1 alters dermatoglyphs in mice by modulating limb rather than skin development Fingerprint patterns are genetically correlated with hand and finger proportions
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, PRC; CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, PRC
| | - James D Glover
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Haiguo Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, PRC
| | - Meifang Peng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, PRC; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, PRC
| | - Jingze Tan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, PRC
| | - Chandana Basu Mallick
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Centre for Genetic Disorders, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dan Hou
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, PRC
| | - Yajun Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, PRC
| | - Sijie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, PRC; CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, PRC
| | - Yu Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, PRC
| | - Qianqian Peng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, PRC
| | - Shijie C Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, PRC
| | - Edie I Crosse
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Richard A Anderson
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Helen Brown
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ziyu Yuan
- Fudan-Taizhou Institute of Health Sciences, Taizhou, Jiangsu 225326, PRC
| | - Shen Zhou
- Shanghai Foreign Language School, Shanghai 200083, PRC
| | - Yanqing Xu
- Forest Ridge School of the Sacred Heart, Bellevue, WA 98006, USA
| | - John P Kemp
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Yvonne Y W Ho
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Rese Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Danuta Z Loesch
- Psychology Department, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Xiaoli Wu
- WeGene, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518040, PRC
| | - Robin G Walters
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kuang Lin
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ruogu Meng
- Center for Data Science in Health and Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PRC
| | - Jun Lv
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, PRC
| | - Jonathan M Chernus
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Katherine Neiswanger
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Eleanor Feingold
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - David M Evans
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Sarah E Medland
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Rese Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Seth M Weinberg
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Mary L Marazita
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; Clinical and Translational Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Gang Chen
- WeGene, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518040, PRC
| | - Zhengming Chen
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yong Zhou
- Clinical Research Institute, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PRC
| | - Michael Cheeseman
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lan Wang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, PRC
| | - Li Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, PRC; CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, PRC; Research Unit of Dissecting the Population Genetics and Developing New Technologies for Treatment and Prevention of Skin Phenotypes and Dermatological Diseases (2019RU058), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai 200438, PRC.
| | - Denis J Headon
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Sijia Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, PRC; Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, PRC.
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9
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Wang G, Bhatta L, Moen GH, Hwang LD, Kemp JP, Bond TA, Åsvold BO, Brumpton B, Evans DM, Warrington NM. Investigating a Potential Causal Relationship Between Maternal Blood Pressure During Pregnancy and Future Offspring Cardiometabolic Health. Hypertension 2022; 79:170-177. [PMID: 34784738 PMCID: PMC8654122 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.121.17701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Observational epidemiological studies have reported that higher maternal blood pressure (BP) during pregnancy is associated with increased future risk of offspring cardiometabolic disease. However, it is unclear whether this association represents a causal relationship through intrauterine mechanisms. We used a Mendelian randomization (MR) framework to examine the relationship between unweighted maternal genetic scores for systolic BP and diastolic BP and a range of cardiometabolic risk factors in the offspring of up to 29 708 genotyped mother-offspring pairs from the UKB study (UK Biobank) and the HUNT study (Trøndelag Health). We conducted similar analyses in up to 21 423 father-offspring pairs from the same cohorts. We confirmed that the BP-associated genetic variants from the general population sample also had similar effects on maternal BP during pregnancy in independent cohorts. We did not detect any association between maternal (or paternal) unweighted genetic scores and cardiometabolic offspring outcomes in the meta-analysis of UKB and HUNT after adjusting for offspring genotypes at the same loci. We find little evidence to support the notion that maternal BP is a major causal risk factor for adverse offspring cardiometabolic outcomes in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geng Wang
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute (G.W., G.-H.M., L.-D.H., J.P.K., T.A.B., D.M.E., N.M.W.), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Laxmi Bhatta
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (L.B., G.-H.M., B.O.A., B.B., N.M.W.)
| | - Gunn-Helen Moen
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute (G.W., G.-H.M., L.-D.H., J.P.K., T.A.B., D.M.E., N.M.W.), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (L.B., G.-H.M., B.O.A., B.B., N.M.W.)
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway (G.-H.M.)
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School (G.-H.M., T.A.B.), University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Liang-Dar Hwang
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute (G.W., G.-H.M., L.-D.H., J.P.K., T.A.B., D.M.E., N.M.W.), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Institute of Molecular Bioscience (L.-D.H., J.P.K., D.M.E., N.M.W.), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - John P. Kemp
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute (G.W., G.-H.M., L.-D.H., J.P.K., T.A.B., D.M.E., N.M.W.), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Institute of Molecular Bioscience (L.-D.H., J.P.K., D.M.E., N.M.W.), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit (J.P.K., T.A.B., D.M.E., N.M.W.), University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Tom A. Bond
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute (G.W., G.-H.M., L.-D.H., J.P.K., T.A.B., D.M.E., N.M.W.), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School (G.-H.M., T.A.B.), University of Bristol, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit (J.P.K., T.A.B., D.M.E., N.M.W.), University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Bjørn Olav Åsvold
- Department of Endocrinology, Clinic of Medicine (B.O.A.), St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Norway
- HUNT Research Center, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway (B.O.A., B.B.)
| | - Ben Brumpton
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (L.B., G.-H.M., B.O.A., B.B., N.M.W.)
- Clinic of Medicine (B.B.), St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Norway
- HUNT Research Center, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway (B.O.A., B.B.)
| | - David M. Evans
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute (G.W., G.-H.M., L.-D.H., J.P.K., T.A.B., D.M.E., N.M.W.), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Institute of Molecular Bioscience (L.-D.H., J.P.K., D.M.E., N.M.W.), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit (J.P.K., T.A.B., D.M.E., N.M.W.), University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole M. Warrington
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute (G.W., G.-H.M., L.-D.H., J.P.K., T.A.B., D.M.E., N.M.W.), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Institute of Molecular Bioscience (L.-D.H., J.P.K., D.M.E., N.M.W.), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit (J.P.K., T.A.B., D.M.E., N.M.W.), University of Bristol, United Kingdom
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10
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Kim PG, Niroula A, Shkolnik V, McConkey M, Lin AE, Słabicki M, Kemp JP, Bick A, Gibson CJ, Griffin G, Sekar A, Brooks DJ, Wong WJ, Cohen DN, Uddin MM, Shin WJ, Pirruccello J, Tsai JM, Agrawal M, Kiel DP, Bouxsein ML, Richards JB, Evans DM, Wein MN, Charles JF, Jaiswal S, Natarajan P, Ebert BL. Dnmt3a-mutated clonal hematopoiesis promotes osteoporosis. J Exp Med 2021; 218:e20211872. [PMID: 34698806 PMCID: PMC8552148 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20211872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is caused by an imbalance of osteoclasts and osteoblasts, occurring in close proximity to hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow. Recurrent somatic mutations that lead to an expanded population of mutant blood cells is termed clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP). Analyzing exome sequencing data from the UK Biobank, we found CHIP to be associated with increased incident osteoporosis diagnoses and decreased bone mineral density. In murine models, hematopoietic-specific mutations in Dnmt3a, the most commonly mutated gene in CHIP, decreased bone mass via increased osteoclastogenesis. Dnmt3a-/- demethylation opened chromatin and altered activity of inflammatory transcription factors. Bone loss was driven by proinflammatory cytokines, including Irf3-NF-κB-mediated IL-20 expression from Dnmt3a mutant macrophages. Increased osteoclastogenesis due to the Dnmt3a mutations was ameliorated by alendronate or IL-20 neutralization. These results demonstrate a novel source of osteoporosis-inducing inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Geon Kim
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA
| | - Abhishek Niroula
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Veronica Shkolnik
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Marie McConkey
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Amy E. Lin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Mikołaj Słabicki
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA
| | - John P. Kemp
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Alexander Bick
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | | | - Gabriel Griffin
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Aswin Sekar
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA
| | - Daniel J. Brooks
- Center for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Waihay J. Wong
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA
| | - Drew N. Cohen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Md Mesbah Uddin
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Wesley J. Shin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - James Pirruccello
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jonathan M. Tsai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA
| | - Mridul Agrawal
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Douglas P. Kiel
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA
- Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA
| | - Mary L. Bouxsein
- Center for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - J. Brent Richards
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, and Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - David M. Evans
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Marc N. Wein
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Julia F. Charles
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Siddhartha Jaiswal
- Department of Pathology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Pradeep Natarajan
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Benjamin L. Ebert
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA
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11
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Youlten SE, Kemp JP, Logan JG, Ghirardello EJ, Sergio CM, Dack MRG, Guilfoyle SE, Leitch VD, Butterfield NC, Komla-Ebri D, Chai RC, Corr AP, Smith JT, Mohanty ST, Morris JA, McDonald MM, Quinn JMW, McGlade AR, Bartonicek N, Jansson M, Hatzikotoulas K, Irving MD, Beleza-Meireles A, Rivadeneira F, Duncan E, Richards JB, Adams DJ, Lelliott CJ, Brink R, Phan TG, Eisman JA, Evans DM, Zeggini E, Baldock PA, Bassett JHD, Williams GR, Croucher PI. Osteocyte transcriptome mapping identifies a molecular landscape controlling skeletal homeostasis and susceptibility to skeletal disease. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2444. [PMID: 33953184 PMCID: PMC8100170 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22517-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteocytes are master regulators of the skeleton. We mapped the transcriptome of osteocytes from different skeletal sites, across age and sexes in mice to reveal genes and molecular programs that control this complex cellular-network. We define an osteocyte transcriptome signature of 1239 genes that distinguishes osteocytes from other cells. 77% have no previously known role in the skeleton and are enriched for genes regulating neuronal network formation, suggesting this programme is important in osteocyte communication. We evaluated 19 skeletal parameters in 733 knockout mouse lines and reveal 26 osteocyte transcriptome signature genes that control bone structure and function. We showed osteocyte transcriptome signature genes are enriched for human orthologs that cause monogenic skeletal disorders (P = 2.4 × 10-22) and are associated with the polygenic diseases osteoporosis (P = 1.8 × 10-13) and osteoarthritis (P = 1.6 × 10-7). Thus, we reveal the molecular landscape that regulates osteocyte network formation and function and establish the importance of osteocytes in human skeletal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott E Youlten
- Bone Biology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - John P Kemp
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, UQ, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - John G Logan
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Elena J Ghirardello
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Claudio M Sergio
- Bone Biology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael R G Dack
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Siobhan E Guilfoyle
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Victoria D Leitch
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
- RMIT Centre for Additive Manufacturing, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, UK
| | - Natalie C Butterfield
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Davide Komla-Ebri
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ryan C Chai
- Bone Biology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alexander P Corr
- Bone Biology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Science, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - James T Smith
- Bone Biology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Science, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Sindhu T Mohanty
- Bone Biology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - John A Morris
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA
- Faculty of Arts and Science, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michelle M McDonald
- Bone Biology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Julian M W Quinn
- Bone Biology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Amelia R McGlade
- Bone Biology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nenad Bartonicek
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Matt Jansson
- Viapath Genetics Laboratory, Viapath Analytics LLP, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Konstantinos Hatzikotoulas
- Institute of Translational Genomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Melita D Irving
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Trust, London, UK
| | | | | | - Emma Duncan
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
- Australian Translational Genomics Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - J Brent Richards
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
- Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | - Robert Brink
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Division of Immunology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tri Giang Phan
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Division of Immunology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - John A Eisman
- Bone Biology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medicine Sydney, University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Australia
| | - David M Evans
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, UQ, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Eleftheria Zeggini
- Institute of Translational Genomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Paul A Baldock
- Bone Biology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - J H Duncan Bassett
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Graham R Williams
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Peter I Croucher
- Bone Biology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney, Australia.
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12
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Ahluwalia TS, Prins BP, Abdollahi M, Armstrong NJ, Aslibekyan S, Bain L, Jefferis B, Baumert J, Beekman M, Ben-Shlomo Y, Bis JC, Mitchell BD, de Geus E, Delgado GE, Marek D, Eriksson J, Kajantie E, Kanoni S, Kemp JP, Lu C, Marioni RE, McLachlan S, Milaneschi Y, Nolte IM, Petrelis AM, Porcu E, Sabater-Lleal M, Naderi E, Seppälä I, Shah T, Singhal G, Standl M, Teumer A, Thalamuthu A, Thiering E, Trompet S, Ballantyne CM, Benjamin EJ, Casas JP, Toben C, Dedoussis G, Deelen J, Durda P, Engmann J, Feitosa MF, Grallert H, Hammarstedt A, Harris SE, Homuth G, Hottenga JJ, Jalkanen S, Jamshidi Y, Jawahar MC, Jess T, Kivimaki M, Kleber ME, Lahti J, Liu Y, Marques-Vidal P, Mellström D, Mooijaart SP, Müller-Nurasyid M, Penninx B, Revez JA, Rossing P, Räikkönen K, Sattar N, Scharnagl H, Sennblad B, Silveira A, Pourcain BS, Timpson NJ, Trollor J, van Dongen J, Van Heemst D, Visvikis-Siest S, Vollenweider P, Völker U, Waldenberger M, Willemsen G, Zabaneh D, Morris RW, Arnett DK, Baune BT, Boomsma DI, Chang YPC, Deary IJ, Deloukas P, Eriksson JG, Evans DM, Ferreira MA, Gaunt T, Gudnason V, Hamsten A, Heinrich J, Hingorani A, Humphries SE, Jukema JW, Koenig W, Kumari M, Kutalik Z, Lawlor DA, Lehtimäki T, März W, Mather KA, Naitza S, Nauck M, Ohlsson C, Price JF, Raitakari O, Rice K, Sachdev PS, Slagboom E, Sørensen TIA, Spector T, Stacey D, Stathopoulou MG, Tanaka T, Wannamethee SG, Whincup P, Rotter JI, Dehghan A, Boerwinkle E, Psaty BM, Snieder H, Alizadeh BZ. Genome-wide association study of circulating interleukin 6 levels identifies novel loci. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 30:393-409. [PMID: 33517400 PMCID: PMC8098112 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 6 (IL-6) is a multifunctional cytokine with both pro- and anti-inflammatory properties with a heritability estimate of up to 61%. The circulating levels of IL-6 in blood have been associated with an increased risk of complex disease pathogenesis. We conducted a two-staged, discovery and replication meta genome-wide association study (GWAS) of circulating serum IL-6 levels comprising up to 67 428 (ndiscovery = 52 654 and nreplication = 14 774) individuals of European ancestry. The inverse variance fixed effects based discovery meta-analysis, followed by replication led to the identification of two independent loci, IL1F10/IL1RN rs6734238 on chromosome (Chr) 2q14, (Pcombined = 1.8 × 10-11), HLA-DRB1/DRB5 rs660895 on Chr6p21 (Pcombined = 1.5 × 10-10) in the combined meta-analyses of all samples. We also replicated the IL6R rs4537545 locus on Chr1q21 (Pcombined = 1.2 × 10-122). Our study identifies novel loci for circulating IL-6 levels uncovering new immunological and inflammatory pathways that may influence IL-6 pathobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarunveer S Ahluwalia
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte DK2820, Denmark.,Department of Biology, The Bioinformatics Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK2200, Denmark
| | - Bram P Prins
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | - Mohammadreza Abdollahi
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | | | - Stella Aslibekyan
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Public Health, Birmingham, Alabama 35233, USA
| | - Lisa Bain
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane 4006, Australia
| | - Barbara Jefferis
- Department of Primary Care & Population Health, UCL Institute of Epidemiology & Health Care, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Jens Baumert
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Marian Beekman
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Section of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Yoav Ben-Shlomo
- Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK
| | - Joshua C Bis
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Braxton D Mitchell
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
| | - Eco de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, Behaviour and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081 BT, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Graciela E Delgado
- Vth Department of Medicine (Nephrology, Hypertensiology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology, Diabetology), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim 68167, Germany
| | - Diana Marek
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Joel Eriksson
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research (CBAR), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 41345, Sweden
| | - Eero Kajantie
- Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, PO Box 30, Helsinki 00271, Finland.,Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Stavroula Kanoni
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & the London Medical School, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - John P Kemp
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia.,MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Chen Lu
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Riccardo E Marioni
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.,Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Stela McLachlan
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK
| | - Yuri Milaneschi
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam 1081 HJ, The Netherlands
| | - Ilja M Nolte
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | | | - Eleonora Porcu
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Monserrato (CA) 09042, Italy
| | - Maria Sabater-Lleal
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17176, Sweden.,Unit of Genomics of Complex Diseases, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona 08041, Spain
| | - Elnaz Naderi
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | - Ilkka Seppälä
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere 33520, Finland
| | - Tina Shah
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Gaurav Singhal
- Discipline of Psychiatry, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - Marie Standl
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany
| | - Anbupalam Thalamuthu
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Elisabeth Thiering
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany.,Division of Metabolic Diseases and Nutritional Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Munich 80337, Germany
| | - Stella Trompet
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands.,Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
| | | | - Emelia J Benjamin
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01702, USA.,Section of Cardiovascular Medicine and Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Juan P Casas
- Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02130, USA
| | - Catherine Toben
- Discipline of Psychiatry, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - George Dedoussis
- 44Department of Nutrition-Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens 17671, Greece
| | - Joris Deelen
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Section of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands.,Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - Peter Durda
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Jorgen Engmann
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Mary F Feitosa
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110-1093, USA
| | - Harald Grallert
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Ann Hammarstedt
- The Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg SE-41345, Sweden
| | - Sarah E Harris
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK.,Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, Behaviour and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081 BT, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Sirpa Jalkanen
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku 20520, Finland.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Turku, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Yalda Jamshidi
- Genetics Research Centre, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Institute, St George's University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Magdalene C Jawahar
- Discipline of Psychiatry, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - Tine Jess
- 55Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen DK2300, Denmark
| | - Mika Kivimaki
- Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, UCL Institute of Epidemiology & Health Care, University College London, London WC1E 7HB, UK
| | - Marcus E Kleber
- Vth Department of Medicine (Nephrology, Hypertensiology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology, Diabetology), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim 68167, Germany
| | - Jari Lahti
- Turku Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Turku, Turku 20014, Finland.,Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Yongmei Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Pedro Marques-Vidal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne 1011, Switzerland.,University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | - Dan Mellström
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research (CBAR), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 41345, Sweden
| | - Simon P Mooijaart
- Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
| | - Martina Müller-Nurasyid
- IBE, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University (LMU) Munich, Munich 81377, Germany.,Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI), University Medical Center, Johhanes Gutenberg University, Mainz 55101, Germany
| | - Brenda Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam 1081 HJ, The Netherlands
| | - Joana A Revez
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane 4006, Australia
| | - Peter Rossing
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte DK2820, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK2200, Denmark
| | - Katri Räikkönen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Naveed Sattar
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Hubert Scharnagl
- 66Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
| | - Bengt Sennblad
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17176, Sweden.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75124, Sweden
| | - Angela Silveira
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17176, Sweden
| | - Beate St Pourcain
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK.,Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen XD 6525, The Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6525 AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Nicholas J Timpson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Julian Trollor
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia.,Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2031, Australia
| | | | - Jenny van Dongen
- Department of Biological Psychology, Behaviour and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081 BT, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Peter Vollenweider
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne 1011, Switzerland.,University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | - Uwe Völker
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Melanie Waldenberger
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, Behaviour and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081 BT, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Delilah Zabaneh
- Department of Genetics, Environment and Evolution, University College London Genetics Institute, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Richard W Morris
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1UD, UK
| | - Donna K Arnett
- Dean's Office, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Bernhard T Baune
- Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3000, Australia.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Muenster, Muenster 48149, Germany.,The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3000, Australia
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Behaviour and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081 BT, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Yen-Pei C Chang
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
| | - Ian J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK.,Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Panos Deloukas
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & the London Medical School, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.,77Centre for Genomic Health, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Johan G Eriksson
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.,Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - David M Evans
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia.,MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | | | - Tom Gaunt
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol BS6 2BN, UK.,Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kópavogur 201, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
| | - Anders Hamsten
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17176, Sweden
| | - Joachim Heinrich
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany.,Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich 81377, Germany.,Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia
| | - Aroon Hingorani
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Steve E Humphries
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - J Wouter Jukema
- Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands.,Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Wolfgang Koenig
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, Munich 80636, Germany.,88DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich 80336, Germany.,Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, University of Ulm, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Meena Kumari
- Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, UCL Institute of Epidemiology & Health Care, University College London, London WC1E 7HB, UK.,Institute for Social and Economic Research, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, Germany
| | - Zoltan Kutalik
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland.,University Center for Primary Care and Public Health, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1010, Switzerland
| | - Deborah A Lawlor
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol BS6 2BN, UK.,Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere 33520, Finland
| | - Winfried März
- Vth Department of Medicine (Nephrology, Hypertensiology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology, Diabetology), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim 68167, Germany.,66Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Austria.,SYNLAB Academy, SYNALB Holding Deutschland GmbH, Mannheim 68163, Germany
| | - Karen A Mather
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney 2031, Australia
| | - Silvia Naitza
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Monserrato (CA) 09042, Italy
| | - Matthias Nauck
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research (CBAR), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 41345, Sweden
| | - Jackie F Price
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK
| | - Olli Raitakari
- Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku, Turku University Hospital, Turku 20520, Finland.,Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku 20520, Finland.,Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku 20014, Finland
| | - Ken Rice
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Perminder S Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia.,Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney 2031, Australia
| | - Eline Slagboom
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Section of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands.,Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - Thorkild I A Sørensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center For Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK2200, Denmark.,Department of Public Health, Section on Epidemiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK1014, Denmark
| | - Tim Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - David Stacey
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | | | - Toshiko Tanaka
- Longitudinal Study Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - S Goya Wannamethee
- Department of Primary Care & Population Health, UCL Institute of Epidemiology & Health Care, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Peter Whincup
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- Department of Pediatrics, The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, The Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Abbas Dehghan
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Bruce M Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.,Departments of Epidemiology and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | - Behrooz Z Alizadeh
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands
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13
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McDonald MM, Khoo WH, Ng PY, Xiao Y, Zamerli J, Thatcher P, Kyaw W, Pathmanandavel K, Grootveld AK, Moran I, Butt D, Nguyen A, Corr A, Warren S, Biro M, Butterfield NC, Guilfoyle SE, Komla-Ebri D, Dack MR, Dewhurst HF, Logan JG, Li Y, Mohanty ST, Byrne N, Terry RL, Simic MK, Chai R, Quinn JM, Youlten SE, Pettitt JA, Abi-Hanna D, Jain R, Weninger W, Lundberg M, Sun S, Ebetino FH, Timpson P, Lee WM, Baldock PA, Rogers MJ, Brink R, Williams GR, Bassett JD, Kemp JP, Pavlos NJ, Croucher PI, Phan TG. Osteoclasts recycle via osteomorphs during RANKL-stimulated bone resorption. Cell 2021; 184:1940. [PMID: 33798441 PMCID: PMC8024244 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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14
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McDonald MM, Khoo WH, Ng PY, Xiao Y, Zamerli J, Thatcher P, Kyaw W, Pathmanandavel K, Grootveld AK, Moran I, Butt D, Nguyen A, Corr A, Warren S, Biro M, Butterfield NC, Guilfoyle SE, Komla-Ebri D, Dack MRG, Dewhurst HF, Logan JG, Li Y, Mohanty ST, Byrne N, Terry RL, Simic MK, Chai R, Quinn JMW, Youlten SE, Pettitt JA, Abi-Hanna D, Jain R, Weninger W, Lundberg M, Sun S, Ebetino FH, Timpson P, Lee WM, Baldock PA, Rogers MJ, Brink R, Williams GR, Bassett JHD, Kemp JP, Pavlos NJ, Croucher PI, Phan TG. Osteoclasts recycle via osteomorphs during RANKL-stimulated bone resorption. Cell 2021; 184:1330-1347.e13. [PMID: 33636130 PMCID: PMC7938889 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Osteoclasts are large multinucleated bone-resorbing cells formed by the fusion of monocyte/macrophage-derived precursors that are thought to undergo apoptosis once resorption is complete. Here, by intravital imaging, we reveal that RANKL-stimulated osteoclasts have an alternative cell fate in which they fission into daughter cells called osteomorphs. Inhibiting RANKL blocked this cellular recycling and resulted in osteomorph accumulation. Single-cell RNA sequencing showed that osteomorphs are transcriptionally distinct from osteoclasts and macrophages and express a number of non-canonical osteoclast genes that are associated with structural and functional bone phenotypes when deleted in mice. Furthermore, genetic variation in human orthologs of osteomorph genes causes monogenic skeletal disorders and associates with bone mineral density, a polygenetic skeletal trait. Thus, osteoclasts recycle via osteomorphs, a cell type involved in the regulation of bone resorption that may be targeted for the treatment of skeletal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M McDonald
- Healthy Ageing Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Weng Hua Khoo
- Healthy Ageing Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Pei Ying Ng
- Bone Biology & Disease Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Ya Xiao
- Healthy Ageing Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jad Zamerli
- Healthy Ageing Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter Thatcher
- Healthy Ageing Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Wunna Kyaw
- Immunology Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Abigail K Grootveld
- Immunology Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Imogen Moran
- Immunology Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Danyal Butt
- Immunology Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Akira Nguyen
- Immunology Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alexander Corr
- Healthy Ageing Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sean Warren
- Cancer, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Maté Biro
- EMBL Australia, Single Molecule Science Node, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Natalie C Butterfield
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion & Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Siobhan E Guilfoyle
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion & Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Davide Komla-Ebri
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion & Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Michael R G Dack
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion & Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Hannah F Dewhurst
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion & Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - John G Logan
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion & Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Yongxiao Li
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Sindhu T Mohanty
- Healthy Ageing Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Niall Byrne
- Healthy Ageing Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Rachael L Terry
- Healthy Ageing Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Marija K Simic
- Healthy Ageing Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ryan Chai
- Healthy Ageing Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Julian M W Quinn
- Healthy Ageing Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Scott E Youlten
- Healthy Ageing Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jessica A Pettitt
- Healthy Ageing Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David Abi-Hanna
- Healthy Ageing Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Rohit Jain
- Immune Imaging Program, Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Wolfgang Weninger
- Immune Imaging Program, Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mischa Lundberg
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia; Transformational Bioinformatics, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | - Paul Timpson
- Cancer, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Woei Ming Lee
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Paul A Baldock
- Healthy Ageing Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael J Rogers
- Healthy Ageing Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Robert Brink
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia; Immunology Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Graham R Williams
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion & Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - J H Duncan Bassett
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion & Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - John P Kemp
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia; Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Nathan J Pavlos
- Bone Biology & Disease Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Peter I Croucher
- Healthy Ageing Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Tri Giang Phan
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia; Immunology Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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15
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Tobias JH, Duncan EL, Kague E, Hammond CL, Gregson CL, Bassett D, Williams GR, Min JL, Gaunt TR, Karasik D, Ohlsson C, Rivadeneira F, Edwards JR, Hannan FM, Kemp JP, Gilbert SJ, Alonso N, Hassan N, Compston JE, Ralston SH. Opportunities and Challenges in Functional Genomics Research in Osteoporosis: Report From a Workshop Held by the Causes Working Group of the Osteoporosis and Bone Research Academy of the Royal Osteoporosis Society on October 5th 2020. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 11:630875. [PMID: 33658983 PMCID: PMC7917291 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.630875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery that sclerostin is the defective protein underlying the rare heritable bone mass disorder, sclerosteosis, ultimately led to development of anti-sclerostin antibodies as a new treatment for osteoporosis. In the era of large scale GWAS, many additional genetic signals associated with bone mass and related traits have since been reported. However, how best to interrogate these signals in order to identify the underlying gene responsible for these genetic associations, a prerequisite for identifying drug targets for further treatments, remains a challenge. The resources available for supporting functional genomics research continues to expand, exemplified by "multi-omics" database resources, with improved availability of datasets derived from bone tissues. These databases provide information about potential molecular mediators such as mRNA expression, protein expression, and DNA methylation levels, which can be interrogated to map genetic signals to specific genes based on identification of causal pathways between the genetic signal and the phenotype being studied. Functional evaluation of potential causative genes has been facilitated by characterization of the "osteocyte signature", by broad phenotyping of knockout mice with deletions of over 7,000 genes, in which more detailed skeletal phenotyping is currently being undertaken, and by development of zebrafish as a highly efficient additional in vivo model for functional studies of the skeleton. Looking to the future, this expanding repertoire of tools offers the hope of accurately defining the major genetic signals which contribute to osteoporosis. This may in turn lead to the identification of additional therapeutic targets, and ultimately new treatments for osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H. Tobias
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Emma L. Duncan
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, School of Life Course Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Erika Kague
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Chrissy L. Hammond
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Celia L. Gregson
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan Bassett
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion & Reproduction, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Graham R. Williams
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion & Reproduction, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Josine L. Min
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Tom R. Gaunt
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - David Karasik
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Center for Bone and Arthritis Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - James R. Edwards
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Fadil M. Hannan
- Nuffield Department of Women’s & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - John P. Kemp
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, QLD, Australia
| | - Sophie J. Gilbert
- Biomechanics and Bioengineering Centre Versus Arthritis, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Nerea Alonso
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Neelam Hassan
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Juliet E. Compston
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart H. Ralston
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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16
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Cuellar-Partida G, Tung JY, Eriksson N, Albrecht E, Aliev F, Andreassen OA, Barroso I, Beckmann JS, Boks MP, Boomsma DI, Boyd HA, Breteler MMB, Campbell H, Chasman DI, Cherkas LF, Davies G, de Geus EJC, Deary IJ, Deloukas P, Dick DM, Duffy DL, Eriksson JG, Esko T, Feenstra B, Geller F, Gieger C, Giegling I, Gordon SD, Han J, Hansen TF, Hartmann AM, Hayward C, Heikkilä K, Hicks AA, Hirschhorn JN, Hottenga JJ, Huffman JE, Hwang LD, Ikram MA, Kaprio J, Kemp JP, Khaw KT, Klopp N, Konte B, Kutalik Z, Lahti J, Li X, Loos RJF, Luciano M, Magnusson SH, Mangino M, Marques-Vidal P, Martin NG, McArdle WL, McCarthy MI, Medina-Gomez C, Melbye M, Melville SA, Metspalu A, Milani L, Mooser V, Nelis M, Nyholt DR, O'Connell KS, Ophoff RA, Palmer C, Palotie A, Palviainen T, Pare G, Paternoster L, Peltonen L, Penninx BWJH, Polasek O, Pramstaller PP, Prokopenko I, Raikkonen K, Ripatti S, Rivadeneira F, Rudan I, Rujescu D, Smit JH, Smith GD, Smoller JW, Soranzo N, Spector TD, Pourcain BS, Starr JM, Stefánsson H, Steinberg S, Teder-Laving M, Thorleifsson G, Stefánsson K, Timpson NJ, Uitterlinden AG, van Duijn CM, van Rooij FJA, Vink JM, Vollenweider P, Vuoksimaa E, Waeber G, Wareham NJ, Warrington N, Waterworth D, Werge T, Wichmann HE, Widen E, Willemsen G, Wright AF, Wright MJ, Xu M, Zhao JH, Kraft P, Hinds DA, Lindgren CM, Mägi R, Neale BM, Evans DM, Medland SE. Genome-wide association study identifies 48 common genetic variants associated with handedness. Nat Hum Behav 2021; 5:59-70. [PMID: 32989287 PMCID: PMC7116623 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-020-00956-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Handedness has been extensively studied because of its relationship with language and the over-representation of left-handers in some neurodevelopmental disorders. Using data from the UK Biobank, 23andMe and the International Handedness Consortium, we conducted a genome-wide association meta-analysis of handedness (N = 1,766,671). We found 41 loci associated (P < 5 × 10-8) with left-handedness and 7 associated with ambidexterity. Tissue-enrichment analysis implicated the CNS in the aetiology of handedness. Pathways including regulation of microtubules and brain morphology were also highlighted. We found suggestive positive genetic correlations between left-handedness and neuropsychiatric traits, including schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Furthermore, the genetic correlation between left-handedness and ambidexterity is low (rG = 0.26), which implies that these traits are largely influenced by different genetic mechanisms. Our findings suggest that handedness is highly polygenic and that the genetic variants that predispose to left-handedness may underlie part of the association with some psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Cuellar-Partida
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
- 23andMe, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Eva Albrecht
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Fazil Aliev
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Karabuk University, Faculty of Business, Karabük, Turkey
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Inês Barroso
- Human Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jacques S Beckmann
- Service of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marco P Boks
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Heather A Boyd
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Monique M B Breteler
- Population Health Sciences, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Harry Campbell
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Daniel I Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lynn F Cherkas
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Gail Davies
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Eco J C de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ian J Deary
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Panos Deloukas
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London Medical School, and the Centre for Genomic Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Danielle M Dick
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - David L Duffy
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Johan G Eriksson
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bjarke Feenstra
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frank Geller
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Gieger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ina Giegling
- University Clinic and Outpatient Clinic for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Scott D Gordon
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jiali Han
- Department of Epidemiology, Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Thomas F Hansen
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Danish Headache Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Annette M Hartmann
- University Clinic and Outpatient Clinic for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kauko Heikkilä
- Institute for Molecular Medicine FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andrew A Hicks
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Joel N Hirschhorn
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jennifer E Huffman
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Liang-Dar Hwang
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - John P Kemp
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Norman Klopp
- Hannover Unified Biobank, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Bettina Konte
- University Clinic and Outpatient Clinic for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Zoltan Kutalik
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jari Lahti
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Turku Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Ruth J F Loos
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michelle Luciano
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Pedro Marques-Vidal
- Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Mark I McCarthy
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, UK
- Human Genetics, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Carolina Medina-Gomez
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mads Melbye
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Vincent Mooser
- Service of Clinical Chemistry, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mari Nelis
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Dale R Nyholt
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kevin S O'Connell
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Roel A Ophoff
- Department of Human Genetics, University California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cameron Palmer
- Department of Computer Science, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Institute for Molecular Medicine FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teemu Palviainen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Guillaume Pare
- Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Leena Peltonen
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Brenda W J H Penninx
- Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ozren Polasek
- Department of Public Health, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
- Research Unit, Psychiatric Hospital Sveti Ivan, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Inga Prokopenko
- Section of Statistical Multi-Omics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
- Section of Genomics of Common Disease, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Katri Raikkonen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Samuli Ripatti
- Institute for Molecular Medicine FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Igor Rudan
- Centre for Global Health Research, The Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Dan Rujescu
- University Clinic and Outpatient Clinic for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Johannes H Smit
- Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jordan W Smoller
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Tim D Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Beate St Pourcain
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Wundtlaan, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - John M Starr
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemilogy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | | | - Maris Teder-Laving
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | | | | | - André G Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank J A van Rooij
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaqueline M Vink
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Vollenweider
- Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Eero Vuoksimaa
- Institute for Molecular Medicine FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gérard Waeber
- Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Nicole Warrington
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Thomas Werge
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation's IPSYCH Initiative, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Elisabeth Widen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alan F Wright
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Margaret J Wright
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mousheng Xu
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jing Hua Zhao
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Peter Kraft
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Cecilia M Lindgren
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Big Data Institute at the Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Benjamin M Neale
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David M Evans
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia.
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - Sarah E Medland
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia.
- Psychiatric Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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17
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Steinthorsdottir V, McGinnis R, Williams NO, Stefansdottir L, Thorleifsson G, Shooter S, Fadista J, Sigurdsson JK, Auro KM, Berezina G, Borges MC, Bumpstead S, Bybjerg-Grauholm J, Colgiu I, Dolby VA, Dudbridge F, Engel SM, Franklin CS, Frigge ML, Frisbaek Y, Geirsson RT, Geller F, Gretarsdottir S, Gudbjartsson DF, Harmon Q, Hougaard DM, Hegay T, Helgadottir A, Hjartardottir S, Jääskeläinen T, Johannsdottir H, Jonsdottir I, Juliusdottir T, Kalsheker N, Kasimov A, Kemp JP, Kivinen K, Klungsøyr K, Lee WK, Melbye M, Miedzybrodska Z, Moffett A, Najmutdinova D, Nishanova F, Olafsdottir T, Perola M, Pipkin FB, Poston L, Prescott G, Saevarsdottir S, Salimbayeva D, Scaife PJ, Skotte L, Staines-Urias E, Stefansson OA, Sørensen KM, Thomsen LCV, Tragante V, Trogstad L, Simpson NAB, Aripova T, Casas JP, Dominiczak AF, Walker JJ, Thorsteinsdottir U, Iversen AC, Feenstra B, Lawlor DA, Boyd HA, Magnus P, Laivuori H, Zakhidova N, Svyatova G, Stefansson K, Morgan L. Genetic predisposition to hypertension is associated with preeclampsia in European and Central Asian women. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5976. [PMID: 33239696 PMCID: PMC7688949 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19733-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia is a serious complication of pregnancy, affecting both maternal and fetal health. In genome-wide association meta-analysis of European and Central Asian mothers, we identify sequence variants that associate with preeclampsia in the maternal genome at ZNF831/20q13 and FTO/16q12. These are previously established variants for blood pressure (BP) and the FTO variant has also been associated with body mass index (BMI). Further analysis of BP variants establishes that variants at MECOM/3q26, FGF5/4q21 and SH2B3/12q24 also associate with preeclampsia through the maternal genome. We further show that a polygenic risk score for hypertension associates with preeclampsia. However, comparison with gestational hypertension indicates that additional factors modify the risk of preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - João Fadista
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - Kirsi M Auro
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Galina Berezina
- Scientific Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Maria-Carolina Borges
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Jonas Bybjerg-Grauholm
- Department for Congenital Disorders, Danish Centre for Neonatal Screening, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Vivien A Dolby
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research (LIMR), School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Frank Dudbridge
- Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Stephanie M Engel
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Yr Frisbaek
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Reynir T Geirsson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Frank Geller
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Daniel F Gudbjartsson
- deCODE genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
- School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Quaker Harmon
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David Michael Hougaard
- Department for Congenital Disorders, Danish Centre for Neonatal Screening, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tatyana Hegay
- Institute of immunology and human genomics, Uzbek Academy of Sciences, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | | | - Sigrun Hjartardottir
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Tiina Jääskeläinen
- Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Ingileif Jonsdottir
- deCODE genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Noor Kalsheker
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Abdumadjit Kasimov
- Institute of immunology and human genomics, Uzbek Academy of Sciences, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - John P Kemp
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Katja Kivinen
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kari Klungsøyr
- Division of Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Wai K Lee
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Mads Melbye
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Zosia Miedzybrodska
- Division of Applied Medicine, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences, Nutrition and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Ashley Moffett
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dilbar Najmutdinova
- Republic Specialized Scientific Practical Medical Centre of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Firuza Nishanova
- Republic Specialized Scientific Practical Medical Centre of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Thorunn Olafsdottir
- deCODE genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Markus Perola
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Lucilla Poston
- Department of Women and Children's Health, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Gordon Prescott
- Division of Applied Medicine, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences, Nutrition and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
- Lancashire Clinical Trials Unit, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | | | - Damilya Salimbayeva
- Scientific Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | | | - Line Skotte
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eleonora Staines-Urias
- Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | | | - Liv Cecilie Vestrheim Thomsen
- Department of Clinical Science, Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research (CEMIR), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Vinicius Tragante
- deCODE genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
- Division Heart & Lungs, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lill Trogstad
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Modelling, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nigel A B Simpson
- Division of Womens and Children's Health, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Tamara Aripova
- Institute of immunology and human genomics, Uzbek Academy of Sciences, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Juan P Casas
- Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anna F Dominiczak
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - James J Walker
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research (LIMR), School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Unnur Thorsteinsdottir
- deCODE genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Ann-Charlotte Iversen
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research (CEMIR), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bjarke Feenstra
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Deborah A Lawlor
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Bristol NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol, UK
| | - Heather Allison Boyd
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Per Magnus
- Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hannele Laivuori
- Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tampere University Hospital and Tampere University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Nodira Zakhidova
- Institute of immunology and human genomics, Uzbek Academy of Sciences, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Gulnara Svyatova
- Scientific Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Linda Morgan
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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18
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Kiel DP, Kemp JP, Rivadeneira F, Westendorf JJ, Karasik D, Duncan EL, Imai Y, Müller R, Flannick J, Bonewald L, Burtt N. The Musculoskeletal Knowledge Portal: Making Omics Data Useful to the Broader Scientific Community. J Bone Miner Res 2020; 35:1626-1633. [PMID: 32777102 PMCID: PMC8114232 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The development of high-throughput genotyping technologies and large biobank collections, complemented with rapid methodological advances in statistical genetics, has enabled hypothesis-free genome-wide association studies (GWAS), which have identified hundreds of genetic variants across many loci associated with musculoskeletal conditions. Similarly, basic scientists have valuable molecular cellular and animal data based on musculoskeletal disease that would be enhanced by being able to determine the human translation of their findings. By integrating these large-scale human genomic musculoskeletal datasets with complementary evidence from model organisms, new and existing genetic loci can be statistically fine-mapped to plausibly causal variants, candidate genes, and biological pathways. Genes and pathways identified using this approach can be further prioritized as drug targets, including side-effect profiling and the potential for new indications. To bring together these big data, and to realize the vision of creating a knowledge portal, the International Federation of Musculoskeletal Research Societies (IFMRS) established a working group to collaborate with scientists from the Broad Institute to create the Musculoskeletal Knowledge Portal (MSK-KP)(http://mskkp.org/). The MSK consolidates omics datasets from humans, cellular experiments, and model organisms into a central repository that can be accessed by researchers. The vision of the MSK-KP is to enable better understanding of the biological mechanisms underlying musculoskeletal disease and apply this knowledge to identify and develop new disease interventions. © 2020 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas P Kiel
- Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard, Boston and Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - John P Kemp
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia.,Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - David Karasik
- Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife Boston, MA, USA.,Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Emma L Duncan
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College, London, UK
| | - Yuuki Imai
- Division of Integrated Pathophysiology, Proteo-Science Center, Department of Pathophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, and Division of Laboratory Animal Research, Advanced Research Support Center, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Ralph Müller
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jason Flannick
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Genetics and Genomics at Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lynda Bonewald
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Noël Burtt
- Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard, Boston and Cambridge, MA, USA
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19
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Forgetta V, Keller-Baruch J, Forest M, Durand A, Bhatnagar S, Kemp JP, Nethander M, Evans D, Morris JA, Kiel DP, Rivadeneira F, Johansson H, Harvey NC, Mellström D, Karlsson M, Cooper C, Evans DM, Clarke R, Kanis JA, Orwoll E, McCloskey EV, Ohlsson C, Pineau J, Leslie WD, Greenwood CMT, Richards JB. Development of a polygenic risk score to improve screening for fracture risk: A genetic risk prediction study. PLoS Med 2020; 17:e1003152. [PMID: 32614825 PMCID: PMC7331983 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since screening programs identify only a small proportion of the population as eligible for an intervention, genomic prediction of heritable risk factors could decrease the number needing to be screened by removing individuals at low genetic risk. We therefore tested whether a polygenic risk score for heel quantitative ultrasound speed of sound (SOS)-a heritable risk factor for osteoporotic fracture-can identify low-risk individuals who can safely be excluded from a fracture risk screening program. METHODS AND FINDINGS A polygenic risk score for SOS was trained and selected in 2 separate subsets of UK Biobank (comprising 341,449 and 5,335 individuals). The top-performing prediction model was termed "gSOS", and its utility in fracture risk screening was tested in 5 validation cohorts using the National Osteoporosis Guideline Group clinical guidelines (N = 10,522 eligible participants). All individuals were genome-wide genotyped and had measured fracture risk factors. Across the 5 cohorts, the average age ranged from 57 to 75 years, and 54% of studied individuals were women. The main outcomes were the sensitivity and specificity to correctly identify individuals requiring treatment with and without genetic prescreening. The reference standard was a bone mineral density (BMD)-based Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX) score. The secondary outcomes were the proportions of the screened population requiring clinical-risk-factor-based FRAX (CRF-FRAX) screening and BMD-based FRAX (BMD-FRAX) screening. gSOS was strongly correlated with measured SOS (r2 = 23.2%, 95% CI 22.7% to 23.7%). Without genetic prescreening, guideline recommendations achieved a sensitivity and specificity for correct treatment assignment of 99.6% and 97.1%, respectively, in the validation cohorts. However, 81% of the population required CRF-FRAX tests, and 37% required BMD-FRAX tests to achieve this accuracy. Using gSOS in prescreening and limiting further assessment to those with a low gSOS resulted in small changes to the sensitivity and specificity (93.4% and 98.5%, respectively), but the proportions of individuals requiring CRF-FRAX tests and BMD-FRAX tests were reduced by 37% and 41%, respectively. Study limitations include a reliance on cohorts of predominantly European ethnicity and use of a proxy of fracture risk. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the use of a polygenic risk score in fracture risk screening could decrease the number of individuals requiring screening tests, including BMD measurement, while maintaining a high sensitivity and specificity to identify individuals who should be recommended an intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Forgetta
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Marie Forest
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Audrey Durand
- School of Computer Science, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sahir Bhatnagar
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - John P. Kemp
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Nethander
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute for Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Daniel Evans
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - John A. Morris
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Douglas P. Kiel
- Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Helena Johansson
- Centre for Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicholas C. Harvey
- Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Dan Mellström
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute for Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Magnus Karlsson
- Department of Orthopaedics and Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skane University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Cyrus Cooper
- Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David M. Evans
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Clarke
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - John A. Kanis
- Centre for Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eric Orwoll
- Bone and Mineral Unit, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Eugene V. McCloskey
- Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Centre for Integrated Research in Musculoskeletal Ageing, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals Foundation Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute for Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Joelle Pineau
- School of Computer Science, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - William D. Leslie
- Department of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Celia M. T. Greenwood
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics & Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - J. Brent Richards
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
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20
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Zheng J, Brion MJ, Kemp JP, Warrington NM, Borges MC, Hemani G, Richardson TG, Rasheed H, Qiao Z, Haycock P, Ala-Korpela M, Davey Smith G, Tobias JH, Evans DM. The Effect of Plasma Lipids and Lipid-Lowering Interventions on Bone Mineral Density: A Mendelian Randomization Study. J Bone Miner Res 2020; 35:1224-1235. [PMID: 32163637 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Several epidemiological studies have reported a relationship between statin treatment and increased bone mineral density (BMD) and reduced fracture risk, but the mechanism underlying the purported relationship is unclear. We used Mendelian randomization (MR) to assess whether this relationship is explained by a specific effect in response to statin use or by a general effect of lipid lowering. We utilized 400 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) robustly associated with plasma lipid levels as exposure. The outcome results were obtained from a heel estimated BMD (eBMD) genomewide association study (GWAS) from the UK Biobank and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) BMD at four body sites and fracture GWAS from the GEFOS consortium. We performed univariate and multivariable MR analyses of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglyceride levels on BMD and fracture. Univariate MR analyses suggested a causal effect of LDL-C on eBMD (β = -0.06; standard deviation change in eBMD per standard deviation change in LDL-C, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -0.08 to -0.04; p = 4 × 10-6 ), total body BMD (β = -0.05, 95% CI = -0.08 to -0.01, p = 6 × 10-3 ) and potentially on lumbar spine BMD. Multivariable MR suggested that the effects of LDL-C on eBMD and total body BMD were independent of HDL-C and triglycerides. Sensitivity MR analyses suggested that the LDL-C results were robust to pleiotropy. MR analyses of LDL-C restricted to SNPs in the HMGCR region showed similar effects on eBMD (β = -0.083; -0.132 to -0.034; p = .001) to those excluding these SNPs (β = -0.063; -0.090 to -0.036; p = 8 × 10-6 ). Bidirectional MR analyses provided some evidence for a causal effect of eBMD on plasma LDL-C levels. Our results suggest that effects of statins on eBMD and total body BMD are at least partly due to their LDL-C lowering effect. Further studies are required to examine the potential role of modifying plasma lipid levels in treating osteoporosis. © 2020 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zheng
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Marie-Jo Brion
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - John P Kemp
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Nicole M Warrington
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Maria-Carolina Borges
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Gibran Hemani
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Tom G Richardson
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Humaira Rasheed
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Zhen Qiao
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Philip Haycock
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Mika Ala-Korpela
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Systems Epidemiology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, The Alfred Hospital, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - George Davey Smith
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jon H Tobias
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - David M Evans
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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21
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Gregson CL, Bergen DJM, Leo P, Sessions RB, Wheeler L, Hartley A, Youlten S, Croucher PI, McInerney-Leo AM, Fraser W, Tang JC, Anderson L, Marshall M, Sergot L, Paternoster L, Davey Smith G, Brown MA, Hammond C, Kemp JP, Tobias JH, Duncan EL. A Rare Mutation in SMAD9 Associated With High Bone Mass Identifies the SMAD-Dependent BMP Signaling Pathway as a Potential Anabolic Target for Osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res 2020; 35:92-105. [PMID: 31525280 PMCID: PMC7004081 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Novel anabolic drug targets are needed to treat osteoporosis. Having established a large national cohort with unexplained high bone mass (HBM), we aimed to identify a novel monogenic cause of HBM and provide insight into a regulatory pathway potentially amenable to therapeutic intervention. We investigated a pedigree with unexplained HBM in whom previous sequencing had excluded known causes of monogenic HBM. Whole exome sequencing identified a rare (minor allele frequency 0.0023), highly evolutionarily conserved missense mutation in SMAD9 (c.65T>C, p.Leu22Pro) segregating with HBM in this autosomal dominant family. The same mutation was identified in another two unrelated individuals both with HBM. In silico protein modeling predicts the mutation severely disrupts the MH1 DNA-binding domain of SMAD9. Affected individuals have bone mineral density (BMD) Z-scores +3 to +5, mandible enlargement, a broad frame, torus palatinus/mandibularis, pes planus, increased shoe size, and a tendency to sink when swimming. Peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) measurement demonstrates increased trabecular volumetric BMD and increased cortical thickness conferring greater predicted bone strength; bone turnover markers are low/normal. Notably, fractures and nerve compression are not found. Both genome-wide and gene-based association testing involving estimated BMD measured at the heel in 362,924 white British subjects from the UK Biobank Study showed strong associations with SMAD9 (PGWAS = 6 × 10-16 ; PGENE = 8 × 10-17 ). Furthermore, we found Smad9 to be highly expressed in both murine cortical bone-derived osteocytes and skeletal elements of zebrafish larvae. Our findings support SMAD9 as a novel HBM gene and a potential novel osteoanabolic target for osteoporosis therapeutics. SMAD9 is thought to inhibit bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-dependent target gene transcription to reduce osteoblast activity. Thus, we hypothesize SMAD9 c.65T>C is a loss-of-function mutation reducing BMP inhibition. Lowering SMAD9 as a potential novel anabolic mechanism for osteoporosis therapeutics warrants further investigation. © 2019 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia L Gregson
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Dylan J M Bergen
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,School of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Paul Leo
- Faculty of Health, Translational Genomics Group, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Australia
| | - Richard B Sessions
- Faculty of Life Sciences, School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Lawrie Wheeler
- Faculty of Health, Translational Genomics Group, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Australia
| | - April Hartley
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Scott Youlten
- Division of Bone Biology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Peter I Croucher
- Division of Bone Biology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Aideen M McInerney-Leo
- Faculty of Health, Translational Genomics Group, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Australia.,Dermatology Research Centre, The University of Queensland, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - William Fraser
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.,Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Clinical Biochemistry, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Lisa Anderson
- Faculty of Health, Translational Genomics Group, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Australia
| | - Mhairi Marshall
- Faculty of Health, Translational Genomics Group, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Australia
| | - Leon Sergot
- Severn School of Radiology, Severn Deanery, Bristol, UK
| | - Lavinia Paternoster
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - George Davey Smith
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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- Faculty of Health, Translational Genomics Group, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Australia
| | - Matthew A Brown
- Faculty of Health, Translational Genomics Group, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Australia
| | - Chrissy Hammond
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - John P Kemp
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Australia
| | - Jon H Tobias
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Emma L Duncan
- Faculty of Health, Translational Genomics Group, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Australia.,Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Herston, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Australia
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22
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Zheng J, Frysz M, Kemp JP, Evans DM, Davey Smith G, Tobias JH. Use of Mendelian Randomization to Examine Causal Inference in Osteoporosis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:807. [PMID: 31824424 PMCID: PMC6882110 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have identified many risk factors for osteoporosis, however it is unclear whether these observational associations reflect true causal effects, or the effects of latent confounding or reverse causality. Mendelian randomization (MR) enables causal relationships to be evaluated, by examining the relationship between genetic susceptibility to the risk factor in question, and the disease outcome of interest. This has been facilitated by the development of two-sample MR analysis, where the exposure and outcome are measured in different studies, and by exploiting summary result statistics from large well-powered genome-wide association studies that are available for thousands of traits. Though MR has several inherent limitations, the field is rapidly evolving and at least 14 methodological extensions have been developed to overcome these. The present paper aims to discuss some of the limitations in the MR analytical framework, and how this method has been applied to the osteoporosis field, helping to reinforce conclusions about causality, and discovering potential new regulatory pathways, exemplified by our recent MR study of sclerostin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zheng
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Monika Frysz
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - John P. Kemp
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - David M. Evans
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan H. Tobias
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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23
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Kemp JP, Sayers A, Fraser WD, Davey Smith G, Ala-Korpela M, Evans DM, Tobias JH. A Metabolic Screen in Adolescents Reveals an Association Between Circulating Citrate and Cortical Bone Mineral Density. J Bone Miner Res 2019; 34:1306-1313. [PMID: 30882941 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Observations that insulin and adiponectin levels are related to cortical bone size in adolescents, independently of body composition, suggest factors related to fat metabolism directly influence skeletal development. To explore this question, we examined associations between a metabolic screen focusing on fat metabolism, and peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) measures of the mid-tibia, in 15-year-olds from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Metabolic profiles were generated by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, from blood samples obtained at the same time as pQCT scans. Ordinary least squares linear regression was used to investigate relationships between metabolic measures and periosteal circumference (PC), cortical thickness (CT), and cortical bone mineral density (BMDC ). Metabolic profiles yielded 22 independent components following principal component analysis (PCA), giving a Bonferroni-adjusted threshold for statistical significance of p = 0.002. Data were available in 1121 subjects (487 males), mean age 15 years. Several metabolites related to lipid and cholesterol metabolism were associated with PC, CT, and BMDC after adjustment for age, sex, and Tanner stage. After additional adjustment for height, fat, and lean mass, only the association between citrate and BMDC remained below the Bonferroni-significant threshold (β = -0.14 [-0.18, -0.09]) (β represents a standardized coefficient). Citrate also showed evidence of association with PC (β = 0.06 [0.03, 0.10]) and strength strain index (SSI; β = 0.04 [0.01, 0.08]). Subsequently, we investigated whether these relationships were explained by increased bone resorption. Citrate was strongly related to serum β-C-telopeptides of type I collagen (β-CTX) (β = 0.20 [0.16, 0.23]). After additional adjustment for β-CTX the above associations between citrate and BMDC (β = -0.04 [-0.08, 0.01]), PC (β = 0.03 [-0.01, 0.07]) and SSI (β = 0.03 [-0.01, 0.07]) were no longer observed. We conclude that in adolescents, circulating levels of citrate are inversely related to BMDC and positively related to PC, reflecting associations with higher bone turnover. Further studies are justified to elucidate possible contributions of citrate, a constituent of bone matrix, to bone resorption and cortical density. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Kemp
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Adrian Sayers
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - George Davey Smith
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Mika Ala-Korpela
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Systems Epidemiology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, The Alfred Hospital, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David M Evans
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jonathan H Tobias
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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24
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Morris JA, Kemp JP, Youlten SE, Laurent L, Logan JG, Chai RC, Vulpescu NA, Forgetta V, Kleinman A, Mohanty ST, Sergio CM, Quinn J, Nguyen-Yamamoto L, Luco AL, Vijay J, Simon MM, Pramatarova A, Medina-Gomez C, Trajanoska K, Ghirardello EJ, Butterfield NC, Curry KF, Leitch VD, Sparkes PC, Adoum AT, Mannan NS, Komla-Ebri DSK, Pollard AS, Dewhurst HF, Hassall TAD, Beltejar MJG, Adams DJ, Vaillancourt SM, Kaptoge S, Baldock P, Cooper C, Reeve J, Ntzani EE, Evangelou E, Ohlsson C, Karasik D, Rivadeneira F, Kiel DP, Tobias JH, Gregson CL, Harvey NC, Grundberg E, Goltzman D, Adams DJ, Lelliott CJ, Hinds DA, Ackert-Bicknell CL, Hsu YH, Maurano MT, Croucher PI, Williams GR, Bassett JHD, Evans DM, Richards JB. Author Correction: An atlas of genetic influences on osteoporosis in humans and mice. Nat Genet 2019; 51:920. [PMID: 30988516 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-019-0415-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In the version of this article initially published, in Fig. 5a, the data in the right column of 'DAAM2 gRNA1' were incorrectly plotted as circles indicating 'untreated' rather than as squares indicating 'treated'. The error has been corrected in the HTML and PDF versions of the article.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Morris
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - John P Kemp
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Scott E Youlten
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Laetitia Laurent
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - John G Logan
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ryan C Chai
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicholas A Vulpescu
- Institute for Systems Genetics, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vincenzo Forgetta
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Aaron Kleinman
- Department of Research, 23andMe, Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - Sindhu T Mohanty
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - C Marcelo Sergio
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Julian Quinn
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Loan Nguyen-Yamamoto
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Aimee-Lee Luco
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jinchu Vijay
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Albena Pramatarova
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Katerina Trajanoska
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elena J Ghirardello
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Natalie C Butterfield
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Katharine F Curry
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Victoria D Leitch
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Penny C Sparkes
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Anne-Tounsia Adoum
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Naila S Mannan
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Davide S K Komla-Ebri
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Andrea S Pollard
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Hannah F Dewhurst
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas A D Hassall
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | | | - Douglas J Adams
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Stephen Kaptoge
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paul Baldock
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Cyrus Cooper
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK.,NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jonathan Reeve
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Evangelia E Ntzani
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina Medical School, Ioannina, Greece.,Center for Evidence Synthesis in Health, Department of Health Services, Policy and Practice, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Evangelos Evangelou
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina Medical School, Ioannina, Greece.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - David Karasik
- Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Douglas P Kiel
- Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan H Tobias
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Department of Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Celia L Gregson
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Department of Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Nicholas C Harvey
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Elin Grundberg
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - David Goltzman
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - David J Adams
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - David A Hinds
- Department of Research, 23andMe, Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - Cheryl L Ackert-Bicknell
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Yi-Hsiang Hsu
- Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew T Maurano
- Institute for Systems Genetics, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter I Croucher
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Graham R Williams
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - J H Duncan Bassett
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - David M Evans
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. .,MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - J Brent Richards
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada. .,Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada. .,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada. .,Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics & Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada. .,Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK.
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25
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Morris JA, Kemp JP, Youlten SE, Laurent L, Logan JG, Chai RC, Vulpescu NA, Forgetta V, Kleinman A, Mohanty ST, Sergio CM, Quinn J, Nguyen-Yamamoto L, Luco AL, Vijay J, Simon MM, Pramatarova A, Medina-Gomez C, Trajanoska K, Ghirardello EJ, Butterfield NC, Curry KF, Leitch VD, Sparkes PC, Adoum AT, Mannan NS, Komla-Ebri DSK, Pollard AS, Dewhurst HF, Hassall TAD, Beltejar MJG, Adams DJ, Vaillancourt SM, Kaptoge S, Baldock P, Cooper C, Reeve J, Ntzani EE, Evangelou E, Ohlsson C, Karasik D, Rivadeneira F, Kiel DP, Tobias JH, Gregson CL, Harvey NC, Grundberg E, Goltzman D, Adams DJ, Lelliott CJ, Hinds DA, Ackert-Bicknell CL, Hsu YH, Maurano MT, Croucher PI, Williams GR, Bassett JHD, Evans DM, Richards JB. An atlas of genetic influences on osteoporosis in humans and mice. Nat Genet 2019; 51:258-266. [PMID: 30598549 PMCID: PMC6358485 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-018-0302-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 440] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a common aging-related disease diagnosed primarily using bone mineral density (BMD). We assessed genetic determinants of BMD as estimated by heel quantitative ultrasound in 426,824 individuals, identifying 518 genome-wide significant loci (301 novel), explaining 20% of its variance. We identified 13 bone fracture loci, all associated with estimated BMD (eBMD), in ~1.2 million individuals. We then identified target genes enriched for genes known to influence bone density and strength (maximum odds ratio (OR) = 58, P = 1 × 10-75) from cell-specific features, including chromatin conformation and accessible chromatin sites. We next performed rapid-throughput skeletal phenotyping of 126 knockout mice with disruptions in predicted target genes and found an increased abnormal skeletal phenotype frequency compared to 526 unselected lines (P < 0.0001). In-depth analysis of one gene, DAAM2, showed a disproportionate decrease in bone strength relative to mineralization. This genetic atlas provides evidence linking associated SNPs to causal genes, offers new insight into osteoporosis pathophysiology, and highlights opportunities for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Morris
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - John P Kemp
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Scott E Youlten
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Laetitia Laurent
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - John G Logan
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ryan C Chai
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicholas A Vulpescu
- Institute for Systems Genetics, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vincenzo Forgetta
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Aaron Kleinman
- Department of Research, 23andMe, Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - Sindhu T Mohanty
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - C Marcelo Sergio
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Julian Quinn
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Loan Nguyen-Yamamoto
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Aimee-Lee Luco
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jinchu Vijay
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Albena Pramatarova
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Katerina Trajanoska
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elena J Ghirardello
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Natalie C Butterfield
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Katharine F Curry
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Victoria D Leitch
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Penny C Sparkes
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Anne-Tounsia Adoum
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Naila S Mannan
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Davide S K Komla-Ebri
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Andrea S Pollard
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Hannah F Dewhurst
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas A D Hassall
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Douglas J Adams
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Stephen Kaptoge
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paul Baldock
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Cyrus Cooper
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jonathan Reeve
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Evangelia E Ntzani
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina Medical School, Ioannina, Greece
- Center for Evidence Synthesis in Health, Department of Health Services, Policy and Practice, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Evangelos Evangelou
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina Medical School, Ioannina, Greece
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - David Karasik
- Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Douglas P Kiel
- Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan H Tobias
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Department of Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Celia L Gregson
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Department of Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Nicholas C Harvey
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Elin Grundberg
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - David Goltzman
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - David J Adams
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - David A Hinds
- Department of Research, 23andMe, Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - Cheryl L Ackert-Bicknell
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Yi-Hsiang Hsu
- Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew T Maurano
- Institute for Systems Genetics, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter I Croucher
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Graham R Williams
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - J H Duncan Bassett
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - David M Evans
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - J Brent Richards
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics & Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK.
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Ligthart S, Vaez A, Võsa U, Stathopoulou MG, de Vries PS, Prins BP, Van der Most PJ, Tanaka T, Naderi E, Rose LM, Wu Y, Karlsson R, Barbalic M, Lin H, Pool R, Zhu G, Macé A, Sidore C, Trompet S, Mangino M, Sabater-Lleal M, Kemp JP, Abbasi A, Kacprowski T, Verweij N, Smith AV, Huang T, Marzi C, Feitosa MF, Lohman KK, Kleber ME, Milaneschi Y, Mueller C, Huq M, Vlachopoulou E, Lyytikäinen LP, Oldmeadow C, Deelen J, Perola M, Zhao JH, Feenstra B, Amini M, Lahti J, Schraut KE, Fornage M, Suktitipat B, Chen WM, Li X, Nutile T, Malerba G, Luan J, Bak T, Schork N, Del Greco M F, Thiering E, Mahajan A, Marioni RE, Mihailov E, Eriksson J, Ozel AB, Zhang W, Nethander M, Cheng YC, Aslibekyan S, Ang W, Gandin I, Yengo L, Portas L, Kooperberg C, Hofer E, Rajan KB, Schurmann C, den Hollander W, Ahluwalia TS, Zhao J, Draisma HHM, Ford I, Timpson N, Teumer A, Huang H, Wahl S, Liu Y, Huang J, Uh HW, Geller F, Joshi PK, Yanek LR, Trabetti E, Lehne B, Vozzi D, Verbanck M, Biino G, Saba Y, Meulenbelt I, O'Connell JR, Laakso M, Giulianini F, Magnusson PKE, Ballantyne CM, Hottenga JJ, Montgomery GW, Rivadineira F, Rueedi R, Steri M, Herzig KH, Stott DJ, Menni C, Frånberg M, St Pourcain B, Felix SB, Pers TH, Bakker SJL, Kraft P, Peters A, Vaidya D, Delgado G, Smit JH, Großmann V, Sinisalo J, Seppälä I, Williams SR, Holliday EG, Moed M, Langenberg C, Räikkönen K, Ding J, Campbell H, Sale MM, Chen YDI, James AL, Ruggiero D, Soranzo N, Hartman CA, Smith EN, Berenson GS, Fuchsberger C, Hernandez D, Tiesler CMT, Giedraitis V, Liewald D, Fischer K, Mellström D, Larsson A, Wang Y, Scott WR, Lorentzon M, Beilby J, Ryan KA, Pennell CE, Vuckovic D, Balkau B, Concas MP, Schmidt R, Mendes de Leon CF, Bottinger EP, Kloppenburg M, Paternoster L, Boehnke M, Musk AW, Willemsen G, Evans DM, Madden PAF, Kähönen M, Kutalik Z, Zoledziewska M, Karhunen V, Kritchevsky SB, Sattar N, Lachance G, Clarke R, Harris TB, Raitakari OT, Attia JR, van Heemst D, Kajantie E, Sorice R, Gambaro G, Scott RA, Hicks AA, Ferrucci L, Standl M, Lindgren CM, Starr JM, Karlsson M, Lind L, Li JZ, Chambers JC, Mori TA, de Geus EJCN, Heath AC, Martin NG, Auvinen J, Buckley BM, de Craen AJM, Waldenberger M, Strauch K, Meitinger T, Scott RJ, McEvoy M, Beekman M, Bombieri C, Ridker PM, Mohlke KL, Pedersen NL, Morrison AC, Boomsma DI, Whitfield JB, Strachan DP, Hofman A, Vollenweider P, Cucca F, Jarvelin MR, Jukema JW, Spector TD, Hamsten A, Zeller T, Uitterlinden AG, Nauck M, Gudnason V, Qi L, Grallert H, Borecki IB, Rotter JI, März W, Wild PS, Lokki ML, Boyle M, Salomaa V, Melbye M, Eriksson JG, Wilson JF, Penninx BWJH, Becker DM, Worrall BB, Gibson G, Krauss RM, Ciullo M, Zaza G, Wareham NJ, Oldehinkel AJ, Palmer LJ, Murray SS, Pramstaller PP, Bandinelli S, Heinrich J, Ingelsson E, Deary IJ, Mägi R, Vandenput L, van der Harst P, Desch KC, Kooner JS, Ohlsson C, Hayward C, Lehtimäki T, Shuldiner AR, Arnett DK, Beilin LJ, Robino A, Froguel P, Pirastu M, Jess T, Koenig W, Loos RJF, Evans DA, Schmidt H, Smith GD, Slagboom PE, Eiriksdottir G, Morris AP, Psaty BM, Tracy RP, Nolte IM, Boerwinkle E, Visvikis-Siest S, Reiner AP, Gross M, Bis JC, Franke L, Franco OH, Benjamin EJ, Chasman DI, Dupuis J, Snieder H, Dehghan A, Alizadeh BZ. Genome Analyses of >200,000 Individuals Identify 58 Loci for Chronic Inflammation and Highlight Pathways that Link Inflammation and Complex Disorders. Am J Hum Genet 2018; 103:691-706. [PMID: 30388399 PMCID: PMC6218410 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
C-reactive protein (CRP) is a sensitive biomarker of chronic low-grade inflammation and is associated with multiple complex diseases. The genetic determinants of chronic inflammation remain largely unknown, and the causal role of CRP in several clinical outcomes is debated. We performed two genome-wide association studies (GWASs), on HapMap and 1000 Genomes imputed data, of circulating amounts of CRP by using data from 88 studies comprising 204,402 European individuals. Additionally, we performed in silico functional analyses and Mendelian randomization analyses with several clinical outcomes. The GWAS meta-analyses of CRP revealed 58 distinct genetic loci (p < 5 × 10-8). After adjustment for body mass index in the regression analysis, the associations at all except three loci remained. The lead variants at the distinct loci explained up to 7.0% of the variance in circulating amounts of CRP. We identified 66 gene sets that were organized in two substantially correlated clusters, one mainly composed of immune pathways and the other characterized by metabolic pathways in the liver. Mendelian randomization analyses revealed a causal protective effect of CRP on schizophrenia and a risk-increasing effect on bipolar disorder. Our findings provide further insights into the biology of inflammation and could lead to interventions for treating inflammation and its clinical consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Symen Ligthart
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands
| | - Ahmad Vaez
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, the Netherlands; Department of Bioinformatics, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81746-73461, Iran
| | - Urmo Võsa
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, the Netherlands; Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | | | - Paul S de Vries
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands; Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Bram P Prins
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Peter J Van der Most
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, the Netherlands
| | - Toshiko Tanaka
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Elnaz Naderi
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, the Netherlands; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713 GZ, the Netherlands
| | - Lynda M Rose
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ying Wu
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Robert Karlsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Maja Barbalic
- University of Split School of Medicine, Split 21000, Croatia
| | - Honghuang Lin
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - René Pool
- Department of Biological Psychology, Netherlands Twin Register, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam 1081 BT, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health research institute, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam 1081 BT, the Netherlands
| | - Gu Zhu
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Aurélien Macé
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1010, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland; Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne 1010, Switzerland
| | - Carlo Sidore
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Sardinia 08045, Italy
| | - Stella Trompet
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, the Netherlands; Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas' Foundation Trust, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Maria Sabater-Lleal
- Unit of Genomics of Complex Diseases, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Barcelona 08025, Spain; Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17176, Sweden
| | - John P Kemp
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia; MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Ali Abbasi
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713 GZ, the Netherlands; MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Tim Kacprowski
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine and Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany
| | - Niek Verweij
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Cardiology, Groningen 9713 AV, the Netherlands
| | - Albert V Smith
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur 201, Iceland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Carola Marzi
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Site Munich, Munich 85764, Germany
| | - Mary F Feitosa
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108-2212, USA
| | - Kurt K Lohman
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Marcus E Kleber
- Vth Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim 68167, Germany
| | - Yuri Milaneschi
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience and Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center/GGZ inGeest Research & Innovation, Amsterdam 1081 HJ, the Netherlands
| | - Christian Mueller
- Department of General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Hamburg 20246, Germany; Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Lübeck 23562, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site RhineMain, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Mahmudul Huq
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, the Netherlands
| | - Efthymia Vlachopoulou
- Transplantation Laboratory, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere 33014, Finland; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center - Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere 33520, Finland
| | - Christopher Oldmeadow
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambon Heights, NSW 2305, Australia; Centre for Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Joris Deelen
- Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZC, the Netherlands; Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - Markus Perola
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00271, Finland
| | - Jing Hua Zhao
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Bjarke Feenstra
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen 2300, Denmark
| | - Marzyeh Amini
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, the Netherlands
| | - Jari Lahti
- Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland; Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland; Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki 00250, Finland
| | - Katharina E Schraut
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH16 4UX, UK
| | - Myriam Fornage
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health and Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Bhoom Suktitipat
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Wei-Min Chen
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Teresa Nutile
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso," Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Napoli 80131, Italy
| | - Giovanni Malerba
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy
| | - Jian'an Luan
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Tom Bak
- Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, the Netherlands
| | - Nicholas Schork
- Human Biology, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Quantitative Medicine, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Fabiola Del Greco M
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano 39100, Italy
| | - Elisabeth Thiering
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany; Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Munich 80337, Germany
| | - Anubha Mahajan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Riccardo E Marioni
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK; Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Evelin Mihailov
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Joel Eriksson
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 41345, Sweden
| | - Ayse Bilge Ozel
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5618, USA
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK; Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital, Middlesex UB1 3HW, UK
| | - Maria Nethander
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 413 90, Sweden
| | - Yu-Ching Cheng
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Stella Aslibekyan
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0022, USA
| | - Wei Ang
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | | | - Loïc Yengo
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8199, University of Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, FR 3508, 59000 Lille, France; Program in Complex Trait Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Laura Portas
- Support OU, Institute of Genetic and Biomedic Research, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Sassari 7100, Italy
| | - Charles Kooperberg
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Public Health Sciences Division, Mail Stop M3-A410, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Edith Hofer
- Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurology, Medical University Graz, Graz 8036, Austria; Institute of Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
| | - Kumar B Rajan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Claudia Schurmann
- Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Wouter den Hollander
- Department of Medical Statistics and Bio-informatics, Section Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZC, the Netherlands
| | - Tarunveer S Ahluwalia
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte 2820, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Jing Zhao
- Center for Integrative Genomics, School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Harmen H M Draisma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Netherlands Twin Register, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam 1081 BT, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health research institute, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam 1081 BT, the Netherlands; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081 HV, the Netherlands
| | - Ian Ford
- Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Nicholas Timpson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Department SHIP-KEF, Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany
| | - Hongyan Huang
- Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Simone Wahl
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Site Munich, Munich 85764, Germany
| | - YongMei Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Jie Huang
- Boston VA Research Institute, Inc., Boston, MA 02130, USA
| | - Hae-Won Uh
- Medical Statistics and Bioinformatics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZC, the Netherlands
| | - Frank Geller
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen 2300, Denmark
| | - Peter K Joshi
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH16 4UX, UK
| | - Lisa R Yanek
- GeneSTAR Research Center, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Elisabetta Trabetti
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy
| | - Benjamin Lehne
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Diego Vozzi
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo," Trieste 34140, Italy
| | - Marie Verbanck
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8199, University of Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, FR 3508, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Ginevra Biino
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Yasaman Saba
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Institute for Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ingrid Meulenbelt
- Department of Medical Statistics and Bio-informatics, Section Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZC, the Netherlands
| | - Jeff R O'Connell
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Markku Laakso
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio 70210, Finland
| | - Franco Giulianini
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Patrik K E Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Christie M Ballantyne
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jouke Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, Netherlands Twin Register, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam 1081 BT, the Netherlands
| | - Grant W Montgomery
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Fernando Rivadineira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 CN, the Netherlands
| | - Rico Rueedi
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1010, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Maristella Steri
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Sardinia 08045, Italy
| | - Karl-Heinz Herzig
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu 90014, Finland; Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu 90220, Finland; Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan 60-512, Poland
| | - David J Stott
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Cristina Menni
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Mattias Frånberg
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17176, Sweden; Department of Numerical Analysis and Computer Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm 100 44, Sweden
| | - Beate St Pourcain
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK; Donders Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6525 XD, the Netherlands
| | - Stephan B Felix
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany; Department for Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany
| | - Tune H Pers
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen 2300, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Stephan J L Bakker
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713 GZ, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Kraft
- Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherber 85764, Germany
| | - Dhananjay Vaidya
- GeneSTAR Research Center, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Graciela Delgado
- Vth Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim 68167, Germany
| | - Johannes H Smit
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience and Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center/GGZ inGeest Research & Innovation, Amsterdam 1081 HJ, the Netherlands
| | - Vera Großmann
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Juha Sinisalo
- Heart and Lung Center, Helsinki University Hospital and Helsinki University, Helsinki 00029, Finland
| | - Ilkka Seppälä
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere 33014, Finland; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center - Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere 33520, Finland
| | - Stephen R Williams
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Elizabeth G Holliday
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambon Heights, NSW 2305, Australia; Centre for Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Matthijs Moed
- Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZC, the Netherlands
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Katri Räikkönen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Jingzhong Ding
- Department of Internal Medicine/Geriatrics, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Harry Campbell
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH16 4UX, UK
| | - Michele M Sale
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Yii-Der I Chen
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Alan L James
- Busselton Population Medical Research Institute, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; Department of Pulmonary Physiology and Sleep Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Daniela Ruggiero
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso," Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Napoli 80131, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS) 86077, Italy
| | - Nicole Soranzo
- Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Catharina A Hartman
- Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, the Netherlands
| | - Erin N Smith
- Department of Pediatrics and Rady Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Gerald S Berenson
- Center for Cardiovascular Health, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Christian Fuchsberger
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano 39100, Italy
| | - Dena Hernandez
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Carla M T Tiesler
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany; Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Munich 80337, Germany
| | - Vilmantas Giedraitis
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Molecular Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala 752 37, Sweden
| | - David Liewald
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Krista Fischer
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Dan Mellström
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 41345, Sweden
| | - Anders Larsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 41, Sweden
| | - Yunmei Wang
- Department of Medicine, Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Harrington Heart & Vascular Institute, University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - William R Scott
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Matthias Lorentzon
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 41345, Sweden; Geriatric Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal 431 80, Sweden
| | - John Beilby
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Kathleen A Ryan
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Craig E Pennell
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Dragana Vuckovic
- Medical Sciences, Surgical and Health Department, University of Trieste, Trieste 34137, Italy
| | - Beverly Balkau
- INSERM U1018, Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Santé des Populations, Team 5 (EpReC, Renal, and Cardiovascular Epidemiology), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif 94807, France
| | - Maria Pina Concas
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo," Trieste 34140, Italy
| | - Reinhold Schmidt
- Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurology, Medical University Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
| | - Carlos F Mendes de Leon
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Erwin P Bottinger
- Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Margreet Kloppenburg
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZC, the Netherlands
| | - Lavinia Paternoster
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - A W Musk
- Busselton Population Medical Research Institute, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, Netherlands Twin Register, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam 1081 BT, the Netherlands
| | - David M Evans
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia; MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Pamela A F Madden
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 4560 Clayton Ave., Suite 1000, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere 33520, Finland; Department of Clinical Physiology, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center - Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere 33520, Finland
| | - Zoltán Kutalik
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland; Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne 1010, Switzerland
| | - Magdalena Zoledziewska
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Sardinia 08045, Italy
| | - Ville Karhunen
- Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulun yliopisto, Finland
| | - Stephen B Kritchevsky
- Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Sticht Center on Aging and Rehabilitation, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Naveed Sattar
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Genevieve Lachance
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Robert Clarke
- Clinical Trial Service Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Tamara B Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku 20520, Finland; Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - John R Attia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambon Heights, NSW 2305, Australia; Centre for Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, NWS 2305, Australia
| | - Diana van Heemst
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
| | - Eero Kajantie
- Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00014, Finland; Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, MRC Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu 90014, Finland
| | - Rossella Sorice
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso," Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Napoli 80131, Italy
| | - Giovanni Gambaro
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Columbus-Gemelli University Hospital, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma 168, Italy
| | - Robert A Scott
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Andrew A Hicks
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano 39100, Italy
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Marie Standl
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Cecilia M Lindgren
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - John M Starr
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK; Alzheimer's Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Magnus Karlsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Orthopaedic Surgery, Lund University, Malmo 20502, Sweden
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 41, Sweden
| | - Jun Z Li
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5618, USA
| | - John C Chambers
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK; Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital, Middlesex UB1 3HW, UK; Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W12 0HS, UK; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore; MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Trevor A Mori
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Eco J C N de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, Netherlands Twin Register, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam 1081 BT, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health research institute, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam 1081 BT, the Netherlands
| | - Andrew C Heath
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 4560 Clayton Ave., Suite 1000, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Juha Auvinen
- Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulun yliopisto, Finland; Unit of Primary Health Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu 90220, Finland
| | - Brendan M Buckley
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland
| | - Anton J M de Craen
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
| | - Melanie Waldenberger
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 80636 Munich, Germany
| | - Konstantin Strauch
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany; Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry, and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Munich 85764, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg 85764, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Rodney J Scott
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambon Heights, NSW 2305, Australia; Information-Based Medicine Stream, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Mark McEvoy
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambon Heights, NSW 2305, Australia; Centre for Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Marian Beekman
- Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZC, the Netherlands
| | - Cristina Bombieri
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy
| | - Paul M Ridker
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Karen L Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Nancy L Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Alanna C Morrison
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Netherlands Twin Register, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam 1081 BT, the Netherlands
| | - John B Whitfield
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - David P Strachan
- Population Health Research Institute, St. George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Vollenweider
- Department of Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Cucca
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Sardinia 08045, Italy
| | - Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu 90220, Finland; Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulun yliopisto, Finland; Unit of Primary Health Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu 90220, Finland; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment & Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK; Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, UK
| | - J Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, the Netherlands; Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, Amsterdam 3501 DG, the Netherlands; Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands, Utrecht 3511 EP, the Netherlands
| | - Tim D Spector
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Anders Hamsten
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17176, Sweden
| | - Tanja Zeller
- Department of General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Hamburg 20246, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site RhineMain, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 CN, the Netherlands
| | - Matthias Nauck
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany; Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur 201, Iceland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
| | - Lu Qi
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Harald Grallert
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Site Munich, Munich 85764, Germany
| | - Ingrid B Borecki
- Analytical Genetics Group, Regeneron Genetics Center, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Winfried März
- Vth Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim 68167, Germany; Synlab Academy, Synlab Holding Deutschland GmbH, Mannheim 68161, Germany; Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
| | - Philipp S Wild
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site RhineMain, 55131 Mainz, Germany; Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz 55131, Germany; Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine, Center for Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Marja-Liisa Lokki
- Transplantation Laboratory, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Michael Boyle
- John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, NWS 2305, Australia
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00271, Finland
| | - Mads Melbye
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen 2300, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2300, Denmark; Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Johan G Eriksson
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00271, Finland; Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki 00250, Finland; Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - James F Wilson
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH16 4UX, UK; MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Brenda W J H Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience and Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center/GGZ inGeest Research & Innovation, Amsterdam 1081 HJ, the Netherlands
| | - Diane M Becker
- GeneSTAR Research Center, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Bradford B Worrall
- Departments of Neurology and Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia Charlottesville, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0394, USA
| | - Greg Gibson
- Center for Integrative Genomics, School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Ronald M Krauss
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA 94609, USA
| | - Marina Ciullo
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso," Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Napoli 80131, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS) 86077, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Zaza
- Renal Unit, Department of Medicine, Verona University Hospital, Verona 37126, Italy
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Albertine J Oldehinkel
- Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, the Netherlands
| | - Lyle J Palmer
- School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Sarah S Murray
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Peter P Pramstaller
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano 39100, Italy; General Central Hospital, Department of Neurology, Bolzano 39100, Italy; Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck 23538, Germany
| | | | - Joachim Heinrich
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany; Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich, Member DZL, German Center for Lung Research, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 41, Sweden; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ian J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK; Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Liesbeth Vandenput
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 41345, Sweden
| | - Pim van der Harst
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Cardiology, Groningen 9713 AV, the Netherlands
| | - Karl C Desch
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jaspal S Kooner
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital, Middlesex UB1 3HW, UK; Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W12 0HS, UK; MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 41345, Sweden
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere 33014, Finland; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center - Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere 33520, Finland
| | - Alan R Shuldiner
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Donna K Arnett
- University of Kentucky, College of Public Health, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
| | - Lawrence J Beilin
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Antonietta Robino
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo," Trieste 34140, Italy
| | - Philippe Froguel
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8199, University of Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, FR 3508, 59000 Lille, France; Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Mario Pirastu
- Support OU, Institute of Genetic and Biomedic Research, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Sassari 7100, Italy
| | - Tine Jess
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Frederiksberg 2200, Denmark
| | - Wolfgang Koenig
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 80636 Munich, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine II-Cardiology, University of Ulm Medical Center, 80801 Ulm, Germany; Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, 80636 Munich, Germany
| | - Ruth J F Loos
- Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029-6542, USA
| | - Denis A Evans
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Helena Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, Medical University Graz, Graz 8010, Austria; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - P Eline Slagboom
- Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZC, the Netherlands
| | | | - Andrew P Morris
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GL, UK
| | - Bruce M Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA; Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA; Department of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7660, USA; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Russell P Tracy
- Department of Pathology, University of Vermont, Colchester, VT 05405, USA
| | - Ilja M Nolte
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, the Netherlands
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Alex P Reiner
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Myron Gross
- Department of Lab Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Joshua C Bis
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Lude Franke
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, the Netherlands
| | - Oscar H Franco
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands; Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Emelia J Benjamin
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01702, USA
| | - Daniel I Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Josée Dupuis
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01702, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, the Netherlands
| | - Abbas Dehghan
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment & Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK.
| | - Behrooz Z Alizadeh
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, the Netherlands.
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Gregson CL, Newell F, Leo PJ, Clark GR, Paternoster L, Marshall M, Forgetta V, Morris JA, Ge B, Bao X, Duncan Bassett JH, Williams GR, Youlten SE, Croucher PI, Davey Smith G, Evans DM, Kemp JP, Brown MA, Tobias JH, Duncan EL. Genome-wide association study of extreme high bone mass: Contribution of common genetic variation to extreme BMD phenotypes and potential novel BMD-associated genes. Bone 2018; 114:62-71. [PMID: 29883787 PMCID: PMC6086337 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Generalised high bone mass (HBM), associated with features of a mild skeletal dysplasia, has a prevalence of 0.18% in a UK DXA-scanned adult population. We hypothesized that the genetic component of extreme HBM includes contributions from common variants of small effect and rarer variants of large effect, both enriched in an extreme phenotype cohort. METHODS We performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of adults with either extreme high or low BMD. Adults included individuals with unexplained extreme HBM (n = 240) from the UK with BMD Z-scores ≥+3.2, high BMD females from the Anglo-Australasian Osteoporosis Genetics Consortium (AOGC) (n = 1055) with Z-scores +1.5 to +4.0 and low BMD females also part of AOGC (n = 900), with Z-scores -1.5 to -4.0. Following imputation, we tested association between 6,379,332 SNPs and total hip and lumbar spine BMD Z-scores. For potential target genes, we assessed expression in human osteoblasts and murine osteocytes. RESULTS We observed significant enrichment for associations with established BMD-associated loci, particularly those known to regulate endochondral ossification and Wnt signalling, suggesting that part of the genetic contribution to unexplained HBM is polygenic. Further, we identified associations exceeding genome-wide significance between BMD and four loci: two established BMD-associated loci (5q14.3 containing MEF2C and 1p36.12 containing WNT4) and two novel loci: 5p13.3 containing NPR3 (rs9292469; minor allele frequency [MAF] = 0.33%) associated with lumbar spine BMD and 11p15.2 containing SPON1 (rs2697825; MAF = 0.17%) associated with total hip BMD. Mouse models with mutations in either Npr3 or Spon1 have been reported, both have altered skeletal phenotypes, providing in vivo validation that these genes are physiologically important in bone. NRP3 regulates endochondral ossification and skeletal growth, whilst SPON1 modulates TGF-β regulated BMP-driven osteoblast differentiation. Rs9292469 (downstream of NPR3) also showed some evidence for association with forearm BMD in the independent GEFOS sample (n = 32,965). We found Spon1 was highly expressed in murine osteocytes from the tibiae, femora, humeri and calvaria, whereas Npr3 expression was more variable. CONCLUSION We report the most extreme-truncate GWAS of BMD performed to date. Our findings, suggest potentially new anabolic bone regulatory pathways that warrant further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia L Gregson
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - Felicity Newell
- Translational Genomics Group, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology at Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba 4102, QLD, Australia
| | - Paul J Leo
- Translational Genomics Group, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology at Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba 4102, QLD, Australia
| | - Graeme R Clark
- Translational Genomics Group, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology at Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba 4102, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Mhairi Marshall
- Translational Genomics Group, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology at Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba 4102, QLD, Australia
| | - Vincenzo Forgetta
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - John A Morris
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bing Ge
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Xiao Bao
- Translational Genomics Group, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology at Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba 4102, QLD, Australia
| | - J H Duncan Bassett
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Graham R Williams
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Scott E Youlten
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter I Croucher
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales Medicine, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - David M Evans
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - John P Kemp
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Matthew A Brown
- Translational Genomics Group, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology at Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba 4102, QLD, Australia
| | - Jon H Tobias
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Emma L Duncan
- Translational Genomics Group, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology at Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba 4102, QLD, Australia; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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28
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Warrington NM, Shevroja E, Hemani G, Hysi PG, Jiang Y, Auton A, Boer CG, Mangino M, Wang CA, Kemp JP, McMahon G, Medina-Gomez C, Hickey M, Trajanoska K, Wolke D, Ikram MA, Montgomery GW, Felix JF, Wright MJ, Mackey DA, Jaddoe VW, Martin NG, Tung JY, Davey Smith G, Pennell CE, Spector TD, van Meurs J, Rivadeneira F, Medland SE, Evans DM. Genome-wide association study identifies nine novel loci for 2D:4D finger ratio, a putative retrospective biomarker of testosterone exposure in utero. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 27:2025-2038. [PMID: 29659830 PMCID: PMC5961159 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The ratio of the length of the index finger to that of the ring finger (2D:4D) is sexually dimorphic and is commonly used as a non-invasive biomarker of prenatal androgen exposure. Most association studies of 2D:4D ratio with a diverse range of sex-specific traits have typically involved small sample sizes and have been difficult to replicate, raising questions around the utility and precise meaning of the measure. In the largest genome-wide association meta-analysis of 2D:4D ratio to date (N = 15 661, with replication N = 75 821), we identified 11 loci (9 novel) explaining 3.8% of the variance in mean 2D:4D ratio. We also found weak evidence for association (β = 0.06; P = 0.02) between 2D:4D ratio and sensitivity to testosterone [length of the CAG microsatellite repeat in the androgen receptor (AR) gene] in females only. Furthermore, genetic variants associated with (adult) testosterone levels and/or sex hormone-binding globulin were not associated with 2D:4D ratio in our sample. Although we were unable to find strong evidence from our genetic study to support the hypothesis that 2D:4D ratio is a direct biomarker of prenatal exposure to androgens in healthy individuals, our findings do not explicitly exclude this possibility, and pathways involving testosterone may become apparent as the size of the discovery sample increases further. Our findings provide new insight into the underlying biology shaping 2D:4D variation in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Warrington
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Enisa Shevroja
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, South Holland, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gibran Hemani
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
- Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK
| | - Pirro G Hysi
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | | | - Adam Auton
- 23andMe, Inc., Mountain View, CA 94061, USA
| | - Cindy G Boer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Carol A Wang
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - John P Kemp
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
- Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK
| | - George McMahon
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
- Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK
| | - Carolina Medina-Gomez
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, South Holland, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Martha Hickey
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Melbourne and the Royal Women’s Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Katerina Trajanoska
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dieter Wolke
- Department of Psychology and Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV47AL, UK
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Grant W Montgomery
- Queensland Brain Institute and Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Janine F Felix
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, South Holland, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Margaret J Wright
- Queensland Brain Institute and Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - David A Mackey
- Lions Eye Institute, Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Vincent W Jaddoe
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, South Holland, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | | | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
- Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK
| | - Craig E Pennell
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Tim D Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Joyce van Meurs
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, South Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, South Holland, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sarah E Medland
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - David M Evans
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
- Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK
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29
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Warrington NM, Shevroja E, Hemani G, Hysi PG, Jiang Y, Auton A, Boer CG, Mangino M, Wang CA, Kemp JP, McMahon G, Medina-Gomez C, Hickey M, Trajanoska K, Wolke D, Ikram MA, Montgomery GW, Felix JF, Wright MJ, Mackey DA, Jaddoe VW, Martin NG, Tung JY, Davey Smith G, Pennell CE, Spector TD, van Meurs J, Rivadeneira F, Medland SE, Evans DM. Genome-wide association study identifies nine novel loci for 2D:4D finger ratio, a putative retrospective biomarker of testosterone exposure in utero. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 27:2025-2038. [PMID: 29659830 PMCID: PMC5961159 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy121 10.1093/hmg/ddy121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The ratio of the length of the index finger to that of the ring finger (2D:4D) is sexually dimorphic and is commonly used as a non-invasive biomarker of prenatal androgen exposure. Most association studies of 2D:4D ratio with a diverse range of sex-specific traits have typically involved small sample sizes and have been difficult to replicate, raising questions around the utility and precise meaning of the measure. In the largest genome-wide association meta-analysis of 2D:4D ratio to date (N = 15 661, with replication N = 75 821), we identified 11 loci (9 novel) explaining 3.8% of the variance in mean 2D:4D ratio. We also found weak evidence for association (β = 0.06; P = 0.02) between 2D:4D ratio and sensitivity to testosterone [length of the CAG microsatellite repeat in the androgen receptor (AR) gene] in females only. Furthermore, genetic variants associated with (adult) testosterone levels and/or sex hormone-binding globulin were not associated with 2D:4D ratio in our sample. Although we were unable to find strong evidence from our genetic study to support the hypothesis that 2D:4D ratio is a direct biomarker of prenatal exposure to androgens in healthy individuals, our findings do not explicitly exclude this possibility, and pathways involving testosterone may become apparent as the size of the discovery sample increases further. Our findings provide new insight into the underlying biology shaping 2D:4D variation in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Warrington
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Enisa Shevroja
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, South Holland, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gibran Hemani
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
- Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK
| | - Pirro G Hysi
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | | | - Adam Auton
- 23andMe, Inc., Mountain View, CA 94061, USA
| | - Cindy G Boer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Carol A Wang
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - John P Kemp
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
- Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK
| | - George McMahon
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
- Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK
| | - Carolina Medina-Gomez
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, South Holland, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Martha Hickey
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Melbourne and the Royal Women’s Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Katerina Trajanoska
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dieter Wolke
- Department of Psychology and Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV47AL, UK
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Grant W Montgomery
- Queensland Brain Institute and Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Janine F Felix
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, South Holland, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Margaret J Wright
- Queensland Brain Institute and Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - David A Mackey
- Lions Eye Institute, Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Vincent W Jaddoe
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, South Holland, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | | | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
- Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK
| | - Craig E Pennell
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Tim D Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Joyce van Meurs
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, South Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, South Holland, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sarah E Medland
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - David M Evans
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
- Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK
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30
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Hackinger S, Trajanoska K, Styrkarsdottir U, Zengini E, Steinberg J, Ritchie GRS, Hatzikotoulas K, Gilly A, Evangelou E, Kemp JP, Evans D, Ingvarsson T, Jonsson H, Thorsteinsdottir U, Stefansson K, McCaskie AW, Brooks RA, Wilkinson JM, Rivadeneira F, Zeggini E. Evaluation of shared genetic aetiology between osteoarthritis and bone mineral density identifies SMAD3 as a novel osteoarthritis risk locus. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 26:3850-3858. [PMID: 28934396 PMCID: PMC5886098 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common complex disease with high public health burden and no curative therapy. High bone mineral density (BMD) is associated with an increased risk of developing OA, suggesting a shared underlying biology. Here, we performed the first systematic overlap analysis of OA and BMD on a genome wide scale. We used summary statistics from the GEFOS consortium for lumbar spine (n = 31,800) and femoral neck (n = 32,961) BMD, and from the arcOGEN consortium for three OA phenotypes (hip, ncases=3,498; knee, ncases=3,266; hip and/or knee, ncases=7,410; ncontrols=11,009). Performing LD score regression we found a significant genetic correlation between the combined OA phenotype (hip and/or knee) and lumbar spine BMD (rg=0.18, P = 2.23 × 10−2), which may be driven by the presence of spinal osteophytes. We identified 143 variants with evidence for cross-phenotype association which we took forward for replication in independent large-scale OA datasets, and subsequent meta-analysis with arcOGEN for a total sample size of up to 23,425 cases and 236,814 controls. We found robustly replicating evidence for association with OA at rs12901071 (OR 1.08 95% CI 1.05–1.11, Pmeta=3.12 × 10−10), an intronic variant in the SMAD3 gene, which is known to play a role in bone remodeling and cartilage maintenance. We were able to confirm expression of SMAD3 in intact and degraded cartilage of the knee and hip. Our findings provide the first systematic evaluation of pleiotropy between OA and BMD, highlight genes with biological relevance to both traits, and establish a robust new OA genetic risk locus at SMAD3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Hackinger
- Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1HH, UK
| | - Katerina Trajanoska
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | | | - Eleni Zengini
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK.,5th Department, Dromokaiteio Psychiatric Hospital, Athens 124 61, Greece
| | - Julia Steinberg
- Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1HH, UK
| | | | | | - Arthur Gilly
- Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1HH, UK
| | - Evangelos Evangelou
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina Medical School, Ioannina 45110, Greece.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - John P Kemp
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - David Evans
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Thorvaldur Ingvarsson
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Akureyri Hospital, 600 Akureyri, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland.,Institution of Health Science, University of Akureyri, 600 Akureyri, Iceland
| | - Helgi Jonsson
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland.,Department of Medicine, Landspitali, The National University Hospital of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Unnur Thorsteinsdottir
- deCODE Genetics, Sturlugata 8, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE Genetics, Sturlugata 8, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Andrew W McCaskie
- Division of Trauma & Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Cambridge, Box 180, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Roger A Brooks
- Division of Trauma & Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Cambridge, Box 180, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Jeremy M Wilkinson
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
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31
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Medina-Gomez C, Kemp JP, Trajanoska K, Luan J, Chesi A, Ahluwalia TS, Mook-Kanamori DO, Ham A, Hartwig FP, Evans DS, Joro R, Nedeljkovic I, Zheng HF, Zhu K, Atalay M, Liu CT, Nethander M, Broer L, Porleifsson G, Mullin BH, Handelman SK, Nalls MA, Jessen LE, Heppe DH, Richards JB, Wang C, Chawes B, Schraut KE, Amin N, Wareham N, Karasik D, Van der Velde N, Ikram MA, Zemel BS, Zhou Y, Carlsson CJ, Liu Y, McGuigan FE, Boer CG, Bønnelykke K, Ralston SH, Robbins JA, Walsh JP, Zillikens MC, Langenberg C, Li-Gao R, Williams FM, Harris TB, Akesson K, Jackson RD, Sigurdsson G, den Heijer M, van der Eerden BC, van de Peppel J, Spector TD, Pennell C, Horta BL, Felix JF, Zhao JH, Wilson SG, de Mutsert R, Bisgaard H, Styrkársdóttir U, Jaddoe VW, Orwoll E, Lakka TA, Scott R, Grant SF, Lorentzon M, van Duijn CM, Wilson JF, Stefansson K, Psaty BM, Kiel DP, Ohlsson C, Ntzani E, van Wijnen AJ, Forgetta V, Ghanbari M, Logan JG, Williams GR, Bassett JD, Croucher PI, Evangelou E, Uitterlinden AG, Ackert-Bicknell CL, Tobias JH, Evans DM, Rivadeneira F. Life-Course Genome-wide Association Study Meta-analysis of Total Body BMD and Assessment of Age-Specific Effects. Am J Hum Genet 2018; 102:88-102. [PMID: 29304378 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone mineral density (BMD) assessed by DXA is used to evaluate bone health. In children, total body (TB) measurements are commonly used; in older individuals, BMD at the lumbar spine (LS) and femoral neck (FN) is used to diagnose osteoporosis. To date, genetic variants in more than 60 loci have been identified as associated with BMD. To investigate the genetic determinants of TB-BMD variation along the life course and test for age-specific effects, we performed a meta-analysis of 30 genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of TB-BMD including 66,628 individuals overall and divided across five age strata, each spanning 15 years. We identified variants associated with TB-BMD at 80 loci, of which 36 have not been previously identified; overall, they explain approximately 10% of the TB-BMD variance when combining all age groups and influence the risk of fracture. Pathway and enrichment analysis of the association signals showed clustering within gene sets implicated in the regulation of cell growth and SMAD proteins, overexpressed in the musculoskeletal system, and enriched in enhancer and promoter regions. These findings reveal TB-BMD as a relevant trait for genetic studies of osteoporosis, enabling the identification of variants and pathways influencing different bone compartments. Only variants in ESR1 and close proximity to RANKL showed a clear effect dependency on age. This most likely indicates that the majority of genetic variants identified influence BMD early in life and that their effect can be captured throughout the life course.
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32
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McGinnis R, Steinthorsdottir V, Williams NO, Thorleifsson G, Shooter S, Hjartardottir S, Bumpstead S, Stefansdottir L, Hildyard L, Sigurdsson JK, Kemp JP, Silva GB, Thomsen LCV, Jääskeläinen T, Kajantie E, Chappell S, Kalsheker N, Moffett A, Hiby S, Lee WK, Padmanabhan S, Simpson NAB, Dolby VA, Staines-Urias E, Engel SM, Haugan A, Trogstad L, Svyatova G, Zakhidova N, Najmutdinova D, Dominiczak AF, Gjessing HK, Casas JP, Dudbridge F, Walker JJ, Pipkin FB, Thorsteinsdottir U, Geirsson RT, Lawlor DA, Iversen AC, Magnus P, Laivuori H, Stefansson K, Morgan L. Variants in the fetal genome near FLT1 are associated with risk of preeclampsia. Nat Genet 2017. [PMID: 28628106 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Preeclampsia, which affects approximately 5% of pregnancies, is a leading cause of maternal and perinatal death. The causes of preeclampsia remain unclear, but there is evidence for inherited susceptibility. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have not identified maternal sequence variants of genome-wide significance that replicate in independent data sets. We report the first GWAS of offspring from preeclamptic pregnancies and discovery of the first genome-wide significant susceptibility locus (rs4769613; P = 5.4 × 10-11) in 4,380 cases and 310,238 controls. This locus is near the FLT1 gene encoding Fms-like tyrosine kinase 1, providing biological support, as a placental isoform of this protein (sFlt-1) is implicated in the pathology of preeclampsia. The association was strongest in offspring from pregnancies in which preeclampsia developed during late gestation and offspring birth weights exceeded the tenth centile. An additional nearby variant, rs12050029, associated with preeclampsia independently of rs4769613. The newly discovered locus may enhance understanding of the pathophysiology of preeclampsia and its subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Sigrun Hjartardottir
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | | | | | - John P Kemp
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gabriela B Silva
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research (CEMIR) and Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Liv Cecilie V Thomsen
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research (CEMIR) and Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Tiina Jääskeläinen
- Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eero Kajantie
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.,Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,PEDEGO Research Unit, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sally Chappell
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Noor Kalsheker
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Ashley Moffett
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Susan Hiby
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Wai Kwong Lee
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sandosh Padmanabhan
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Nigel A B Simpson
- Leeds Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Vivien A Dolby
- Leeds Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Eleonora Staines-Urias
- Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,Nuffield Department of Obstetrics &Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephanie M Engel
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Anita Haugan
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Gulnara Svyatova
- Scientific Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Nodira Zakhidova
- Institute of Immunology, Uzbek Academy of Sciences, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Dilbar Najmutdinova
- Republic Specialized Scientific Practical Medical Centre of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | | | | | - Anna F Dominiczak
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Håkon K Gjessing
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Juan P Casas
- Farr Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK
| | - Frank Dudbridge
- Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - James J Walker
- Leeds Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Unnur Thorsteinsdottir
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Reynir T Geirsson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Debbie A Lawlor
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ann-Charlotte Iversen
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research (CEMIR) and Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Per Magnus
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hannele Laivuori
- Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Linda Morgan
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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33
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Tachmazidou I, Süveges D, Min JL, Ritchie GRS, Steinberg J, Walter K, Iotchkova V, Schwartzentruber J, Huang J, Memari Y, McCarthy S, Crawford AA, Bombieri C, Cocca M, Farmaki AE, Gaunt TR, Jousilahti P, Kooijman MN, Lehne B, Malerba G, Männistö S, Matchan A, Medina-Gomez C, Metrustry SJ, Nag A, Ntalla I, Paternoster L, Rayner NW, Sala C, Scott WR, Shihab HA, Southam L, St Pourcain B, Traglia M, Trajanoska K, Zaza G, Zhang W, Artigas MS, Bansal N, Benn M, Chen Z, Danecek P, Lin WY, Locke A, Luan J, Manning AK, Mulas A, Sidore C, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, Varbo A, Zoledziewska M, Finan C, Hatzikotoulas K, Hendricks AE, Kemp JP, Moayyeri A, Panoutsopoulou K, Szpak M, Wilson SG, Boehnke M, Cucca F, Di Angelantonio E, Langenberg C, Lindgren C, McCarthy MI, Morris AP, Nordestgaard BG, Scott RA, Tobin MD, Wareham NJ, Burton P, Chambers JC, Smith GD, Dedoussis G, Felix JF, Franco OH, Gambaro G, Gasparini P, Hammond CJ, Hofman A, Jaddoe VWV, Kleber M, Kooner JS, Perola M, Relton C, Ring SM, Rivadeneira F, Salomaa V, Spector TD, Stegle O, Toniolo D, Uitterlinden AG, Barroso I, Greenwood CMT, Perry JRB, Walker BR, Butterworth AS, Xue Y, Durbin R, Small KS, Soranzo N, Timpson NJ, Zeggini E. Whole-Genome Sequencing Coupled to Imputation Discovers Genetic Signals for Anthropometric Traits. Am J Hum Genet 2017; 100:865-884. [PMID: 28552196 PMCID: PMC5473732 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Deep sequence-based imputation can enhance the discovery power of genome-wide association studies by assessing previously unexplored variation across the common- and low-frequency spectra. We applied a hybrid whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and deep imputation approach to examine the broader allelic architecture of 12 anthropometric traits associated with height, body mass, and fat distribution in up to 267,616 individuals. We report 106 genome-wide significant signals that have not been previously identified, including 9 low-frequency variants pointing to functional candidates. Of the 106 signals, 6 are in genomic regions that have not been implicated with related traits before, 28 are independent signals at previously reported regions, and 72 represent previously reported signals for a different anthropometric trait. 71% of signals reside within genes and fine mapping resolves 23 signals to one or two likely causal variants. We confirm genetic overlap between human monogenic and polygenic anthropometric traits and find signal enrichment in cis expression QTLs in relevant tissues. Our results highlight the potential of WGS strategies to enhance biologically relevant discoveries across the frequency spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Tachmazidou
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Dániel Süveges
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Josine L Min
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Graham R S Ritchie
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences & Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UX, UK; MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UX, UK
| | - Julia Steinberg
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Klaudia Walter
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Valentina Iotchkova
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK; European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SD, UK
| | | | - Jie Huang
- Boston VA Research Institute, Boston, MA 02130, USA
| | - Yasin Memari
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Shane McCarthy
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Andrew A Crawford
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK; BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Cristina Bombieri
- Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Cocca
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34100, Italy
| | - Aliki-Eleni Farmaki
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens 17671, Greece
| | - Tom R Gaunt
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Pekka Jousilahti
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00271, Finland
| | - Marjolein N Kooijman
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Lehne
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Giovanni Malerba
- Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy
| | - Satu Männistö
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00271, Finland
| | - Angela Matchan
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Carolina Medina-Gomez
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands
| | - Sarah J Metrustry
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Abhishek Nag
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Ioanna Ntalla
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Lavinia Paternoster
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Nigel W Rayner
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK; Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Cinzia Sala
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - William R Scott
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK; Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex UB1 3EU, UK
| | - Hashem A Shihab
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Lorraine Southam
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK; Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Beate St Pourcain
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK; Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen 6500, the Netherlands
| | - Michela Traglia
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Katerina Trajanoska
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands
| | - Gialuigi Zaza
- Renal Unit, Department of Medicine, Verona University Hospital, Verona 37126, Italy
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK; Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex UB1 3EU, UK
| | - María S Artigas
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Narinder Bansal
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health & Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Marianne Benn
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Zhongsheng Chen
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Petr Danecek
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Wei-Yu Lin
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health & Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Adam Locke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Jian'an Luan
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Alisa K Manning
- Center for Human Genetics Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard University Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Antonella Mulas
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB-CNR), Cagliari 09100, Italy; Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari 07100, Italy
| | - Carlo Sidore
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB-CNR), Cagliari 09100, Italy
| | - Anne Tybjaerg-Hansen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Anette Varbo
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | | | - Chris Finan
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | - Audrey E Hendricks
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK; Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO 80204, USA
| | - John P Kemp
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK; University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Alireza Moayyeri
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK; Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London NW1 2DA, UK
| | | | - Michal Szpak
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Scott G Wilson
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK; School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Francesco Cucca
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB-CNR), Cagliari 09100, Italy; Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari 07100, Italy
| | - Emanuele Di Angelantonio
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health & Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK; The National Institute for Health Research Blood and Transplant Unit (NIHR BTRU) in Donor Health and Genomics at the University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Cecilia Lindgren
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, The Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK; Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Andrew P Morris
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GL, UK; Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Tartumaa 51010, Estonia
| | - Børge G Nordestgaard
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Robert A Scott
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Martin D Tobin
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | | | | | - Paul Burton
- D2K Research Group, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - John C Chambers
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK; Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex UB1 3EU, UK; Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W2 1NY, UK
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - George Dedoussis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens 17671, Greece
| | - Janine F Felix
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands
| | - Oscar H Franco
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands
| | - Giovanni Gambaro
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Columbus-Gemelli University Hospital, Catholic University, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Paolo Gasparini
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34100, Italy; Medical Genetics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste 34100, Italy
| | - Christopher J Hammond
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands
| | - Vincent W V Jaddoe
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands
| | - Marcus Kleber
- Vth Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim 68167, Germany
| | - Jaspal S Kooner
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex UB1 3EU, UK; Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W2 1NY, UK; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Markus Perola
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00271, Finland; Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Tartumaa 51010, Estonia; Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland
| | - Caroline Relton
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Susan M Ring
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00271, Finland
| | - Timothy D Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Oliver Stegle
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Daniela Toniolo
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Inês Barroso
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK; University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Celia M T Greenwood
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada; Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 1A2, Canada; Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montréal, QC H2W 1S6, Canada
| | - John R B Perry
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK; MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Brian R Walker
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Adam S Butterworth
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health & Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK; The National Institute for Health Research Blood and Transplant Unit (NIHR BTRU) in Donor Health and Genomics at the University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Yali Xue
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Richard Durbin
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Kerrin S Small
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Nicole Soranzo
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK; The National Institute for Health Research Blood and Transplant Unit (NIHR BTRU) in Donor Health and Genomics at the University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK; Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK
| | - Nicholas J Timpson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Eleftheria Zeggini
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK.
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34
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Zheng J, Erzurumluoglu AM, Elsworth BL, Kemp JP, Howe L, Haycock PC, Hemani G, Tansey K, Laurin C, Pourcain BS, Warrington NM, Finucane HK, Price AL, Bulik-Sullivan BK, Anttila V, Paternoster L, Gaunt TR, Evans DM, Neale BM. LD Hub: a centralized database and web interface to perform LD score regression that maximizes the potential of summary level GWAS data for SNP heritability and genetic correlation analysis. Bioinformatics 2017; 33:272-279. [PMID: 27663502 PMCID: PMC5542030 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btw613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 566] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION LD score regression is a reliable and efficient method of using genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary-level results data to estimate the SNP heritability of complex traits and diseases, partition this heritability into functional categories, and estimate the genetic correlation between different phenotypes. Because the method relies on summary level results data, LD score regression is computationally tractable even for very large sample sizes. However, publicly available GWAS summary-level data are typically stored in different databases and have different formats, making it difficult to apply LD score regression to estimate genetic correlations across many different traits simultaneously. RESULTS In this manuscript, we describe LD Hub - a centralized database of summary-level GWAS results for 173 diseases/traits from different publicly available resources/consortia and a web interface that automates the LD score regression analysis pipeline. To demonstrate functionality and validate our software, we replicated previously reported LD score regression analyses of 49 traits/diseases using LD Hub; and estimated SNP heritability and the genetic correlation across the different phenotypes. We also present new results obtained by uploading a recent atopic dermatitis GWAS meta-analysis to examine the genetic correlation between the condition and other potentially related traits. In response to the growing availability of publicly accessible GWAS summary-level results data, our database and the accompanying web interface will ensure maximal uptake of the LD score regression methodology, provide a useful database for the public dissemination of GWAS results, and provide a method for easily screening hundreds of traits for overlapping genetic aetiologies. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION The web interface and instructions for using LD Hub are available at http://ldsc.broadinstitute.org/ CONTACT: jie.zheng@bristol.ac.ukSupplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zheng
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Bristol, UK
| | - A Mesut Erzurumluoglu
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Benjamin L Elsworth
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Bristol, UK
| | - John P Kemp
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Laurence Howe
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Bristol, UK
| | - Philip C Haycock
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Bristol, UK
| | - Gibran Hemani
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Bristol, UK
| | - Katherine Tansey
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Bristol, UK
| | - Charles Laurin
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Beate St Pourcain
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Bristol, UK
| | - Nicole M Warrington
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Hilary K Finucane
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alkes L Price
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Brendan K Bulik-Sullivan
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Verneri Anttila
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lavinia Paternoster
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Bristol, UK
| | - Tom R Gaunt
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Bristol, UK
| | - David M Evans
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Bristol, UK
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Benjamin M Neale
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Middeldorp CM, Hammerschlag AR, Ouwens KG, Groen-Blokhuis MM, Pourcain BS, Greven CU, Pappa I, Tiesler CMT, Ang W, Nolte IM, Vilor-Tejedor N, Bacelis J, Ebejer JL, Zhao H, Davies GE, Ehli EA, Evans DM, Fedko IO, Guxens M, Hottenga JJ, Hudziak JJ, Jugessur A, Kemp JP, Krapohl E, Martin NG, Murcia M, Myhre R, Ormel J, Ring SM, Standl M, Stergiakouli E, Stoltenberg C, Thiering E, Timpson NJ, Trzaskowski M, van der Most PJ, Wang C, Nyholt DR, Medland SE, Neale B, Jacobsson B, Sunyer J, Hartman CA, Whitehouse AJO, Pennell CE, Heinrich J, Plomin R, Smith GD, Tiemeier H, Posthuma D, Boomsma DI. A Genome-Wide Association Meta-Analysis of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms in Population-Based Pediatric Cohorts. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2016; 55:896-905.e6. [PMID: 27663945 PMCID: PMC5068552 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2016.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aims of this study were to elucidate the influence of common genetic variants on childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms, to identify genetic variants that explain its high heritability, and to investigate the genetic overlap of ADHD symptom scores with ADHD diagnosis. METHOD Within the EArly Genetics and Lifecourse Epidemiology (EAGLE) consortium, genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and ADHD symptom scores were available for 17,666 children (<13 years of age) from nine population-based cohorts. SNP-based heritability was estimated in data from the three largest cohorts. Meta-analysis based on genome-wide association (GWA) analyses with SNPs was followed by gene-based association tests, and the overlap in results with a meta-analysis in the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) case-control ADHD study was investigated. RESULTS SNP-based heritability ranged from 5% to 34%, indicating that variation in common genetic variants influences ADHD symptom scores. The meta-analysis did not detect genome-wide significant SNPs, but three genes, lying close to each other with SNPs in high linkage disequilibrium (LD), showed a gene-wide significant association (p values between 1.46 × 10(-6) and 2.66 × 10(-6)). One gene, WASL, is involved in neuronal development. Both SNP- and gene-based analyses indicated overlap with the PGC meta-analysis results with the genetic correlation estimated at 0.96. CONCLUSION The SNP-based heritability for ADHD symptom scores indicates a polygenic architecture, and genes involved in neurite outgrowth are possibly involved. Continuous and dichotomous measures of ADHD appear to assess a genetically common phenotype. A next step is to combine data from population-based and case-control cohorts in genetic association studies to increase sample size and to improve statistical power for identifying genetic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christel M Middeldorp
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Anke R Hammerschlag
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Klaasjan G Ouwens
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Maria M Groen-Blokhuis
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Beate St Pourcain
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Corina U Greven
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Irene Pappa
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Carla M T Tiesler
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Wei Ang
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Ilja M Nolte
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Natalia Vilor-Tejedor
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Jonas Bacelis
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Jane L Ebejer
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Huiying Zhao
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Gareth E Davies
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Erik A Ehli
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - David M Evans
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Iryna O Fedko
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Mònica Guxens
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - James J Hudziak
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Astanand Jugessur
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - John P Kemp
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Eva Krapohl
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Mario Murcia
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Ronny Myhre
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Johan Ormel
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Susan M Ring
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Marie Standl
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Evie Stergiakouli
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Camilla Stoltenberg
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Elisabeth Thiering
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Nicholas J Timpson
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Maciej Trzaskowski
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Peter J van der Most
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Carol Wang
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | | | | | - Dale R Nyholt
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Sarah E Medland
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Benjamin Neale
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Bo Jacobsson
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Jordi Sunyer
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Catharina A Hartman
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Andrew J O Whitehouse
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Craig E Pennell
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Joachim Heinrich
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Robert Plomin
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - George Davey Smith
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Danielle Posthuma
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Dr. Middeldorp is with Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, and GGZinGeest/ VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam. Ms. Hammerschlag is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam. Mr. Ouwens and Dr. Groen-Blokhuis are with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. St. Pourcain is with MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU), University of Bristol, UK, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol. Dr. Greven is with Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, and MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Dr. Pappa is with Generation R Study Group, and Pedagogical and Education Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Drs. Tiesler and Thiering are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany and the Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, and Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Germany. Mr. Ang, Ms. Wang, and Dr. Pennell are with School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Nolte is with University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. Ms. Vilor-Tejedor is with Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid. Mr. Bacelis is with Gothenburg University, Sweden. Drs. Ebejer, Martin, and Medland are with QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. Drs. Zhao and Nyholt are with Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Drs. Davies and Ehli are with Avera Institute for Human Genetics, SD. Drs. Evans, Kemp, and Ring are with MRC IEU, School of Social and Community Medicine, and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, and Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane. Ms. Fedko is with Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam. Dr. Guxens is with CREAL, UPF, CIBERESP, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children´s Hospital, The Netherlands. Dr. Hottenga is with Biological Psychology, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Hudziak is with Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Drs. Jugessur, Myhre, and Stoltenberg are with the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo. Ms. Krapohl and Drs. Trzaskowski and Plomin are with MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London. Mr. Murcia is with CIBERESP, and FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain. Drs. Ormel and Hartman are with the Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen. Drs. Standl and Heinrich are with Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Drs. Stergiakouli and Timpson are with MRC IEU; Dr. Timpson is also with School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol. Dr. van der Most is with University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen. Dr. Neale is with Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Analytic and Translation Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Dr. Jacobsson is with Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gothenburg University, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Dr. Sunyer is with CREAL, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, UPF, and CIBERESP. Dr. Whitehouse is with Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth. Dr. Davey Smith is with MRC IEU, and School of Social and Community Medicine. Dr. Tiemeier is with Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center. Dr. Posthuma is with the Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center. Dr. Boomsma is with Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
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Pappa I, St Pourcain B, Benke K, Cavadino A, Hakulinen C, Nivard MG, Nolte IM, Tiesler CMT, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, Davies GE, Evans DM, Geoffroy MC, Grallert H, Groen-Blokhuis MM, Hudziak JJ, Kemp JP, Keltikangas-Järvinen L, McMahon G, Mileva-Seitz VR, Motazedi E, Power C, Raitakari OT, Ring SM, Rivadeneira F, Rodriguez A, Scheet PA, Seppälä I, Snieder H, Standl M, Thiering E, Timpson NJ, Veenstra R, Velders FP, Whitehouse AJO, Smith GD, Heinrich J, Hypponen E, Lehtimäki T, Middeldorp CM, Oldehinkel AJ, Pennell CE, Boomsma DI, Tiemeier H. A genome-wide approach to children's aggressive behavior: The EAGLE consortium. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2016; 171:562-72. [PMID: 26087016 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Individual differences in aggressive behavior emerge in early childhood and predict persisting behavioral problems and disorders. Studies of antisocial and severe aggression in adulthood indicate substantial underlying biology. However, little attention has been given to genome-wide approaches of aggressive behavior in children. We analyzed data from nine population-based studies and assessed aggressive behavior using well-validated parent-reported questionnaires. This is the largest sample exploring children's aggressive behavior to date (N = 18,988), with measures in two developmental stages (N = 15,668 early childhood and N = 16,311 middle childhood/early adolescence). First, we estimated the additive genetic variance of children's aggressive behavior based on genome-wide SNP information, using genome-wide complex trait analysis (GCTA). Second, genetic associations within each study were assessed using a quasi-Poisson regression approach, capturing the highly right-skewed distribution of aggressive behavior. Third, we performed meta-analyses of genome-wide associations for both the total age-mixed sample and the two developmental stages. Finally, we performed a gene-based test using the summary statistics of the total sample. GCTA quantified variance tagged by common SNPs (10-54%). The meta-analysis of the total sample identified one region in chromosome 2 (2p12) at near genome-wide significance (top SNP rs11126630, P = 5.30 × 10(-8) ). The separate meta-analyses of the two developmental stages revealed suggestive evidence of association at the same locus. The gene-based analysis indicated association of variation within AVPR1A with aggressive behavior. We conclude that common variants at 2p12 show suggestive evidence for association with childhood aggression. Replication of these initial findings is needed, and further studies should clarify its biological meaning. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Pappa
- School of Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Beate St Pourcain
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Kelly Benke
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Mental Health Department, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alana Cavadino
- Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Hakulinen
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michel G Nivard
- Netherlands Twin Register, Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (NCA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ilja M Nolte
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Carla M T Tiesler
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Division of Metabolic Diseases and Nutritional Medicine, Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Gareth E Davies
- Avera Institute for Human Genetics, Sioux Falls, South Dakota
| | - David M Evans
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Marie-Claude Geoffroy
- Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Harald Grallert
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Maria M Groen-Blokhuis
- Netherlands Twin Register, Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - James J Hudziak
- Vermont Center for Children, Youth, and Families, Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, College of Medicine, Vermont
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, The Netherlands
| | - John P Kemp
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | | | - George McMahon
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Viara R Mileva-Seitz
- School of Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ehsan Motazedi
- Department of Biostatistics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christine Power
- Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku and Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Susan M Ring
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, The Netherlands
| | - Alina Rodriguez
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A Scheet
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Texas/MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ilkka Seppälä
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marie Standl
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Thiering
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Division of Metabolic Diseases and Nutritional Medicine, Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Nicholas J Timpson
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - René Veenstra
- Department of Sociology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Fleur P Velders
- Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - George Davey Smith
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Joachim Heinrich
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Elina Hypponen
- School of Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- School of Population Health and Sansom Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
| | - Christel M Middeldorp
- Netherlands Twin Register, Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (NCA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of child and adolescent psychiatry, GGZ in Geest/VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albertine J Oldehinkel
- Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Craig E Pennell
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Netherlands Twin Register, Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, The Netherlands
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Kemp JP, Medina-Gomez C, Tobias JH, Rivadeneira F, Evans DM. The case for genome-wide association studies of bone acquisition in paediatric and adolescent populations. Bonekey Rep 2016; 5:796. [PMID: 27257477 DOI: 10.1038/bonekey.2016.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Peak bone mass, the maximum amount of bone accrued at the end of the growth period, is an important predictor of future risk of osteoporosis and fracture. Hence, the contribution of genetic factors influencing bone accrual is of considerable interest to the osteoporosis research community. In this article, we review evidence that genetic factors play an important role in bone growth, describe the genetic loci implicated so far and briefly discuss lessons learned from the application of genome-wide association studies. Moreover, we attempt to make the case for genetic investigations of bone mineral density in paediatric and young adult populations, describing their potential to increase our knowledge of the process of bone metabolism throughout the life course, and in turn, identify novel targets for the pharmacological treatment of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Kemp
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Level 5 Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Joint first authors
| | - Carolina Medina-Gomez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Joint first authors
| | - Jonathan H Tobias
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Joint senior authors
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Joint senior authors
| | - David M Evans
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Level 5 Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Joint senior authors
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38
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Kemp JP, Sayers A, Smith GD, Tobias JH, Evans DM. Using Mendelian randomization to investigate a possible causal relationship between adiposity and increased bone mineral density at different skeletal sites in children. Int J Epidemiol 2016; 45:1560-1572. [PMID: 27215616 PMCID: PMC5100609 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyw079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lean mass is positively associated with bone mineral density (BMD). However, the relationship between adiposity and BMD is more controversial. In particular, it is unclear if the observational association between the two reflects a causal effect of fat mass on BMD. Previous Mendelian randomization (MR) studies using variants in the FTO and MC4R genes as genetic instruments for adiposity have suggested that fat mass does indeed causally influence BMD. However, it is possible that these genetic variants pleiotropically influence lean mass and affect BMD through pathways independent of adiposity, invalidating one of the core assumptions of MR and complicating interpretation of the analysis. METHODS To investigate whether adiposity causally affects BMD, we investigated the relationship between fat mass and BMD at the skull (SK), upper limbs (UL) and lower limbs (LL), spine (SP) and pelvis (PE), using 32 body mass index (BMI)-associated SNPs, including a variant near ADCY3 that was strongly associated with fat but not lean mass in our sample. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans and genetic data were available for 5221 subjects (mean age 9.9 years) from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. We performed a series of MR analyses involving single BMI-associated SNPs and allelic scores of these SNPs. We used new extensions of the MR method including MR Egger regression and multivariable MR, which are more robust to possible confounding effects due to horizontal pleiotropy and, in the case of multivariable MR, specifically account for the effect of lean mass in the analysis. Bidirectional Mendelian randomization analysis was also performed to examine whether BMD causally affected BMI and adiposity. RESULTS Observationally, fat mass was strongly positively related to BMD at all sites, but more weakly at the skull. Instrumental variables (IV) analyses using an allelic score of BMI SNPs suggested that fat mass was causally related to LL-BMD, UL-BMD, SP-BMD and PE-BMD but not SK-BMD. Multivariable MR, Egger regression and IV analyses involving the ADCY3 variant suggested a positive causal effect of adiposity on all sites except the skull, and that an effect was present even after taking lean mass into account. Finally, IV analyses using BMD allelic scores showed no evidence of reverse causality between BMD and fat mass. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that adiposity is causally related to increased BMD at all sites except the skull, perhaps reflecting positive effects of loading on bone formation at weighted but not unweighted sites. In contrast, we found no evidence for BMD causally affecting BMI or measures of adiposity. Our results illustrate how MR can be used profitably to investigate clinical questions relevant to osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Kemp
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit and
| | - Adrian Sayers
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | | | - David M Evans
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia .,MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit and
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Ho YYW, Evans DM, Montgomery GW, Henders AK, Kemp JP, Timpson NJ, St Pourcain B, Heath AC, Madden PAF, Loesch DZ, McNevin D, Daniel R, Davey-Smith G, Martin NG, Medland SE. Common Genetic Variants Influence Whorls in Fingerprint Patterns. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:859-862. [PMID: 27045867 PMCID: PMC4821365 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2015.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Y W Ho
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - David M Evans
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.
| | | | | | - John P Kemp
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Nicholas J Timpson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Beate St Pourcain
- School of Social & Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, UK; Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew C Heath
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Pamela A F Madden
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Danuta Z Loesch
- Department of Psychology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Dennis McNevin
- National Centre for Forensic Studies, Faculty of Education, Science, Technology and Mathematics, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Runa Daniel
- Office of the Chief Forensic Scientist, Forensic Services Department, Victoria Police, Australia
| | - George Davey-Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Sarah E Medland
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
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40
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Fan Q, Verhoeven VJM, Wojciechowski R, Barathi VA, Hysi PG, Guggenheim JA, Höhn R, Vitart V, Khawaja AP, Yamashiro K, Hosseini SM, Lehtimäki T, Lu Y, Haller T, Xie J, Delcourt C, Pirastu M, Wedenoja J, Gharahkhani P, Venturini C, Miyake M, Hewitt AW, Guo X, Mazur J, Huffman JE, Williams KM, Polasek O, Campbell H, Rudan I, Vatavuk Z, Wilson JF, Joshi PK, McMahon G, St Pourcain B, Evans DM, Simpson CL, Schwantes-An TH, Igo RP, Mirshahi A, Cougnard-Gregoire A, Bellenguez C, Blettner M, Raitakari O, Kähönen M, Seppala I, Zeller T, Meitinger T, Ried JS, Gieger C, Portas L, van Leeuwen EM, Amin N, Uitterlinden AG, Rivadeneira F, Hofman A, Vingerling JR, Wang YX, Wang X, Tai-Hui Boh E, Ikram MK, Sabanayagam C, Gupta P, Tan V, Zhou L, Ho CEH, Lim W, Beuerman RW, Siantar R, Tai ES, Vithana E, Mihailov E, Khor CC, Hayward C, Luben RN, Foster PJ, Klein BEK, Klein R, Wong HS, Mitchell P, Metspalu A, Aung T, Young TL, He M, Pärssinen O, van Duijn CM, Jin Wang J, Williams C, Jonas JB, Teo YY, Mackey DA, Oexle K, Yoshimura N, Paterson AD, Pfeiffer N, Wong TY, Baird PN, Stambolian D, Wilson JEB, Cheng CY, Hammond CJ, Klaver CCW, Saw SM, Rahi JS, Korobelnik JF, Kemp JP, Timpson NJ, Smith GD, Craig JE, Burdon KP, Fogarty RD, Iyengar SK, Chew E, Janmahasatian S, Martin NG, MacGregor S, Xu L, Schache M, Nangia V, Panda-Jonas S, Wright AF, Fondran JR, Lass JH, Feng S, Zhao JH, Khaw KT, Wareham NJ, Rantanen T, Kaprio J, Pang CP, Chen LJ, Tam PO, Jhanji V, Young AL, Döring A, Raffel LJ, Cotch MF, Li X, Yip SP, Yap MK, Biino G, Vaccargiu S, Fossarello M, Fleck B, Yazar S, Tideman JWL, Tedja M, Deangelis MM, Morrison M, Farrer L, Zhou X, Chen W, Mizuki N, Meguro A, Mäkelä KM. Meta-analysis of gene-environment-wide association scans accounting for education level identifies additional loci for refractive error. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11008. [PMID: 27020472 PMCID: PMC4820539 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Myopia is the most common human eye disorder and it results from complex genetic and environmental causes. The rapidly increasing prevalence of myopia poses a major public health challenge. Here, the CREAM consortium performs a joint meta-analysis to test single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) main effects and SNP × education interaction effects on refractive error in 40,036 adults from 25 studies of European ancestry and 10,315 adults from 9 studies of Asian ancestry. In European ancestry individuals, we identify six novel loci (FAM150B-ACP1, LINC00340, FBN1, DIS3L-MAP2K1, ARID2-SNAT1 and SLC14A2) associated with refractive error. In Asian populations, three genome-wide significant loci AREG, GABRR1 and PDE10A also exhibit strong interactions with education (P<8.5 × 10(-5)), whereas the interactions are less evident in Europeans. The discovery of these loci represents an important advance in understanding how gene and environment interactions contribute to the heterogeneity of myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Fan
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 169856, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Virginie J. M. Verhoeven
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Wojciechowski
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 20205, USA
| | - Veluchamy A. Barathi
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 169856, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University Health Systems, National University of Singapore Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Pirro G. Hysi
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London School of Medicine, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Jeremy A. Guggenheim
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - René Höhn
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Veronique Vitart
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, Scotland
| | - Anthony P. Khawaja
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0SR, UK
| | - Kenji Yamashiro
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 6068507, Japan
| | - S Mohsen Hosseini
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children and Institute for Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere 33520, Finland
| | - Yi Lu
- Statistical Genetics Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Toomas Haller
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Jing Xie
- Centre for Eye Research Australia (CERA), Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
| | - Cécile Delcourt
- Université de Bordeaux, ISPED (Institut de Santé Publique d'Épidémiologie et de Développement), Bordeaux 33000, France
- INSERM, U1219-Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Bordeaux 33000, France
| | - Mario Pirastu
- Institute of Population Genetics, National Research Council, Sassari 07100, Italy
| | - Juho Wedenoja
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Puya Gharahkhani
- Statistical Genetics Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Cristina Venturini
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London School of Medicine, London SE1 7EH, UK
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Masahiro Miyake
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 6068507, Japan
| | - Alex W. Hewitt
- Centre for Eye Research Australia (CERA), Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
- Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia
| | - Xiaobo Guo
- Department of Statistical Science, School of Mathematics and Computational Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Johanna Mazur
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jenifer E. Huffman
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, Scotland
| | - Katie M. Williams
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London School of Medicine, London SE1 7EH, UK
- Department of Ophthalmology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Ozren Polasek
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split 21000, Croatia
| | - Harry Campbell
- Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, Scotland
| | - Igor Rudan
- Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, Scotland
| | - Zoran Vatavuk
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sisters of Mercy University Hospital, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - James F. Wilson
- Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, Scotland
| | - Peter K. Joshi
- Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, Scotland
| | - George McMahon
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Beate St Pourcain
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
- Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Wundtlaan 1, 6525 XD Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - David M. Evans
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Claire L. Simpson
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
| | - Tae-Hwi Schwantes-An
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
| | - Robert P. Igo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Alireza Mirshahi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Dardenne Eye Hospital, Bonn-Bad Godesberg, 53177 Bonn, Germany
| | - Audrey Cougnard-Gregoire
- Université de Bordeaux, ISPED (Institut de Santé Publique d'Épidémiologie et de Développement), Bordeaux 33000, France
- INSERM, U1219-Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Bordeaux 33000, France
| | - Céline Bellenguez
- Inserm, U1167, Lille 59000, France
- Univ. Lille, U1167, Lille 59000, France
- Université Lille 2, Lille 59000, France
| | - Maria Blettner
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Olli Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Medicine, University of Turku, Turku 20520, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere 33520, Finland
| | - Ilkka Seppala
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere 33520, Finland
| | - Tanja Zeller
- Clinic for General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | | | - Janina S. Ried
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christian Gieger
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Laura Portas
- Institute of Population Genetics, National Research Council, Sassari 07100, Italy
| | | | - Najaf Amin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - André G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Netherlands Genomics Initiative, 2518 AD Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Netherlands Genomics Initiative, 2518 AD Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Netherlands Genomics Initiative, 2518 AD Hague, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ya Xing Wang
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health Systems, Singapore 117549, Singapore
| | - Eileen Tai-Hui Boh
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health Systems, Singapore 117549, Singapore
| | - M. Kamran Ikram
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 169856, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Charumathi Sabanayagam
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 169856, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Preeti Gupta
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 169856, Singapore
| | - Vincent Tan
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 169856, Singapore
| | - Lei Zhou
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 169856, Singapore
| | - Candice E. H. Ho
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 169856, Singapore
| | - Wan'e Lim
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University Health Systems, National University of Singapore Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Roger W. Beuerman
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 169856, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University Health Systems, National University of Singapore Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Rosalynn Siantar
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 169856, Singapore
- National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore 308433, Singapore
| | - E-Shyong Tai
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health Systems, Singapore 117549, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Eranga Vithana
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 169856, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University Health Systems, National University of Singapore Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Evelin Mihailov
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Chiea-Chuen Khor
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 169856, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health Systems, Singapore 117549, Singapore
- Division of Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Caroline Hayward
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, Scotland
| | - Robert N. Luben
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0SR, UK
| | - Paul J. Foster
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9EL, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 2PD, UK
| | - Barbara E. K. Klein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53726, USA
| | - Ronald Klein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53726, USA
| | - Hoi-Suen Wong
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children and Institute for Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8
| | - Paul Mitchell
- Department of Ophthalmology, Centre for Vision Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2145, Australia
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Tin Aung
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 169856, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University Health Systems, National University of Singapore Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Terri L. Young
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
| | - Mingguang He
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Olavi Pärssinen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Central Hospital of Central Finland, Jyväskylä 40620, Finland
- Gerontology Research Center and Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä 40014, Finland
| | - Cornelia M. van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jie Jin Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Centre for Vision Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2145, Australia
| | - Cathy Williams
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Jost B. Jonas
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100044, China
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Department of Ophthalmology, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, 69115 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Yik-Ying Teo
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health Systems, Singapore 117549, Singapore
- Division of Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore 138672, Singapore
- Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117546, Singapore
| | - David A. Mackey
- Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Konrad Oexle
- Institute of Human Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Nagahisa Yoshimura
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 6068507, Japan
| | - Andrew D. Paterson
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children and Institute for Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8
| | - Norbert Pfeiffer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tien-Yin Wong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 169856, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University Health Systems, National University of Singapore Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health Systems, Singapore 117549, Singapore
| | - Paul N. Baird
- Centre for Eye Research Australia (CERA), Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
| | - Dwight Stambolian
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Joan E. Bailey Wilson
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
| | - Ching-Yu Cheng
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 169856, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University Health Systems, National University of Singapore Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Christopher J. Hammond
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London School of Medicine, London SE1 7EH, UK
- Department of Ophthalmology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Caroline C. W. Klaver
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Seang-Mei Saw
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 169856, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University Health Systems, National University of Singapore Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health Systems, Singapore 117549, Singapore
| | - Jugnoo S. Rahi
- Medical Research Council Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Institute of Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London EC1V 2PD, UK
- Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Jean-François Korobelnik
- Université de Bordeaux, 33400 Talence, France
- INSERM (Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale), ISPED (Institut de Santé Publique d'épidémiologie et de Développement), Centre INSERM U897-Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - John P. Kemp
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), The University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Nicholas J. Timpson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), The University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), The University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Jamie E. Craig
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Kathryn P. Burdon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Rhys D. Fogarty
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Sudha K. Iyengar
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, CaseWestern Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Eye Institute, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Emily Chew
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Sarayut Janmahasatian
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, CaseWestern Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Nicholas G. Martin
- Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Stuart MacGregor
- Statistical Genetics Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Liang Xu
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Maria Schache
- Centre for Eye Research Australia (CERA), Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
| | - Vinay Nangia
- Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, Maharashtra 440001, India
| | | | - Alan F. Wright
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, Scotland
| | - Jeremy R. Fondran
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, CaseWestern Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Jonathan H. Lass
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, CaseWestern Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Eye Institute, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Sheng Feng
- Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center For Human Genetics, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Jing Hua Zhao
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK
| | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0SR, UK
| | - Nick J. Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Taina Rantanen
- Gerontology Research Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00271, Finland
| | - Chi Pui Pang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Hong Kong Eye Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Li Jia Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Pancy O. Tam
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Hong Kong Eye Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Vishal Jhanji
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Hong Kong Eye Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Alvin L. Young
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Hong Kong Eye Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Angela Döring
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Leslie J. Raffel
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
| | - Mary-Frances Cotch
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90502, USA
| | - Shea Ping Yip
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Maurice K.H. Yap
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ginevra Biino
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Simona Vaccargiu
- Institute of Population Genetics, National Research Council, Sassari 07100, Italy
| | - Maurizio Fossarello
- Institute of Population Genetics, National Research Council, Sassari 07100, Italy
| | - Brian Fleck
- Princess Alexandra Eye Pavilion, Edinburgh EH3 9HA, UK
| | - Seyhan Yazar
- Centre for Eye Research Australia (CERA), Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Jan Willem L. Tideman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Milly Tedja
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Margaret M. Deangelis
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA
| | - Margaux Morrison
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA
| | - Lindsay Farrer
- Departments of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Ophthalmology, Neurology, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Boston University Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Xiangtian Zhou
- School of ophthalmology and optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Wei Chen
- School of ophthalmology and optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Nobuhisa Mizuki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0027, Japan
| | - Akira Meguro
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0027, Japan
| | - Kari Matti Mäkelä
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere 33014, Finland
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van den Berg SM, de Moor MHM, Verweij KJH, Krueger RF, Luciano M, Arias Vasquez A, Matteson LK, Derringer J, Esko T, Amin N, Gordon SD, Hansell NK, Hart AB, Seppälä I, Huffman JE, Konte B, Lahti J, Lee M, Miller M, Nutile T, Tanaka T, Teumer A, Viktorin A, Wedenoja J, Abdellaoui A, Abecasis GR, Adkins DE, Agrawal A, Allik J, Appel K, Bigdeli TB, Busonero F, Campbell H, Costa PT, Smith GD, Davies G, de Wit H, Ding J, Engelhardt BE, Eriksson JG, Fedko IO, Ferrucci L, Franke B, Giegling I, Grucza R, Hartmann AM, Heath AC, Heinonen K, Henders AK, Homuth G, Hottenga JJ, Iacono WG, Janzing J, Jokela M, Karlsson R, Kemp JP, Kirkpatrick MG, Latvala A, Lehtimäki T, Liewald DC, Madden PAF, Magri C, Magnusson PKE, Marten J, Maschio A, Mbarek H, Medland SE, Mihailov E, Milaneschi Y, Montgomery GW, Nauck M, Nivard MG, Ouwens KG, Palotie A, Pettersson E, Polasek O, Qian Y, Pulkki-Råback L, Raitakari OT, Realo A, Rose RJ, Ruggiero D, Schmidt CO, Slutske WS, Sorice R, Starr JM, St Pourcain B, Sutin AR, Timpson NJ, Trochet H, Vermeulen S, Vuoksimaa E, Widen E, Wouda J, Wright MJ, Zgaga L, Porteous D, Minelli A, Palmer AA, Rujescu D, Ciullo M, Hayward C, Rudan I, Metspalu A, Kaprio J, Deary IJ, Räikkönen K, Wilson JF, Keltikangas-Järvinen L, Bierut LJ, Hettema JM, Grabe HJ, Penninx BWJH, van Duijn CM, Evans DM, Schlessinger D, Pedersen NL, Terracciano A, McGue M, Martin NG, Boomsma DI. Meta-analysis of Genome-Wide Association Studies for Extraversion: Findings from the Genetics of Personality Consortium. Behav Genet 2016; 46:170-82. [PMID: 26362575 PMCID: PMC4751159 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-015-9735-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Extraversion is a relatively stable and heritable personality trait associated with numerous psychosocial, lifestyle and health outcomes. Despite its substantial heritability, no genetic variants have been detected in previous genome-wide association (GWA) studies, which may be due to relatively small sample sizes of those studies. Here, we report on a large meta-analysis of GWA studies for extraversion in 63,030 subjects in 29 cohorts. Extraversion item data from multiple personality inventories were harmonized across inventories and cohorts. No genome-wide significant associations were found at the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) level but there was one significant hit at the gene level for a long non-coding RNA site (LOC101928162). Genome-wide complex trait analysis in two large cohorts showed that the additive variance explained by common SNPs was not significantly different from zero, but polygenic risk scores, weighted using linkage information, significantly predicted extraversion scores in an independent cohort. These results show that extraversion is a highly polygenic personality trait, with an architecture possibly different from other complex human traits, including other personality traits. Future studies are required to further determine which genetic variants, by what modes of gene action, constitute the heritable nature of extraversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie M van den Berg
- Department of Research Methodology, Measurement and Data-Analysis (OMD), Faculty of Behavioural, Management, and Social Sciences, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Marleen H M de Moor
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Child and Family Studies, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Methods, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karin J H Verweij
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- Department of Developmental Psychology and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert F Krueger
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Michelle Luciano
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alejandro Arias Vasquez
- Donders Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jaime Derringer
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Najaf Amin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Scott D Gordon
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Amy B Hart
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ilkka Seppälä
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jennifer E Huffman
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Bettina Konte
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle, Halle, Germany
| | - Jari Lahti
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Minyoung Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Mike Miller
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Teresa Nutile
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso" - CNR, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Alexander Teumer
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Alexander Viktorin
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juho Wedenoja
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Abdel Abdellaoui
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Goncalo R Abecasis
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Daniel E Adkins
- Pharmacotherapy & Outcomes Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Arpana Agrawal
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jüri Allik
- Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Katja Appel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Timothy B Bigdeli
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Fabio Busonero
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), CNR, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Harry Campbell
- Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Paul T Costa
- Behavioral Medicine Research Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - George Davey Smith
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Gail Davies
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Harriet de Wit
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Jun Ding
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Barbara E Engelhardt
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Johan G Eriksson
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Unit of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Vasa Central Hospital, Vaasa, Finland
| | - Iryna O Fedko
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Barbara Franke
- Donders Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ina Giegling
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle, Halle, Germany
| | - Richard Grucza
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Andrew C Heath
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kati Heinonen
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - William G Iacono
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Joost Janzing
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Markus Jokela
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Robert Karlsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - John P Kemp
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Matthew G Kirkpatrick
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Antti Latvala
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - David C Liewald
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Pamela A F Madden
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Chiara Magri
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Patrik K E Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonathan Marten
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrea Maschio
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), CNR, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Hamdi Mbarek
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah E Medland
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Evelin Mihailov
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Yuri Milaneschi
- Department of Psychiatry, EMGO+ Institute, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Matthias Nauck
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Michel G Nivard
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Klaasjan G Ouwens
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Erik Pettersson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ozren Polasek
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Yong Qian
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Laura Pulkki-Råback
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Anu Realo
- Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Richard J Rose
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Daniela Ruggiero
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso" - CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Carsten O Schmidt
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Wendy S Slutske
- Department of Psychological Sciences and Missouri Alcoholism Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Rossella Sorice
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso" - CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - John M Starr
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Beate St Pourcain
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Angelina R Sutin
- National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
- College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Nicholas J Timpson
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Holly Trochet
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sita Vermeulen
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Eero Vuoksimaa
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elisabeth Widen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jasper Wouda
- Department of Research Methodology, Measurement and Data-Analysis (OMD), Faculty of Behavioural, Management, and Social Sciences, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Lina Zgaga
- Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David Porteous
- Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomics and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alessandra Minelli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Abraham A Palmer
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Dan Rujescu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle, Halle, Germany
| | - Marina Ciullo
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso" - CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Igor Rudan
- Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ian J Deary
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Katri Räikkönen
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - James F Wilson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Laura J Bierut
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - John M Hettema
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Hans J Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, HELIOS Hospital Stralsund, Stralsund, Germany
| | - Brenda W J H Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, EMGO+ Institute, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David M Evans
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - David Schlessinger
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nancy L Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Antonio Terracciano
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Matt McGue
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
- Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Soler Artigas M, Wain LV, Miller S, Kheirallah AK, Huffman JE, Ntalla I, Shrine N, Obeidat M, Trochet H, McArdle WL, Alves AC, Hui J, Zhao JH, Joshi PK, Teumer A, Albrecht E, Imboden M, Rawal R, Lopez LM, Marten J, Enroth S, Surakka I, Polasek O, Lyytikäinen LP, Granell R, Hysi PG, Flexeder C, Mahajan A, Beilby J, Bossé Y, Brandsma CA, Campbell H, Gieger C, Gläser S, González JR, Grallert H, Hammond CJ, Harris SE, Hartikainen AL, Heliövaara M, Henderson J, Hocking L, Horikoshi M, Hutri-Kähönen N, Ingelsson E, Johansson Å, Kemp JP, Kolcic I, Kumar A, Lind L, Melén E, Musk AW, Navarro P, Nickle DC, Padmanabhan S, Raitakari OT, Ried JS, Ripatti S, Schulz H, Scott RA, Sin DD, Starr JM, Viñuela A, Völzke H, Wild SH, Wright AF, Zemunik T, Jarvis DL, Spector TD, Evans DM, Lehtimäki T, Vitart V, Kähönen M, Gyllensten U, Rudan I, Deary IJ, Karrasch S, Probst-Hensch NM, Heinrich J, Stubbe B, Wilson JF, Wareham NJ, James AL, Morris AP, Jarvelin MR, Hayward C, Sayers I, Strachan DP, Hall IP, Tobin MD. Sixteen new lung function signals identified through 1000 Genomes Project reference panel imputation. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8658. [PMID: 26635082 PMCID: PMC4686825 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung function measures are used in the diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In 38,199 European ancestry individuals, we studied genome-wide association of forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC) and FEV1/FVC with 1000 Genomes Project (phase 1)-imputed genotypes and followed up top associations in 54,550 Europeans. We identify 14 novel loci (P<5 × 10−8) in or near ENSA, RNU5F-1, KCNS3, AK097794, ASTN2, LHX3, CCDC91, TBX3, TRIP11, RIN3, TEKT5, LTBP4, MN1 and AP1S2, and two novel signals at known loci NPNT and GPR126, providing a basis for new understanding of the genetic determinants of these traits and pulmonary diseases in which they are altered. Genetic and environmental factors impact on lung function, important in the diagnosis of pulmonary diseases. Here the authors use imputation of genotypes to the 1000 Genomes Project reference panel to identify novel, low frequency variants associated with lung function.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Soler Artigas
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Louise V Wain
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Suzanne Miller
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Abdul Kader Kheirallah
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Jennifer E Huffman
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland EH8 9AD, UK
| | - Ioanna Ntalla
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Nick Shrine
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Ma'en Obeidat
- University of British Columbia Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6Z 1Y6
| | - Holly Trochet
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland EH8 9AD, UK.,Generation Scotland, A Collaboration between the University Medical Schools and NHS, Aberdeen, Dundee, Edinburgh, Glasgow EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Wendy L McArdle
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, UK
| | - Alexessander Couto Alves
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC -PHE Centre for Environment &Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Jennie Hui
- Busselton Population Medical Research Institute, Busselton, Western Australia 6280, Australia.,PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Western Australia 6009, Australia.,School of Population Health, The University of Western Australia, Western Australia 6009, Australia.,School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Jing Hua Zhao
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0SL, UK
| | - Peter K Joshi
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AD, Scotland, UK
| | - Alexander Teumer
- University Medicine Greifswald, Community Medicine, SHIP-Clinical Epidemiological Research, Greifswald 17489, Germany.,Department for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17489, Germany
| | - Eva Albrecht
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg D-85764, Germany
| | - Medea Imboden
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel 4051, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel 4001, Switzerland
| | - Rajesh Rawal
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg D-85764, Germany.,Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg D-85764, Germany.,Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg D-85764, Germany
| | - Lorna M Lopez
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AD, UK.,Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AD, UK
| | - Jonathan Marten
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland EH8 9AD, UK
| | - Stefan Enroth
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Biomedical Center, SciLifeLab Uppsala, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 23, Sweden
| | - Ida Surakka
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland.,The National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki FI-00271, Finland
| | - Ozren Polasek
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AD, Scotland, UK.,Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split 21000, Croatia
| | - Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere FI-33101, Finland.,Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere FI-33520, Finland
| | - Raquel Granell
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, UK
| | - Pirro G Hysi
- KCL Department of Twins Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Claudia Flexeder
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg D-85764, Germany
| | - Anubha Mahajan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - John Beilby
- Busselton Population Medical Research Institute, Busselton, Western Australia 6280, Australia.,PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Western Australia 6009, Australia.,School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Yohan Bossé
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Québec, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - Corry-Anke Brandsma
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700, The Netherlands
| | - Harry Campbell
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AD, Scotland, UK
| | - Christian Gieger
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg D-85764, Germany.,Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg D-85764, Germany.,Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg D-85764, Germany
| | - Sven Gläser
- Department of Internal Medicine B, Pneumology, Cardiology, Intensive Care, Weaning, Field of Research: Pneumological Epidemiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17489, Germany
| | - Juan R González
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona E-08003, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid 28029, Spain.,Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona 08002, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Harald Grallert
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg D-85764, Germany
| | - Chris J Hammond
- KCL Department of Twins Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Sarah E Harris
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AD, UK.,Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AD, UK
| | - Anna-Liisa Hartikainen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Oulu University Hospital ,MRC of Oulu University, Oulu 90220, Finland
| | - Markku Heliövaara
- The National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki FI-00271, Finland
| | - John Henderson
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, UK
| | - Lynne Hocking
- Generation Scotland, A Collaboration between the University Medical Schools and NHS, Aberdeen, Dundee, Edinburgh, Glasgow EH4 2XU, UK.,Division of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland AB24 3FX, UK
| | - Momoko Horikoshi
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.,Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK
| | - Nina Hutri-Kähönen
- Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere 33521, Finland.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere FI-33520, Finland
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.,Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 23, Sweden.,Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Åsa Johansson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Biomedical Center, SciLifeLab Uppsala, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 23, Sweden.,Uppsala Clinical Research Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 23, Sweden
| | - John P Kemp
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, UK.,Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland QLD 4072, Australia.,MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol BS8 1TH, UK
| | - Ivana Kolcic
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split 21000, Croatia
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel 4051, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel 4001, Switzerland.,Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.,Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-171 7, Sweden
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 23, Sweden
| | - Erik Melén
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Sachs' Children's Hospital, Stockholm SE-171 7, Sweden
| | - Arthur W Musk
- Busselton Population Medical Research Institute, Busselton, Western Australia 6280, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Western Australia 6009, Australia.,School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Pau Navarro
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland EH8 9AD, UK
| | - David C Nickle
- Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Merck Research Labs, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Sandosh Padmanabhan
- Generation Scotland, A Collaboration between the University Medical Schools and NHS, Aberdeen, Dundee, Edinburgh, Glasgow EH4 2XU, UK.,Division of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, Scotland, UK
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku 20520, Finland.,Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku 20014, Finland
| | - Janina S Ried
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg D-85764, Germany
| | - Samuli Ripatti
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland.,Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland.,Department of Human Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Holger Schulz
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg D-85764, Germany.,Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich (CPC-M), Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Munich 85764, Germany
| | - Robert A Scott
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0SL, UK
| | - Don D Sin
- University of British Columbia Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6Z 1Y6.,Respiratory Division, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - John M Starr
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AD, UK.,Alzheimer Scotland Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AD, UK
| | | | - Ana Viñuela
- KCL Department of Twins Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Henry Völzke
- University Medicine Greifswald, Community Medicine, SHIP-Clinical Epidemiological Research, Greifswald 17489, Germany
| | - Sarah H Wild
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AD, Scotland, UK
| | - Alan F Wright
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland EH8 9AD, UK
| | - Tatijana Zemunik
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split 21000, Croatia
| | - Deborah L Jarvis
- Respiratory Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.,MRC Health Protection Agency (HPA) Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Tim D Spector
- KCL Department of Twins Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - David M Evans
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, UK.,Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland QLD 4072, Australia.,MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol BS8 1TH, UK
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere FI-33101, Finland.,Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere FI-33520, Finland
| | - Veronique Vitart
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland EH8 9AD, UK
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere 33521, Finland
| | - Ulf Gyllensten
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Biomedical Center, SciLifeLab Uppsala, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 23, Sweden
| | - Igor Rudan
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AD, Scotland, UK.,Centre for Population Health Sciences, Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AD, Scotland, UK
| | - Ian J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AD, UK.,Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AD, UK
| | - Stefan Karrasch
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg D-85764, Germany.,Institute of General Practice, University Hospital Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich D - 81675, Germany.,Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich 80539, Germany
| | - Nicole M Probst-Hensch
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel 4051, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel 4001, Switzerland
| | - Joachim Heinrich
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg D-85764, Germany.,Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich (CPC-M), Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Munich 85764, Germany.,University Hospital Munich, Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian University Munich, Munich 80539, Germany
| | - Beate Stubbe
- Department of Internal Medicine B, Pneumology, Cardiology, Intensive Care, Weaning, Field of Research: Pneumological Epidemiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17489, Germany
| | - James F Wilson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland EH8 9AD, UK.,Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AD, Scotland, UK
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0SL, UK
| | - Alan L James
- Busselton Population Medical Research Institute, Busselton, Western Australia 6280, Australia.,Department of Pulmonary Physiology and Sleep Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Western Australia 6009, Australia.,School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Andrew P Morris
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.,Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZX, UK.,Estonian Genome Centre, University of Tartu, Tartu 50090, Estonia
| | - Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC -PHE Centre for Environment &Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.,Center for Life Course Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, P.O.Box 5000, FI-90014 University of Oulu, Oulu FI-01051, Finland.,Biocenter Oulu, P.O.Box 5000, Aapistie 5A, FI-90014 University of Oulu, Oulu FI-01051, Finland.,Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Kajaanintie 50, P.O.Box 20, FI-90220 Oulu, 90029 OYS, Finland
| | - Caroline Hayward
- Generation Scotland, A Collaboration between the University Medical Schools and NHS, Aberdeen, Dundee, Edinburgh, Glasgow EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Ian Sayers
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - David P Strachan
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London WC1B 5DN, UK
| | - Ian P Hall
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Martin D Tobin
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK.,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK
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Davies NM, Gaunt TR, Lewis SJ, Holly J, Donovan JL, Hamdy FC, Kemp JP, Eeles R, Easton D, Kote-Jarai Z, Al Olama AA, Benlloch S, Muir K, Giles GG, Wiklund F, Gronberg H, Haiman CA, Schleutker J, Nordestgaard BG, Travis RC, Neal D, Pashayan N, Khaw KT, Stanford JL, Blot WJ, Thibodeau S, Maier C, Kibel AS, Cybulski C, Cannon-Albright L, Brenner H, Park J, Kaneva R, Batra J, Teixeira MR, Pandha H, Lathrop M, Smith GD, Martin RM. The effects of height and BMI on prostate cancer incidence and mortality: a Mendelian randomization study in 20,848 cases and 20,214 controls from the PRACTICAL consortium. Cancer Causes Control 2015; 26:1603-16. [PMID: 26387087 PMCID: PMC4596899 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-015-0654-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies suggest a potential role for obesity and determinants of adult stature in prostate cancer risk and mortality, but the relationships described in the literature are complex. To address uncertainty over the causal nature of previous observational findings, we investigated associations of height- and adiposity-related genetic variants with prostate cancer risk and mortality. METHODS We conducted a case-control study based on 20,848 prostate cancers and 20,214 controls of European ancestry from 22 studies in the PRACTICAL consortium. We constructed genetic risk scores that summed each man's number of height and BMI increasing alleles across multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms robustly associated with each phenotype from published genome-wide association studies. RESULTS The genetic risk scores explained 6.31 and 1.46% of the variability in height and BMI, respectively. There was only weak evidence that genetic variants previously associated with increased BMI were associated with a lower prostate cancer risk (odds ratio per standard deviation increase in BMI genetic score 0.98; 95% CI 0.96, 1.00; p = 0.07). Genetic variants associated with increased height were not associated with prostate cancer incidence (OR 0.99; 95% CI 0.97, 1.01; p = 0.23), but were associated with an increase (OR 1.13; 95 % CI 1.08, 1.20) in prostate cancer mortality among low-grade disease (p heterogeneity, low vs. high grade <0.001). Genetic variants associated with increased BMI were associated with an increase (OR 1.08; 95 % CI 1.03, 1.14) in all-cause mortality among men with low-grade disease (p heterogeneity = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS We found little evidence of a substantial effect of genetically elevated height or BMI on prostate cancer risk, suggesting that previously reported observational associations may reflect common environmental determinants of height or BMI and prostate cancer risk. Genetically elevated height and BMI were associated with increased mortality (prostate cancer-specific and all-cause, respectively) in men with low-grade disease, a potentially informative but novel finding that requires replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil M Davies
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - Tom R Gaunt
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Sarah J Lewis
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jeff Holly
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS10 5NB, UK
| | - Jenny L Donovan
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Freddie C Hamdy
- Nuffield Department of Surgery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - John P Kemp
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Rosalind Eeles
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, SW3 6JJ, UK
| | - Doug Easton
- Strangeways Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Worts Causeway, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Ali Amin Al Olama
- Strangeways Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Worts Causeway, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sara Benlloch
- Strangeways Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Worts Causeway, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kenneth Muir
- Institute of Population Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Graham G Giles
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, The Cancer Council Victoria, 615 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Fredrik Wiklund
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Henrik Gronberg
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christopher A Haiman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Johanna Schleutker
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Institute of Biomedical Technology/BioMediTech, University of Tampere and FimLab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
| | - Børge G Nordestgaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev Ringvej 75, 2730, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Ruth C Travis
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David Neal
- Surgical Oncology (Uro-Oncology: S4), University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Box 279, Cambridge, UK
- Li Ka Shing Centre, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nora Pashayan
- Strangeways Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Worts Causeway, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Applied Health Research, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7HB, UK
| | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- Cambridge Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0SR, UK
| | - Janet L Stanford
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - William J Blot
- International Epidemiology Institute, 1455 Research Blvd., Suite 550, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | | | - Christiane Maier
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Adam S Kibel
- Brigham and Women's Hospital/Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 45 Francis Street-ASB II-3, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Cezary Cybulski
- International Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Lisa Cannon-Albright
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Hermann Brenner
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Preventive Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jong Park
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 Magnolia Dr., Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Radka Kaneva
- Molecular Medicine Center and Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University Sofia, 2 Zdrave St, 1431, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Jyotsna Batra
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Qld, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Manuel R Teixeira
- Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute, Porto, Portugal
- Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBAS), Porto University, Porto, Portugal
| | - Hardev Pandha
- The University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Mark Lathrop
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Center National de Génotypage, Evry, France
- McGill University-Génome Québec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - George Davey Smith
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Richard M Martin
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
- Bristol Nutrition Biomedical Research Unit, National Institute for Health Research, Bristol, UK.
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Paternoster L, Standl M, Waage J, Baurecht H, Hotze M, Strachan DP, Curtin JA, Bønnelykke K, Tian C, Takahashi A, Esparza-Gordillo J, Alves AC, Thyssen JP, den Dekker HT, Ferreira MA, Altmaier E, Sleiman PM, Xiao FL, Gonzalez JR, Marenholz I, Kalb B, Yanes MP, Xu CJ, Carstensen L, Groen-Blokhuis MM, Venturini C, Pennell CE, Barton SJ, Levin AM, Curjuric I, Bustamante M, Kreiner-Møller E, Lockett GA, Bacelis J, Bunyavanich S, Myers RA, Matanovic A, Kumar A, Tung JY, Hirota T, Kubo M, McArdle WL, Henderson AJ, Kemp JP, Zheng J, Smith GD, Rüschendorf F, Bauerfeind A, Lee-Kirsch MA, Arnold A, Homuth G, Schmidt CO, Mangold E, Cichon S, Keil T, Rodríguez E, Peters A, Franke A, Lieb W, Novak N, Fölster-Holst R, Horikoshi M, Pekkanen J, Sebert S, Husemoen LL, Grarup N, de Jongste JC, Rivadeneira F, Hofman A, Jaddoe VW, Pasmans SG, Elbert NJ, Uitterlinden AG, Marks GB, Thompson PJ, Matheson MC, Robertson CF, Ried JS, Li J, Zuo XB, Zheng XD, Yin XY, Sun LD, McAleer MA, O'Regan GM, Fahy CM, Campbell LE, Macek M, Kurek M, Hu D, Eng C, Postma DS, Feenstra B, Geller F, Hottenga JJ, Middeldorp CM, Hysi P, Bataille V, Spector T, Tiesler CM, Thiering E, Pahukasahasram B, Yang JJ, Imboden M, Huntsman S, Vilor-Tejedor N, Relton CL, Myhre R, Nystad W, Custovic A, Weiss ST, Meyers DA, Söderhäll C, Melén E, Ober C, Raby BA, Simpson A, Jacobsson B, Holloway JW, Bisgaard H, Sunyer J, Hensch NMP, Williams LK, Godfrey KM, Wang CA, Boomsma DI, Melbye M, Koppelman GH, Jarvis D, McLean WI, Irvine AD, Zhang XJ, Hakonarson H, Gieger C, Burchard EG, Martin NG, Duijts L, Linneberg A, Jarvelin MR, Noethen MM, Lau S, Hübner N, Lee YA, Tamari M, Hinds DA, Glass D, Brown SJ, Heinrich J, Evans DM, Weidinger S. Multi-ancestry genome-wide association study of 21,000 cases and 95,000 controls identifies new risk loci for atopic dermatitis. Nat Genet 2015; 47:1449-1456. [PMID: 26482879 PMCID: PMC4753676 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 412] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Genetic association studies have identified 21 loci associated with atopic dermatitis risk predominantly in populations of European ancestry. To identify further susceptibility loci for this common complex skin disease, we performed a meta-analysis of >15 million genetic variants in 21,399 cases and 95,464 controls from populations of European, African, Japanese and Latino ancestry, followed by replication in 32,059 cases and 228,628 controls from 18 studies. We identified 10 novel risk loci, bringing the total number of known atopic dermatitis risk loci to 31 (with novel secondary signals at 4 of these). Notably, the new loci include candidate genes with roles in regulation of innate host defenses and T-cell function, underscoring the important contribution of (auto-)immune mechanisms to atopic dermatitis pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavinia Paternoster
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Marie Standl
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Waage
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood (COPSAC), Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hansjörg Baurecht
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Venereology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Melanie Hotze
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Venereology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - David P Strachan
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - John A Curtin
- Centre for Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester and University Hospital of South Manchester National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Klaus Bønnelykke
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood (COPSAC), Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Chao Tian
- 23andMe, Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - Atsushi Takahashi
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Yokohama, Japan
| | - Jorge Esparza-Gordillo
- Max-Delbrück-Center (MDC) for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,Clinic for Pediatric Allergy, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexessander Couto Alves
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jacob P Thyssen
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Herman T den Dekker
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Elisabeth Altmaier
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Patrick Ma Sleiman
- The Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Feng Li Xiao
- Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Juan R Gonzalez
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ingo Marenholz
- Max-Delbrück-Center (MDC) for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,Clinic for Pediatric Allergy, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Birgit Kalb
- Max-Delbrück-Center (MDC) for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Pino Yanes
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Cheng-Jian Xu
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pulmonology, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), Groningen, the Netherlands.,University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Lisbeth Carstensen
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria M Groen-Blokhuis
- Dept Biological Psychology, Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cristina Venturini
- KCL Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Craig E Pennell
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, The University of Western Australia (UWA), Perth, Australia
| | - Sheila J Barton
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Albert M Levin
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Ivan Curjuric
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mariona Bustamante
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain.,Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona, Spain.,Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eskil Kreiner-Møller
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood (COPSAC), Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gabrielle A Lockett
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Jonas Bacelis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahlgrenska University Hosptial, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Supinda Bunyavanich
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rachel A Myers
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Anja Matanovic
- Max-Delbrück-Center (MDC) for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,Clinic for Pediatric Allergy, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Tomomitsu Hirota
- Laboratory for Respiratory and Allergic Diseases, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Yokohama, Japan
| | - Michiaki Kubo
- Laboratory for Genotyping Development, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Yokohama, Japan
| | - Wendy L McArdle
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - A J Henderson
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - John P Kemp
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jie Zheng
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - George Davey Smith
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Anja Bauerfeind
- Max-Delbrück-Center (MDC) for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Min Ae Lee-Kirsch
- Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Arnold
- Clinic and Polyclinic of Dermatology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Georg Homuth
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine and Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Carsten O Schmidt
- Institute for Community Medicine, Study of Health in Pomerania/KEF, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Sven Cichon
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Division of Medical Genetics, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Structural and Functional Organisation of the Brain, Genomic Imaging, Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Thomas Keil
- Institute of Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Elke Rodríguez
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Venereology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Herz-Kreislauferkrankungen (DZHK) (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Andre Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Lieb
- Institute of Epidemiology, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Natalija Novak
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Regina Fölster-Holst
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Venereology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Momoko Horikoshi
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Juha Pekkanen
- Unit of Living Environment and Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sylvain Sebert
- Center for Life-course and Systems Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Finland.,Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Lise L Husemoen
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Grarup
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Vincent Wv Jaddoe
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Niels J Elbert
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Dermatology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Guy B Marks
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Philip J Thompson
- Lung Institute of Western Australia, QE II Medical Centre Nedlands , Western Australia, Australia.,School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Melanie C Matheson
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | - Janina S Ried
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jin Li
- The Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xian Bo Zuo
- Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiao Dong Zheng
- Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xian Yong Yin
- Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Liang Dan Sun
- Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Maeve A McAleer
- National Children's Research Centre, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland.,Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | - Linda E Campbell
- Centre for Dermatology and Genetic Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Milan Macek
- Department of Biology and Medical Genetics, University Hospital Motol and 2nd Faculty of Medicine of Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Kurek
- Department of Clinical Allergology, Pomeranian, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Donglei Hu
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Celeste Eng
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dirkje S Postma
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pulmonology, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bjarke Feenstra
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frank Geller
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jouke Jan Hottenga
- Dept Biological Psychology, Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Christel M Middeldorp
- Dept Biological Psychology, Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pirro Hysi
- KCL Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Veronique Bataille
- KCL Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Tim Spector
- KCL Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Carla Mt Tiesler
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Division of Metabolic Diseases and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Thiering
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Division of Metabolic Diseases and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Badri Pahukasahasram
- Center for Health Policy and Health Services Research, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - James J Yang
- School of Nursing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Medea Imboden
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Scott Huntsman
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Natàlia Vilor-Tejedor
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain.,Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Caroline L Relton
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ronny Myhre
- Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Wenche Nystad
- Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Adnan Custovic
- Centre for Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester and University Hospital of South Manchester National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Scott T Weiss
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Deborah A Meyers
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Cilla Söderhäll
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Innovative Medicine (CIMED), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik Melén
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Sachs' Children's Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carole Ober
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Benjamin A Raby
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Angela Simpson
- Centre for Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester and University Hospital of South Manchester National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Bo Jacobsson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahlgrenska University Hosptial, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - John W Holloway
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Hans Bisgaard
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood (COPSAC), Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jordi Sunyer
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain.,Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain.,Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nicole M Probst Hensch
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - L Keoki Williams
- Center for Health Policy and Health Services Research, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Keith M Godfrey
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Carol A Wang
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, The University of Western Australia (UWA), Perth, Australia
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Dept Biological Psychology, Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Institute for Health and Care Research (EMGO), VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mads Melbye
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Gerard H Koppelman
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Beatrix Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Pediatric Allergology, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Deborah Jarvis
- Respiratory Epidemiology, Occupational Medicine and Public Health; National Heart and Lung Institute; Imperial College; London, UK.,Medical Research Council-Public Health England Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Wh Irwin McLean
- Centre for Dermatology and Genetic Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Alan D Irvine
- National Children's Research Centre, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland.,Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland.,Clinical Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Xue Jun Zhang
- Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- The Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christian Gieger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Esteban G Burchard
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Liesbeth Duijts
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Allan Linneberg
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Finland.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Medical Research Council (MRC) Health Protection Agency (HPE) Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Center for Life Course Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Markus M Noethen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Susanne Lau
- Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Hübner
- Max-Delbrück-Center (MDC) for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Young-Ae Lee
- Max-Delbrück-Center (MDC) for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,Clinic for Pediatric Allergy, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mayumi Tamari
- Laboratory for Respiratory and Allergic Diseases, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Daniel Glass
- KCL Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sara J Brown
- Centre for Dermatology and Genetic Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.,Department of Dermatology, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Joachim Heinrich
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - David M Evans
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,These authors jointly directed this work
| | - Stephan Weidinger
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Venereology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.,These authors jointly directed this work
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Gilbert R, Martin RM, Evans DM, Tilling K, Davey Smith G, Kemp JP, Lane JA, Hamdy FC, Neal DE, Donovan JL, Metcalfe C. Incorporating Known Genetic Variants Does Not Improve the Accuracy of PSA Testing to Identify High Risk Prostate Cancer on Biopsy. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136735. [PMID: 26431041 PMCID: PMC4592274 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing is a widely accepted screening method for prostate cancer, but with low specificity at thresholds giving good sensitivity. Previous research identified four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) principally associated with circulating PSA levels rather than with prostate cancer risk (TERT rs2736098, FGFR2 rs10788160, TBX3 rs11067228, KLK3 rs17632542). Removing the genetic contribution to PSA levels may improve the ability of the remaining biologically-determined variation in PSA to discriminate between high and low risk of progression within men with identified prostate cancer. We investigate whether incorporating information on the PSA-SNPs improves the discrimination achieved by a single PSA threshold in men with raised PSA levels. MATERIALS AND METHODS Men with PSA between 3-10 ng/mL and histologically-confirmed prostate cancer were categorised as high or low risk of progression (Low risk: Gleason score≤6 and stage T1-T2a; High risk: Gleason score 7-10 or stage T2C). We used the combined genetic effect of the four PSA-SNPs to calculate a genetically corrected PSA risk score. We calculated the Area under the Curve (AUC) to determine how well genetically corrected PSA risk scores distinguished men at high risk of progression from low risk men. RESULTS The analysis includes 868 men with prostate cancer (Low risk: 684 (78.8%); High risk: 184 (21.2%)). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves indicate that including the 4 PSA-SNPs does not improve the performance of measured PSA as a screening tool for high/low risk prostate cancer (measured PSA level AUC = 59.5% (95% CI: 54.7,64.2) vs additionally including information from the 4 PSA-SNPs AUC = 59.8% (95% CI: 55.2,64.5) (p-value = 0.40)). CONCLUSION We demonstrate that genetically correcting PSA for the combined genetic effect of four PSA-SNPs, did not improve discrimination between high and low risk prostate cancer in men with raised PSA levels (3-10 ng/mL). Replication and gaining more accurate estimates of the effects of the 4 PSA-SNPs and additional variants associated with PSA levels and not prostate cancer could be obtained from subsequent GWAS from larger prospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Gilbert
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Richard M. Martin
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - David M. Evans
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kate Tilling
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - George Davey Smith
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - John P. Kemp
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - J. Athene Lane
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Freddie C. Hamdy
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David E. Neal
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jenny L. Donovan
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Metcalfe
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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46
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Zheng HF, Forgetta V, Hsu YH, Estrada K, Rosello-Diez A, Leo PJ, Dahia CL, Park-Min KH, Tobias JH, Kooperberg C, Kleinman A, Styrkarsdottir U, Liu CT, Uggla C, Evans DS, Nielson CM, Walter K, Pettersson-Kymmer U, McCarthy S, Eriksson J, Kwan T, Jhamai M, Trajanoska K, Memari Y, Min J, Huang J, Danecek P, Wilmot B, Li R, Chou WC, Mokry LE, Moayyeri A, Claussnitzer M, Cheng CH, Cheung W, Medina-Gómez C, Ge B, Chen SH, Choi K, Oei L, Fraser J, Kraaij R, Hibbs MA, Gregson CL, Paquette D, Hofman A, Wibom C, Tranah GJ, Marshall M, Gardiner BB, Cremin K, Auer P, Hsu L, Ring S, Tung JY, Thorleifsson G, Enneman AW, van Schoor NM, de Groot LCPGM, van der Velde N, Melin B, Kemp JP, Christiansen C, Sayers A, Zhou Y, Calderari S, van Rooij J, Carlson C, Peters U, Berlivet S, Dostie J, Uitterlinden AG, Williams SR, Farber C, Grinberg D, LaCroix AZ, Haessler J, Chasman DI, Giulianini F, Rose LM, Ridker PM, Eisman JA, Nguyen TV, Center JR, Nogues X, Garcia-Giralt N, Launer LL, Gudnason V, Mellström D, Vandenput L, Amin N, van Duijn CM, Karlsson MK, Ljunggren Ö, Svensson O, Hallmans G, Rousseau F, Giroux S, Bussière J, Arp PP, Koromani F, Prince RL, Lewis JR, Langdahl BL, Hermann AP, Jensen JEB, Kaptoge S, Khaw KT, Reeve J, Formosa MM, Xuereb-Anastasi A, Åkesson K, McGuigan FE, Garg G, Olmos JM, Zarrabeitia MT, Riancho JA, Ralston SH, Alonso N, Jiang X, Goltzman D, Pastinen T, Grundberg E, Gauguier D, Orwoll ES, Karasik D, Davey-Smith G, Smith AV, Siggeirsdottir K, Harris TB, Zillikens MC, van Meurs JBJ, Thorsteinsdottir U, Maurano MT, Timpson NJ, Soranzo N, Durbin R, Wilson SG, Ntzani EE, Brown MA, Stefansson K, Hinds DA, Spector T, Cupples LA, Ohlsson C, Greenwood CMT, Jackson RD, Rowe DW, Loomis CA, Evans DM, Ackert-Bicknell CL, Joyner AL, Duncan EL, Kiel DP, Rivadeneira F, Richards JB. Whole-genome sequencing identifies EN1 as a determinant of bone density and fracture. Nature 2015; 526:112-117. [PMID: 26367794 PMCID: PMC4755714 DOI: 10.1038/nature14878 10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
The extent to which low-frequency (minor allele frequency (MAF) between 1-5%) and rare (MAF ≤ 1%) variants contribute to complex traits and disease in the general population is mainly unknown. Bone mineral density (BMD) is highly heritable, a major predictor of osteoporotic fractures, and has been previously associated with common genetic variants, as well as rare, population-specific, coding variants. Here we identify novel non-coding genetic variants with large effects on BMD (ntotal = 53,236) and fracture (ntotal = 508,253) in individuals of European ancestry from the general population. Associations for BMD were derived from whole-genome sequencing (n = 2,882 from UK10K (ref. 10); a population-based genome sequencing consortium), whole-exome sequencing (n = 3,549), deep imputation of genotyped samples using a combined UK10K/1000 Genomes reference panel (n = 26,534), and de novo replication genotyping (n = 20,271). We identified a low-frequency non-coding variant near a novel locus, EN1, with an effect size fourfold larger than the mean of previously reported common variants for lumbar spine BMD (rs11692564(T), MAF = 1.6%, replication effect size = +0.20 s.d., Pmeta = 2 × 10(-14)), which was also associated with a decreased risk of fracture (odds ratio = 0.85; P = 2 × 10(-11); ncases = 98,742 and ncontrols = 409,511). Using an En1(cre/flox) mouse model, we observed that conditional loss of En1 results in low bone mass, probably as a consequence of high bone turnover. We also identified a novel low-frequency non-coding variant with large effects on BMD near WNT16 (rs148771817(T), MAF = 1.2%, replication effect size = +0.41 s.d., Pmeta = 1 × 10(-11)). In general, there was an excess of association signals arising from deleterious coding and conserved non-coding variants. These findings provide evidence that low-frequency non-coding variants have large effects on BMD and fracture, thereby providing rationale for whole-genome sequencing and improved imputation reference panels to study the genetic architecture of complex traits and disease in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hou-Feng Zheng
- Departments of Medicine, Human Genetics, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McGill University, Montréal H3A 1A2, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Vincenzo Forgetta
- Departments of Medicine, Human Genetics, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McGill University, Montréal H3A 1A2, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Yi-Hsiang Hsu
- Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, Massachusetts 02131, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Karol Estrada
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Alberto Rosello-Diez
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Paul J Leo
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane 4102, Australia
| | - Chitra L Dahia
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, USA
- Tissue Engineering, Regeneration and Repair Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York 10021, USA
| | - Kyung Hyun Park-Min
- Rheumatology Divison, Hospital for Special Surgery New York, New York 10021, USA
| | - Jonathan H Tobias
- School of Clinical Science, University of Bristol, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | | | - Aaron Kleinman
- Department of Research, 23andMe, Mountain View, California 94041, USA
| | | | - Ching-Ti Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Charlotta Uggla
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg S-413 45, Sweden
| | - Daniel S Evans
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Carrie M Nielson
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Oregon Health &Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
- Bone &Mineral Unit, Oregon Health &Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - Klaudia Walter
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Ulrika Pettersson-Kymmer
- Departments of Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences, Umeå University, Umeå S-901 87, Sweden
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå SE-901 87, Sweden
| | - Shane McCarthy
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Joel Eriksson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg S-413 45, Sweden
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg S-413 45, Sweden
| | - Tony Kwan
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montréal H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Mila Jhamai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, The Netherlands
| | - Katerina Trajanoska
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, The Netherlands
| | - Yasin Memari
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Josine Min
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Jie Huang
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Petr Danecek
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Beth Wilmot
- Oregon Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Oregon Health &Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
- Department of Medical and Clinical Informatics, Oregon Health &Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - Rui Li
- Departments of Medicine, Human Genetics, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McGill University, Montréal H3A 1A2, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Wen-Chi Chou
- Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, Massachusetts 02131, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Lauren E Mokry
- Department of Medicine, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Alireza Moayyeri
- Farr Institute of Health Informatics Research, University College London, London NW1 2DA, UK
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Melina Claussnitzer
- Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, Massachusetts 02131, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Chia-Ho Cheng
- Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, Massachusetts 02131, USA
| | - Warren Cheung
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montréal H3A 0G1, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Carolina Medina-Gómez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden 2300RC, The Netherlands
| | - Bing Ge
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montréal H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Shu-Huang Chen
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montréal H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Kwangbom Choi
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
| | - Ling Oei
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden 2300RC, The Netherlands
| | - James Fraser
- Department of Biochemistry and Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montréal H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Robert Kraaij
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden 2300RC, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew A Hibbs
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Trinity University, San Antonio, Texas 78212, USA
| | - Celia L Gregson
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK
| | - Denis Paquette
- Department of Biochemistry and Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montréal H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden 2300RC, The Netherlands
| | - Carl Wibom
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå S-901 87, Sweden
| | - Gregory J Tranah
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Oregon Health &Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
- Bone &Mineral Unit, Oregon Health &Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - Mhairi Marshall
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane 4102, Australia
| | - Brooke B Gardiner
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane 4102, Australia
| | - Katie Cremin
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane 4102, Australia
| | - Paul Auer
- School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53726, USA
| | - Li Hsu
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Sue Ring
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Joyce Y Tung
- Department of Research, 23andMe, Mountain View, California 94041, USA
| | | | - Anke W Enneman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, The Netherlands
| | - Natasja M van Schoor
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam 1007 MB, The Netherlands
| | | | - Nathalie van der Velde
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Geriatrics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam 1105, The Netherlands
| | - Beatrice Melin
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå S-901 87, Sweden
| | - John P Kemp
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane 4102, Australia
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | | | - Adrian Sayers
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK
| | - Yanhua Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Sophie Calderari
- Cordeliers Research Centre, INSERM UMRS 1138, Paris 75006, France
- Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, University Pierre &Marie Curie, Paris 75013, France
| | - Jeroen van Rooij
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden 2300RC, The Netherlands
| | - Chris Carlson
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Ulrike Peters
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Soizik Berlivet
- Department of Biochemistry and Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montréal H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Josée Dostie
- Department of Biochemistry and Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montréal H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Andre G Uitterlinden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden 2300RC, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen R Williams
- Departments of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine), Centre for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
| | - Charles Farber
- Departments of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine), Centre for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
| | - Daniel Grinberg
- Department of Genetics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- U-720, Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Barcelona 28029, Spain
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, The Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Andrea Z LaCroix
- Women's Health Center of Excellence Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California - San Diego, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | - Jeff Haessler
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Daniel I Chasman
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Franco Giulianini
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Lynda M Rose
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Paul M Ridker
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - John A Eisman
- Osteoporosis &Bone Biology Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney 2010, Australia
- School of Medicine Sydney, University of Notre Dame Australia, Sydney 6959, Australia
- St. Vincent's Hospital &Clinical School, NSW University, Sydney 2010, Australia
| | - Tuan V Nguyen
- Osteoporosis &Bone Biology Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney 2010, Australia
- St. Vincent's Hospital &Clinical School, NSW University, Sydney 2010, Australia
| | - Jacqueline R Center
- Osteoporosis &Bone Biology Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney 2010, Australia
- St. Vincent's Hospital &Clinical School, NSW University, Sydney 2010, Australia
| | - Xavier Nogues
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona 08003, Spain
- Cooperative Research Network on Aging and Fragility (RETICEF), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029, Spain
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital del Mar, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Natalia Garcia-Giralt
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona 08003, Spain
- Cooperative Research Network on Aging and Fragility (RETICEF), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029, Spain
| | - Lenore L Launer
- Neuroepidemiology Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Vilmunder Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur IS-201, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik IS-101, Iceland
| | - Dan Mellström
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg S-413 45, Sweden
| | - Liesbeth Vandenput
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg S-413 45, Sweden
| | - Najaf Amin
- Genetic epidemiology unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3000CA, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Genetic epidemiology unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3000CA, The Netherlands
| | - Magnus K Karlsson
- Department of Orthopaedics, Skåne University Hospital Malmö 205 02, Sweden
| | - Östen Ljunggren
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Uppsala, Uppsala 751 85, Sweden
| | - Olle Svensson
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Umeå Unviersity, Umeå 901 85, Sweden
| | - Göran Hallmans
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå SE-901 87, Sweden
| | - François Rousseau
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Université Laval, Québec City G1V 0A6, Canada
- Axe Santé des Populations et Pratiques Optimales en Santé, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec City G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Sylvie Giroux
- Axe Santé des Populations et Pratiques Optimales en Santé, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec City G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Johanne Bussière
- Axe Santé des Populations et Pratiques Optimales en Santé, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec City G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Pascal P Arp
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, The Netherlands
| | - Fjorda Koromani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, The Netherlands
| | - Richard L Prince
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands 6009, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia
| | - Joshua R Lewis
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands 6009, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia
| | - Bente L Langdahl
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark
| | - A Pernille Hermann
- Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense C 5000, Denmark
| | - Jens-Erik B Jensen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre University Hospital, Hvidovre 2650, Denmark
| | - Stephen Kaptoge
- Farr Institute of Health Informatics Research, University College London, London NW1 2DA, UK
| | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- Clinical Gerontology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Jonathan Reeve
- Medicine and Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
- Institute of Musculoskeletal Sciences, The Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Melissa M Formosa
- Department of Applied Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Malta, Msida MSD 2080, Malta
| | - Angela Xuereb-Anastasi
- Department of Applied Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Malta, Msida MSD 2080, Malta
| | - Kristina Åkesson
- Department of Orthopaedics, Skåne University Hospital Malmö 205 02, Sweden
- Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, 205 02, Sweden
| | - Fiona E McGuigan
- Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, 205 02, Sweden
| | - Gaurav Garg
- Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, 205 02, Sweden
| | - Jose M Olmos
- Department of Medicine and Psychiatry, University of Cantabria, Santander 39011, Spain
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital U.M. Valdecilla- IDIVAL, Santander 39008, Spain
| | - Maria T Zarrabeitia
- Department of Legal Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander 39011, Spain
| | - Jose A Riancho
- Department of Medicine and Psychiatry, University of Cantabria, Santander 39011, Spain
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital U.M. Valdecilla- IDIVAL, Santander 39008, Spain
| | - Stuart H Ralston
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Nerea Alonso
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Xi Jiang
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA
| | - David Goltzman
- Department of Medicine and Physiology, McGill University, Montréal H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Tomi Pastinen
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montréal H3A 0G1, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Elin Grundberg
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montréal H3A 0G1, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Dominique Gauguier
- Cordeliers Research Centre, INSERM UMRS 1138, Paris 75006, France
- Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, University Pierre &Marie Curie, Paris 75013, France
| | - Eric S Orwoll
- Bone &Mineral Unit, Oregon Health &Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
- Department of Medicine, Oregon Health &Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - David Karasik
- Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, Massachusetts 02131, USA
- Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 13010, Israel
| | - George Davey-Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Albert V Smith
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur IS-201, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik IS-101, Iceland
| | | | - Tamara B Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - M Carola Zillikens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, The Netherlands
| | - Joyce B J van Meurs
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, The Netherlands
| | - Unnur Thorsteinsdottir
- Department of Population Genomics, deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik IS-101, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik IS-101, Iceland
| | - Matthew T Maurano
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Nicholas J Timpson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Nicole Soranzo
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Richard Durbin
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Scott G Wilson
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands 6009, Australia
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Australia
| | - Evangelia E Ntzani
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina 45110, Greece
- Department of Health Services, Policy and Practice, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island 02903, USA
| | - Matthew A Brown
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane 4102, Australia
| | - Kari Stefansson
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik IS-101, Iceland
- deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik IS-101, Iceland
| | - David A Hinds
- Department of Research, 23andMe, Mountain View, California 94041, USA
| | - Tim Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - L Adrienne Cupples
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts 01702, USA
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg S-413 45, Sweden
| | - Celia M T Greenwood
- Department of Medicine, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal H3T 1E2, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal H3A 1B1, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal H3A 1A2, Canada
- Department of Oncology, Gerald Bronfman Centre, McGill University, Montréal H2W 1S6, Canada
| | - Rebecca D Jackson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - David W Rowe
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA
| | - Cynthia A Loomis
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology and Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - David M Evans
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane 4102, Australia
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | | | - Alexandra L Joyner
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Emma L Duncan
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane 4102, Australia
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane 4029, Australia
| | - Douglas P Kiel
- Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, Massachusetts 02131, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden 2300RC, The Netherlands
| | - J Brent Richards
- Departments of Medicine, Human Genetics, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McGill University, Montréal H3A 1A2, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal H3T 1E2, Canada
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
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de Moor MH, van den Berg SM, Verweij KJ, Krueger RF, Luciano M, Vasquez AA, Matteson LK, Derringer J, Esko T, Amin N, Gordon SD, Hansell NK, Hart AB, Seppälä I, Huffman JE, Konte B, Lahti J, Lee M, Miller M, Nutile T, Tanaka T, Teumer A, Viktorin A, Wedenoja J, Abecasis GR, Adkins DE, Agrawal A, Allik J, Appel K, Bigdeli TB, Busonero F, Campbell H, Costa PT, Smith GD, Davies G, de Wit H, Ding J, Engelhardt BE, Eriksson JG, Fedko IO, Ferrucci L, Franke B, Giegling I, Grucza R, Hartmann AM, Heath AC, Heinonen K, Henders AK, Homuth G, Hottenga JJ, Janzing J, Jokela M, Karlsson R, Kemp JP, Kirkpatrick MG, Latvala A, Lehtimäki T, Liewald DC, Madden PA, Magri C, Magnusson PK, Marten J, Maschio A, Medland SE, Mihailov E, Milaneschi Y, Montgomery GW, Nauck M, Ouwens KG, Palotie A, Pettersson E, Polasek O, Qian Y, Pulkki-Råback L, Raitakari OT, Realo A, Rose RJ, Ruggiero D, Schmidt CO, Slutske WS, Sorice R, Starr JM, Pourcain BS, Sutin AR, Timpson NJ, Trochet H, Vermeulen S, Vuoksimaa E, Widen E, Wouda J, Wright MJ, Zgaga L, Scotland G, Porteous D, Minelli A, Palmer AA, Rujescu D, Ciullo M, Hayward C, Rudan I, Metspalu A, Kaprio J, Deary IJ, Räikkönen K, Wilson JF, Keltikangas-Järvinen L, Bierut LJ, Hettema JM, Grabe HJ, van Duijn CM, Evans DM, Schlessinger D, Pedersen NL, Terracciano A, McGue M, Penninx BW, Martin NG, Boomsma DI. Meta-analysis of Genome-wide Association Studies for Neuroticism, and the Polygenic Association With Major Depressive Disorder. JAMA Psychiatry 2015; 72:642-50. [PMID: 25993607 PMCID: PMC4667957 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.0554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Neuroticism is a pervasive risk factor for psychiatric conditions. It genetically overlaps with major depressive disorder (MDD) and is therefore an important phenotype for psychiatric genetics. The Genetics of Personality Consortium has created a resource for genome-wide association analyses of personality traits in more than 63,000 participants (including MDD cases). OBJECTIVES To identify genetic variants associated with neuroticism by performing a meta-analysis of genome-wide association results based on 1000 Genomes imputation; to evaluate whether common genetic variants as assessed by single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) explain variation in neuroticism by estimating SNP-based heritability; and to examine whether SNPs that predict neuroticism also predict MDD. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Genome-wide association meta-analysis of 30 cohorts with genome-wide genotype, personality, and MDD data from the Genetics of Personality Consortium. The study included 63,661 participants from 29 discovery cohorts and 9786 participants from a replication cohort. Participants came from Europe, the United States, or Australia. Analyses were conducted between 2012 and 2014. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Neuroticism scores harmonized across all 29 discovery cohorts by item response theory analysis, and clinical MDD case-control status in 2 of the cohorts. RESULTS A genome-wide significant SNP was found on 3p14 in MAGI1 (rs35855737; P = 9.26 × 10-9 in the discovery meta-analysis). This association was not replicated (P = .32), but the SNP was still genome-wide significant in the meta-analysis of all 30 cohorts (P = 2.38 × 10-8). Common genetic variants explain 15% of the variance in neuroticism. Polygenic scores based on the meta-analysis of neuroticism in 27 cohorts significantly predicted neuroticism (1.09 × 10-12 < P < .05) and MDD (4.02 × 10-9 < P < .05) in the 2 other cohorts. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This study identifies a novel locus for neuroticism. The variant is located in a known gene that has been associated with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia in previous studies. In addition, the study shows that neuroticism is influenced by many genetic variants of small effect that are either common or tagged by common variants. These genetic variants also influence MDD. Future studies should confirm the role of the MAGI1 locus for neuroticism and further investigate the association of MAGI1 and the polygenic association to a range of other psychiatric disorders that are phenotypically correlated with neuroticism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marleen H.M. de Moor
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Child and Family Studies, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Methods, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stéphanie M. van den Berg
- Department of Research Methodology, Measurement and Data-Analysis, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Karin J.H. Verweij
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, Australia
- Department of Developmental Psychology and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Michelle Luciano
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alejandro Arias Vasquez
- Donders Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jaime Derringer
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign IL, USA
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Najaf Amin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Scott D. Gordon
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Amy B. Hart
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ilkka Seppälä
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Finland
| | - Jennifer E. Huffman
- MRC Human Genetics, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Bettina Konte
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle, Halle, Germany
| | - Jari Lahti
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Minyoung Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Mike Miller
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Teresa Nutile
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “A. Buzzati-Traverso” – CNR, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Alexander Teumer
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Alexander Viktorin
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juho Wedenoja
- Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Goncalo R. Abecasis
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Daniel E. Adkins
- Pharmacotherapy & Outcomes Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Arpana Agrawal
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jüri Allik
- Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Katja Appel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Timothy B. Bigdeli
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Fabio Busonero
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), CNR, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Harry Campbell
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Paul T. Costa
- Behavioral Medicine Research Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham NC, USA
| | - George Davey Smith
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Gail Davies
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Harriet de Wit
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, USA
| | - Jun Ding
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore MD USA
| | | | - Johan G. Eriksson
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Unit of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Vasa Central Hospital, Vasa, Finland
| | - Iryna O. Fedko
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Barbara Franke
- Donders Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ina Giegling
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle, Halle, Germany
| | - Richard Grucza
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Andrew C. Heath
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Kati Heinonen
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anjali K. Henders
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Janzing
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Markus Jokela
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Robert Karlsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - John P. Kemp
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Antti Latvala
- Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Finland
| | - David C. Liewald
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Pamela A.F. Madden
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Chiara Magri
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Patrik K.E. Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonathan Marten
- MRC Human Genetics, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Andrea Maschio
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), CNR, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Sarah E. Medland
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Evelin Mihailov
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Yuri Milaneschi
- Department of Psychiatry, EMGO+ Institute, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Matthias Nauck
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Klaasjan G. Ouwens
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Erik Pettersson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ozren Polasek
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Yong Qian
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore MD USA
| | - Laura Pulkki-Råback
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli T. Raitakari
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Anu Realo
- Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Richard J. Rose
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Daniela Ruggiero
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “A. Buzzati-Traverso” – CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Carsten O. Schmidt
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wendy S. Slutske
- Department of Psychological Sciences and Missouri Alcoholism Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Rossella Sorice
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “A. Buzzati-Traverso” – CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - John M. Starr
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh
- Geriatric Medicine Royal Victoria Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Beate St Pourcain
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Angelina R. Sutin
- National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
- College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Nicholas J. Timpson
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Holly Trochet
- MRC Human Genetics, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Sita Vermeulen
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Eero Vuoksimaa
- Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elisabeth Widen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jasper Wouda
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Research Methodology, Measurement and Data-Analysis, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | | | - Lina Zgaga
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Generation Scotland
- Generation Scotland, A Collaboration between the University Medical Schools and NHS, Aberdeen, Dundee, Edinburgh and Glasgow, UK
| | - David Porteous
- Medical Genetics Section, The University of Edinburgh, Centre for Genomics and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alessandra Minelli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Abraham A. Palmer
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, USA
| | - Dan Rujescu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle, Halle, Germany
| | - Marina Ciullo
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “A. Buzzati-Traverso” – CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Igor Rudan
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ian J. Deary
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Katri Räikkönen
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - James F. Wilson
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Laura J. Bierut
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - John M. Hettema
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Hans J. Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, HELIOS Hospital Stralsund, Stralsund, Germany
| | - Cornelia M. van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David M. Evans
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - David Schlessinger
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore MD USA
| | - Nancy L. Pedersen
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “A. Buzzati-Traverso” – CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Terracciano
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Matt McGue
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
- Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Brenda W.J.H. Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, EMGO+ Institute, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Dorret I. Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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48
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Warrington NM, Howe LD, Paternoster L, Kaakinen M, Herrala S, Huikari V, Wu YY, Kemp JP, Timpson NJ, St Pourcain B, Davey Smith G, Tilling K, Jarvelin MR, Pennell CE, Evans DM, Lawlor DA, Briollais L, Palmer LJ. A genome-wide association study of body mass index across early life and childhood. Int J Epidemiol 2015; 44:700-12. [PMID: 25953783 PMCID: PMC4469798 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyv077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Several studies have investigated the effect of known adult body mass index (BMI) associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on BMI in childhood. There has been no genome-wide association study (GWAS) of BMI trajectories over childhood. Methods: We conducted a GWAS meta-analysis of BMI trajectories from 1 to 17 years of age in 9377 children (77 967 measurements) from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) and the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study. Genome-wide significant loci were examined in a further 3918 individuals (48 530 measurements) from Northern Finland. Linear mixed effects models with smoothing splines were used in each cohort for longitudinal modelling of BMI. Results: A novel SNP, downstream from the FAM120AOS gene on chromosome 9, was detected in the meta-analysis of ALSPAC and Raine. This association was driven by a difference in BMI at 8 years (T allele of rs944990 increased BMI; PSNP = 1.52 × 10−8), with a modest association with change in BMI over time (PWald(Change) = 0.006). Three known adult BMI-associated loci (FTO, MC4R and ADCY3) and one childhood obesity locus (OLFM4) reached genome-wide significance (PWald < 1.13 × 10−8) with BMI at 8 years and/or change over time. Conclusions: This GWAS of BMI trajectories over childhood identified a novel locus that warrants further investigation. We also observed genome-wide significance with previously established obesity loci, making the novel observation that these loci affected both the level and the rate of change in BMI. We have demonstrated that the use of repeated measures data can increase power to allow detection of genetic loci with smaller sample sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Warrington
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia, MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Biocenter Oulu, and Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada, Department of Children and Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK, Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland and The Joanna Briggs Institute, The Robinson Research Institute, and School of Translational Health Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia, MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Biocenter Oulu, and Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada, Department of Children and Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK, Unit of Prim
| | - Laura D Howe
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia, MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Biocenter Oulu, and Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada, Department of Children and Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK, Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland and The Joanna Briggs Institute, The Robinson Research Institute, and School of Translational Health Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia, MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Biocenter Oulu, and Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada, Department of Children and Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK, Unit of Prim
| | - Lavinia Paternoster
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia, MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Biocenter Oulu, and Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada, Department of Children and Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK, Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland and The Joanna Briggs Institute, The Robinson Research Institute, and School of Translational Health Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia, MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Biocenter Oulu, and Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada, Department of Children and Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK, Unit of Prim
| | - Marika Kaakinen
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia, MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Biocenter Oulu, and Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada, Department of Children and Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK, Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland and The Joanna Briggs Institute, The Robinson Research Institute, and School of Translational Health Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia, MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Biocenter Oulu, and Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada, Department of Children and Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK, Unit of Prim
| | - Sauli Herrala
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia, MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Biocenter Oulu, and Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada, Department of Children and Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK, Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland and The Joanna Briggs Institute, The Robinson Research Institute, and School of Translational Health Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Ville Huikari
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia, MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Biocenter Oulu, and Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada, Department of Children and Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK, Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland and The Joanna Briggs Institute, The Robinson Research Institute, and School of Translational Health Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Yan Yan Wu
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia, MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Biocenter Oulu, and Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada, Department of Children and Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK, Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland and The Joanna Briggs Institute, The Robinson Research Institute, and School of Translational Health Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - John P Kemp
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia, MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Biocenter Oulu, and Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada, Department of Children and Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK, Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland and The Joanna Briggs Institute, The Robinson Research Institute, and School of Translational Health Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia, MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Biocenter Oulu, and Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada, Department of Children and Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK, Unit of Prim
| | - Nicholas J Timpson
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia, MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Biocenter Oulu, and Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada, Department of Children and Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK, Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland and The Joanna Briggs Institute, The Robinson Research Institute, and School of Translational Health Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia, MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Biocenter Oulu, and Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada, Department of Children and Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK, Unit of Prim
| | - Beate St Pourcain
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia, MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Biocenter Oulu, and Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada, Department of Children and Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK, Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland and The Joanna Briggs Institute, The Robinson Research Institute, and School of Translational Health Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia, MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Biocenter Oulu, and Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada, Department of Children and Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK, Unit of Prim
| | - George Davey Smith
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia, MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Biocenter Oulu, and Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada, Department of Children and Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK, Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland and The Joanna Briggs Institute, The Robinson Research Institute, and School of Translational Health Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia, MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Biocenter Oulu, and Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada, Department of Children and Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK, Unit of Prim
| | - Kate Tilling
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia, MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Biocenter Oulu, and Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada, Department of Children and Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK, Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland and The Joanna Briggs Institute, The Robinson Research Institute, and School of Translational Health Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia, MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Biocenter Oulu, and Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada, Department of Children and Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK, Unit of Prim
| | - Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia, MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Biocenter Oulu, and Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada, Department of Children and Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK, Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland and The Joanna Briggs Institute, The Robinson Research Institute, and School of Translational Health Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia, MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Biocenter Oulu, and Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada, Department of Children and Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK, Unit of Prim
| | - Craig E Pennell
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia, MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Biocenter Oulu, and Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada, Department of Children and Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK, Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland and The Joanna Briggs Institute, The Robinson Research Institute, and School of Translational Health Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - David M Evans
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia, MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Biocenter Oulu, and Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada, Department of Children and Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK, Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland and The Joanna Briggs Institute, The Robinson Research Institute, and School of Translational Health Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia, MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Biocenter Oulu, and Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada, Department of Children and Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK, Unit of Prim
| | - Debbie A Lawlor
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia, MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Biocenter Oulu, and Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada, Department of Children and Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK, Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland and The Joanna Briggs Institute, The Robinson Research Institute, and School of Translational Health Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia, MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Biocenter Oulu, and Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada, Department of Children and Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK, Unit of Prim
| | - Laurent Briollais
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia, MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Biocenter Oulu, and Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada, Department of Children and Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK, Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland and The Joanna Briggs Institute, The Robinson Research Institute, and School of Translational Health Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Lyle J Palmer
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia, MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Biocenter Oulu, and Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada, Department of Children and Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK, Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland and The Joanna Briggs Institute, The Robinson Research Institute, and School of Translational Health Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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49
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Warrington NM, Kemp JP, Tilling K, Tobias JH, Evans DM. Genetic variants in adult bone mineral density and fracture risk genes are associated with the rate of bone mineral density acquisition in adolescence. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:4158-66. [PMID: 25941325 PMCID: PMC4476449 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have identified 63 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with bone mineral density (BMD) in adults. These SNPs are thought to reflect variants that influence bone maintenance and/or loss in adults. It is unclear whether they affect the rate of bone acquisition during adolescence. Bone measurements and genetic data were available on 6397 individuals from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children at up to five follow-up clinics. Linear mixed effects models with smoothing splines were used for longitudinal modelling of BMD and its components bone mineral content (BMC) and bone area (BA), from 9 to 17 years. Genotype data from the 63 adult BMD associated SNPs were investigated individually and as a genetic risk score in the longitudinal model. Each additional BMD lowering allele of the genetic risk score was associated with lower BMD at age 13 [per allele effect size, 0.002 g/cm2 (SE = 0.0001, P = 1.24 × 10−38)] and decreased BMD acquisition from 9 to 17 years (P = 9.17 × 10−7). This association was driven by changes in BMC rather than BA. The genetic risk score explained ∼2% of the variation in BMD at 9 and 17 years, a third of that explained in adults (6%). Genetic variants that putatively affect bone maintenance and/or loss in adults appear to have a small influence on the rate of bone acquisition through adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Warrington
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia,
| | - John P Kemp
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia, MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine and
| | - Kate Tilling
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine and
| | | | - David M Evans
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia, MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine and
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50
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Warrington NM, Zhu G, Dy V, Heath AC, Madden PAF, Hemani G, Kemp JP, Mcmahon G, St Pourcain B, Timpson NJ, Taylor CM, Golding J, Lawlor DA, Steer C, Montgomery GW, Martin NG, Davey Smith G, Evans DM, Whitfield JB. Genome-wide association study of blood lead shows multiple associations near ALAD. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:3871-9. [PMID: 25820613 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to high levels of environmental lead, or biomarker evidence of high body lead content, is associated with anaemia, developmental and neurological deficits in children, and increased mortality in adults. Adverse effects of lead still occur despite substantial reduction in environmental exposure. There is genetic variation between individuals in blood lead concentration but the polymorphisms contributing to this have not been defined. We measured blood or erythrocyte lead content, and carried out genome-wide association analysis, on population-based cohorts of adult volunteers from Australia and UK (N = 5433). Samples from Australia were collected in two studies, in 1993-1996 and 2002-2005 and from UK in 1991-1992. One locus, at ALAD on chromosome 9, showed consistent association with blood lead across countries and evidence for multiple independent allelic effects. The most significant single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs1805313 (P = 3.91 × 10(-14) for lead concentration in a meta-analysis of all data), is known to have effects on ALAD expression in blood cells but other SNPs affecting ALAD expression did not affect blood lead. Variants at 12 other loci, including ABO, showed suggestive associations (5 × 10(-6) > P > 5 × 10(-8)). Identification of genetic polymorphisms affecting blood lead reinforces the view that genetic factors, as well as environmental ones, are important in determining blood lead levels. The ways in which ALAD variation affects lead uptake or distribution are still to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Warrington
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Gu Zhu
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Locked Bag 2000, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Veronica Dy
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Andrew C Heath
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Pamela A F Madden
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Gibran Hemani
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine and
| | - John P Kemp
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia, MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine and
| | - George Mcmahon
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine and
| | | | - Nicholas J Timpson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine and
| | - Caroline M Taylor
- Centre for Child and Adolescent Health, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Debbie A Lawlor
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine and
| | - Colin Steer
- Centre for Child and Adolescent Health, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Grant W Montgomery
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Locked Bag 2000, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Locked Bag 2000, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine and
| | - David M Evans
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia, MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine and
| | - John B Whitfield
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Locked Bag 2000, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Queensland 4029, Australia,
| |
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