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Sterenborg RBTM, Steinbrenner I, Li Y, Bujnis MN, Naito T, Marouli E, Galesloot TE, Babajide O, Andreasen L, Astrup A, Åsvold BO, Bandinelli S, Beekman M, Beilby JP, Bork-Jensen J, Boutin T, Brody JA, Brown SJ, Brumpton B, Campbell PJ, Cappola AR, Ceresini G, Chaker L, Chasman DI, Concas MP, Coutinho de Almeida R, Cross SM, Cucca F, Deary IJ, Kjaergaard AD, Echouffo Tcheugui JB, Ellervik C, Eriksson JG, Ferrucci L, Freudenberg J, Fuchsberger C, Gieger C, Giulianini F, Gögele M, Graham SE, Grarup N, Gunjača I, Hansen T, Harding BN, Harris SE, Haunsø S, Hayward C, Hui J, Ittermann T, Jukema JW, Kajantie E, Kanters JK, Kårhus LL, Kiemeney LALM, Kloppenburg M, Kühnel B, Lahti J, Langenberg C, Lapauw B, Leese G, Li S, Liewald DCM, Linneberg A, Lominchar JVT, Luan J, Martin NG, Matana A, Meima ME, Meitinger T, Meulenbelt I, Mitchell BD, Møllehave LT, Mora S, Naitza S, Nauck M, Netea-Maier RT, Noordam R, Nursyifa C, Okada Y, Onano S, Papadopoulou A, Palmer CNA, Pattaro C, Pedersen O, Peters A, Pietzner M, Polašek O, Pramstaller PP, Psaty BM, Punda A, Ray D, Redmond P, Richards JB, Ridker PM, Russ TC, Ryan KA, Olesen MS, Schultheiss UT, Selvin E, Siddiqui MK, Sidore C, Slagboom PE, Sørensen TIA, Soto-Pedre E, Spector TD, Spedicati B, Srinivasan S, Starr JM, Stott DJ, Tanaka T, Torlak V, Trompet S, Tuhkanen J, Uitterlinden AG, van den Akker EB, van den Eynde T, van der Klauw MM, van Heemst D, Verroken C, Visser WE, Vojinovic D, Völzke H, Waldenberger M, Walsh JP, Wareham NJ, Weiss S, Willer CJ, Wilson SG, Wolffenbuttel BHR, Wouters HJCM, Wright MJ, Yang Q, Zemunik T, Zhou W, Zhu G, Zöllner S, Smit JWA, Peeters RP, Köttgen A, Teumer A, Medici M. Multi-trait analysis characterizes the genetics of thyroid function and identifies causal associations with clinical implications. Nat Commun 2024; 15:888. [PMID: 38291025 PMCID: PMC10828500 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44701-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
To date only a fraction of the genetic footprint of thyroid function has been clarified. We report a genome-wide association study meta-analysis of thyroid function in up to 271,040 individuals of European ancestry, including reference range thyrotropin (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4), free and total triiodothyronine (T3), proxies for metabolism (T3/FT4 ratio) as well as dichotomized high and low TSH levels. We revealed 259 independent significant associations for TSH (61% novel), 85 for FT4 (67% novel), and 62 novel signals for the T3 related traits. The loci explained 14.1%, 6.0%, 9.5% and 1.1% of the total variation in TSH, FT4, total T3 and free T3 concentrations, respectively. Genetic correlations indicate that TSH associated loci reflect the thyroid function determined by free T3, whereas the FT4 associations represent the thyroid hormone metabolism. Polygenic risk score and Mendelian randomization analyses showed the effects of genetically determined variation in thyroid function on various clinical outcomes, including cardiovascular risk factors and diseases, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. In conclusion, our results improve the understanding of thyroid hormone physiology and highlight the pleiotropic effects of thyroid function on various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalie B T M Sterenborg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Inga Steinbrenner
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Yong Li
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Tatsuhiko Naito
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
- Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Eirini Marouli
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Digital Environment Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Tessel E Galesloot
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Oladapo Babajide
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Andreasen
- Laboratory for Molecular Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Arne Astrup
- Department of Obesity and Nutritional Sciences, The Novo Nordisk Foundation, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Bjørn Olav Åsvold
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Endocrinology, Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Marian Beekman
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Section Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - John P Beilby
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Jette Bork-Jensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thibaud Boutin
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer A Brody
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Suzanne J Brown
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Ben Brumpton
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, 7600, Norway
| | - Purdey J Campbell
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Anne R Cappola
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Graziano Ceresini
- Oncological Endocrinology, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Layal Chaker
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel I Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Maria Pina Concas
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Rodrigo Coutinho de Almeida
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Section Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Simone M Cross
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Francesco Cucca
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 09042, Monserrato (CA), Italy
- Università di Sassari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, V.le San Pietro, 07100, Sassari (SS), Italy
| | - Ian J Deary
- Lothian Birth Cohorts, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alisa Devedzic Kjaergaard
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Blvd. 11, Entrance A, 8200, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Justin B Echouffo Tcheugui
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Christina Ellervik
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
- Faculty of Medical Science, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Zealand University Hospital, Køge, Denmark
| | - Johan G Eriksson
- Department of General Practice and Primary health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- National University Singapore, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Longitudinal Study Section, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Christian Fuchsberger
- Institute for Biomedicine (affiliated with the University of Lübeck), Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Christian Gieger
- Research Unit Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Franco Giulianini
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Martin Gögele
- Institute for Biomedicine (affiliated with the University of Lübeck), Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Sarah E Graham
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Niels Grarup
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ivana Gunjača
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Split, School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
| | - Torben Hansen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Barbara N Harding
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sarah E Harris
- Lothian Birth Cohorts, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stig Haunsø
- Laboratory for Molecular Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jennie Hui
- Pathwest Laboratory Medicine WA, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Till Ittermann
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - J Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Eero Kajantie
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Population Health Unit, Helsinki and Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Clinical Medicine Research Unit, MRC Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jørgen K Kanters
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center of Physiological Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Line L Kårhus
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lambertus A L M Kiemeney
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Urology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Margreet Kloppenburg
- Departments of Rheumatology and Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Brigitte Kühnel
- Research Unit Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jari Lahti
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Computational Medicine, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Precision Healthcare University Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Bruno Lapauw
- Department of Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, C. Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Shuo Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David C M Liewald
- Lothian Birth Cohorts, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Allan Linneberg
- Center of Physiological Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesus V T Lominchar
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jian'an Luan
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | | | - Antonela Matana
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Split, School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
| | - Marcel E Meima
- Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- Institute for Human Genetics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ingrid Meulenbelt
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Section Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Braxton D Mitchell
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Baltimore, USA
- Geriatrics Research and Education Clinical Center, Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Line T Møllehave
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Samia Mora
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Silvia Naitza
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 09042, Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Matthias Nauck
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Romana T Netea-Maier
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Raymond Noordam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Casia Nursyifa
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yukinori Okada
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
- Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory of Statistical Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Premium Research Institute for Human Metaverse Medicine (WPI-PRIMe), Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Stefano Onano
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 09042, Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Areti Papadopoulou
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Colin N A Palmer
- Division of Population Health Genomics, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, DD19SY, Dundee, UK
| | - Cristian Pattaro
- Institute for Biomedicine (affiliated with the University of Lübeck), Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Herlev-Gentofte University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Epidemiology, Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry and Epidemiology, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Maik Pietzner
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Computational Medicine, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Precision Healthcare University Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Ozren Polašek
- Department of Public Health, University of Split, School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
- Algebra University College, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Peter P Pramstaller
- Institute for Biomedicine (affiliated with the University of Lübeck), Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Bruce M Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Departments of Epidemiology and Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ante Punda
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Debashree Ray
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Paul Redmond
- Lothian Birth Cohorts, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - J Brent Richards
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Paul M Ridker
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Tom C Russ
- Lothian Birth Cohorts, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Kathleen A Ryan
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Baltimore, USA
| | - Morten Salling Olesen
- Laboratory for Molecular Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ulla T Schultheiss
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Medicine IV - Nephrology and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Elizabeth Selvin
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Moneeza K Siddiqui
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Carlo Sidore
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 09042, Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - P Eline Slagboom
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Section Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thorkild I A Sørensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, Section of Epidemiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Enrique Soto-Pedre
- Division of Population Health Genomics, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, DD19SY, Dundee, UK
| | - Tim D Spector
- The Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, St Thomas' Campus, Lambeth Palace Road, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Beatrice Spedicati
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Sundararajan Srinivasan
- Division of Population Health Genomics, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, DD19SY, Dundee, UK
| | - John M Starr
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David J Stott
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Toshiko Tanaka
- Longitudinal Study Section, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Vesela Torlak
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Stella Trompet
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Johanna Tuhkanen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erik B van den Akker
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Section Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden Computational Biology Center, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Pattern Recognition and Bioinformatics, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Tibbert van den Eynde
- Precision Healthcare University Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Melanie M van der Klauw
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Diana van Heemst
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Charlotte Verroken
- Department of Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, C. Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - W Edward Visser
- Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dina Vojinovic
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Section Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Melanie Waldenberger
- Research Unit Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - John P Walsh
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Stefan Weiss
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Cristen J Willer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Scott G Wilson
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
- The Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, St Thomas' Campus, Lambeth Palace Road, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Bruce H R Wolffenbuttel
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hanneke J C M Wouters
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Margaret J Wright
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Qiong Yang
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tatijana Zemunik
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Split, School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Wei Zhou
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Gu Zhu
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Sebastian Zöllner
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Johannes W A Smit
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Robin P Peeters
- Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Köttgen
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- CIBSS - Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475, Greifswald, Germany.
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
- Department of Population Medicine and Lifestyle Diseases Prevention, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Marco Medici
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Graham SE, Clarke SL, Wu KHH, Kanoni S, Zajac GJM, Ramdas S, Surakka I, Ntalla I, Vedantam S, Winkler TW, Locke AE, Marouli E, Hwang MY, Han S, Narita A, Choudhury A, Bentley AR, Ekoru K, Verma A, Trivedi B, Martin HC, Hunt KA, Hui Q, Klarin D, Zhu X, Thorleifsson G, Helgadottir A, Gudbjartsson DF, Holm H, Olafsson I, Akiyama M, Sakaue S, Terao C, Kanai M, Zhou W, Brumpton BM, Rasheed H, Ruotsalainen SE, Havulinna AS, Veturi Y, Feng Q, Rosenthal EA, Lingren T, Pacheco JA, Pendergrass SA, Haessler J, Giulianini F, Bradford Y, Miller JE, Campbell A, Lin K, Millwood IY, Hindy G, Rasheed A, Faul JD, Zhao W, Weir DR, Turman C, Huang H, Graff M, Mahajan A, Brown MR, Zhang W, Yu K, Schmidt EM, Pandit A, Gustafsson S, Yin X, Luan J, Zhao JH, Matsuda F, Jang HM, Yoon K, Medina-Gomez C, Pitsillides A, Hottenga JJ, Willemsen G, Wood AR, Ji Y, Gao Z, Haworth S, Mitchell RE, Chai JF, Aadahl M, Yao J, Manichaikul A, Warren HR, Ramirez J, Bork-Jensen J, Kårhus LL, Goel A, Sabater-Lleal M, Noordam R, Sidore C, Fiorillo E, McDaid AF, Marques-Vidal P, Wielscher M, Trompet S, Sattar N, Møllehave LT, Thuesen BH, Munz M, Zeng L, Huang J, Yang B, Poveda A, Kurbasic A, Lamina C, Forer L, Scholz M, Galesloot TE, Bradfield JP, Daw EW, Zmuda JM, Mitchell JS, Fuchsberger C, Christensen H, Brody JA, Feitosa MF, Wojczynski MK, Preuss M, Mangino M, Christofidou P, Verweij N, Benjamins JW, Engmann J, Kember RL, Slieker RC, Lo KS, Zilhao NR, Le P, Kleber ME, Delgado GE, Huo S, Ikeda DD, Iha H, Yang J, Liu J, Leonard HL, Marten J, Schmidt B, Arendt M, Smyth LJ, Cañadas-Garre M, Wang C, Nakatochi M, Wong A, Hutri-Kähönen N, Sim X, Xia R, Huerta-Chagoya A, Fernandez-Lopez JC, Lyssenko V, Ahmed M, Jackson AU, Yousri NA, Irvin MR, Oldmeadow C, Kim HN, Ryu S, Timmers PRHJ, Arbeeva L, Dorajoo R, Lange LA, Chai X, Prasad G, Lorés-Motta L, Pauper M, Long J, Li X, Theusch E, Takeuchi F, Spracklen CN, Loukola A, Bollepalli S, Warner SC, Wang YX, Wei WB, Nutile T, Ruggiero D, Sung YJ, Hung YJ, Chen S, Liu F, Yang J, Kentistou KA, Gorski M, Brumat M, Meidtner K, Bielak LF, Smith JA, Hebbar P, Farmaki AE, Hofer E, Lin M, Xue C, Zhang J, Concas MP, Vaccargiu S, van der Most PJ, Pitkänen N, Cade BE, Lee J, van der Laan SW, Chitrala KN, Weiss S, Zimmermann ME, Lee JY, Choi HS, Nethander M, Freitag-Wolf S, Southam L, Rayner NW, Wang CA, Lin SY, Wang JS, Couture C, Lyytikäinen LP, Nikus K, Cuellar-Partida G, Vestergaard H, Hildalgo B, Giannakopoulou O, Cai Q, Obura MO, van Setten J, Li X, Schwander K, Terzikhan N, Shin JH, Jackson RD, Reiner AP, Martin LW, Chen Z, Li L, Highland HM, Young KL, Kawaguchi T, Thiery J, Bis JC, Nadkarni GN, Launer LJ, Li H, Nalls MA, Raitakari OT, Ichihara S, Wild SH, Nelson CP, Campbell H, Jäger S, Nabika T, Al-Mulla F, Niinikoski H, Braund PS, Kolcic I, Kovacs P, Giardoglou T, Katsuya T, Bhatti KF, de Kleijn D, de Borst GJ, Kim EK, Adams HHH, Ikram MA, Zhu X, Asselbergs FW, Kraaijeveld AO, Beulens JWJ, Shu XO, Rallidis LS, Pedersen O, Hansen T, Mitchell P, Hewitt AW, Kähönen M, Pérusse L, Bouchard C, Tönjes A, Chen YDI, Pennell CE, Mori TA, Lieb W, Franke A, Ohlsson C, Mellström D, Cho YS, Lee H, Yuan JM, Koh WP, Rhee SY, Woo JT, Heid IM, Stark KJ, Völzke H, Homuth G, Evans MK, Zonderman AB, Polasek O, Pasterkamp G, Hoefer IE, Redline S, Pahkala K, Oldehinkel AJ, Snieder H, Biino G, Schmidt R, Schmidt H, Chen YE, Bandinelli S, Dedoussis G, Thanaraj TA, Kardia SLR, Kato N, Schulze MB, Girotto G, Jung B, Böger CA, Joshi PK, Bennett DA, De Jager PL, Lu X, Mamakou V, Brown M, Caulfield MJ, Munroe PB, Guo X, Ciullo M, Jonas JB, Samani NJ, Kaprio J, Pajukanta P, Adair LS, Bechayda SA, de Silva HJ, Wickremasinghe AR, Krauss RM, Wu JY, Zheng W, den Hollander AI, Bharadwaj D, Correa A, Wilson JG, Lind L, Heng CK, Nelson AE, Golightly YM, Wilson JF, Penninx B, Kim HL, Attia J, Scott RJ, Rao DC, Arnett DK, Hunt SC, Walker M, Koistinen HA, Chandak GR, Yajnik CS, Mercader JM, Tusié-Luna T, Aguilar-Salinas CA, Villalpando CG, Orozco L, Fornage M, Tai ES, van Dam RM, Lehtimäki T, Chaturvedi N, Yokota M, Liu J, Reilly DF, McKnight AJ, Kee F, Jöckel KH, McCarthy MI, Palmer CNA, Vitart V, Hayward C, Simonsick E, van Duijn CM, Lu F, Qu J, Hishigaki H, Lin X, März W, Parra EJ, Cruz M, Gudnason V, Tardif JC, Lettre G, 't Hart LM, Elders PJM, Damrauer SM, Kumari M, Kivimaki M, van der Harst P, Spector TD, Loos RJF, Province MA, Psaty BM, Brandslund I, Pramstaller PP, Christensen K, Ripatti S, Widén E, Hakonarson H, Grant SFA, Kiemeney LALM, de Graaf J, Loeffler M, Kronenberg F, Gu D, Erdmann J, Schunkert H, Franks PW, Linneberg A, Jukema JW, Khera AV, Männikkö M, Jarvelin MR, Kutalik Z, Cucca F, Mook-Kanamori DO, van Dijk KW, Watkins H, Strachan DP, Grarup N, Sever P, Poulter N, Rotter JI, Dantoft TM, Karpe F, Neville MJ, Timpson NJ, Cheng CY, Wong TY, Khor CC, Sabanayagam C, Peters A, Gieger C, Hattersley AT, Pedersen NL, Magnusson PKE, Boomsma DI, de Geus EJC, Cupples LA, van Meurs JBJ, Ghanbari M, Gordon-Larsen P, Huang W, Kim YJ, Tabara Y, Wareham NJ, Langenberg C, Zeggini E, Kuusisto J, Laakso M, Ingelsson E, Abecasis G, Chambers JC, Kooner JS, de Vries PS, Morrison AC, North KE, Daviglus M, Kraft P, Martin NG, Whitfield JB, Abbas S, Saleheen D, Walters RG, Holmes MV, Black C, Smith BH, Justice AE, Baras A, Buring JE, Ridker PM, Chasman DI, Kooperberg C, Wei WQ, Jarvik GP, Namjou B, Hayes MG, Ritchie MD, Jousilahti P, Salomaa V, Hveem K, Åsvold BO, Kubo M, Kamatani Y, Okada Y, Murakami Y, Thorsteinsdottir U, Stefansson K, Ho YL, Lynch JA, Rader DJ, Tsao PS, Chang KM, Cho K, O'Donnell CJ, Gaziano JM, Wilson P, Rotimi CN, Hazelhurst S, Ramsay M, Trembath RC, van Heel DA, Tamiya G, Yamamoto M, Kim BJ, Mohlke KL, Frayling TM, Hirschhorn JN, Kathiresan S, Boehnke M, Natarajan P, Peloso GM, Brown CD, Morris AP, Assimes TL, Deloukas P, Sun YV, Willer CJ. Author Correction: The power of genetic diversity in genome-wide association studies of lipids. Nature 2023; 618:E19-E20. [PMID: 37237109 PMCID: PMC10355188 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06194-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Graham
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Shoa L Clarke
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kuan-Han H Wu
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Stavroula Kanoni
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Greg J M Zajac
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistics Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Shweta Ramdas
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ida Surakka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ioanna Ntalla
- Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Sailaja Vedantam
- Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Thomas W Winkler
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Adam E Locke
- McDonnell Genome Institute and Department of Medicine, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Eirini Marouli
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Mi Yeong Hwang
- Department of Precision Medicine, Division of Genome Science, National Institute of Health, Cheongju-si, South Korea
| | - Sohee Han
- Department of Precision Medicine, Division of Genome Science, National Institute of Health, Cheongju-si, South Korea
| | - Akira Narita
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ananyo Choudhury
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Amy R Bentley
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kenneth Ekoru
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anurag Verma
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bhavi Trivedi
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Karen A Hunt
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Qin Hui
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Atlanta VA Health Care System, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Derek Klarin
- Malcolm Randall VA Medical Center, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Xiang Zhu
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Statistics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Daniel F Gudbjartsson
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland
- School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Hilma Holm
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Isleifur Olafsson
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Landspitali-National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Masato Akiyama
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Saori Sakaue
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chikashi Terao
- Laboratory for Statistical and Translational Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kanai
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ben M Brumpton
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Humaira Rasheed
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Sanni E Ruotsalainen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aki S Havulinna
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yogasudha Veturi
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Biomedical Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - QiPing Feng
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Elisabeth A Rosenthal
- Department of Medicine (Medical Genetics), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Todd Lingren
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Jeffrey Haessler
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Division of Public Health Sciences, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Franco Giulianini
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yuki Bradford
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Biomedical Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jason E Miller
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Biomedical Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Archie Campbell
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
- Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kuang Lin
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Iona Y Millwood
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - George Hindy
- Department of Population Medicine, Qatar University College of Medicine, QU Health, Doha, Qatar
| | - Asif Rasheed
- Center for Non-Communicable Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Jessica D Faul
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David R Weir
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Constance Turman
- Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hongyan Huang
- Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mariaelisa Graff
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Anubha Mahajan
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Michael R Brown
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital, London North West University Healthcare NHS Trust, Southall, UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Ketian Yu
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ellen M Schmidt
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Anita Pandit
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Stefan Gustafsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Xianyong Yin
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jian'an Luan
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jing-Hua Zhao
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - Fumihiko Matsuda
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hye-Mi Jang
- Department of Precision Medicine, Division of Genome Science, National Institute of Health, Cheongju-si, South Korea
| | - Kyungheon Yoon
- Department of Precision Medicine, Division of Genome Science, National Institute of Health, Cheongju-si, South Korea
| | - Carolina Medina-Gomez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Achilleas Pitsillides
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jouke Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, Behavioral and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health, VU Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, Behavioral and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew R Wood
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Yingji Ji
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Zishan Gao
- Department of Clinical Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Simon Haworth
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ruth E Mitchell
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jin Fang Chai
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mette Aadahl
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jie Yao
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovations (Formerly LABioMed) at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Ani Manichaikul
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Helen R Warren
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, John Vane Science Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- NIHR Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Centre, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Julia Ramirez
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, John Vane Science Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Jette Bork-Jensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Line L Kårhus
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anuj Goel
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Maria Sabater-Lleal
- Group of Genomics of Complex Diseases, Research Institute of Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Raymond Noordam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Carlo Sidore
- Institute for Genetic and Biomedical Research, Italian National Council of Research (IRGB CNR), Cagliari,, Italy
| | - Edoardo Fiorillo
- Institute for Genetic and Biomedical Research, Italian National Council of Research (IRGB CNR), Lanusei, Italy
| | - Aaron F McDaid
- University Center for Primary Care and Public Health, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pedro Marques-Vidal
- Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Wielscher
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Stella Trompet
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Naveed Sattar
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Glasgow, UK
| | - Line T Møllehave
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Betina H Thuesen
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matthias Munz
- Institute for Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, DZHK (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, University Heart Center Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Periodontology and Synoptic Dentistry, Berlin Institute of Health, Institute for Dental and Craniofacial Sciences, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lingyao Zeng
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik für Herz- und Kreislauferkrankungen, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung (DZHK), Partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Jianfeng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Department of Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Department of Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Claudia Lamina
- Department of Genetics and Pharmacology, Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- German Chronic Kidney Disease Study, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lukas Forer
- Department of Genetics and Pharmacology, Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- German Chronic Kidney Disease Study, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Markus Scholz
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- LIFE Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tessel E Galesloot
- Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - E Warwick Daw
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joseph M Zmuda
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jonathan S Mitchell
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Christian Fuchsberger
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Henry Christensen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Lillebaelt Hospital, Vejle, Denmark
| | - Jennifer A Brody
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mary F Feitosa
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mary K Wojczynski
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael Preuss
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St Thomas' Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Niek Verweij
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan W Benjamins
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jorgen Engmann
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Rachel L Kember
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Roderick C Slieker
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ken Sin Lo
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Phuong Le
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto at Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marcus E Kleber
- Vth Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Synlab MVZ Humangenetik Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Graciela E Delgado
- Vth Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Shaofeng Huo
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Daisuke D Ikeda
- Biomedical Technology Research Center, Tokushima Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Iha
- Biomedical Technology Research Center, Tokushima Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Jian Yang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Institute for Advanced Research, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Hampton L Leonard
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Data Tecnica International, Glen Echo, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan Marten
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Börge Schmidt
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometrie and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Marina Arendt
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometrie and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Department of Computer Science, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Laura J Smyth
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | | | - Chaolong Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Masahiro Nakatochi
- Public Health Informatics Unit, Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Andrew Wong
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, London, UK
| | - Nina Hutri-Kähönen
- Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Xueling Sim
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rui Xia
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alicia Huerta-Chagoya
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Juan Carlos Fernandez-Lopez
- Departamento de Genómica Computacional, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Valeriya Lyssenko
- Center for Diabetes Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Lund University Diabetes Center, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden
| | - Meraj Ahmed
- Genomic Research on Complex Diseases (GRC Group), CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Anne U Jackson
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistics Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Noha A Yousri
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Computer and Systems Engineering, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Marguerite R Irvin
- Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - Han-Na Kim
- Medical Research Institute, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Clinical Research Design and Evaluation, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seungho Ryu
- Center for Cohort Studies, Total Healthcare Center, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Paul R H J Timmers
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Liubov Arbeeva
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Rajkumar Dorajoo
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Leslie A Lange
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Xiaoran Chai
- Ocular Epidemiology, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gauri Prasad
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Laura Lorés-Motta
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marc Pauper
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jirong Long
- Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Xiaohui Li
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovations (Formerly LABioMed) at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Theusch
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, Oakland, CA,, USA
| | | | - Cassandra N Spracklen
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, MA,, USA
| | - Anu Loukola
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sailalitha Bollepalli
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sophie C Warner
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Ya Xing Wang
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen B Wei
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Teresa Nutile
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati-Traverso"-CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Ruggiero
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati-Traverso"-CNR, Naples, Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
| | - Yun Ju Sung
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yi-Jen Hung
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tri-Service General Hospital Songshan Branch, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shufeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Department of Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Fangchao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Department of Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyun Yang
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Katherine A Kentistou
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mathias Gorski
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Marco Brumat
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Karina Meidtner
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Lawrence F Bielak
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jennifer A Smith
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Prashantha Hebbar
- Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait, Kuwait
| | - Aliki-Eleni Farmaki
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Department of Population Science and Experimental Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Edith Hofer
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Maoxuan Lin
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Chao Xue
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Maria Pina Concas
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Simona Vaccargiu
- Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research, National Research Council of Italy, UOS of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Peter J van der Most
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Niina Pitkänen
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Brian E Cade
- Sleep Medicine and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jiwon Lee
- Sleep Medicine and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sander W van der Laan
- Central Diagnostics Laboratory, Division Laboratories, Pharmacy, and Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kumaraswamy Naidu Chitrala
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Science, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, NIH Biomedical Research Center, NIA, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stefan Weiss
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald and University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Martina E Zimmermann
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Hyeok Sun Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Maria Nethander
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sandra Freitag-Wolf
- Institute of Medical Informatics and Statistics, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Lorraine Southam
- Institute of Translational Genomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Nigel W Rayner
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Institute of Translational Genomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism, Oxford, UK
| | - Carol A Wang
- School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Shih-Yi Lin
- Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Sing Wang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Kjell Nikus
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Cardiology, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Gabriel Cuellar-Partida
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Henrik Vestergaard
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Medicine, Bornholms Hospital, Ronne, Denmark
| | - Bertha Hildalgo
- School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Olga Giannakopoulou
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Qiuyin Cai
- Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Morgan O Obura
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jessica van Setten
- Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Xiaoyin Li
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Karen Schwander
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Natalie Terzikhan
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jae Hun Shin
- Department of Biomedical Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | | | | | - Lisa Warsinger Martin
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Zhengming Chen
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Liming Li
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Heather M Highland
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kristin L Young
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Takahisa Kawaguchi
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Joachim Thiery
- LIFE Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Joshua C Bis
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Girish N Nadkarni
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lenore J Launer
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Huaixing Li
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Mike A Nalls
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Data Tecnica International, Glen Echo, MD, USA
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Sahoko Ichihara
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Sarah H Wild
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Christopher P Nelson
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Harry Campbell
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Susanne Jäger
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Toru Nabika
- Department of Functional Pathology, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | - Fahd Al-Mulla
- Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait, Kuwait
| | - Harri Niinikoski
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Physiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Peter S Braund
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Ivana Kolcic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Peter Kovacs
- Medical Department III-Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tota Giardoglou
- Department of Nutrition-Dietetics, Harokopio University, Eleftheriou Venizelou, Athens, Greece
| | - Tomohiro Katsuya
- Department of Clinical Gene Therapy, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Konain Fatima Bhatti
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Dominique de Kleijn
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Division of Surgical Specialties, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gert J de Borst
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Division of Surgical Specialties, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eung Kweon Kim
- Corneal Dystrophy Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hieab H H Adams
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Xiaofeng Zhu
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Folkert W Asselbergs
- Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan O Kraaijeveld
- Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joline W J Beulens
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Xiao-Ou Shu
- Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Loukianos S Rallidis
- Second Department of Cardiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Torben Hansen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Paul Mitchell
- Center for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and The Westmead Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alex W Hewitt
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Louis Pérusse
- Department of Kinesiology, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Anke Tönjes
- Medical Department III-Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Yii-Der Ida Chen
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovations (Formerly LABioMed) at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Craig E Pennell
- School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Trevor A Mori
- Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Wolfgang Lieb
- Institute of Epidemiology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Andre Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Drug Treatment, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Dan Mellström
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Geriatric Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yoon Shin Cho
- Department of Biomedical Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Hyejin Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jian-Min Yuan
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Woon-Puay Koh
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sang Youl Rhee
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong-Taek Woo
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Iris M Heid
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Klaus J Stark
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Georg Homuth
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald and University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Michele K Evans
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Science, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, NIH Biomedical Research Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alan B Zonderman
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Science, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, NIH Biomedical Research Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ozren Polasek
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Gerard Pasterkamp
- Central Diagnostics Laboratory, Division Laboratories, Pharmacy, and Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Imo E Hoefer
- Central Diagnostics Laboratory, Division Laboratories, Pharmacy, and Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Susan Redline
- Sleep Medicine and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Katja Pahkala
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Paavo Nurmi Centre, Sports and Exercise Medicine Unit, Department of Physical Activity and Health, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Albertine J Oldehinkel
- Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ginevra Biino
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council of Italy, Pavia, Italy
| | - Reinhold Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Helena Schmidt
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Y Eugene Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - George Dedoussis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Sharon L R Kardia
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Norihiro Kato
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Matthias B Schulze
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Giorgia Girotto
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Bettina Jung
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Carsten A Böger
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Nephrology, Diabetology, Rheumatology, Traunstein Hospital, Traunstein, Germany
- KfH Kidney Center Traunstein, Traunstein, Germany
| | - Peter K Joshi
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Philip L De Jager
- Center for Translational and Systems Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Xiangfeng Lu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Department of Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Vasiliki Mamakou
- Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University Athens, Athens, Greece
- Dromokaiteio Psychiatric Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Morris Brown
- NIHR Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Centre, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Mark J Caulfield
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, John Vane Science Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- NIHR Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Centre, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Patricia B Munroe
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, John Vane Science Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- NIHR Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Centre, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Xiuqing Guo
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovations (Formerly LABioMed) at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Marina Ciullo
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati-Traverso"-CNR, Naples, Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
| | - Jost B Jonas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nilesh J Samani
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Päivi Pajukanta
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Linda S Adair
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sonny Augustin Bechayda
- USC-Office of Population Studies Foundation, University of San Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines
- Department of Anthropology, Sociology, and History, University of San Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines
| | - H Janaka de Silva
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Ronald M Krauss
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jer-Yuarn Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei Zheng
- Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Anneke I den Hollander
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dwaipayan Bharadwaj
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology Campus, New Delhi, India
- Systems Genomics Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Adolfo Correa
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - James G Wilson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Chew-Kiat Heng
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Amanda E Nelson
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yvonne M Golightly
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Division of Physical Therapy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - James F Wilson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Brenda Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hyung-Lae Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - John Attia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rodney J Scott
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - D C Rao
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Donna K Arnett
- University of Kentucky, College of Public Health, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Steven C Hunt
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Mark Walker
- Institute of Cellular Medicine (Diabetes), The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Heikki A Koistinen
- Department of Population Health, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- University of Helsinki and Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Giriraj R Chandak
- Genomic Research on Complex Diseases (GRC Group), CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
| | | | - Josep M Mercader
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Programs in Metabolism and Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Diabetes Unit and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Teresa Tusié-Luna
- Unidad de Biología Molecular y Medicina Genómica, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico, Mexico
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Ciudad de México, Mexico, Mexico
- Unidad de Biología Molecular y Medicina Genómica, Instituto de Investigaciones Bimédicas UNAM/ Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Carlos A Aguilar-Salinas
- Departamento de Endocrinología y Metabolismo, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico, Mexico
- Dirección de Nutrición and Unidad de Estudios de Enfermedades Metabólicas, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico, Mexico
| | | | - Lorena Orozco
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Myriam Fornage
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - E Shyong Tai
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rob M van Dam
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | | | | | - Jianjun Liu
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | - Frank Kee
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Karl-Heinz Jöckel
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometrie and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Colin N A Palmer
- Population Health and Genomics, University of Dundee, Ninwells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Veronique Vitart
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Eleanor Simonsick
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Fan Lu
- The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jia Qu
- The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Haretsugu Hishigaki
- Biomedical Technology Research Center, Tokushima Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Xu Lin
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Winfried März
- Vth Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Synlab Academy, Synlab, Mannheim, Germany
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Esteban J Parra
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto at Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Miguel Cruz
- Unidad de Investigacion Medica en Bioquimica, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Jean-Claude Tardif
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medecine, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Guillaume Lettre
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Leen M 't Hart
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Section Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Petra J M Elders
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of General Practice and Elderly Care, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Scott M Damrauer
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Meena Kumari
- Institute of Social and Economic Research, University of Essex, Essex, UK
| | - Mika Kivimaki
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Pim van der Harst
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tim D Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ruth J F Loos
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael A Province
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Bruce M Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Kaiser Permanent Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ivan Brandslund
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Lillebaelt Hospital, Vejle, Denmark
- Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Peter P Pramstaller
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Kaare Christensen
- Danish Aging Research Center, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Samuli Ripatti
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Elisabeth Widén
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Struan F A Grant
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lambertus A L M Kiemeney
- Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline de Graaf
- Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Markus Loeffler
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- LIFE Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Florian Kronenberg
- German Chronic Kidney Disease Study, Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Genetics and Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dongfeng Gu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Department of Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jeanette Erdmann
- Institute for Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, DZHK (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, and University Heart Center Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Heribert Schunkert
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik für Herz- und Kreislauferkrankungen, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung (DZHK) e.V., Partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Allan Linneberg
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Amit V Khera
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Program of Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Minna Männikkö
- Northern Finland Birth Cohorts, Infrastructure for Population Studies, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Biocenter of Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Zoltan Kutalik
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
- University Center for Primary Care and Public Health, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Cucca
- Institute for Genetic and Biomedical Research, Italian National Council of Research (IRGB CNR), Cagliari, Italy
- University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Dennis O Mook-Kanamori
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ko Willems van Dijk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hugh Watkins
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David P Strachan
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's University of London, London, UK
| | - Niels Grarup
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Sever
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Neil Poulter
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovations (Formerly LABioMed) at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Thomas M Dantoft
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fredrik Karpe
- OCDEM, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Matt J Neville
- OCDEM, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicholas J Timpson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ching-Yu Cheng
- Ocular Epidemiology, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program (Eye ACP), Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tien-Yin Wong
- Ocular Epidemiology, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program (Eye ACP), Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chiea Chuen Khor
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Charumathi Sabanayagam
- Ocular Epidemiology, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program (Eye ACP), Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Munich Heart Alliance Partner Site, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Gieger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Nancy L Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patrik K E Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Behavioral and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health, VU Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development Research Institute, VU Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eco J C de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, Behavioral and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L Adrienne Cupples
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Framingham Heart Study, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joyce B J van Meurs
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mohsen Ghanbari
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Penny Gordon-Larsen
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Genetics, Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Young Jin Kim
- Department of Precision Medicine, Division of Genome Science, National Institute of Health, Cheongju-si, South Korea
| | - Yasuharu Tabara
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Eleftheria Zeggini
- Institute of Translational Genomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM) and Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Johanna Kuusisto
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Markku Laakso
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Goncalo Abecasis
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - John C Chambers
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital, London North West University Healthcare NHS Trust, Southall, UK
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jaspal S Kooner
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital, London North West University Healthcare NHS Trust, Southall, UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Paul S de Vries
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alanna C Morrison
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kari E North
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Martha Daviglus
- Institute for Minority Health Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Peter Kraft
- Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - John B Whitfield
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Shahid Abbas
- Center for Non-Communicable Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan
- Faisalabad Institute of Cardiology, Faislabad, Pakistan
| | - Danish Saleheen
- Center for Non-Communicable Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Cardiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robin G Walters
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Michael V Holmes
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, UK
| | - Corri Black
- Aberdeen Centre for Health Data Science, School of Medicine, Medical Science and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Blair H Smith
- Division of Population Health and Genomics, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Anne E Justice
- Biomedical and Translational Informatics, Geisinger Health, Danville, PA, USA
| | - Aris Baras
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Julie E Buring
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul M Ridker
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel I Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Charles Kooperberg
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Division of Public Health Sciences, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Wei-Qi Wei
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Gail P Jarvik
- Departments of Medicine (Medical Genetics) and Genome Sciences, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Bahram Namjou
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC), Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - M Geoffrey Hayes
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Marylyn D Ritchie
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Biomedical Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Pekka Jousilahti
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kristian Hveem
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
- Department of Medicine, Levanger Hospital, Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Levanger, Norway
| | - Bjørn Olav Åsvold
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
- Department of Endocrinology, St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Michiaki Kubo
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Kamatani
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Laboratory of Complex Trait Genomics, Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukinori Okada
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Statistical Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Murakami
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Unnur Thorsteinsdottir
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Yuk-Lam Ho
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julie A Lynch
- VA Informatics and Computing Infrastructure, VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel J Rader
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Philip S Tsao
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kyong-Mi Chang
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kelly Cho
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christopher J O'Donnell
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John M Gaziano
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter Wilson
- Atlanta VA Medical Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Charles N Rotimi
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Scott Hazelhurst
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Michèle Ramsay
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Division of Human Genetics, National Health Laboratory Service and School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Richard C Trembath
- School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - David A van Heel
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Gen Tamiya
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Bong-Jo Kim
- Department of Precision Medicine, Division of Genome Science, National Institute of Health, Cheongju-si, South Korea
| | - Karen L Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Timothy M Frayling
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Joel N Hirschhorn
- Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sekar Kathiresan
- Program of Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistics Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Pradeep Natarajan
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gina M Peloso
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christopher D Brown
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andrew P Morris
- Centre for Genetics and Genomics Versus Arthritis, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Themistocles L Assimes
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Panos Deloukas
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- NIHR Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Centre, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders (PACER-HD), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yan V Sun
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Atlanta VA Health Care System, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Cristen J Willer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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3
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Zajac GJM, Gagliano Taliun SA, Sidore C, Graham SE, Åsvold BO, Brumpton B, Nielsen JB, Zhou W, Gabrielsen M, Skogholt AH, Fritsche LG, Schlessinger D, Cucca F, Hveem K, Willer CJ, Abecasis GR. A fast linkage method for population GWAS cohorts with related individuals. Genet Epidemiol 2023; 47:231-248. [PMID: 36739617 PMCID: PMC10027464 DOI: 10.1002/gepi.22516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Linkage analysis, a class of methods for detecting co-segregation of genomic segments and traits in families, was used to map disease-causing genes for decades before genotyping arrays and dense SNP genotyping enabled genome-wide association studies in population samples. Population samples often contain related individuals, but the segregation of alleles within families is rarely used because traditional linkage methods are computationally inefficient for larger datasets. Here, we describe Population Linkage, a novel application of Haseman-Elston regression as a method of moments estimator of variance components and their standard errors. We achieve additional computational efficiency by using modern methods for detection of IBD segments and variance component estimation, efficient preprocessing of input data, and minimizing redundant numerical calculations. We also refined variance component models to account for the biases in population-scale methods for IBD segment detection. We ran Population Linkage on four blood lipid traits in over 70,000 individuals from the HUNT and SardiNIA studies, successfully detecting 25 known genetic signals. One notable linkage signal that appeared in both was for low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels in the region near the gene APOE (LOD = 29.3, variance explained = 4.1%). This is the region where the missense variants rs7412 and rs429358, which together make up the ε2, ε3, and ε4 alleles each account for 2.4% and 0.8% of variation in circulating LDL cholesterol. Our results show the potential for linkage analysis and other large-scale applications of method of moments variance components estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory JM Zajac
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Sarah A Gagliano Taliun
- Department of Medicine and Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
- Montréal Heart Institute, Montréal, QC H1T 1C8, Canada
| | - Carlo Sidore
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica - CNR, Cagliari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Sarah E Graham
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Bjørn Olav Åsvold
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Endocrinology, Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger 7600, Norway
| | - Ben Brumpton
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger 7600, Norway
- Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jonas B Nielsen
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA
| | - Maiken Gabrielsen
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anne Heidi Skogholt
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Lars G Fritsche
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | - Francesco Cucca
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica - CNR, Cagliari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Kristian Hveem
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger 7600, Norway
- Department of Medicine, Levanger Hospital, Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Levanger 7600, Norway
| | - Cristen J Willer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Gonçalo R Abecasis
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI
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4
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Marongiu M, Pérez-Mejías G, Orrù V, Steri M, Sidore C, Díaz-Quintana A, Mulas A, Busonero F, Maschio A, Walter K, Tardaguila M, Akbari P, Soranzo N, Fiorillo E, Gorospe M, Schlessinger D, Díaz-Moreno I, Cucca F, Zoledziewska M. GWAS of genetic factors affecting white blood cell morphological parameters in Sardinians uncovers influence of chromosome 11 innate immunity gene cluster on eosinophil morphology. Hum Mol Genet 2023; 32:790-797. [PMID: 36136759 PMCID: PMC9941829 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddac238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Few genome-wide association studies (GWAS) analyzing genetic regulation of morphological traits of white blood cells have been reported. We carried out a GWAS of 12 morphological traits in 869 individuals from the general population of Sardinia, Italy. These traits, included measures of cell volume, conductivity and light scatter in four white-cell populations (eosinophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils). This analysis yielded seven statistically significant signals, four of which were novel (four novel, PRG2, P2RX3, two of CDK6). Five signals were replicated in the independent INTERVAL cohort of 11 822 individuals. The most interesting signal with large effect size on eosinophil scatter (P-value = 8.33 x 10-32, beta = -1.651, se = 0.1351) falls within the innate immunity cluster on chromosome 11, and is located in the PRG2 gene. Computational analyses revealed that a rare, Sardinian-specific PRG2:p.Ser148Pro mutation modifies PRG2 amino acid contacts and protein dynamics in a manner that could possibly explain the changes observed in eosinophil morphology. Our discoveries shed light on genetics of morphological traits. For the first time, we describe such large effect size on eosinophils morphology that is relatively frequent in Sardinian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Marongiu
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 09042 Monserrato, Sardinia, Italy
| | - Gonzalo Pérez-Mejías
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ)- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja), Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Valeria Orrù
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 09042 Monserrato, Sardinia, Italy
| | - Maristella Steri
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 09042 Monserrato, Sardinia, Italy
| | - Carlo Sidore
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 09042 Monserrato, Sardinia, Italy
| | - Antonio Díaz-Quintana
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ)- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja), Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Antonella Mulas
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 09042 Monserrato, Sardinia, Italy
| | - Fabio Busonero
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 09042 Monserrato, Sardinia, Italy
| | - Andrea Maschio
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 09042 Monserrato, Sardinia, Italy
| | - Klaudia Walter
- Human Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, Cambridge, UK
| | - Manuel Tardaguila
- Human Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, Cambridge, UK
| | - Parsa Akbari
- Human Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, Cambridge, UK
- British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Wort’s Causeway, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
- Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute of Public Health, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0SR, UK
- The National Institute for Health Research Blood and Transplant Unit in Donor Health and Genomics, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Wort’s Causeway, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Nicole Soranzo
- Human Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, Cambridge, UK
- The National Institute for Health Research Blood and Transplant Unit in Donor Health and Genomics, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Wort’s Causeway, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
- Department of Hematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- Genomics Research Centre, Human Technopole, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Edoardo Fiorillo
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 09042 Monserrato, Sardinia, Italy
| | - Myriam Gorospe
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging (NIA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - David Schlessinger
- British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Wort’s Causeway, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Irene Díaz-Moreno
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ)- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja), Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Francesco Cucca
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 09042 Monserrato, Sardinia, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Sassari University, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Magdalena Zoledziewska
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 09042 Monserrato, Sardinia, Italy
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5
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Yengo L, Vedantam S, Marouli E, Sidorenko J, Bartell E, Sakaue S, Graff M, Eliasen AU, Jiang Y, Raghavan S, Miao J, Arias JD, Graham SE, Mukamel RE, Spracklen CN, Yin X, Chen SH, Ferreira T, Highland HH, Ji Y, Karaderi T, Lin K, Lüll K, Malden DE, Medina-Gomez C, Machado M, Moore A, Rüeger S, Sim X, Vrieze S, Ahluwalia TS, Akiyama M, Allison MA, Alvarez M, Andersen MK, Ani A, Appadurai V, Arbeeva L, Bhaskar S, Bielak LF, Bollepalli S, Bonnycastle LL, Bork-Jensen J, Bradfield JP, Bradford Y, Braund PS, Brody JA, Burgdorf KS, Cade BE, Cai H, Cai Q, Campbell A, Cañadas-Garre M, Catamo E, Chai JF, Chai X, Chang LC, Chang YC, Chen CH, Chesi A, Choi SH, Chung RH, Cocca M, Concas MP, Couture C, Cuellar-Partida G, Danning R, Daw EW, Degenhard F, Delgado GE, Delitala A, Demirkan A, Deng X, Devineni P, Dietl A, Dimitriou M, Dimitrov L, Dorajoo R, Ekici AB, Engmann JE, Fairhurst-Hunter Z, Farmaki AE, Faul JD, Fernandez-Lopez JC, Forer L, Francescatto M, Freitag-Wolf S, Fuchsberger C, Galesloot TE, Gao Y, Gao Z, Geller F, Giannakopoulou O, Giulianini F, Gjesing AP, Goel A, Gordon SD, Gorski M, Grove J, Guo X, Gustafsson S, Haessler J, Hansen TF, Havulinna AS, Haworth SJ, He J, Heard-Costa N, Hebbar P, Hindy G, Ho YLA, Hofer E, Holliday E, Horn K, Hornsby WE, Hottenga JJ, Huang H, Huang J, Huerta-Chagoya A, Huffman JE, Hung YJ, Huo S, Hwang MY, Iha H, Ikeda DD, Isono M, Jackson AU, Jäger S, Jansen IE, Johansson I, Jonas JB, Jonsson A, Jørgensen T, Kalafati IP, Kanai M, Kanoni S, Kårhus LL, Kasturiratne A, Katsuya T, Kawaguchi T, Kember RL, Kentistou KA, Kim HN, Kim YJ, Kleber ME, Knol MJ, Kurbasic A, Lauzon M, Le P, Lea R, Lee JY, Leonard HL, Li SA, Li X, Li X, Liang J, Lin H, Lin SY, Liu J, Liu X, Lo KS, Long J, Lores-Motta L, Luan J, Lyssenko V, Lyytikäinen LP, Mahajan A, Mamakou V, Mangino M, Manichaikul A, Marten J, Mattheisen M, Mavarani L, McDaid AF, Meidtner K, Melendez TL, Mercader JM, Milaneschi Y, Miller JE, Millwood IY, Mishra PP, Mitchell RE, Møllehave LT, Morgan A, Mucha S, Munz M, Nakatochi M, Nelson CP, Nethander M, Nho CW, Nielsen AA, Nolte IM, Nongmaithem SS, Noordam R, Ntalla I, Nutile T, Pandit A, Christofidou P, Pärna K, Pauper M, Petersen ERB, Petersen LV, Pitkänen N, Polašek O, Poveda A, Preuss MH, Pyarajan S, Raffield LM, Rakugi H, Ramirez J, Rasheed A, Raven D, Rayner NW, Riveros C, Rohde R, Ruggiero D, Ruotsalainen SE, Ryan KA, Sabater-Lleal M, Saxena R, Scholz M, Sendamarai A, Shen B, Shi J, Shin JH, Sidore C, Sitlani CM, Slieker RC, Smit RAJ, Smith AV, Smith JA, Smyth LJ, Southam L, Steinthorsdottir V, Sun L, Takeuchi F, Tallapragada DSP, Taylor KD, Tayo BO, Tcheandjieu C, Terzikhan N, Tesolin P, Teumer A, Theusch E, Thompson DJ, Thorleifsson G, Timmers PRHJ, Trompet S, Turman C, Vaccargiu S, van der Laan SW, van der Most PJ, van Klinken JB, van Setten J, Verma SS, Verweij N, Veturi Y, Wang CA, Wang C, Wang L, Wang Z, Warren HR, Bin Wei W, Wickremasinghe AR, Wielscher M, Wiggins KL, Winsvold BS, Wong A, Wu Y, Wuttke M, Xia R, Xie T, Yamamoto K, Yang J, Yao J, Young H, Yousri NA, Yu L, Zeng L, Zhang W, Zhang X, Zhao JH, Zhao W, Zhou W, Zimmermann ME, Zoledziewska M, Adair LS, Adams HHH, Aguilar-Salinas CA, Al-Mulla F, Arnett DK, Asselbergs FW, Åsvold BO, Attia J, Banas B, Bandinelli S, Bennett DA, Bergler T, Bharadwaj D, Biino G, Bisgaard H, Boerwinkle E, Böger CA, Bønnelykke K, Boomsma DI, Børglum AD, Borja JB, Bouchard C, Bowden DW, Brandslund I, Brumpton B, Buring JE, Caulfield MJ, Chambers JC, Chandak GR, Chanock SJ, Chaturvedi N, Chen YDI, Chen Z, Cheng CY, Christophersen IE, Ciullo M, Cole JW, Collins FS, Cooper RS, Cruz M, Cucca F, Cupples LA, Cutler MJ, Damrauer SM, Dantoft TM, de Borst GJ, de Groot LCPGM, De Jager PL, de Kleijn DPV, Janaka de Silva H, Dedoussis GV, den Hollander AI, Du S, Easton DF, Elders PJM, Eliassen AH, Ellinor PT, Elmståhl S, Erdmann J, Evans MK, Fatkin D, Feenstra B, Feitosa MF, Ferrucci L, Ford I, Fornage M, Franke A, Franks PW, Freedman BI, Gasparini P, Gieger C, Girotto G, Goddard ME, Golightly YM, Gonzalez-Villalpando C, Gordon-Larsen P, Grallert H, Grant SFA, Grarup N, Griffiths L, Gudnason V, Haiman C, Hakonarson H, Hansen T, Hartman CA, Hattersley AT, Hayward C, Heckbert SR, Heng CK, Hengstenberg C, Hewitt AW, Hishigaki H, Hoyng CB, Huang PL, Huang W, Hunt SC, Hveem K, Hyppönen E, Iacono WG, Ichihara S, Ikram MA, Isasi CR, Jackson RD, Jarvelin MR, Jin ZB, Jöckel KH, Joshi PK, Jousilahti P, Jukema JW, Kähönen M, Kamatani Y, Kang KD, Kaprio J, Kardia SLR, Karpe F, Kato N, Kee F, Kessler T, Khera AV, Khor CC, Kiemeney LALM, Kim BJ, Kim EK, Kim HL, Kirchhof P, Kivimaki M, Koh WP, Koistinen HA, Kolovou GD, Kooner JS, Kooperberg C, Köttgen A, Kovacs P, Kraaijeveld A, Kraft P, Krauss RM, Kumari M, Kutalik Z, Laakso M, Lange LA, Langenberg C, Launer LJ, Le Marchand L, Lee H, Lee NR, Lehtimäki T, Li H, Li L, Lieb W, Lin X, Lind L, Linneberg A, Liu CT, Liu J, Loeffler M, London B, Lubitz SA, Lye SJ, Mackey DA, Mägi R, Magnusson PKE, Marcus GM, Vidal PM, Martin NG, März W, Matsuda F, McGarrah RW, McGue M, McKnight AJ, Medland SE, Mellström D, Metspalu A, Mitchell BD, Mitchell P, Mook-Kanamori DO, Morris AD, Mucci LA, Munroe PB, Nalls MA, Nazarian S, Nelson AE, Neville MJ, Newton-Cheh C, Nielsen CS, Nöthen MM, Ohlsson C, Oldehinkel AJ, Orozco L, Pahkala K, Pajukanta P, Palmer CNA, Parra EJ, Pattaro C, Pedersen O, Pennell CE, Penninx BWJH, Perusse L, Peters A, Peyser PA, Porteous DJ, Posthuma D, Power C, Pramstaller PP, Province MA, Qi Q, Qu J, Rader DJ, Raitakari OT, Ralhan S, Rallidis LS, Rao DC, Redline S, Reilly DF, Reiner AP, Rhee SY, Ridker PM, Rienstra M, Ripatti S, Ritchie MD, Roden DM, Rosendaal FR, Rotter JI, Rudan I, Rutters F, Sabanayagam C, Saleheen D, Salomaa V, Samani NJ, Sanghera DK, Sattar N, Schmidt B, Schmidt H, Schmidt R, Schulze MB, Schunkert H, Scott LJ, Scott RJ, Sever P, Shiroma EJ, Shoemaker MB, Shu XO, Simonsick EM, Sims M, Singh JR, Singleton AB, Sinner MF, Smith JG, Snieder H, Spector TD, Stampfer MJ, Stark KJ, Strachan DP, 't Hart LM, Tabara Y, Tang H, Tardif JC, Thanaraj TA, Timpson NJ, Tönjes A, Tremblay A, Tuomi T, Tuomilehto J, Tusié-Luna MT, Uitterlinden AG, van Dam RM, van der Harst P, Van der Velde N, van Duijn CM, van Schoor NM, Vitart V, Völker U, Vollenweider P, Völzke H, Wacher-Rodarte NH, Walker M, Wang YX, Wareham NJ, Watanabe RM, Watkins H, Weir DR, Werge TM, Widen E, Wilkens LR, Willemsen G, Willett WC, Wilson JF, Wong TY, Woo JT, Wright AF, Wu JY, Xu H, Yajnik CS, Yokota M, Yuan JM, Zeggini E, Zemel BS, Zheng W, Zhu X, Zmuda JM, Zonderman AB, Zwart JA, Chasman DI, Cho YS, Heid IM, McCarthy MI, Ng MCY, O'Donnell CJ, Rivadeneira F, Thorsteinsdottir U, Sun YV, Tai ES, Boehnke M, Deloukas P, Justice AE, Lindgren CM, Loos RJF, Mohlke KL, North KE, Stefansson K, Walters RG, Winkler TW, Young KL, Loh PR, Yang J, Esko T, Assimes TL, Auton A, Abecasis GR, Willer CJ, Locke AE, Berndt SI, Lettre G, Frayling TM, Okada Y, Wood AR, Visscher PM, Hirschhorn JN. A saturated map of common genetic variants associated with human height. Nature 2022; 610:704-712. [PMID: 36224396 PMCID: PMC9605867 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05275-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are predicted to collectively explain 40-50% of phenotypic variation in human height, but identifying the specific variants and associated regions requires huge sample sizes1. Here, using data from a genome-wide association study of 5.4 million individuals of diverse ancestries, we show that 12,111 independent SNPs that are significantly associated with height account for nearly all of the common SNP-based heritability. These SNPs are clustered within 7,209 non-overlapping genomic segments with a mean size of around 90 kb, covering about 21% of the genome. The density of independent associations varies across the genome and the regions of increased density are enriched for biologically relevant genes. In out-of-sample estimation and prediction, the 12,111 SNPs (or all SNPs in the HapMap 3 panel2) account for 40% (45%) of phenotypic variance in populations of European ancestry but only around 10-20% (14-24%) in populations of other ancestries. Effect sizes, associated regions and gene prioritization are similar across ancestries, indicating that reduced prediction accuracy is likely to be explained by linkage disequilibrium and differences in allele frequency within associated regions. Finally, we show that the relevant biological pathways are detectable with smaller sample sizes than are needed to implicate causal genes and variants. Overall, this study provides a comprehensive map of specific genomic regions that contain the vast majority of common height-associated variants. Although this map is saturated for populations of European ancestry, further research is needed to achieve equivalent saturation in other ancestries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Yengo
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Sailaja Vedantam
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Eirini Marouli
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Julia Sidorenko
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Eric Bartell
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Saori Sakaue
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Divisions of Genetics and Rheumatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marielisa Graff
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Anders U Eliasen
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Section for Bioinformatics, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Sridharan Raghavan
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Eastern Colorado Healthcare System, Aurora, CO, USA
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jenkai Miao
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Joshua D Arias
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Sarah E Graham
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ronen E Mukamel
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cassandra N Spracklen
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Xianyong Yin
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Shyh-Huei Chen
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Teresa Ferreira
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Heather H Highland
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yingjie Ji
- Genetics of Complex Traits, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Tugce Karaderi
- Center for Health Data Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kuang Lin
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kreete Lüll
- Institute of Genomics, Estonian Genome Centre, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Deborah E Malden
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Carolina Medina-Gomez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Moara Machado
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Amy Moore
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, RTI International, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sina Rüeger
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Xueling Sim
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Scott Vrieze
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Tarunveer S Ahluwalia
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Biology, The Bioinformatics Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Masato Akiyama
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Matthew A Allison
- Department of Family Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Marcus Alvarez
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mette K Andersen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alireza Ani
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Bioinformatics, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Vivek Appadurai
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Liubov Arbeeva
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Seema Bhaskar
- Genomic Research on Complex diseases (GRC-Group), CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Lawrence F Bielak
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sailalitha Bollepalli
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lori L Bonnycastle
- Molecular Genetics Section, Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jette Bork-Jensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonathan P Bradfield
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Quantinuum Research, Wayne, PA, USA
| | - Yuki Bradford
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Peter S Braund
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Jennifer A Brody
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kristoffer S Burgdorf
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- NovoNordic Center for Protein Research, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Brian E Cade
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hui Cai
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Qiuyin Cai
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Archie Campbell
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Eulalia Catamo
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS, Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Jin-Fang Chai
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiaoran Chai
- Ocular Epidemiology, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Li-Ching Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Cheng Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, Medical College, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hsiun Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Alessandra Chesi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Spatial and Functional Genomics, Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Seung Hoan Choi
- Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ren-Hua Chung
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Massimiliano Cocca
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS, Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Maria Pina Concas
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS, Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Christian Couture
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gabriel Cuellar-Partida
- 23andMe, Sunnyvale, CA, USA
- Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rebecca Danning
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - E Warwick Daw
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Frauke Degenhard
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Graciela E Delgado
- Vth Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Alessandro Delitala
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Chirurgiche e Sperimentali, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Ayse Demirkan
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Section of Statistical Multi-omics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Xuan Deng
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Poornima Devineni
- Center for Data and Computational Sciences, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexander Dietl
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Maria Dimitriou
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health and Education, Harokopio University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Latchezar Dimitrov
- Center for Precision Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Rajkumar Dorajoo
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Health Services and Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Arif B Ekici
- Institute of Human Genetics, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jorgen E Engmann
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Aliki-Eleni Farmaki
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health and Education, Harokopio University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Jessica D Faul
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Lukas Forer
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Sandra Freitag-Wolf
- Institute of Medical Informatics and Statistics, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christian Fuchsberger
- Eurac Research, Institute for Biomedicine, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Tessel E Galesloot
- Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department for Health Evidence, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Yan Gao
- Jackson Heart Study, Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Zishan Gao
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Frank Geller
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Olga Giannakopoulou
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Franco Giulianini
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anette P Gjesing
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anuj Goel
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Scott D Gordon
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mathias Gorski
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jakob Grove
- Department of Biomedicine (Human Genetics) and iSEQ Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
- BiRC-Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Xiuqing Guo
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey Haessler
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thomas F Hansen
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- NovoNordic Center for Protein Research, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Aki S Havulinna
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Simon J Haworth
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jing He
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Nancy Heard-Costa
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Prashantha Hebbar
- Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - George Hindy
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Yuk-Lam A Ho
- Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edith Hofer
- Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Elizabeth Holliday
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Katrin Horn
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Medical Faculty, Leipzig, Germany
- LIFE Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Medical Faculty, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Whitney E Hornsby
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, Behaviour and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hongyan Huang
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jie Huang
- School of Public Health and Emergency Management, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- Institute for Global Health and Development, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Alicia Huerta-Chagoya
- Programs in Metabolism and Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
- Unidad de Biología Molecular y Medicina Genómica, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Yi-Jen Hung
- Division of Endocrine and Metabolism, Tri-Service General Hospital Songshan Branch, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shaofeng Huo
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Mi Yeong Hwang
- Division of Genome Science, Department of Precision Medicine, National Institute of Health, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hiroyuki Iha
- Biomedical Technology Research Center, Tokushima Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Daisuke D Ikeda
- Biomedical Technology Research Center, Tokushima Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Masato Isono
- Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Anne U Jackson
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Susanne Jäger
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Iris E Jansen
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Pediatric Psychology, Section Complex Trait Genetics, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ingegerd Johansson
- Department of Biobank Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Odontology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jost B Jonas
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Privatpraxis Prof Jonas und Dr Panda-Jonas, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Anna Jonsson
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Torben Jørgensen
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ioanna-Panagiota Kalafati
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health and Education, Harokopio University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Masahiro Kanai
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Stavroula Kanoni
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Line L Kårhus
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Tomohiro Katsuya
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Takahisa Kawaguchi
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Rachel L Kember
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Katherine A Kentistou
- Centre for Global Health, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Han-Na Kim
- Medical Research Institute, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Clinical Research Design and Evaluation (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jin Kim
- Division of Genome Science, Department of Precision Medicine, National Institute of Health, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Marcus E Kleber
- Vth Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- SYNLAB MVZ Humangenetik Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Maria J Knol
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Azra Kurbasic
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Marie Lauzon
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Phuong Le
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto at Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rodney Lea
- Genomics Research Centre, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jong-Young Lee
- Oneomics, Soonchunhyang Mirai Medical Center, Bucheon-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Hampton L Leonard
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Data Tecnica International, Glen Echo, MD, USA
| | - Shengchao A Li
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Xiaohui Li
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Xiaoyin Li
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, St Cloud State University, St Cloud, MN, USA
| | - Jingjing Liang
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Honghuang Lin
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Shih-Yi Lin
- Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jun Liu
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Xueping Liu
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ken Sin Lo
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jirong Long
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Laura Lores-Motta
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jian'an Luan
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Valeriya Lyssenko
- Department of Clinical Science, Center for Diabetes Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center - Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Anubha Mahajan
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Vasiliki Mamakou
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Dromokaiteio Psychiatric Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St Thomas' Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Ani Manichaikul
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jonathan Marten
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Manuel Mattheisen
- Department of Biomedicine (Human Genetics) and iSEQ Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Psychiatry and Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Laven Mavarani
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Aaron F McDaid
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Karina Meidtner
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tori L Melendez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Josep M Mercader
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Programs in Metabolism and Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yuri Milaneschi
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jason E Miller
- Biomedical and Translational Informatics Institute, Geisinger, Danville, PA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Biomedical Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Iona Y Millwood
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Pashupati P Mishra
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center - Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ruth E Mitchell
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Line T Møllehave
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna Morgan
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS, Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Soeren Mucha
- Institute for Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, DZHK (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research) partner site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel and University Heart Center Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Matthias Munz
- Institute for Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, DZHK (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research) partner site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel and University Heart Center Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Masahiro Nakatochi
- Public Health Informatics Unit, Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Christopher P Nelson
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Maria Nethander
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Chu Won Nho
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung Institute of Natural Products, Gangneung, Republic of Korea
| | - Aneta A Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Lillebaelt Hospital, Kolding, Denmark
| | - Ilja M Nolte
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Suraj S Nongmaithem
- Genomic Research on Complex diseases (GRC-Group), CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Raymond Noordam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ioanna Ntalla
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Teresa Nutile
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics A. Buzzati-Traverso, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Anita Pandit
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Katri Pärna
- Institute of Genomics, Estonian Genome Centre, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marc Pauper
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Eva R B Petersen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Hospital of Southern Jutland, Aabenraa, Denmark
| | - Liselotte V Petersen
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
- The National Centre for Register-based Research, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Niina Pitkänen
- Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Ozren Polašek
- Medical School, University of Split, Split, Croatia
- Algebra University College, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Alaitz Poveda
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Michael H Preuss
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Saiju Pyarajan
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Data and Computational Sciences, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laura M Raffield
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Hiromi Rakugi
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Julia Ramirez
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Aragon Institute of Engineering Research, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Asif Rasheed
- Center for Non-Communicable Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Dennis Raven
- Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nigel W Rayner
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Institute of Translational Genomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Carlos Riveros
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rebecca Rohde
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Daniela Ruggiero
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics A. Buzzati-Traverso, CNR, Naples, Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Sanni E Ruotsalainen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kathleen A Ryan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Maria Sabater-Lleal
- Unit of Genomics of Complex Diseases, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Richa Saxena
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Markus Scholz
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Medical Faculty, Leipzig, Germany
- LIFE Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Medical Faculty, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anoop Sendamarai
- Center for Data and Computational Sciences, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Botong Shen
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Jae Hun Shin
- Department of Biomedical Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Carlo Sidore
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Colleen M Sitlani
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Roderick C Slieker
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam UMC, location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roelof A J Smit
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Albert V Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kópavogur, Iceland
| | - Jennifer A Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Laura J Smyth
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Lorraine Southam
- Institute of Translational Genomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | | | - Liang Sun
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Fumihiko Takeuchi
- Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Divya Sri Priyanka Tallapragada
- Genomic Research on Complex diseases (GRC-Group), CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kent D Taylor
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Bamidele O Tayo
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Parkinson School of Health Sciences and Public Health, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Catherine Tcheandjieu
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Natalie Terzikhan
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paola Tesolin
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Elizabeth Theusch
- Cardiology Division, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Deborah J Thompson
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Paul R H J Timmers
- Centre for Global Health, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Stella Trompet
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Constance Turman
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Simona Vaccargiu
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Sander W van der Laan
- Central Diagnostics Laboratory, Division Laboratories, Pharmacy and Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J van der Most
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan B van Klinken
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Core Facility Metabolomics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jessica van Setten
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Shefali S Verma
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Niek Verweij
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yogasudha Veturi
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Carol A Wang
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Chaolong Wang
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lihua Wang
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Zhe Wang
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Helen R Warren
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- NIHR Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Centre, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Wen Bin Wei
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Matthias Wielscher
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kerri L Wiggins
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Bendik S Winsvold
- Department of Research and Innovation, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andrew Wong
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Yang Wu
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Matthias Wuttke
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Medicine IV - Nephrology and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rui Xia
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tian Xie
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ken Yamamoto
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Jingyun Yang
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jie Yao
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Hannah Young
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Noha A Yousri
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Computer and Systems Engineering, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Lei Yu
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lingyao Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, German Heart Centre Munich, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital, London North West University Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Xinyuan Zhang
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jing-Hua Zhao
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Wei Zhou
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Martina E Zimmermann
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Magdalena Zoledziewska
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Linda S Adair
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Hieab H H Adams
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Latin American Brain Health (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos A Aguilar-Salinas
- Unidad de Investigacion de Enfermedades Metabolicas and Direction of Nutrition, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion, Mexico City, Mexico
- Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Fahd Al-Mulla
- Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Donna K Arnett
- Department of Epidemiology and Dean's Office, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Folkert W Asselbergs
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, UK
- Health Data Research UK and Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK
| | - Bjørn Olav Åsvold
- KG Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
- Department of Endocrinology, Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - John Attia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bernhard Banas
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Tobias Bergler
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Dwaipayan Bharadwaj
- Systems Genomics Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), New Delhi, India
| | - Ginevra Biino
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council of Italy, Pavia, Italy
| | - Hans Bisgaard
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center and Department of Epidemiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Carsten A Böger
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Kliniken Südostbayern, Regensburg, Germany
- KfH Kidney Center Traunstein, Traunstein, Germany
| | - Klaus Bønnelykke
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Behaviour and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anders D Børglum
- Department of Biomedicine (Human Genetics) and iSEQ Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine (CGPM), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Judith B Borja
- USC-Office of Population Studies Foundation, University of San Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of San Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines
| | - Claude Bouchard
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Donald W Bowden
- Center for Precision Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Ivan Brandslund
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Lillebaelt Hospital, Vejle, Denmark
- Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Ben Brumpton
- KG Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
- Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Julie E Buring
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark J Caulfield
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- NIHR Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Centre, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - John C Chambers
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital, London North West University Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Giriraj R Chandak
- Genomic Research on Complex diseases (GRC-Group), CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
- Adjunct Faculty, JSS University Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSSAHER), JSS (Deemed to be) University, Mysuru, India
| | - Stephen J Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Nish Chaturvedi
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Yii-Der Ida Chen
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Zhengming Chen
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ching-Yu Cheng
- Ocular Epidemiology, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program (Eye ACP), Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ingrid E Christophersen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Research, Bærum Hospital, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Gjettum, Norway
| | - Marina Ciullo
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics A. Buzzati-Traverso, CNR, Naples, Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - John W Cole
- Department of Neurology, Division of Vascular Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Department of Neurology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Francis S Collins
- Molecular Genetics Section, Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Richard S Cooper
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Parkinson School of Health Sciences and Public Health, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Miguel Cruz
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Bioquímica, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Francesco Cucca
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - L Adrienne Cupples
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Michael J Cutler
- Intermountain Heart Institute, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray, UT, USA
| | - Scott M Damrauer
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Thomas M Dantoft
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gert J de Borst
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Philip L De Jager
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dominique P V de Kleijn
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - George V Dedoussis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health and Education, Harokopio University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anneke I den Hollander
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Shufa Du
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Douglas F Easton
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Petra J M Elders
- Department of General Practice, Amsterdam Public Health Institute, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A Heather Eliassen
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Patrick T Ellinor
- Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sölve Elmståhl
- Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Division of Geriatric Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jeanette Erdmann
- Institute for Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, DZHK (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research) partner site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel and University Heart Center Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Michele K Evans
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Diane Fatkin
- Molecular Cardiology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- Cardiology Department, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bjarke Feenstra
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mary F Feitosa
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ian Ford
- Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Myriam Fornage
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Andre Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Paul W Franks
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Barry I Freedman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Paolo Gasparini
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS, Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Christian Gieger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Giorgia Girotto
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS, Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Michael E Goddard
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Agriculture Victoria Research, Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yvonne M Golightly
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Division of Physical Therapy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Clicerio Gonzalez-Villalpando
- Centro de Investigacion en Salud Poblacional Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica and Centro de Estudios en Diabetes, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Penny Gordon-Larsen
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Harald Grallert
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Struan F A Grant
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Niels Grarup
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lyn Griffiths
- Genomics Research Centre, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kópavogur, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Christopher Haiman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Torben Hansen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Catharina A Hartman
- Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew T Hattersley
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Susan R Heckbert
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chew-Kiat Heng
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Khoo Teck Puat - National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christian Hengstenberg
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alex W Hewitt
- Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Lions Eye Institute, Centre for Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Haretsugu Hishigaki
- Biomedical Technology Research Center, Tokushima Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Carel B Hoyng
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul L Huang
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Genetics, Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Heath and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center and Shanghai Industrial Technology Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Steven C Hunt
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Kristian Hveem
- KG Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
| | - Elina Hyppönen
- Australian Centre for Precision Health, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - William G Iacono
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Sahoko Ichihara
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carmen R Isasi
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Rebecca D Jackson
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Unit of Primary Health Care, Oulu University Hospital, OYS, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
| | - Zi-Bing Jin
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
- The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Karl-Heinz Jöckel
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Peter K Joshi
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Pekka Jousilahti
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - J Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center - Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Yoichiro Kamatani
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Laboratory of Complex Trait Genomics, Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kui Dong Kang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Catholic University of Korea Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sharon L R Kardia
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Fredrik Karpe
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Norihiro Kato
- Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Frank Kee
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Thorsten Kessler
- Department of Cardiology, German Heart Centre Munich, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Amit V Khera
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chiea Chuen Khor
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lambertus A L M Kiemeney
- Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department for Health Evidence, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Urology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bong-Jo Kim
- Division of Genome Science, Department of Precision Medicine, National Institute of Health, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eung Kweon Kim
- Corneal Dystrophy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Saevit Eye Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Lae Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Paulus Kirchhof
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Center UKE Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany
- Atrial Fibrillation NETwork, Münster, Germany
| | - Mika Kivimaki
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, UCL Institute of Epidemiology and Health Care, University College London, London, UK
| | - Woon-Puay Koh
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Heikki A Koistinen
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- University of Helsinki and Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Genovefa D Kolovou
- Department of Preventive Cardiology, Lipoprotein Apheresis Unit and Lipid Disorders Clinic, Metropolitan Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Jaspal S Kooner
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital, London North West University Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Imperial College London, London, UK
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Charles Kooperberg
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Anna Köttgen
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Kovacs
- Medical Department III - Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Adriaan Kraaijeveld
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Kraft
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ronald M Krauss
- Cardiology Division, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Meena Kumari
- Institute for Social and Economic Research, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | - Zoltan Kutalik
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Markku Laakso
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Leslie A Lange
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lenore J Launer
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Loic Le Marchand
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Hyejin Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Nanette R Lee
- USC-Office of Population Studies Foundation, University of San Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center - Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Huaixing Li
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Liming Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Peking University Center for Public Health and Epidemic Preparedness and Response, Beijing, China
| | - Wolfgang Lieb
- Institute of Epidemiology and Biobank Popgen, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Xu Lin
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Allan Linneberg
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ching-Ti Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Markus Loeffler
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Medical Faculty, Leipzig, Germany
- LIFE Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Medical Faculty, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Barry London
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Steven A Lubitz
- Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephen J Lye
- Alliance for Human Development, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David A Mackey
- Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- Lions Eye Institute, Centre for Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Institute of Genomics, Estonian Genome Centre, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Patrik K E Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gregory M Marcus
- Division of Cardiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Pedro Marques Vidal
- Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Winfried März
- Vth Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- SYNLAB Academy, SYNLAB Holding Deutschland, Mannheim, Germany
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Fumihiko Matsuda
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Robert W McGarrah
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Matt McGue
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Sarah E Medland
- Psychiatric Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dan Mellström
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Geriatric Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Institute of Genomics, Estonian Genome Centre, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Braxton D Mitchell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Geriatrics Research and Education Clinical Center, Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Paul Mitchell
- Centre for Vision Research and Department of Ophthalmology, Westmead Millennium Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dennis O Mook-Kanamori
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew D Morris
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lorelei A Mucci
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Patricia B Munroe
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- NIHR Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Centre, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Mike A Nalls
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Data Tecnica International, Glen Echo, MD, USA
| | - Saman Nazarian
- Electrophysiology Section, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Amanda E Nelson
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Matt J Neville
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Christopher Newton-Cheh
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christopher S Nielsen
- Department of Chronic Diseases, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pain Management and Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Markus M Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, School of Medicine and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Drug Treatment, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Albertine J Oldehinkel
- Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lorena Orozco
- Laboratorio de Inmunogenómica y Enfermedades Metabólicas, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, CDMX, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Katja Pahkala
- Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Paavo Nurmi Centre, Sports and Exercise Medicine Unit, Department of Physical Activity and Health, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Päivi Pajukanta
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Precision Health, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Colin N A Palmer
- Pat MacPherson Centre for Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics, Division of Population Health and Genomics, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Esteban J Parra
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto at Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cristian Pattaro
- Eurac Research, Institute for Biomedicine, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Craig E Pennell
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Brenda W J H Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Louis Perusse
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, Quebec, Canada
- Centre Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Université Laval, Québec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- IBE-Chair of Epidemiology, LMU Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Patricia A Peyser
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David J Porteous
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Danielle Posthuma
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chris Power
- Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Great Ormond Street Hospital Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Peter P Pramstaller
- Eurac Research, Institute for Biomedicine, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Michael A Province
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Qibin Qi
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Jia Qu
- The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Daniel J Rader
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Sarju Ralhan
- Hero DMC Heart Institute, Dyanand Medical College, Ludhiana, India
| | - Loukianos S Rallidis
- Second Department of Cardiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, University General Hospital Attikon, Athens, Greece
| | - Dabeeru C Rao
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Susan Redline
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Alexander P Reiner
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sang Youl Rhee
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Paul M Ridker
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michiel Rienstra
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Samuli Ripatti
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health, Clinicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marylyn D Ritchie
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dan M Roden
- Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology, and Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Frits R Rosendaal
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Igor Rudan
- Centre for Global Health, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Femke Rutters
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam Public Health Institute, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences Institute, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Charumathi Sabanayagam
- Ocular Epidemiology, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program (Eye ACP), Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Danish Saleheen
- Center for Non-Communicable Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan
- Department of Cardiology and Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nilesh J Samani
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Dharambir K Sanghera
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Naveed Sattar
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Börge Schmidt
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Helena Schmidt
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center (for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Reinhold Schmidt
- Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Matthias B Schulze
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Heribert Schunkert
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Cardiology, Deutsches Zentrum für Herz- und Kreislaufforschung (DZHK) - Munich Heart Alliance, and Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Laura J Scott
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rodney J Scott
- School of Biomedical Science and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter Sever
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Eric J Shiroma
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - M Benjamin Shoemaker
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Xiao-Ou Shu
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Eleanor M Simonsick
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mario Sims
- Jackson Heart Study, Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi, Jackson, MS, USA
| | | | - Andrew B Singleton
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Moritz F Sinner
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - J Gustav Smith
- Department of Cardiology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
- The Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Gothenburg University and the Department of Cardiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine and Lund University Diabetes Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tim D Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Meir J Stampfer
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Klaus J Stark
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - David P Strachan
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Leen M 't Hart
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam UMC, location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Molecular Epidemiology Section, Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Yasuharu Tabara
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hua Tang
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jean-Claude Tardif
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Thangavel A Thanaraj
- Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Nicholas J Timpson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Anke Tönjes
- Medical Department III - Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Angelo Tremblay
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, Quebec, Canada
- Centre Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Université Laval, Québec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tiinamaija Tuomi
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
- Helsinki University Central Hospital, Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaakko Tuomilehto
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maria-Teresa Tusié-Luna
- Unidad de Biología Molecular y Medicina Genómica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Andre G Uitterlinden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob M van Dam
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Pim van der Harst
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nathalie Van der Velde
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department Geriatric Medicine, Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Natasja M van Schoor
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Veronique Vitart
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Uwe Völker
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Peter Vollenweider
- Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Niels H Wacher-Rodarte
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Epidemiología Clínica, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mark Walker
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ya Xing Wang
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Richard M Watanabe
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- USC Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hugh Watkins
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - David R Weir
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Thomas M Werge
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Lundbeck Foundation Center for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elisabeth Widen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lynne R Wilkens
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, Behaviour and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Walter C Willett
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James F Wilson
- Centre for Global Health, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Tien-Yin Wong
- Ocular Epidemiology, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program (Eye ACP), Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jeong-Taek Woo
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Alan F Wright
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jer-Yuarn Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Huichun Xu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Jian-Min Yuan
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Eleftheria Zeggini
- Institute of Translational Genomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich and Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Babette S Zemel
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Spatial and Functional Genomics, Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Wei Zheng
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Zhu
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Joseph M Zmuda
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Alan B Zonderman
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - John-Anker Zwart
- Department of Research and Innovation, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Daniel I Chasman
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yoon Shin Cho
- Department of Biomedical Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Iris M Heid
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Maggie C Y Ng
- Center for Precision Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Christopher J O'Donnell
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Unnur Thorsteinsdottir
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Yan V Sun
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Atlanta VA Health Care System, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - E Shyong Tai
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Panos Deloukas
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders (PACER-HD), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anne E Justice
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Geisinger, Danville, PA, USA
| | - Cecilia M Lindgren
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ruth J F Loos
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Karen L Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kari E North
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Robin G Walters
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Thomas W Winkler
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kristin L Young
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Po-Ru Loh
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jian Yang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Institute of Genomics, Estonian Genome Centre, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Themistocles L Assimes
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Goncalo R Abecasis
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Cristen J Willer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Adam E Locke
- McDonnell Genome Institute and Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sonja I Berndt
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Guillaume Lettre
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Timothy M Frayling
- Genetics of Complex Traits, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Yukinori Okada
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
- Laboratory of Statistical Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka, Japan.
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
- Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan.
- Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Andrew R Wood
- Genetics of Complex Traits, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
| | - Peter M Visscher
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Joel N Hirschhorn
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Programs in Metabolism and Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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6
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Graham SE, Clarke SL, Wu KHH, Kanoni S, Zajac GJM, Ramdas S, Surakka I, Ntalla I, Vedantam S, Winkler TW, Locke AE, Marouli E, Hwang MY, Han S, Narita A, Choudhury A, Bentley AR, Ekoru K, Verma A, Trivedi B, Martin HC, Hunt KA, Hui Q, Klarin D, Zhu X, Thorleifsson G, Helgadottir A, Gudbjartsson DF, Holm H, Olafsson I, Akiyama M, Sakaue S, Terao C, Kanai M, Zhou W, Brumpton BM, Rasheed H, Ruotsalainen SE, Havulinna AS, Veturi Y, Feng Q, Rosenthal EA, Lingren T, Pacheco JA, Pendergrass SA, Haessler J, Giulianini F, Bradford Y, Miller JE, Campbell A, Lin K, Millwood IY, Hindy G, Rasheed A, Faul JD, Zhao W, Weir DR, Turman C, Huang H, Graff M, Mahajan A, Brown MR, Zhang W, Yu K, Schmidt EM, Pandit A, Gustafsson S, Yin X, Luan J, Zhao JH, Matsuda F, Jang HM, Yoon K, Medina-Gomez C, Pitsillides A, Hottenga JJ, Willemsen G, Wood AR, Ji Y, Gao Z, Haworth S, Mitchell RE, Chai JF, Aadahl M, Yao J, Manichaikul A, Warren HR, Ramirez J, Bork-Jensen J, Kårhus LL, Goel A, Sabater-Lleal M, Noordam R, Sidore C, Fiorillo E, McDaid AF, Marques-Vidal P, Wielscher M, Trompet S, Sattar N, Møllehave LT, Thuesen BH, Munz M, Zeng L, Huang J, Yang B, Poveda A, Kurbasic A, Lamina C, Forer L, Scholz M, Galesloot TE, Bradfield JP, Daw EW, Zmuda JM, Mitchell JS, Fuchsberger C, Christensen H, Brody JA, Feitosa MF, Wojczynski MK, Preuss M, Mangino M, Christofidou P, Verweij N, Benjamins JW, Engmann J, Kember RL, Slieker RC, Lo KS, Zilhao NR, Le P, Kleber ME, Delgado GE, Huo S, Ikeda DD, Iha H, Yang J, Liu J, Leonard HL, Marten J, Schmidt B, Arendt M, Smyth LJ, Cañadas-Garre M, Wang C, Nakatochi M, Wong A, Hutri-Kähönen N, Sim X, Xia R, Huerta-Chagoya A, Fernandez-Lopez JC, Lyssenko V, Ahmed M, Jackson AU, Yousri NA, Irvin MR, Oldmeadow C, Kim HN, Ryu S, Timmers PRHJ, Arbeeva L, Dorajoo R, Lange LA, Chai X, Prasad G, Lorés-Motta L, Pauper M, Long J, Li X, Theusch E, Takeuchi F, Spracklen CN, Loukola A, Bollepalli S, Warner SC, Wang YX, Wei WB, Nutile T, Ruggiero D, Sung YJ, Hung YJ, Chen S, Liu F, Yang J, Kentistou KA, Gorski M, Brumat M, Meidtner K, Bielak LF, Smith JA, Hebbar P, Farmaki AE, Hofer E, Lin M, Xue C, Zhang J, Concas MP, Vaccargiu S, van der Most PJ, Pitkänen N, Cade BE, Lee J, van der Laan SW, Chitrala KN, Weiss S, Zimmermann ME, Lee JY, Choi HS, Nethander M, Freitag-Wolf S, Southam L, Rayner NW, Wang CA, Lin SY, Wang JS, Couture C, Lyytikäinen LP, Nikus K, Cuellar-Partida G, Vestergaard H, Hildalgo B, Giannakopoulou O, Cai Q, Obura MO, van Setten J, Li X, Schwander K, Terzikhan N, Shin JH, Jackson RD, Reiner AP, Martin LW, Chen Z, Li L, Highland HM, Young KL, Kawaguchi T, Thiery J, Bis JC, Nadkarni GN, Launer LJ, Li H, Nalls MA, Raitakari OT, Ichihara S, Wild SH, Nelson CP, Campbell H, Jäger S, Nabika T, Al-Mulla F, Niinikoski H, Braund PS, Kolcic I, Kovacs P, Giardoglou T, Katsuya T, Bhatti KF, de Kleijn D, de Borst GJ, Kim EK, Adams HHH, Ikram MA, Zhu X, Asselbergs FW, Kraaijeveld AO, Beulens JWJ, Shu XO, Rallidis LS, Pedersen O, Hansen T, Mitchell P, Hewitt AW, Kähönen M, Pérusse L, Bouchard C, Tönjes A, Chen YDI, Pennell CE, Mori TA, Lieb W, Franke A, Ohlsson C, Mellström D, Cho YS, Lee H, Yuan JM, Koh WP, Rhee SY, Woo JT, Heid IM, Stark KJ, Völzke H, Homuth G, Evans MK, Zonderman AB, Polasek O, Pasterkamp G, Hoefer IE, Redline S, Pahkala K, Oldehinkel AJ, Snieder H, Biino G, Schmidt R, Schmidt H, Chen YE, Bandinelli S, Dedoussis G, Thanaraj TA, Kardia SLR, Kato N, Schulze MB, Girotto G, Jung B, Böger CA, Joshi PK, Bennett DA, De Jager PL, Lu X, Mamakou V, Brown M, Caulfield MJ, Munroe PB, Guo X, Ciullo M, Jonas JB, Samani NJ, Kaprio J, Pajukanta P, Adair LS, Bechayda SA, de Silva HJ, Wickremasinghe AR, Krauss RM, Wu JY, Zheng W, den Hollander AI, Bharadwaj D, Correa A, Wilson JG, Lind L, Heng CK, Nelson AE, Golightly YM, Wilson JF, Penninx B, Kim HL, Attia J, Scott RJ, Rao DC, Arnett DK, Hunt SC, Walker M, Koistinen HA, Chandak GR, Yajnik CS, Mercader JM, Tusié-Luna T, Aguilar-Salinas CA, Villalpando CG, Orozco L, Fornage M, Tai ES, van Dam RM, Lehtimäki T, Chaturvedi N, Yokota M, Liu J, Reilly DF, McKnight AJ, Kee F, Jöckel KH, McCarthy MI, Palmer CNA, Vitart V, Hayward C, Simonsick E, van Duijn CM, Lu F, Qu J, Hishigaki H, Lin X, März W, Parra EJ, Cruz M, Gudnason V, Tardif JC, Lettre G, 't Hart LM, Elders PJM, Damrauer SM, Kumari M, Kivimaki M, van der Harst P, Spector TD, Loos RJF, Province MA, Psaty BM, Brandslund I, Pramstaller PP, Christensen K, Ripatti S, Widén E, Hakonarson H, Grant SFA, Kiemeney LALM, de Graaf J, Loeffler M, Kronenberg F, Gu D, Erdmann J, Schunkert H, Franks PW, Linneberg A, Jukema JW, Khera AV, Männikkö M, Jarvelin MR, Kutalik Z, Cucca F, Mook-Kanamori DO, van Dijk KW, Watkins H, Strachan DP, Grarup N, Sever P, Poulter N, Rotter JI, Dantoft TM, Karpe F, Neville MJ, Timpson NJ, Cheng CY, Wong TY, Khor CC, Sabanayagam C, Peters A, Gieger C, Hattersley AT, Pedersen NL, Magnusson PKE, Boomsma DI, de Geus EJC, Cupples LA, van Meurs JBJ, Ghanbari M, Gordon-Larsen P, Huang W, Kim YJ, Tabara Y, Wareham NJ, Langenberg C, Zeggini E, Kuusisto J, Laakso M, Ingelsson E, Abecasis G, Chambers JC, Kooner JS, de Vries PS, Morrison AC, North KE, Daviglus M, Kraft P, Martin NG, Whitfield JB, Abbas S, Saleheen D, Walters RG, Holmes MV, Black C, Smith BH, Justice AE, Baras A, Buring JE, Ridker PM, Chasman DI, Kooperberg C, Wei WQ, Jarvik GP, Namjou B, Hayes MG, Ritchie MD, Jousilahti P, Salomaa V, Hveem K, Åsvold BO, Kubo M, Kamatani Y, Okada Y, Murakami Y, Thorsteinsdottir U, Stefansson K, Ho YL, Lynch JA, Rader DJ, Tsao PS, Chang KM, Cho K, O'Donnell CJ, Gaziano JM, Wilson P, Rotimi CN, Hazelhurst S, Ramsay M, Trembath RC, van Heel DA, Tamiya G, Yamamoto M, Kim BJ, Mohlke KL, Frayling TM, Hirschhorn JN, Kathiresan S, Boehnke M, Natarajan P, Peloso GM, Brown CD, Morris AP, Assimes TL, Deloukas P, Sun YV, Willer CJ. The power of genetic diversity in genome-wide association studies of lipids. Nature 2021; 600:675-679. [PMID: 34887591 PMCID: PMC8730582 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04064-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Increased blood lipid levels are heritable risk factors of cardiovascular disease with varied prevalence worldwide owing to different dietary patterns and medication use1. Despite advances in prevention and treatment, in particular through reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels2, heart disease remains the leading cause of death worldwide3. Genome-wideassociation studies (GWAS) of blood lipid levels have led to important biological and clinical insights, as well as new drug targets, for cardiovascular disease. However, most previous GWAS4-23 have been conducted in European ancestry populations and may have missed genetic variants that contribute to lipid-level variation in other ancestry groups. These include differences in allele frequencies, effect sizes and linkage-disequilibrium patterns24. Here we conduct a multi-ancestry, genome-wide genetic discovery meta-analysis of lipid levels in approximately 1.65 million individuals, including 350,000 of non-European ancestries. We quantify the gain in studying non-European ancestries and provide evidence to support the expansion of recruitment of additional ancestries, even with relatively small sample sizes. We find that increasing diversity rather than studying additional individuals of European ancestry results in substantial improvements in fine-mapping functional variants and portability of polygenic prediction (evaluated in approximately 295,000 individuals from 7 ancestry groupings). Modest gains in the number of discovered loci and ancestry-specific variants were also achieved. As GWAS expand emphasis beyond the identification of genes and fundamental biology towards the use of genetic variants for preventive and precision medicine25, we anticipate that increased diversity of participants will lead to more accurate and equitable26 application of polygenic scores in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Graham
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Shoa L Clarke
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kuan-Han H Wu
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Stavroula Kanoni
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Greg J M Zajac
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistics Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Shweta Ramdas
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ida Surakka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ioanna Ntalla
- Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Sailaja Vedantam
- Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Thomas W Winkler
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Adam E Locke
- McDonnell Genome Institute and Department of Medicine, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Eirini Marouli
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Mi Yeong Hwang
- Department of Precision Medicine, Division of Genome Science, National Institute of Health, Cheongju-si, South Korea
| | - Sohee Han
- Department of Precision Medicine, Division of Genome Science, National Institute of Health, Cheongju-si, South Korea
| | - Akira Narita
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ananyo Choudhury
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Amy R Bentley
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kenneth Ekoru
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anurag Verma
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bhavi Trivedi
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Karen A Hunt
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Qin Hui
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Atlanta VA Health Care System, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Derek Klarin
- Malcolm Randall VA Medical Center, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Xiang Zhu
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Statistics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Daniel F Gudbjartsson
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland
- School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Hilma Holm
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Isleifur Olafsson
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Landspitali-National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Masato Akiyama
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Saori Sakaue
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chikashi Terao
- Laboratory for Statistical and Translational Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kanai
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ben M Brumpton
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Humaira Rasheed
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Sanni E Ruotsalainen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aki S Havulinna
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yogasudha Veturi
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Biomedical Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - QiPing Feng
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Elisabeth A Rosenthal
- Department of Medicine (Medical Genetics), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Todd Lingren
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Jeffrey Haessler
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Division of Public Health Sciences, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Franco Giulianini
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yuki Bradford
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Biomedical Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jason E Miller
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Biomedical Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Archie Campbell
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
- Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kuang Lin
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Iona Y Millwood
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - George Hindy
- Department of Population Medicine, Qatar University College of Medicine, QU Health, Doha, Qatar
| | - Asif Rasheed
- Center for Non-Communicable Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Jessica D Faul
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David R Weir
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Constance Turman
- Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hongyan Huang
- Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mariaelisa Graff
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Anubha Mahajan
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Michael R Brown
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital, London North West University Healthcare NHS Trust, Southall, UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Ketian Yu
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ellen M Schmidt
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Anita Pandit
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Stefan Gustafsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Xianyong Yin
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jian'an Luan
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jing-Hua Zhao
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - Fumihiko Matsuda
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hye-Mi Jang
- Department of Precision Medicine, Division of Genome Science, National Institute of Health, Cheongju-si, South Korea
| | - Kyungheon Yoon
- Department of Precision Medicine, Division of Genome Science, National Institute of Health, Cheongju-si, South Korea
| | - Carolina Medina-Gomez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Achilleas Pitsillides
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jouke Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, Behavioral and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health, VU Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, Behavioral and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew R Wood
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Yingji Ji
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Zishan Gao
- Department of Clinical Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Simon Haworth
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ruth E Mitchell
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jin Fang Chai
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mette Aadahl
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jie Yao
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovations (Formerly LABioMed) at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Ani Manichaikul
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Helen R Warren
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, John Vane Science Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- NIHR Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Centre, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Julia Ramirez
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, John Vane Science Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Jette Bork-Jensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Line L Kårhus
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anuj Goel
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Maria Sabater-Lleal
- Group of Genomics of Complex Diseases, Research Institute of Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Raymond Noordam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Carlo Sidore
- Institute for Genetic and Biomedical Research, Italian National Council of Research (IRGB CNR), Cagliari,, Italy
| | - Edoardo Fiorillo
- Institute for Genetic and Biomedical Research, Italian National Council of Research (IRGB CNR), Lanusei, Italy
| | - Aaron F McDaid
- University Center for Primary Care and Public Health, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pedro Marques-Vidal
- Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Wielscher
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Stella Trompet
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Naveed Sattar
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Glasgow, UK
| | - Line T Møllehave
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Betina H Thuesen
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matthias Munz
- Institute for Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, DZHK (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, University Heart Center Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Periodontology and Synoptic Dentistry, Berlin Institute of Health, Institute for Dental and Craniofacial Sciences, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lingyao Zeng
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik für Herz- und Kreislauferkrankungen, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung (DZHK), Partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Jianfeng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Department of Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Department of Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Claudia Lamina
- Department of Genetics and Pharmacology, Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- German Chronic Kidney Disease Study, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lukas Forer
- Department of Genetics and Pharmacology, Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- German Chronic Kidney Disease Study, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Markus Scholz
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- LIFE Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tessel E Galesloot
- Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - E Warwick Daw
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joseph M Zmuda
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jonathan S Mitchell
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Christian Fuchsberger
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Henry Christensen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Lillebaelt Hospital, Vejle, Denmark
| | - Jennifer A Brody
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mary F Feitosa
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mary K Wojczynski
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael Preuss
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St Thomas' Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Niek Verweij
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan W Benjamins
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jorgen Engmann
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Rachel L Kember
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Roderick C Slieker
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ken Sin Lo
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Phuong Le
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto at Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marcus E Kleber
- Vth Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Synlab MVZ Humangenetik Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Graciela E Delgado
- Vth Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Shaofeng Huo
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Daisuke D Ikeda
- Biomedical Technology Research Center, Tokushima Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Iha
- Biomedical Technology Research Center, Tokushima Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Jian Yang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Institute for Advanced Research, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Hampton L Leonard
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Data Tecnica International, Glen Echo, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan Marten
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Börge Schmidt
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometrie and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Marina Arendt
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometrie and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Department of Computer Science, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Laura J Smyth
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | | | - Chaolong Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Masahiro Nakatochi
- Public Health Informatics Unit, Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Andrew Wong
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, London, UK
| | - Nina Hutri-Kähönen
- Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Xueling Sim
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rui Xia
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alicia Huerta-Chagoya
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Juan Carlos Fernandez-Lopez
- Departamento de Genómica Computacional, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Valeriya Lyssenko
- Center for Diabetes Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Lund University Diabetes Center, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden
| | - Meraj Ahmed
- Genomic Research on Complex Diseases (GRC Group), CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Anne U Jackson
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistics Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Noha A Yousri
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Computer and Systems Engineering, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Marguerite R Irvin
- Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - Han-Na Kim
- Medical Research Institute, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Clinical Research Design and Evaluation, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seungho Ryu
- Center for Cohort Studies, Total Healthcare Center, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Paul R H J Timmers
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Liubov Arbeeva
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Rajkumar Dorajoo
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Leslie A Lange
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Xiaoran Chai
- Ocular Epidemiology, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gauri Prasad
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Laura Lorés-Motta
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marc Pauper
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jirong Long
- Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Xiaohui Li
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovations (Formerly LABioMed) at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Theusch
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, Oakland, CA,, USA
| | | | - Cassandra N Spracklen
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, MA,, USA
| | - Anu Loukola
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sailalitha Bollepalli
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sophie C Warner
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Ya Xing Wang
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen B Wei
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Teresa Nutile
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati-Traverso"-CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Ruggiero
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati-Traverso"-CNR, Naples, Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
| | - Yun Ju Sung
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yi-Jen Hung
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tri-Service General Hospital Songshan Branch, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shufeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Department of Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Fangchao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Department of Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyun Yang
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Katherine A Kentistou
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mathias Gorski
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Marco Brumat
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Karina Meidtner
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Lawrence F Bielak
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jennifer A Smith
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Prashantha Hebbar
- Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait, Kuwait
| | - Aliki-Eleni Farmaki
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Department of Population Science and Experimental Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Edith Hofer
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Maoxuan Lin
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Chao Xue
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Maria Pina Concas
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Simona Vaccargiu
- Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research, National Research Council of Italy, UOS of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Peter J van der Most
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Niina Pitkänen
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Brian E Cade
- Sleep Medicine and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jiwon Lee
- Sleep Medicine and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sander W van der Laan
- Central Diagnostics Laboratory, Division Laboratories, Pharmacy, and Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kumaraswamy Naidu Chitrala
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Science, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, NIH Biomedical Research Center, NIA, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stefan Weiss
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald and University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Martina E Zimmermann
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Hyeok Sun Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Maria Nethander
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sandra Freitag-Wolf
- Institute of Medical Informatics and Statistics, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Lorraine Southam
- Institute of Translational Genomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Nigel W Rayner
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Institute of Translational Genomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism, Oxford, UK
| | - Carol A Wang
- School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Shih-Yi Lin
- Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Sing Wang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Kjell Nikus
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Cardiology, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Gabriel Cuellar-Partida
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Henrik Vestergaard
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Medicine, Bornholms Hospital, Ronne, Denmark
| | - Bertha Hildalgo
- School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Olga Giannakopoulou
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Qiuyin Cai
- Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Morgan O Obura
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jessica van Setten
- Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Xiaoyin Li
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Karen Schwander
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Natalie Terzikhan
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jae Hun Shin
- Department of Biomedical Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | | | | | - Lisa Warsinger Martin
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Zhengming Chen
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Liming Li
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Heather M Highland
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kristin L Young
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Takahisa Kawaguchi
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Joachim Thiery
- LIFE Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Joshua C Bis
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Girish N Nadkarni
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lenore J Launer
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Huaixing Li
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Mike A Nalls
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Data Tecnica International, Glen Echo, MD, USA
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Sahoko Ichihara
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Sarah H Wild
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Christopher P Nelson
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Harry Campbell
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Susanne Jäger
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Toru Nabika
- Department of Functional Pathology, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | - Fahd Al-Mulla
- Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait, Kuwait
| | - Harri Niinikoski
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Physiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Peter S Braund
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Ivana Kolcic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Peter Kovacs
- Medical Department III-Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tota Giardoglou
- Department of Nutrition-Dietetics, Harokopio University, Eleftheriou Venizelou, Athens, Greece
| | - Tomohiro Katsuya
- Department of Clinical Gene Therapy, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Konain Fatima Bhatti
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Dominique de Kleijn
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Division of Surgical Specialties, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gert J de Borst
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Division of Surgical Specialties, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eung Kweon Kim
- Corneal Dystrophy Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hieab H H Adams
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Xiaofeng Zhu
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Folkert W Asselbergs
- Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan O Kraaijeveld
- Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joline W J Beulens
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Xiao-Ou Shu
- Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Loukianos S Rallidis
- Second Department of Cardiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Torben Hansen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Paul Mitchell
- Center for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and The Westmead Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alex W Hewitt
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Louis Pérusse
- Department of Kinesiology, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Anke Tönjes
- Medical Department III-Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Yii-Der Ida Chen
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovations (Formerly LABioMed) at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Craig E Pennell
- School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Trevor A Mori
- Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Wolfgang Lieb
- Institute of Epidemiology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Andre Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Drug Treatment, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Dan Mellström
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Geriatric Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yoon Shin Cho
- Department of Biomedical Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Hyejin Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jian-Min Yuan
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Woon-Puay Koh
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sang Youl Rhee
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong-Taek Woo
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Iris M Heid
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Klaus J Stark
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Georg Homuth
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald and University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Michele K Evans
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Science, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, NIH Biomedical Research Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alan B Zonderman
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Science, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, NIH Biomedical Research Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ozren Polasek
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Gerard Pasterkamp
- Central Diagnostics Laboratory, Division Laboratories, Pharmacy, and Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Imo E Hoefer
- Central Diagnostics Laboratory, Division Laboratories, Pharmacy, and Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Susan Redline
- Sleep Medicine and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Katja Pahkala
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Paavo Nurmi Centre, Sports and Exercise Medicine Unit, Department of Physical Activity and Health, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Albertine J Oldehinkel
- Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ginevra Biino
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council of Italy, Pavia, Italy
| | - Reinhold Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Helena Schmidt
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Y Eugene Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - George Dedoussis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Sharon L R Kardia
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Norihiro Kato
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Matthias B Schulze
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Giorgia Girotto
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Bettina Jung
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Carsten A Böger
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Nephrology, Diabetology, Rheumatology, Traunstein Hospital, Traunstein, Germany
- KfH Kidney Center Traunstein, Traunstein, Germany
| | - Peter K Joshi
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Philip L De Jager
- Center for Translational and Systems Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Xiangfeng Lu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Department of Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Vasiliki Mamakou
- Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University Athens, Athens, Greece
- Dromokaiteio Psychiatric Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Morris Brown
- NIHR Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Centre, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Mark J Caulfield
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, John Vane Science Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- NIHR Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Centre, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Patricia B Munroe
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, John Vane Science Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- NIHR Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Centre, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Xiuqing Guo
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovations (Formerly LABioMed) at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Marina Ciullo
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati-Traverso"-CNR, Naples, Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
| | - Jost B Jonas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nilesh J Samani
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Päivi Pajukanta
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Linda S Adair
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sonny Augustin Bechayda
- USC-Office of Population Studies Foundation, University of San Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines
- Department of Anthropology, Sociology, and History, University of San Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines
| | - H Janaka de Silva
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Ronald M Krauss
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jer-Yuarn Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei Zheng
- Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Anneke I den Hollander
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dwaipayan Bharadwaj
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology Campus, New Delhi, India
- Systems Genomics Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Adolfo Correa
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - James G Wilson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Chew-Kiat Heng
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Amanda E Nelson
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yvonne M Golightly
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Division of Physical Therapy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - James F Wilson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Brenda Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hyung-Lae Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - John Attia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rodney J Scott
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - D C Rao
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Donna K Arnett
- University of Kentucky, College of Public Health, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Steven C Hunt
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Mark Walker
- Institute of Cellular Medicine (Diabetes), The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Heikki A Koistinen
- Department of Population Health, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- University of Helsinki and Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Giriraj R Chandak
- Genomic Research on Complex Diseases (GRC Group), CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
| | | | - Josep M Mercader
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Programs in Metabolism and Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Diabetes Unit and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Teresa Tusié-Luna
- Unidad de Biología Molecular y Medicina Genómica, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico, Mexico
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Ciudad de México, Mexico, Mexico
- Unidad de Biología Molecular y Medicina Genómica, Instituto de Investigaciones Bimédicas UNAM/ Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Carlos A Aguilar-Salinas
- Departamento de Endocrinología y Metabolismo, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico, Mexico
- Dirección de Nutrición and Unidad de Estudios de Enfermedades Metabólicas, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico, Mexico
| | | | - Lorena Orozco
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Myriam Fornage
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - E Shyong Tai
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rob M van Dam
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | | | | | - Jianjun Liu
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | - Frank Kee
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Karl-Heinz Jöckel
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometrie and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Colin N A Palmer
- Population Health and Genomics, University of Dundee, Ninwells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Veronique Vitart
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Eleanor Simonsick
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Fan Lu
- The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jia Qu
- The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Haretsugu Hishigaki
- Biomedical Technology Research Center, Tokushima Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Xu Lin
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Winfried März
- Vth Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Synlab Academy, Synlab, Mannheim, Germany
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Esteban J Parra
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto at Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Miguel Cruz
- Unidad de Investigacion Medica en Bioquimica, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Jean-Claude Tardif
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medecine, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Guillaume Lettre
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Leen M 't Hart
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Section Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Petra J M Elders
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of General Practice and Elderly Care, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Scott M Damrauer
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Meena Kumari
- Institute of Social and Economic Research, University of Essex, Essex, UK
| | - Mika Kivimaki
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Pim van der Harst
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tim D Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ruth J F Loos
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael A Province
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Bruce M Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Kaiser Permanent Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ivan Brandslund
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Lillebaelt Hospital, Vejle, Denmark
- Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Peter P Pramstaller
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Kaare Christensen
- Danish Aging Research Center, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Samuli Ripatti
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Elisabeth Widén
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Struan F A Grant
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lambertus A L M Kiemeney
- Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline de Graaf
- Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Markus Loeffler
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- LIFE Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Florian Kronenberg
- German Chronic Kidney Disease Study, Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Genetics and Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dongfeng Gu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Department of Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jeanette Erdmann
- Institute for Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, DZHK (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, and University Heart Center Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Heribert Schunkert
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik für Herz- und Kreislauferkrankungen, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung (DZHK) e.V., Partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Allan Linneberg
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Amit V Khera
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Program of Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Minna Männikkö
- Northern Finland Birth Cohorts, Infrastructure for Population Studies, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Biocenter of Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Zoltan Kutalik
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
- University Center for Primary Care and Public Health, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Cucca
- Institute for Genetic and Biomedical Research, Italian National Council of Research (IRGB CNR), Cagliari, Italy
- University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Dennis O Mook-Kanamori
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ko Willems van Dijk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hugh Watkins
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David P Strachan
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's University of London, London, UK
| | - Niels Grarup
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Sever
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Neil Poulter
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovations (Formerly LABioMed) at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Thomas M Dantoft
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fredrik Karpe
- OCDEM, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Matt J Neville
- OCDEM, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicholas J Timpson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ching-Yu Cheng
- Ocular Epidemiology, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program (Eye ACP), Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tien-Yin Wong
- Ocular Epidemiology, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program (Eye ACP), Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chiea Chuen Khor
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Charumathi Sabanayagam
- Ocular Epidemiology, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program (Eye ACP), Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Munich Heart Alliance Partner Site, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Gieger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Nancy L Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patrik K E Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Behavioral and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health, VU Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development Research Institute, VU Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eco J C de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, Behavioral and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L Adrienne Cupples
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Framingham Heart Study, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joyce B J van Meurs
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mohsen Ghanbari
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Penny Gordon-Larsen
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Genetics, Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Young Jin Kim
- Department of Precision Medicine, Division of Genome Science, National Institute of Health, Cheongju-si, South Korea
| | - Yasuharu Tabara
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Eleftheria Zeggini
- Institute of Translational Genomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM) and Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Johanna Kuusisto
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Markku Laakso
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Goncalo Abecasis
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - John C Chambers
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital, London North West University Healthcare NHS Trust, Southall, UK
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jaspal S Kooner
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital, London North West University Healthcare NHS Trust, Southall, UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Paul S de Vries
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alanna C Morrison
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kari E North
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Martha Daviglus
- Institute for Minority Health Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Peter Kraft
- Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - John B Whitfield
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Shahid Abbas
- Center for Non-Communicable Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan
- Faisalabad Institute of Cardiology, Faislabad, Pakistan
| | - Danish Saleheen
- Center for Non-Communicable Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Cardiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robin G Walters
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Michael V Holmes
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, UK
| | - Corri Black
- Aberdeen Centre for Health Data Science, School of Medicine, Medical Science and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Blair H Smith
- Division of Population Health and Genomics, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Anne E Justice
- Biomedical and Translational Informatics, Geisinger Health, Danville, PA, USA
| | - Aris Baras
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Julie E Buring
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul M Ridker
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel I Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Charles Kooperberg
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Division of Public Health Sciences, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Wei-Qi Wei
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Gail P Jarvik
- Departments of Medicine (Medical Genetics) and Genome Sciences, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Bahram Namjou
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC), Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - M Geoffrey Hayes
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Marylyn D Ritchie
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Biomedical Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Pekka Jousilahti
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kristian Hveem
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
- Department of Medicine, Levanger Hospital, Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Levanger, Norway
| | - Bjørn Olav Åsvold
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
- Department of Endocrinology, St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Michiaki Kubo
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Kamatani
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Laboratory of Complex Trait Genomics, Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukinori Okada
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Statistical Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Murakami
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Unnur Thorsteinsdottir
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Yuk-Lam Ho
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julie A Lynch
- VA Informatics and Computing Infrastructure, VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel J Rader
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Philip S Tsao
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kyong-Mi Chang
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kelly Cho
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christopher J O'Donnell
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John M Gaziano
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter Wilson
- Atlanta VA Medical Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Charles N Rotimi
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Scott Hazelhurst
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Michèle Ramsay
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Division of Human Genetics, National Health Laboratory Service and School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Richard C Trembath
- School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - David A van Heel
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Gen Tamiya
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Bong-Jo Kim
- Department of Precision Medicine, Division of Genome Science, National Institute of Health, Cheongju-si, South Korea
| | - Karen L Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Timothy M Frayling
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Joel N Hirschhorn
- Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sekar Kathiresan
- Program of Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistics Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Pradeep Natarajan
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gina M Peloso
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christopher D Brown
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andrew P Morris
- Centre for Genetics and Genomics Versus Arthritis, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Themistocles L Assimes
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Panos Deloukas
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- NIHR Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Centre, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders (PACER-HD), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yan V Sun
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Atlanta VA Health Care System, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Cristen J Willer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Inshaw JRJ, Sidore C, Cucca F, Stefana MI, Crouch DJM, McCarthy MI, Mahajan A, Todd JA. Analysis of overlapping genetic association in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2021; 64:1342-1347. [PMID: 33830302 PMCID: PMC8099827 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-021-05428-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Given the potential shared aetiology between type 1 and type 2 diabetes, we aimed to identify any genetic regions associated with both diseases. For associations where there is a shared signal and the allele that increases risk to one disease also increases risk to the other, inference about shared aetiology could be made, with the potential to develop therapeutic strategies to treat or prevent both diseases simultaneously. Alternatively, if a genetic signal co-localises with divergent effect directions, it could provide valuable biological insight into how the association affects the two diseases differently. METHODS Using publicly available type 2 diabetes summary statistics from a genome-wide association study (GWAS) meta-analysis of European ancestry individuals (74,124 cases and 824,006 controls) and type 1 diabetes GWAS summary statistics from a meta-analysis of studies on individuals from the UK and Sardinia (7467 cases and 10,218 controls), we identified all regions of 0.5 Mb that contained variants associated with both diseases (false discovery rate <0.01). In each region, we performed forward stepwise logistic regression to identify independent association signals, then examined co-localisation of each type 1 diabetes signal with each type 2 diabetes signal using coloc. Any association with a co-localisation posterior probability of ≥0.9 was considered a genuine shared association with both diseases. RESULTS Of the 81 association signals from 42 genetic regions that showed association with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, four association signals co-localised between both diseases (posterior probability ≥0.9): (1) chromosome 16q23.1, near CTRB1/BCAR1, which has been previously identified; (2) chromosome 11p15.5, near the INS gene; (3) chromosome 4p16.3, near TMEM129 and (4) chromosome 1p31.3, near PGM1. In each of these regions, the effect of genetic variants on type 1 diabetes was in the opposite direction to the effect on type 2 diabetes. Use of additional datasets also supported the previously identified co-localisation on chromosome 9p24.2, near the GLIS3 gene, in this case with a concordant direction of effect. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Four of five association signals that co-localise between type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes are in opposite directions, suggesting a complex genetic relationship between the two diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie R J Inshaw
- JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Carlo Sidore
- Institute for Research in Genetics and Biomedicine (IRGB), Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy
| | - Francesco Cucca
- Institute for Research in Genetics and Biomedicine (IRGB), Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy
| | - M Irina Stefana
- JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Daniel J M Crouch
- JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Anubha Mahajan
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - John A Todd
- JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Syreeni A, Sandholm N, Sidore C, Cucca F, Haukka J, Harjutsalo V, Groop PH. Genome-wide search for genes affecting the age at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes. J Intern Med 2021; 289:662-674. [PMID: 33179336 PMCID: PMC8247053 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease affecting individuals in the early years of life. Although previous studies have identified genetic loci influencing T1D diagnosis age, these studies did not investigate the genome with high resolution. OBJECTIVE AND METHODS We performed a genome-wide meta-analysis for age at diagnosis with cohorts from Finland (Finnish Diabetic Nephropathy Study), the United Kingdom (UK Genetic Resource Investigating Diabetes) and Sardinia. Through SNP associations, transcriptome-wide association analysis linked T1D diagnosis age and gene expression. RESULTS We identified two chromosomal regions associated with T1D diagnosis age: multiple independent variants in the HLA region on chromosome 6 and a locus on chromosome 17q12. We performed gene-level association tests with transcriptome prediction models from two whole blood datasets, lymphocyte cell line, spleen, pancreas and small intestine tissues. Of the non-HLA genes, lower PNMT expression in whole blood, and higher IKZF3 and ZPBP2, and lower ORMDL3 and GSDMB transcription levels in multiple tissues were associated with lower T1D diagnosis age (FDR = 0.05). These genes lie on chr17q12 which is associated with T1D, other autoimmune diseases, and childhood asthma. Additionally, higher expression of PHF20L1, a gene not previously implicated in T1D, was associated with lower diagnosis age in lymphocytes, pancreas, and spleen. Altogether, the non-HLA associations were enriched in open chromatin in various blood cells, blood vessel tissues and foetal thymus tissue. CONCLUSION Multiple genes on chr17q12 and PHF20L1 on chr8 were associated with T1D diagnosis age and only further studies may elucidate the role of these genes for immunity and T1D onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Syreeni
- From the, Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Abdominal Center, Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - N Sandholm
- From the, Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Abdominal Center, Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - C Sidore
- Instituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, CNR, Monserrato, Italy
| | - F Cucca
- Instituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, CNR, Monserrato, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - J Haukka
- From the, Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Abdominal Center, Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - V Harjutsalo
- From the, Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Abdominal Center, Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - P-H Groop
- From the, Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Abdominal Center, Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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9
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Sidore C, Orrù V, Cocco E, Steri M, Inshaw JR, Pitzalis M, Mulas A, McGurnaghan S, Frau J, Porcu E, Busonero F, Dei M, Lai S, Sole G, Virdis F, Serra V, Poddie F, Delitala A, Marongiu M, Deidda F, Pala M, Floris M, Masala M, Onengut-Gumuscu S, Robertson CC, Leoni L, Frongia A, Ricciardi MR, Chessa M, Olla N, Lovicu M, Loizedda A, Maschio A, Mereu L, Ferrigno P, Curreli N, Balaci L, Loi F, Ferreli LA, Pilia MG, Pani A, Marrosu MG, Abecasis GR, Rich SS, Colhoun H, Todd JA, Schlessinger D, Fiorillo E, Cucca F, Zoledziewska M. PRF1 mutation alters immune system activation, inflammation, and risk of autoimmunity. Mult Scler 2021; 27:1332-1340. [PMID: 33566725 DOI: 10.1177/1352458520963937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Defective alleles within the PRF1 gene, encoding the pore-forming protein perforin, in combination with environmental factors, cause familial type 2 hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FHL2), a rare, severe autosomal recessive childhood disorder characterized by massive release of cytokines-cytokine storm. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the function of hypomorph PRF1:p.A91V g.72360387 G > A on multiple sclerosis (MS) and type 1 diabetes (T1D). METHODS We cross-compare the association data for PRF1:p.A91V mutation derived from GWAS on adult MS and pediatric T1D in Sardinians. The novel association with T1D was replicated in metanalysis in 12,584 cases and 17,692 controls from Sardinia, the United Kingdom, and Scotland. To dissect this mutation function, we searched through the coincident association immunophenotypes in additional set of general population Sardinians. RESULTS We report that PRF1:p.A91V, is associated with increase of lymphocyte levels, especially within the cytotoxic memory T-cells, at general population level with reduced interleukin 7 receptor expression on these cells. The minor allele increased risk of MS, in 2903 cases and 2880 controls from Sardinia p = 2.06 × 10-4, odds ratio OR = 1.29, replicating a previous finding, whereas it protects from T1D p = 1.04 × 10-5, OR = 0.82. CONCLUSION Our results indicate opposing contributions of the cytotoxic T-cell compartment to MS and T1D pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Sidore
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Valeria Orrù
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Eleonora Cocco
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public health, Multiple Sclerosis Centre, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maristella Steri
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Jamie Rj Inshaw
- JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, UK/Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Maristella Pitzalis
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Antonella Mulas
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Stuart McGurnaghan
- Diabetes Medical Informatics and Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Jessica Frau
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public health, Multiple Sclerosis Centre, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Eleonora Porcu
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland/Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Busonero
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Mariano Dei
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Sandra Lai
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Gabriella Sole
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Francesca Virdis
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Valentina Serra
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Fausto Poddie
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Alessandro Delitala
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Italy/Department of Surgical, Medical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Michele Marongiu
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Francesca Deidda
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Mauro Pala
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Matteo Floris
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Marco Masala
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Suna Onengut-Gumuscu
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | - Lidia Leoni
- Center for Advanced Studies, Research and Development in Sardinia (CRS4), Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna, Pula, Italy
| | | | | | - Margherita Chessa
- Struttura Complessa di Pediatria, Azienda Ospedaliera G. Brotzu, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Nazario Olla
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Mario Lovicu
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Annalisa Loizedda
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Andrea Maschio
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Luisa Mereu
- Unità Operativa di Pediatria, Ospedale San Martino di Oristano, Oristano, Italy
| | - Paola Ferrigno
- Reparto di Neurologia, Azienda Ospedaliera G. Brotzu, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Nicolo Curreli
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Lenuta Balaci
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Francesco Loi
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Liana Ap Ferreli
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Pilia
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Antonello Pani
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Italy/Struttura Complessa di Nefrologia e Dialisi, Azienda Ospedaliera G. Brotzu, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maria Giovanna Marrosu
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public health, Multiple Sclerosis Centre, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Goncalo R Abecasis
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Stephen S Rich
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Helen Colhoun
- Diabetes Medical Informatics and Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - John A Todd
- JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, UK/Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - David Schlessinger
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging (NIA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Edoardo Fiorillo
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Francesco Cucca
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Italy/Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Magdalena Zoledziewska
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Italy
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10
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Nielsen JB, Rom O, Surakka I, Graham SE, Zhou W, Roychowdhury T, Fritsche LG, Gagliano Taliun SA, Sidore C, Liu Y, Gabrielsen ME, Skogholt AH, Wolford B, Overton W, Zhao Y, Chen J, Zhang H, Hornsby WE, Acheampong A, Grooms A, Schaefer A, Zajac GJM, Villacorta L, Zhang J, Brumpton B, Løset M, Rai V, Lundegaard PR, Olesen MS, Taylor KD, Palmer ND, Chen YD, Choi SH, Lubitz SA, Ellinor PT, Barnes KC, Daya M, Rafaels N, Weiss ST, Lasky-Su J, Tracy RP, Vasan RS, Cupples LA, Mathias RA, Yanek LR, Becker LC, Peyser PA, Bielak LF, Smith JA, Aslibekyan S, Hidalgo BA, Arnett DK, Irvin MR, Wilson JG, Musani SK, Correa A, Rich SS, Guo X, Rotter JI, Konkle BA, Johnsen JM, Ashley-Koch AE, Telen MJ, Sheehan VA, Blangero J, Curran JE, Peralta JM, Montgomery C, Sheu WHH, Chung RH, Schwander K, Nouraie SM, Gordeuk VR, Zhang Y, Kooperberg C, Reiner AP, Jackson RD, Bleecker ER, Meyers DA, Li X, Das S, Yu K, LeFaive J, Smith A, Blackwell T, Taliun D, Zollner S, Forer L, Schoenherr S, Fuchsberger C, Pandit A, Zawistowski M, Kheterpal S, Brummett CM, Natarajan P, Schlessinger D, Lee S, Kang HM, Cucca F, Holmen OL, Åsvold BO, Boehnke M, Kathiresan S, Abecasis GR, Chen YE, Willer CJ, Hveem K. Loss-of-function genomic variants highlight potential therapeutic targets for cardiovascular disease. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6417. [PMID: 33339817 PMCID: PMC7749177 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20086-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmaceutical drugs targeting dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease (CVD) may increase the risk of fatty liver disease and other metabolic disorders. To identify potential novel CVD drug targets without these adverse effects, we perform genome-wide analyses of participants in the HUNT Study in Norway (n = 69,479) to search for protein-altering variants with beneficial impact on quantitative blood traits related to cardiovascular disease, but without detrimental impact on liver function. We identify 76 (11 previously unreported) presumed causal protein-altering variants associated with one or more CVD- or liver-related blood traits. Nine of the variants are predicted to result in loss-of-function of the protein. This includes ZNF529:p.K405X, which is associated with decreased low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (P = 1.3 × 10-8) without being associated with liver enzymes or non-fasting blood glucose. Silencing of ZNF529 in human hepatoma cells results in upregulation of LDL receptor and increased LDL uptake in the cells. This suggests that inhibition of ZNF529 or its gene product should be prioritized as a novel candidate drug target for treating dyslipidemia and associated CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas B Nielsen
- Department of Internal Medicine: Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Oren Rom
- Department of Internal Medicine: Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ida Surakka
- Department of Internal Medicine: Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sarah E Graham
- Department of Internal Medicine: Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Wei Zhou
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Tanmoy Roychowdhury
- Department of Internal Medicine: Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lars G Fritsche
- Department of Internal Medicine: Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sarah A Gagliano Taliun
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Carlo Sidore
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Yuhao Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine: Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Maiken E Gabrielsen
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anne Heidi Skogholt
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Brooke Wolford
- Department of Internal Medicine: Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - William Overton
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ying Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine: Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jin Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine: Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - He Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine: Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Whitney E Hornsby
- Department of Internal Medicine: Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Akua Acheampong
- Department of Internal Medicine: Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Austen Grooms
- Department of Internal Medicine: Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Amanda Schaefer
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Gregory J M Zajac
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Luis Villacorta
- Department of Internal Medicine: Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine: Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ben Brumpton
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Mari Løset
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Dermatology, St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Vivek Rai
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Pia R Lundegaard
- Laboratory for Molecular Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Centre for Cardiac, Vascular, Pulmonary and Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten S Olesen
- Laboratory for Molecular Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Centre for Cardiac, Vascular, Pulmonary and Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kent D Taylor
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics and Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Harbor-UCLA, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Nicholette D Palmer
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Yii-Der Chen
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics and Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Harbor-UCLA, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Seung H Choi
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Steven A Lubitz
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Patrick T Ellinor
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathleen C Barnes
- Colorado Center for Personalized Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Michelle Daya
- Colorado Center for Personalized Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Nicholas Rafaels
- Colorado Center for Personalized Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Scott T Weiss
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jessica Lasky-Su
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Russell P Tracy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Ramachandran S Vasan
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - L Adrienne Cupples
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rasika A Mathias
- GeneSTAR Research Program, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lisa R Yanek
- GeneSTAR Research Program, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lewis C Becker
- GeneSTAR Research Program, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Patricia A Peyser
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lawrence F Bielak
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jennifer A Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Stella Aslibekyan
- The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- 23andMe, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA, USA
| | | | - Donna K Arnett
- Deans Office, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | | | - James G Wilson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
- Jackson Heart Study, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Solomon K Musani
- Jackson Heart Study, Jackson, MS, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Adolfo Correa
- Jackson Heart Study, Jackson, MS, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Stephen S Rich
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Xiuqing Guo
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics and Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Harbor-UCLA, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics and Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Harbor-UCLA, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Barbara A Konkle
- BloodWorks Northwest, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jill M Johnsen
- BloodWorks Northwest, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Allison E Ashley-Koch
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Marilyn J Telen
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Vivien A Sheehan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John Blangero
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Brownsville, TX, USA
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | - Joanne E Curran
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Brownsville, TX, USA
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | - Juan M Peralta
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Brownsville, TX, USA
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | - Courtney Montgomery
- Department of Genes and Human Disease, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma, OK, USA
| | - Wayne H-H Sheu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ren-Hua Chung
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Karen Schwander
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Seyed M Nouraie
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Yingze Zhang
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Charles Kooperberg
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alexander P Reiner
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rebecca D Jackson
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Deborah A Meyers
- Division of Pharmacogenomics University of Arizona, Tucson, AR, USA
| | - Xingnan Li
- Division of Genetics, Genomics and Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AR, USA
| | - Sayantan Das
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ketian Yu
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jonathon LeFaive
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Albert Smith
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Tom Blackwell
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Daniel Taliun
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sebastian Zollner
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lukas Forer
- Division of Genetics, Genomics and Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AR, USA
| | - Sebastian Schoenherr
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Genetics and Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian Fuchsberger
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Anita Pandit
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Matthew Zawistowski
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sachin Kheterpal
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Chad M Brummett
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Pradeep Natarajan
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Schlessinger
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, US National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Seunggeun Lee
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Hyun Min Kang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Francesco Cucca
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Oddgeir L Holmen
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
| | - Bjørn O Åsvold
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
- Department of Endocrinology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sekar Kathiresan
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MD, USA
| | - Goncalo R Abecasis
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Y Eugene Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine: Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Cristen J Willer
- Department of Internal Medicine: Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway.
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Kristian Hveem
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway.
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway.
- Levanger Hospital, Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Levanger, Norway.
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11
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Busonero F, Steri M, Orrù V, Sole G, Olla S, Marongiu M, Maschio A, Sidore C, Lai S, Mulas A, Zoledziewska M, Floris M, Pala M, Forabosco P, Asunis I, Pitzalis M, Deidda F, Masala M, Caria CA, Barella S, Abecasis GR, Schlessinger D, Sanna S, Fiorillo E, Cucca F. A Sardinian founder mutation in glycoprotein Ib platelet subunit beta (GP1BB) that impacts thrombocytopenia. Br J Haematol 2020; 191:e124-e128. [PMID: 33216977 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.17090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Busonero
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy
| | - Maristella Steri
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy
| | - Valeria Orrù
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy
| | - Gabriella Sole
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy
| | - Stefania Olla
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy
| | - Michele Marongiu
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy
| | - Andrea Maschio
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy
| | - Carlo Sidore
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy
| | - Sandra Lai
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy
| | - Antonella Mulas
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy
| | - Magdalena Zoledziewska
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy
| | - Matteo Floris
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Mauro Pala
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy
| | - Paola Forabosco
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy
| | - Isadora Asunis
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy
| | - Maristella Pitzalis
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy
| | - Francesca Deidda
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy
| | - Marco Masala
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy
| | - Cristian Antonio Caria
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy
| | - Susanna Barella
- Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico 'Antonio Cao' (A.O.Brotzu), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Goncalo R Abecasis
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David Schlessinger
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, US National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Serena Sanna
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy
| | - Edoardo Fiorillo
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy
| | - Francesco Cucca
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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12
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Orrù V, Steri M, Sidore C, Marongiu M, Serra V, Olla S, Sole G, Lai S, Dei M, Mulas A, Virdis F, Piras MG, Lobina M, Marongiu M, Pitzalis M, Deidda F, Loizedda A, Onano S, Zoledziewska M, Sawcer S, Devoto M, Gorospe M, Abecasis GR, Floris M, Pala M, Schlessinger D, Fiorillo E, Cucca F. Author Correction: Complex genetic signatures in immune cells underlie autoimmunity and inform therapy. Nat Genet 2020; 52:1266. [PMID: 32948852 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-020-00718-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Orrù
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maristella Steri
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Carlo Sidore
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Michele Marongiu
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Valentina Serra
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Stefania Olla
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Gabriella Sole
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Sandra Lai
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Mariano Dei
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Antonella Mulas
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Francesca Virdis
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Piras
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Monia Lobina
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Mara Marongiu
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maristella Pitzalis
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Francesca Deidda
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Annalisa Loizedda
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Stefano Onano
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Magdalena Zoledziewska
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Stephen Sawcer
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marcella Devoto
- Division of Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Dipartimento di Medicina Traslazionale e di Precisione, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Myriam Gorospe
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gonçalo R Abecasis
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Matteo Floris
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Mauro Pala
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - David Schlessinger
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Edoardo Fiorillo
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Francesco Cucca
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy. .,Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
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13
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Orrù V, Steri M, Sidore C, Marongiu M, Serra V, Olla S, Sole G, Lai S, Dei M, Mulas A, Virdis F, Piras MG, Lobina M, Marongiu M, Pitzalis M, Deidda F, Loizedda A, Onano S, Zoledziewska M, Sawcer S, Devoto M, Gorospe M, Abecasis GR, Floris M, Pala M, Schlessinger D, Fiorillo E, Cucca F. Complex genetic signatures in immune cells underlie autoimmunity and inform therapy. Nat Genet 2020; 52:1036-1045. [PMID: 32929287 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-020-0684-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We report on the influence of ~22 million variants on 731 immune cell traits in a cohort of 3,757 Sardinians. We detected 122 significant (P < 1.28 × 10-11) independent association signals for 459 cell traits at 70 loci (53 of them novel) identifying several molecules and mechanisms involved in cell regulation. Furthermore, 53 signals at 36 loci overlapped with previously reported disease-associated signals, predominantly for autoimmune disorders, highlighting intermediate phenotypes in pathogenesis. Collectively, our findings illustrate complex genetic regulation of immune cells with highly selective effects on autoimmune disease risk at the cell-subtype level. These results identify drug-targetable pathways informing the design of more specific treatments for autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Orrù
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maristella Steri
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Carlo Sidore
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Michele Marongiu
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Valentina Serra
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Stefania Olla
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Gabriella Sole
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Sandra Lai
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Mariano Dei
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Antonella Mulas
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Francesca Virdis
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Piras
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Monia Lobina
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Mara Marongiu
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maristella Pitzalis
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Francesca Deidda
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Annalisa Loizedda
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Stefano Onano
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Magdalena Zoledziewska
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Stephen Sawcer
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marcella Devoto
- Division of Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Dipartimento di Medicina Traslazionale e di Precisione, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Myriam Gorospe
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gonçalo R Abecasis
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Matteo Floris
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Mauro Pala
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - David Schlessinger
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Edoardo Fiorillo
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Francesco Cucca
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy. .,Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
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14
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Quick C, Anugu P, Musani S, Weiss ST, Burchard EG, White MJ, Keys KL, Cucca F, Sidore C, Boehnke M, Fuchsberger C. Sequencing and imputation in GWAS: Cost-effective strategies to increase power and genomic coverage across diverse populations. Genet Epidemiol 2020; 44:537-549. [PMID: 32519380 PMCID: PMC7449570 DOI: 10.1002/gepi.22326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A key aim for current genome-wide association studies (GWAS) is to interrogate the full spectrum of genetic variation underlying human traits, including rare variants, across populations. Deep whole-genome sequencing is the gold standard to fully capture genetic variation, but remains prohibitively expensive for large sample sizes. Array genotyping interrogates a sparser set of variants, which can be used as a scaffold for genotype imputation to capture a wider set of variants. However, imputation quality depends crucially on reference panel size and genetic distance from the target population. Here, we consider sequencing a subset of GWAS participants and imputing the rest using a reference panel that includes both sequenced GWAS participants and an external reference panel. We investigate how imputation quality and GWAS power are affected by the number of participants sequenced for admixed populations (African and Latino Americans) and European population isolates (Sardinians and Finns), and identify powerful, cost-effective GWAS designs given current sequencing and array costs. For populations that are well-represented in existing reference panels, we find that array genotyping alone is cost-effective and well-powered to detect common- and rare-variant associations. For poorly represented populations, sequencing a subset of participants is often most cost-effective, and can substantially increase imputation quality and GWAS power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corbin Quick
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical GeneticsUniversity of Michigan School of Public HealthAnn ArborMichigan
| | - Pramod Anugu
- University of Mississippi Medical CenterJacksonMississippi
| | - Solomon Musani
- University of Mississippi Medical CenterJacksonMississippi
| | - Scott T. Weiss
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusetts
- Channing Department of Network MedicineBrigham and Women's HospitalBostonCalifornia
- Partners HealthCare Personalized MedicineBostonMassachusetts
| | - Esteban G. Burchard
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCalifornia
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic SciencesUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCalifornia
| | - Marquitta J. White
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCalifornia
| | - Kevin L. Keys
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCalifornia
| | - Francesco Cucca
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), CNRMonserratoItaly
- Dipartimento di Scienze BiomedicheUniversità di SassariSassariItaly
| | - Carlo Sidore
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), CNRMonserratoItaly
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical GeneticsUniversity of Michigan School of Public HealthAnn ArborMichigan
| | - Christian Fuchsberger
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical GeneticsUniversity of Michigan School of Public HealthAnn ArborMichigan
- Department of Genetics and Pharmacology, Institute of Genetic EpidemiologyMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac ResearchAffiliated Institute of the University of LübeckBolzanoItaly
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15
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Chen M, Sidore C, Akiyama M, Ishigaki K, Kamatani Y, Schlessinger D, Cucca F, Okada Y, Chiang CWK. Evidence of Polygenic Adaptation in Sardinia at Height-Associated Loci Ascertained from the Biobank Japan. Am J Hum Genet 2020; 107:60-71. [PMID: 32533944 PMCID: PMC7332648 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2020.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult height is one of the earliest putative examples of polygenic adaptation in humans. However, this conclusion was recently challenged because residual uncorrected stratification from large-scale consortium studies was considered responsible for the previously noted genetic difference. It thus remains an open question whether height loci exhibit signals of polygenic adaptation in any human population. We re-examined this question, focusing on one of the shortest European populations, the Sardinians, in addition to mainland European populations. We utilized height-associated loci from the Biobank Japan (BBJ) dataset to further alleviate concerns of biased ascertainment of GWAS loci and showed that the Sardinians remain significantly shorter than expected under neutrality (∼0.22 standard deviation shorter than Utah residents with ancestry from northern and western Europe [CEU] on the basis of polygenic height scores, p = 3.89 × 10-4). We also found the trajectory of polygenic height scores between the Sardinian and the British populations diverged over at least the last 10,000 years (p = 0.0082), consistent with a signature of polygenic adaptation driven primarily by the Sardinian population. Although the polygenic score-based analysis showed a much subtler signature in mainland European populations, we found a clear and robust adaptive signature in the UK population by using a haplotype-based statistic, the trait singleton density score (tSDS), driven by the height-increasing alleles (p = 9.1 × 10-4). In summary, by ascertaining height loci in a distant East Asian population, we further supported the evidence of polygenic adaptation at height-associated loci among the Sardinians. In mainland Europeans, the adaptive signature was detected in haplotype-based analysis but not in polygenic score-based analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhui Chen
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | - Carlo Sidore
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Monserrato 09042, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Masato Akiyama
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; Department of Ocular Pathology and Imaging Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Ishigaki
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Kamatani
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; Kyoto-McGill International Collaborative School in Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - David Schlessinger
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, US National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Francesco Cucca
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Monserrato 09042, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Yukinori Okada
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Charleston W K Chiang
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Quantitative and Computational Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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16
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Marcus JH, Posth C, Ringbauer H, Lai L, Skeates R, Sidore C, Beckett J, Furtwängler A, Olivieri A, Chiang CWK, Al-Asadi H, Dey K, Joseph TA, Liu CC, Der Sarkissian C, Radzevičiūtė R, Michel M, Gradoli MG, Marongiu P, Rubino S, Mazzarello V, Rovina D, La Fragola A, Serra RM, Bandiera P, Bianucci R, Pompianu E, Murgia C, Guirguis M, Orquin RP, Tuross N, van Dommelen P, Haak W, Reich D, Schlessinger D, Cucca F, Krause J, Novembre J. Genetic history from the Middle Neolithic to present on the Mediterranean island of Sardinia. Nat Commun 2020; 11:939. [PMID: 32094358 PMCID: PMC7039977 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14523-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The island of Sardinia has been of particular interest to geneticists for decades. The current model for Sardinia's genetic history describes the island as harboring a founder population that was established largely from the Neolithic peoples of southern Europe and remained isolated from later Bronze Age expansions on the mainland. To evaluate this model, we generate genome-wide ancient DNA data for 70 individuals from 21 Sardinian archaeological sites spanning the Middle Neolithic through the Medieval period. The earliest individuals show a strong affinity to western Mediterranean Neolithic populations, followed by an extended period of genetic continuity on the island through the Nuragic period (second millennium BCE). Beginning with individuals from Phoenician/Punic sites (first millennium BCE), we observe spatially-varying signals of admixture with sources principally from the eastern and northern Mediterranean. Overall, our analysis sheds light on the genetic history of Sardinia, revealing how relationships to mainland populations shifted over time.
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MESH Headings
- Archaeology/methods
- Body Remains
- Chromosomes, Human, X/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Y/genetics
- DNA, Ancient
- DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics
- Datasets as Topic
- Female
- Genetics, Population/history
- History, 15th Century
- History, 16th Century
- History, 17th Century
- History, 18th Century
- History, 19th Century
- History, 20th Century
- History, 21st Century
- History, Ancient
- History, Medieval
- Human Migration
- Humans
- Italy
- Male
- Models, Genetic
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph H Marcus
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Cosimo Posth
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
- Institute for Archaeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Harald Ringbauer
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Luca Lai
- Department of Anthropology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
- Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Robin Skeates
- Department of Archaeology, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Carlo Sidore
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica - CNR, Cagliari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Anja Furtwängler
- Institute for Archaeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anna Olivieri
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "L. Spallanzani", Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Charleston W K Chiang
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Quantitative and Computational Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hussein Al-Asadi
- Department of Statistics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Committee on Evolutionary Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kushal Dey
- Department of Statistics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Tyler A Joseph
- Department of Computer Science, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chi-Chun Liu
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Clio Der Sarkissian
- Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Moléculaire et d'Imagerie de Synthèse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université de Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France
| | - Rita Radzevičiūtė
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
| | - Megan Michel
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | | | - Patrizia Marongiu
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Salvatore Rubino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Daniela Rovina
- Soprintendenza Archeologia, belle arti e paesaggio delle province di Sassari e Nuoro, Sassari, Italy
| | - Alessandra La Fragola
- Departamento de Geografía, Historia y Humanidades Escuela Internacional de Doctorado de la Universidad de Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Rita Maria Serra
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
- Center for Anthropological, Paleopathological and Historical Studies of the Sardinian and Mediterranean Populations, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Pasquale Bandiera
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
- Center for Anthropological, Paleopathological and Historical Studies of the Sardinian and Mediterranean Populations, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Raffaella Bianucci
- Department of Sciences and Technological Innovation, University of Eastern Piedmont, 15121, Alessandria, Italy
- Legal Medicine Section, Department of Public Health and Paediatric Sciences, University of Turin, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Elisa Pompianu
- Department of History, Human Sciences and Education, University of Sassari, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Clizia Murgia
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Departament de Biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal i Ecologia, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michele Guirguis
- Department of History, Human Sciences and Education, University of Sassari, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Rosana Pla Orquin
- Department of History, Human Sciences and Education, University of Sassari, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Noreen Tuross
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Peter van Dommelen
- Joukowsky Institute for Archaeology and the Ancient World, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Wolfgang Haak
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
| | - David Reich
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Max Planck-Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Francesco Cucca
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica - CNR, Cagliari, Italy.
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
| | - Johannes Krause
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany.
- Institute for Archaeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
- Max Planck-Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean, Munich, Germany.
| | - John Novembre
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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17
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Dutta D, Gagliano Taliun SA, Weinstock JS, Zawistowski M, Sidore C, Fritsche LG, Cucca F, Schlessinger D, Abecasis GR, Brummett CM, Lee S. Meta-MultiSKAT: Multiple phenotype meta-analysis for region-based association test. Genet Epidemiol 2019; 43:800-814. [PMID: 31433078 DOI: 10.1002/gepi.22248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The power of genetic association analyses can be increased by jointly meta-analyzing multiple correlated phenotypes. Here, we develop a meta-analysis framework, Meta-MultiSKAT, that uses summary statistics to test for association between multiple continuous phenotypes and variants in a region of interest. Our approach models the heterogeneity of effects between studies through a kernel matrix and performs a variance component test for association. Using a genotype kernel, our approach can test for rare-variants and the combined effects of both common and rare-variants. To achieve robust power, within Meta-MultiSKAT, we developed fast and accurate omnibus tests combining different models of genetic effects, functional genomic annotations, multiple correlated phenotypes, and heterogeneity across studies. In addition, Meta-MultiSKAT accommodates situations where studies do not share exactly the same set of phenotypes or have differing correlation patterns among the phenotypes. Simulation studies confirm that Meta-MultiSKAT can maintain the type-I error rate at the exome-wide level of 2.5 × 10-6 . Further simulations under different models of association show that Meta-MultiSKAT can improve the power of detection from 23% to 38% on average over single phenotype-based meta-analysis approaches. We demonstrate the utility and improved power of Meta-MultiSKAT in the meta-analyses of four white blood cell subtype traits from the Michigan Genomics Initiative (MGI) and SardiNIA studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diptavo Dutta
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Center for Statistical Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Sarah A Gagliano Taliun
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Center for Statistical Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Joshua S Weinstock
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Center for Statistical Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Matthew Zawistowski
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Center for Statistical Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Carlo Sidore
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Lars G Fritsche
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Center for Statistical Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Francesco Cucca
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - David Schlessinger
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, US National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Gonçalo R Abecasis
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Center for Statistical Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Chad M Brummett
- Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Seunggeun Lee
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Center for Statistical Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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18
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Mozaffari SV, DeCara JM, Shah SJ, Sidore C, Fiorillo E, Cucca F, Lang RM, Nicolae DL, Ober C. Parent-of-origin effects on quantitative phenotypes in a large Hutterite pedigree. Commun Biol 2019; 2:28. [PMID: 30675526 PMCID: PMC6338666 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0267-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of the parental origin of associated alleles in GWAS has been largely ignored. Yet sequence variants could affect traits differently depending on whether they are inherited from the mother or the father, as in imprinted regions, where identical inherited DNA sequences can have different effects based on the parental origin. To explore parent-of-origin effects (POEs), we studied 21 quantitative phenotypes in a large Hutterite pedigree to identify variants with single parent (maternal-only or paternal-only) effects, and then variants with opposite parental effects. Here we show that POEs, which can be opposite in direction, are relatively common in humans, have potentially important clinical effects, and will be missed in traditional GWAS. We identified POEs with 11 phenotypes, most of which are risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Many of the loci identified are characteristic of imprinted regions and are associated with the expression of nearby genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar V. Mozaffari
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
- Committee on Genetics, Genomics, and Systems Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Jeanne M. DeCara
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Sanjiv J. Shah
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| | - Carlo Sidore
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), CNR, Monserrato, 09042 Italy
| | - Edoardo Fiorillo
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), CNR, Monserrato, 09042 Italy
| | - Francesco Cucca
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), CNR, Monserrato, 09042 Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Universita di Sassari, Sassari, 07100 Italy
| | - Roberto M. Lang
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Dan L. Nicolae
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
- Committee on Genetics, Genomics, and Systems Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
- Department of Statistics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Carole Ober
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
- Committee on Genetics, Genomics, and Systems Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
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19
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Gagliano SA, Sengupta S, Sidore C, Maschio A, Cucca F, Schlessinger D, Abecasis GR. Relative impact of indels versus SNPs on complex disease. Genet Epidemiol 2018; 43:112-117. [PMID: 30565766 PMCID: PMC6330128 DOI: 10.1002/gepi.22175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It is unclear whether insertions and deletions (indels) are more likely to influence complex traits than abundant single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). We sought to understand which category of variation is more likely to impact health. Using the SardiNIA study as an exemplar, we characterized 478,876 common indels and 8,246,244 common SNPs in up to 5,949 well‐phenotyped individuals from an isolated valley in Sardinia. We assessed association between 120 traits, resulting in 89 nonoverlapping‐associated loci.We evaluated whether indels were enriched among credible sets of potential causal variants. These credible sets included 1,319 SNPs and 88 indels. We did not find indels to be significantly enriched. Indels were the most likely causal variant in seven loci, including one locus associated with monocyte count where an indel with causality and mechanism previously demonstrated (rs200748895:TGCTG/T) had a 0.999 posterior probability. Overall, our results show a very modest and nonsignificant enrichment for common indels in associated loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Gagliano
- Center for Statistical Genetics, and Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Sebanti Sengupta
- Center for Statistical Genetics, and Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Carlo Sidore
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Andrea Maschio
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Francesco Cucca
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Cagliari, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - David Schlessinger
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, US National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Gonçalo R Abecasis
- Center for Statistical Genetics, and Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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20
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Ligthart S, Vaez A, Võsa U, Stathopoulou MG, de Vries PS, Prins BP, Van der Most PJ, Tanaka T, Naderi E, Rose LM, Wu Y, Karlsson R, Barbalic M, Lin H, Pool R, Zhu G, Macé A, Sidore C, Trompet S, Mangino M, Sabater-Lleal M, Kemp JP, Abbasi A, Kacprowski T, Verweij N, Smith AV, Huang T, Marzi C, Feitosa MF, Lohman KK, Kleber ME, Milaneschi Y, Mueller C, Huq M, Vlachopoulou E, Lyytikäinen LP, Oldmeadow C, Deelen J, Perola M, Zhao JH, Feenstra B, Amini M, Lahti J, Schraut KE, Fornage M, Suktitipat B, Chen WM, Li X, Nutile T, Malerba G, Luan J, Bak T, Schork N, Del Greco M F, Thiering E, Mahajan A, Marioni RE, Mihailov E, Eriksson J, Ozel AB, Zhang W, Nethander M, Cheng YC, Aslibekyan S, Ang W, Gandin I, Yengo L, Portas L, Kooperberg C, Hofer E, Rajan KB, Schurmann C, den Hollander W, Ahluwalia TS, Zhao J, Draisma HHM, Ford I, Timpson N, Teumer A, Huang H, Wahl S, Liu Y, Huang J, Uh HW, Geller F, Joshi PK, Yanek LR, Trabetti E, Lehne B, Vozzi D, Verbanck M, Biino G, Saba Y, Meulenbelt I, O'Connell JR, Laakso M, Giulianini F, Magnusson PKE, Ballantyne CM, Hottenga JJ, Montgomery GW, Rivadineira F, Rueedi R, Steri M, Herzig KH, Stott DJ, Menni C, Frånberg M, St Pourcain B, Felix SB, Pers TH, Bakker SJL, Kraft P, Peters A, Vaidya D, Delgado G, Smit JH, Großmann V, Sinisalo J, Seppälä I, Williams SR, Holliday EG, Moed M, Langenberg C, Räikkönen K, Ding J, Campbell H, Sale MM, Chen YDI, James AL, Ruggiero D, Soranzo N, Hartman CA, Smith EN, Berenson GS, Fuchsberger C, Hernandez D, Tiesler CMT, Giedraitis V, Liewald D, Fischer K, Mellström D, Larsson A, Wang Y, Scott WR, Lorentzon M, Beilby J, Ryan KA, Pennell CE, Vuckovic D, Balkau B, Concas MP, Schmidt R, Mendes de Leon CF, Bottinger EP, Kloppenburg M, Paternoster L, Boehnke M, Musk AW, Willemsen G, Evans DM, Madden PAF, Kähönen M, Kutalik Z, Zoledziewska M, Karhunen V, Kritchevsky SB, Sattar N, Lachance G, Clarke R, Harris TB, Raitakari OT, Attia JR, van Heemst D, Kajantie E, Sorice R, Gambaro G, Scott RA, Hicks AA, Ferrucci L, Standl M, Lindgren CM, Starr JM, Karlsson M, Lind L, Li JZ, Chambers JC, Mori TA, de Geus EJCN, Heath AC, Martin NG, Auvinen J, Buckley BM, de Craen AJM, Waldenberger M, Strauch K, Meitinger T, Scott RJ, McEvoy M, Beekman M, Bombieri C, Ridker PM, Mohlke KL, Pedersen NL, Morrison AC, Boomsma DI, Whitfield JB, Strachan DP, Hofman A, Vollenweider P, Cucca F, Jarvelin MR, Jukema JW, Spector TD, Hamsten A, Zeller T, Uitterlinden AG, Nauck M, Gudnason V, Qi L, Grallert H, Borecki IB, Rotter JI, März W, Wild PS, Lokki ML, Boyle M, Salomaa V, Melbye M, Eriksson JG, Wilson JF, Penninx BWJH, Becker DM, Worrall BB, Gibson G, Krauss RM, Ciullo M, Zaza G, Wareham NJ, Oldehinkel AJ, Palmer LJ, Murray SS, Pramstaller PP, Bandinelli S, Heinrich J, Ingelsson E, Deary IJ, Mägi R, Vandenput L, van der Harst P, Desch KC, Kooner JS, Ohlsson C, Hayward C, Lehtimäki T, Shuldiner AR, Arnett DK, Beilin LJ, Robino A, Froguel P, Pirastu M, Jess T, Koenig W, Loos RJF, Evans DA, Schmidt H, Smith GD, Slagboom PE, Eiriksdottir G, Morris AP, Psaty BM, Tracy RP, Nolte IM, Boerwinkle E, Visvikis-Siest S, Reiner AP, Gross M, Bis JC, Franke L, Franco OH, Benjamin EJ, Chasman DI, Dupuis J, Snieder H, Dehghan A, Alizadeh BZ. Genome Analyses of >200,000 Individuals Identify 58 Loci for Chronic Inflammation and Highlight Pathways that Link Inflammation and Complex Disorders. Am J Hum Genet 2018; 103:691-706. [PMID: 30388399 PMCID: PMC6218410 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
C-reactive protein (CRP) is a sensitive biomarker of chronic low-grade inflammation and is associated with multiple complex diseases. The genetic determinants of chronic inflammation remain largely unknown, and the causal role of CRP in several clinical outcomes is debated. We performed two genome-wide association studies (GWASs), on HapMap and 1000 Genomes imputed data, of circulating amounts of CRP by using data from 88 studies comprising 204,402 European individuals. Additionally, we performed in silico functional analyses and Mendelian randomization analyses with several clinical outcomes. The GWAS meta-analyses of CRP revealed 58 distinct genetic loci (p < 5 × 10-8). After adjustment for body mass index in the regression analysis, the associations at all except three loci remained. The lead variants at the distinct loci explained up to 7.0% of the variance in circulating amounts of CRP. We identified 66 gene sets that were organized in two substantially correlated clusters, one mainly composed of immune pathways and the other characterized by metabolic pathways in the liver. Mendelian randomization analyses revealed a causal protective effect of CRP on schizophrenia and a risk-increasing effect on bipolar disorder. Our findings provide further insights into the biology of inflammation and could lead to interventions for treating inflammation and its clinical consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Symen Ligthart
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands
| | - Ahmad Vaez
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, the Netherlands; Department of Bioinformatics, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81746-73461, Iran
| | - Urmo Võsa
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, the Netherlands; Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | | | - Paul S de Vries
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands; Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Bram P Prins
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Peter J Van der Most
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, the Netherlands
| | - Toshiko Tanaka
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Elnaz Naderi
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, the Netherlands; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713 GZ, the Netherlands
| | - Lynda M Rose
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ying Wu
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Robert Karlsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Maja Barbalic
- University of Split School of Medicine, Split 21000, Croatia
| | - Honghuang Lin
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - René Pool
- Department of Biological Psychology, Netherlands Twin Register, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam 1081 BT, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health research institute, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam 1081 BT, the Netherlands
| | - Gu Zhu
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Aurélien Macé
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1010, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland; Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne 1010, Switzerland
| | - Carlo Sidore
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Sardinia 08045, Italy
| | - Stella Trompet
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, the Netherlands; Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas' Foundation Trust, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Maria Sabater-Lleal
- Unit of Genomics of Complex Diseases, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Barcelona 08025, Spain; Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17176, Sweden
| | - John P Kemp
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia; MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Ali Abbasi
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713 GZ, the Netherlands; MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Tim Kacprowski
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine and Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany
| | - Niek Verweij
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Cardiology, Groningen 9713 AV, the Netherlands
| | - Albert V Smith
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur 201, Iceland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Carola Marzi
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Site Munich, Munich 85764, Germany
| | - Mary F Feitosa
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108-2212, USA
| | - Kurt K Lohman
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Marcus E Kleber
- Vth Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim 68167, Germany
| | - Yuri Milaneschi
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience and Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center/GGZ inGeest Research & Innovation, Amsterdam 1081 HJ, the Netherlands
| | - Christian Mueller
- Department of General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Hamburg 20246, Germany; Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Lübeck 23562, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site RhineMain, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Mahmudul Huq
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, the Netherlands
| | - Efthymia Vlachopoulou
- Transplantation Laboratory, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere 33014, Finland; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center - Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere 33520, Finland
| | - Christopher Oldmeadow
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambon Heights, NSW 2305, Australia; Centre for Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Joris Deelen
- Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZC, the Netherlands; Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - Markus Perola
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00271, Finland
| | - Jing Hua Zhao
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Bjarke Feenstra
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen 2300, Denmark
| | - Marzyeh Amini
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, the Netherlands
| | - Jari Lahti
- Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland; Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland; Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki 00250, Finland
| | - Katharina E Schraut
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH16 4UX, UK
| | - Myriam Fornage
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health and Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Bhoom Suktitipat
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Wei-Min Chen
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Teresa Nutile
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso," Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Napoli 80131, Italy
| | - Giovanni Malerba
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy
| | - Jian'an Luan
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Tom Bak
- Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, the Netherlands
| | - Nicholas Schork
- Human Biology, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Quantitative Medicine, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Fabiola Del Greco M
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano 39100, Italy
| | - Elisabeth Thiering
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany; Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Munich 80337, Germany
| | - Anubha Mahajan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Riccardo E Marioni
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK; Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Evelin Mihailov
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Joel Eriksson
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 41345, Sweden
| | - Ayse Bilge Ozel
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5618, USA
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK; Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital, Middlesex UB1 3HW, UK
| | - Maria Nethander
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 413 90, Sweden
| | - Yu-Ching Cheng
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Stella Aslibekyan
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0022, USA
| | - Wei Ang
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | | | - Loïc Yengo
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8199, University of Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, FR 3508, 59000 Lille, France; Program in Complex Trait Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Laura Portas
- Support OU, Institute of Genetic and Biomedic Research, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Sassari 7100, Italy
| | - Charles Kooperberg
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Public Health Sciences Division, Mail Stop M3-A410, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Edith Hofer
- Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurology, Medical University Graz, Graz 8036, Austria; Institute of Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
| | - Kumar B Rajan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Claudia Schurmann
- Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Wouter den Hollander
- Department of Medical Statistics and Bio-informatics, Section Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZC, the Netherlands
| | - Tarunveer S Ahluwalia
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte 2820, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Jing Zhao
- Center for Integrative Genomics, School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Harmen H M Draisma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Netherlands Twin Register, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam 1081 BT, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health research institute, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam 1081 BT, the Netherlands; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081 HV, the Netherlands
| | - Ian Ford
- Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Nicholas Timpson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Department SHIP-KEF, Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany
| | - Hongyan Huang
- Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Simone Wahl
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Site Munich, Munich 85764, Germany
| | - YongMei Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Jie Huang
- Boston VA Research Institute, Inc., Boston, MA 02130, USA
| | - Hae-Won Uh
- Medical Statistics and Bioinformatics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZC, the Netherlands
| | - Frank Geller
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen 2300, Denmark
| | - Peter K Joshi
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH16 4UX, UK
| | - Lisa R Yanek
- GeneSTAR Research Center, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Elisabetta Trabetti
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy
| | - Benjamin Lehne
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Diego Vozzi
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo," Trieste 34140, Italy
| | - Marie Verbanck
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8199, University of Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, FR 3508, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Ginevra Biino
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Yasaman Saba
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Institute for Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ingrid Meulenbelt
- Department of Medical Statistics and Bio-informatics, Section Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZC, the Netherlands
| | - Jeff R O'Connell
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Markku Laakso
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio 70210, Finland
| | - Franco Giulianini
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Patrik K E Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Christie M Ballantyne
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jouke Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, Netherlands Twin Register, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam 1081 BT, the Netherlands
| | - Grant W Montgomery
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Fernando Rivadineira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 CN, the Netherlands
| | - Rico Rueedi
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1010, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Maristella Steri
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Sardinia 08045, Italy
| | - Karl-Heinz Herzig
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu 90014, Finland; Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu 90220, Finland; Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan 60-512, Poland
| | - David J Stott
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Cristina Menni
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Mattias Frånberg
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17176, Sweden; Department of Numerical Analysis and Computer Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm 100 44, Sweden
| | - Beate St Pourcain
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK; Donders Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6525 XD, the Netherlands
| | - Stephan B Felix
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany; Department for Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany
| | - Tune H Pers
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen 2300, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Stephan J L Bakker
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713 GZ, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Kraft
- Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherber 85764, Germany
| | - Dhananjay Vaidya
- GeneSTAR Research Center, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Graciela Delgado
- Vth Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim 68167, Germany
| | - Johannes H Smit
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience and Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center/GGZ inGeest Research & Innovation, Amsterdam 1081 HJ, the Netherlands
| | - Vera Großmann
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Juha Sinisalo
- Heart and Lung Center, Helsinki University Hospital and Helsinki University, Helsinki 00029, Finland
| | - Ilkka Seppälä
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere 33014, Finland; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center - Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere 33520, Finland
| | - Stephen R Williams
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Elizabeth G Holliday
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambon Heights, NSW 2305, Australia; Centre for Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Matthijs Moed
- Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZC, the Netherlands
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Katri Räikkönen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Jingzhong Ding
- Department of Internal Medicine/Geriatrics, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Harry Campbell
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH16 4UX, UK
| | - Michele M Sale
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Yii-Der I Chen
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Alan L James
- Busselton Population Medical Research Institute, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; Department of Pulmonary Physiology and Sleep Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Daniela Ruggiero
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso," Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Napoli 80131, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS) 86077, Italy
| | - Nicole Soranzo
- Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Catharina A Hartman
- Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, the Netherlands
| | - Erin N Smith
- Department of Pediatrics and Rady Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Gerald S Berenson
- Center for Cardiovascular Health, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Christian Fuchsberger
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano 39100, Italy
| | - Dena Hernandez
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Carla M T Tiesler
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany; Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Munich 80337, Germany
| | - Vilmantas Giedraitis
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Molecular Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala 752 37, Sweden
| | - David Liewald
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Krista Fischer
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Dan Mellström
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 41345, Sweden
| | - Anders Larsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 41, Sweden
| | - Yunmei Wang
- Department of Medicine, Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Harrington Heart & Vascular Institute, University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - William R Scott
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Matthias Lorentzon
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 41345, Sweden; Geriatric Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal 431 80, Sweden
| | - John Beilby
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Kathleen A Ryan
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Craig E Pennell
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Dragana Vuckovic
- Medical Sciences, Surgical and Health Department, University of Trieste, Trieste 34137, Italy
| | - Beverly Balkau
- INSERM U1018, Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Santé des Populations, Team 5 (EpReC, Renal, and Cardiovascular Epidemiology), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif 94807, France
| | - Maria Pina Concas
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo," Trieste 34140, Italy
| | - Reinhold Schmidt
- Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurology, Medical University Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
| | - Carlos F Mendes de Leon
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Erwin P Bottinger
- Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Margreet Kloppenburg
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZC, the Netherlands
| | - Lavinia Paternoster
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - A W Musk
- Busselton Population Medical Research Institute, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, Netherlands Twin Register, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam 1081 BT, the Netherlands
| | - David M Evans
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia; MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Pamela A F Madden
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 4560 Clayton Ave., Suite 1000, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere 33520, Finland; Department of Clinical Physiology, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center - Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere 33520, Finland
| | - Zoltán Kutalik
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland; Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne 1010, Switzerland
| | - Magdalena Zoledziewska
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Sardinia 08045, Italy
| | - Ville Karhunen
- Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulun yliopisto, Finland
| | - Stephen B Kritchevsky
- Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Sticht Center on Aging and Rehabilitation, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Naveed Sattar
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Genevieve Lachance
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Robert Clarke
- Clinical Trial Service Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Tamara B Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku 20520, Finland; Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - John R Attia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambon Heights, NSW 2305, Australia; Centre for Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, NWS 2305, Australia
| | - Diana van Heemst
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
| | - Eero Kajantie
- Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00014, Finland; Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, MRC Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu 90014, Finland
| | - Rossella Sorice
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso," Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Napoli 80131, Italy
| | - Giovanni Gambaro
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Columbus-Gemelli University Hospital, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma 168, Italy
| | - Robert A Scott
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Andrew A Hicks
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano 39100, Italy
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Marie Standl
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Cecilia M Lindgren
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - John M Starr
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK; Alzheimer's Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Magnus Karlsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Orthopaedic Surgery, Lund University, Malmo 20502, Sweden
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 41, Sweden
| | - Jun Z Li
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5618, USA
| | - John C Chambers
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK; Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital, Middlesex UB1 3HW, UK; Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W12 0HS, UK; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore; MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Trevor A Mori
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Eco J C N de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, Netherlands Twin Register, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam 1081 BT, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health research institute, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam 1081 BT, the Netherlands
| | - Andrew C Heath
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 4560 Clayton Ave., Suite 1000, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Juha Auvinen
- Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulun yliopisto, Finland; Unit of Primary Health Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu 90220, Finland
| | - Brendan M Buckley
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland
| | - Anton J M de Craen
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
| | - Melanie Waldenberger
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 80636 Munich, Germany
| | - Konstantin Strauch
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany; Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry, and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Munich 85764, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg 85764, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Rodney J Scott
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambon Heights, NSW 2305, Australia; Information-Based Medicine Stream, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Mark McEvoy
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambon Heights, NSW 2305, Australia; Centre for Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Marian Beekman
- Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZC, the Netherlands
| | - Cristina Bombieri
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy
| | - Paul M Ridker
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Karen L Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Nancy L Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Alanna C Morrison
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Netherlands Twin Register, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam 1081 BT, the Netherlands
| | - John B Whitfield
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - David P Strachan
- Population Health Research Institute, St. George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Vollenweider
- Department of Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Cucca
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Sardinia 08045, Italy
| | - Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu 90220, Finland; Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulun yliopisto, Finland; Unit of Primary Health Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu 90220, Finland; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment & Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK; Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, UK
| | - J Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, the Netherlands; Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, Amsterdam 3501 DG, the Netherlands; Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands, Utrecht 3511 EP, the Netherlands
| | - Tim D Spector
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Anders Hamsten
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17176, Sweden
| | - Tanja Zeller
- Department of General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Hamburg 20246, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site RhineMain, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 CN, the Netherlands
| | - Matthias Nauck
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany; Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur 201, Iceland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
| | - Lu Qi
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Harald Grallert
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Site Munich, Munich 85764, Germany
| | - Ingrid B Borecki
- Analytical Genetics Group, Regeneron Genetics Center, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Winfried März
- Vth Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim 68167, Germany; Synlab Academy, Synlab Holding Deutschland GmbH, Mannheim 68161, Germany; Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
| | - Philipp S Wild
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site RhineMain, 55131 Mainz, Germany; Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz 55131, Germany; Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine, Center for Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Marja-Liisa Lokki
- Transplantation Laboratory, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Michael Boyle
- John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, NWS 2305, Australia
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00271, Finland
| | - Mads Melbye
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen 2300, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2300, Denmark; Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Johan G Eriksson
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00271, Finland; Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki 00250, Finland; Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - James F Wilson
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH16 4UX, UK; MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Brenda W J H Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience and Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center/GGZ inGeest Research & Innovation, Amsterdam 1081 HJ, the Netherlands
| | - Diane M Becker
- GeneSTAR Research Center, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Bradford B Worrall
- Departments of Neurology and Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia Charlottesville, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0394, USA
| | - Greg Gibson
- Center for Integrative Genomics, School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Ronald M Krauss
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA 94609, USA
| | - Marina Ciullo
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso," Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Napoli 80131, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS) 86077, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Zaza
- Renal Unit, Department of Medicine, Verona University Hospital, Verona 37126, Italy
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Albertine J Oldehinkel
- Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, the Netherlands
| | - Lyle J Palmer
- School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Sarah S Murray
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Peter P Pramstaller
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano 39100, Italy; General Central Hospital, Department of Neurology, Bolzano 39100, Italy; Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck 23538, Germany
| | | | - Joachim Heinrich
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany; Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich, Member DZL, German Center for Lung Research, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 41, Sweden; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ian J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK; Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Liesbeth Vandenput
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 41345, Sweden
| | - Pim van der Harst
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Cardiology, Groningen 9713 AV, the Netherlands
| | - Karl C Desch
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jaspal S Kooner
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital, Middlesex UB1 3HW, UK; Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W12 0HS, UK; MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 41345, Sweden
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere 33014, Finland; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center - Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere 33520, Finland
| | - Alan R Shuldiner
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Donna K Arnett
- University of Kentucky, College of Public Health, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
| | - Lawrence J Beilin
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Antonietta Robino
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo," Trieste 34140, Italy
| | - Philippe Froguel
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8199, University of Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, FR 3508, 59000 Lille, France; Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Mario Pirastu
- Support OU, Institute of Genetic and Biomedic Research, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Sassari 7100, Italy
| | - Tine Jess
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Frederiksberg 2200, Denmark
| | - Wolfgang Koenig
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 80636 Munich, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine II-Cardiology, University of Ulm Medical Center, 80801 Ulm, Germany; Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, 80636 Munich, Germany
| | - Ruth J F Loos
- Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029-6542, USA
| | - Denis A Evans
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Helena Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, Medical University Graz, Graz 8010, Austria; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - P Eline Slagboom
- Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZC, the Netherlands
| | | | - Andrew P Morris
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GL, UK
| | - Bruce M Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA; Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA; Department of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7660, USA; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Russell P Tracy
- Department of Pathology, University of Vermont, Colchester, VT 05405, USA
| | - Ilja M Nolte
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, the Netherlands
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Alex P Reiner
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Myron Gross
- Department of Lab Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Joshua C Bis
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Lude Franke
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, the Netherlands
| | - Oscar H Franco
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands; Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Emelia J Benjamin
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01702, USA
| | - Daniel I Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Josée Dupuis
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01702, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, the Netherlands
| | - Abbas Dehghan
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment & Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK.
| | - Behrooz Z Alizadeh
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, the Netherlands.
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21
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Qian Y, Butler TJ, Opsahl-Ong K, Giroux NS, Sidore C, Nagaraja R, Cucca F, Ferrucci L, Abecasis GR, Schlessinger D, Ding J. fastMitoCalc: an ultra-fast program to estimate mitochondrial DNA copy number from whole-genome sequences. Bioinformatics 2018; 33:1399-1401. [PMID: 28453676 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btw835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Availability and Implementation fastMitoCalc is available at https://lgsun.irp.nia.nih.gov/hsgu/software/mitoAnalyzer/index.html. Contact jun.ding@nih.gov. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Qian
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thomas J Butler
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Krista Opsahl-Ong
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nicholas S Giroux
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Carlo Sidore
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Ramaiah Nagaraja
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Francesco Cucca
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - David Schlessinger
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jun Ding
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
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22
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Olivieri A, Sidore C, Achilli A, Angius A, Posth C, Furtwängler A, Brandini S, Capodiferro MR, Gandini F, Zoledziewska M, Pitzalis M, Maschio A, Busonero F, Lai L, Skeates R, Gradoli MG, Beckett J, Marongiu M, Mazzarello V, Marongiu P, Rubino S, Rito T, Macaulay V, Semino O, Pala M, Abecasis GR, Schlessinger D, Conde-Sousa E, Soares P, Richards MB, Cucca F, Torroni A. Mitogenome Diversity in Sardinians: A Genetic Window onto an Island's Past. Mol Biol Evol 2017; 34:1230-1239. [PMID: 28177087 PMCID: PMC5400395 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msx082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sardinians are "outliers" in the European genetic landscape and, according to paleogenomic nuclear data, the closest to early European Neolithic farmers. To learn more about their genetic ancestry, we analyzed 3,491 modern and 21 ancient mitogenomes from Sardinia. We observed that 78.4% of modern mitogenomes cluster into 89 haplogroups that most likely arose in situ. For each Sardinian-specific haplogroup (SSH), we also identified the upstream node in the phylogeny, from which non-Sardinian mitogenomes radiate. This provided minimum and maximum time estimates for the presence of each SSH on the island. In agreement with demographic evidence, almost all SSHs coalesce in the post-Nuragic, Nuragic and Neolithic-Copper Age periods. For some rare SSHs, however, we could not dismiss the possibility that they might have been on the island prior to the Neolithic, a scenario that would be in agreement with archeological evidence of a Mesolithic occupation of Sardinia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Olivieri
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Carlo Sidore
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), CNR, Monserrato, Italy.,Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.,Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Alessandro Achilli
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrea Angius
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), CNR, Monserrato, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy.,Center for Advanced Studies, Research and Development in Sardinia (CRS4), AGCT Program, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna, Pula, Italy
| | - Cosimo Posth
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany.,Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Archaeo- and Palaeogenetics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anja Furtwängler
- Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Archaeo- and Palaeogenetics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefania Brandini
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Gandini
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Biological Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, Queensgate, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Andrea Maschio
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), CNR, Monserrato, Italy.,Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Fabio Busonero
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), CNR, Monserrato, Italy.,Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Luca Lai
- Department of Anthropology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Robin Skeates
- Department of Archaeology, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Michele Marongiu
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), CNR, Monserrato, Italy
| | | | - Patrizia Marongiu
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Salvatore Rubino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Teresa Rito
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences & ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Vincent Macaulay
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Ornella Semino
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Maria Pala
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, Queensgate, United Kingdom
| | - Gonçalo R Abecasis
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - David Schlessinger
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging US National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, MD
| | - Eduardo Conde-Sousa
- CBMA (Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
| | - Pedro Soares
- CBMA (Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
| | - Martin B Richards
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, Queensgate, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco Cucca
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), CNR, Monserrato, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Antonio Torroni
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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23
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Tachmazidou I, Süveges D, Min JL, Ritchie GRS, Steinberg J, Walter K, Iotchkova V, Schwartzentruber J, Huang J, Memari Y, McCarthy S, Crawford AA, Bombieri C, Cocca M, Farmaki AE, Gaunt TR, Jousilahti P, Kooijman MN, Lehne B, Malerba G, Männistö S, Matchan A, Medina-Gomez C, Metrustry SJ, Nag A, Ntalla I, Paternoster L, Rayner NW, Sala C, Scott WR, Shihab HA, Southam L, St Pourcain B, Traglia M, Trajanoska K, Zaza G, Zhang W, Artigas MS, Bansal N, Benn M, Chen Z, Danecek P, Lin WY, Locke A, Luan J, Manning AK, Mulas A, Sidore C, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, Varbo A, Zoledziewska M, Finan C, Hatzikotoulas K, Hendricks AE, Kemp JP, Moayyeri A, Panoutsopoulou K, Szpak M, Wilson SG, Boehnke M, Cucca F, Di Angelantonio E, Langenberg C, Lindgren C, McCarthy MI, Morris AP, Nordestgaard BG, Scott RA, Tobin MD, Wareham NJ, Burton P, Chambers JC, Smith GD, Dedoussis G, Felix JF, Franco OH, Gambaro G, Gasparini P, Hammond CJ, Hofman A, Jaddoe VWV, Kleber M, Kooner JS, Perola M, Relton C, Ring SM, Rivadeneira F, Salomaa V, Spector TD, Stegle O, Toniolo D, Uitterlinden AG, Barroso I, Greenwood CMT, Perry JRB, Walker BR, Butterworth AS, Xue Y, Durbin R, Small KS, Soranzo N, Timpson NJ, Zeggini E. Whole-Genome Sequencing Coupled to Imputation Discovers Genetic Signals for Anthropometric Traits. Am J Hum Genet 2017; 100:865-884. [PMID: 28552196 PMCID: PMC5473732 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Deep sequence-based imputation can enhance the discovery power of genome-wide association studies by assessing previously unexplored variation across the common- and low-frequency spectra. We applied a hybrid whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and deep imputation approach to examine the broader allelic architecture of 12 anthropometric traits associated with height, body mass, and fat distribution in up to 267,616 individuals. We report 106 genome-wide significant signals that have not been previously identified, including 9 low-frequency variants pointing to functional candidates. Of the 106 signals, 6 are in genomic regions that have not been implicated with related traits before, 28 are independent signals at previously reported regions, and 72 represent previously reported signals for a different anthropometric trait. 71% of signals reside within genes and fine mapping resolves 23 signals to one or two likely causal variants. We confirm genetic overlap between human monogenic and polygenic anthropometric traits and find signal enrichment in cis expression QTLs in relevant tissues. Our results highlight the potential of WGS strategies to enhance biologically relevant discoveries across the frequency spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Tachmazidou
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Dániel Süveges
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Josine L Min
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Graham R S Ritchie
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK; Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences & Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UX, UK; MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UX, UK
| | - Julia Steinberg
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Klaudia Walter
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Valentina Iotchkova
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK; European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SD, UK
| | | | - Jie Huang
- Boston VA Research Institute, Boston, MA 02130, USA
| | - Yasin Memari
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Shane McCarthy
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Andrew A Crawford
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK; BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Cristina Bombieri
- Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Cocca
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34100, Italy
| | - Aliki-Eleni Farmaki
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens 17671, Greece
| | - Tom R Gaunt
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Pekka Jousilahti
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00271, Finland
| | - Marjolein N Kooijman
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Lehne
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Giovanni Malerba
- Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy
| | - Satu Männistö
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00271, Finland
| | - Angela Matchan
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Carolina Medina-Gomez
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands
| | - Sarah J Metrustry
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Abhishek Nag
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Ioanna Ntalla
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Lavinia Paternoster
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Nigel W Rayner
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK; Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Cinzia Sala
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - William R Scott
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK; Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex UB1 3EU, UK
| | - Hashem A Shihab
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Lorraine Southam
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK; Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Beate St Pourcain
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK; Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen 6500, the Netherlands
| | - Michela Traglia
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Katerina Trajanoska
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands
| | - Gialuigi Zaza
- Renal Unit, Department of Medicine, Verona University Hospital, Verona 37126, Italy
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK; Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex UB1 3EU, UK
| | - María S Artigas
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Narinder Bansal
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health & Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Marianne Benn
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Zhongsheng Chen
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Petr Danecek
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Wei-Yu Lin
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health & Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Adam Locke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Jian'an Luan
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Alisa K Manning
- Center for Human Genetics Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard University Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Antonella Mulas
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB-CNR), Cagliari 09100, Italy; Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari 07100, Italy
| | - Carlo Sidore
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB-CNR), Cagliari 09100, Italy
| | - Anne Tybjaerg-Hansen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Anette Varbo
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | | | - Chris Finan
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | - Audrey E Hendricks
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK; Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO 80204, USA
| | - John P Kemp
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK; University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Alireza Moayyeri
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK; Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London NW1 2DA, UK
| | | | - Michal Szpak
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Scott G Wilson
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK; School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Francesco Cucca
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB-CNR), Cagliari 09100, Italy; Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari 07100, Italy
| | - Emanuele Di Angelantonio
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health & Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK; The National Institute for Health Research Blood and Transplant Unit (NIHR BTRU) in Donor Health and Genomics at the University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Cecilia Lindgren
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, The Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK; Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Andrew P Morris
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GL, UK; Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Tartumaa 51010, Estonia
| | - Børge G Nordestgaard
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Robert A Scott
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Martin D Tobin
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | | | | | - Paul Burton
- D2K Research Group, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - John C Chambers
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK; Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex UB1 3EU, UK; Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W2 1NY, UK
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - George Dedoussis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens 17671, Greece
| | - Janine F Felix
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands
| | - Oscar H Franco
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands
| | - Giovanni Gambaro
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Columbus-Gemelli University Hospital, Catholic University, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Paolo Gasparini
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34100, Italy; Medical Genetics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste 34100, Italy
| | - Christopher J Hammond
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands
| | - Vincent W V Jaddoe
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands
| | - Marcus Kleber
- Vth Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim 68167, Germany
| | - Jaspal S Kooner
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex UB1 3EU, UK; Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W2 1NY, UK; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Markus Perola
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00271, Finland; Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Tartumaa 51010, Estonia; Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland
| | - Caroline Relton
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Susan M Ring
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00271, Finland
| | - Timothy D Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Oliver Stegle
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Daniela Toniolo
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Inês Barroso
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK; University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Celia M T Greenwood
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada; Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 1A2, Canada; Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montréal, QC H2W 1S6, Canada
| | - John R B Perry
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK; MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Brian R Walker
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Adam S Butterworth
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health & Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK; The National Institute for Health Research Blood and Transplant Unit (NIHR BTRU) in Donor Health and Genomics at the University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Yali Xue
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Richard Durbin
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Kerrin S Small
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Nicole Soranzo
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK; The National Institute for Health Research Blood and Transplant Unit (NIHR BTRU) in Donor Health and Genomics at the University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK; Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK
| | - Nicholas J Timpson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Eleftheria Zeggini
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK.
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24
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Steri M, Orrù V, Idda ML, Pitzalis M, Pala M, Zara I, Sidore C, Faà V, Floris M, Deiana M, Asunis I, Porcu E, Mulas A, Piras MG, Lobina M, Lai S, Marongiu M, Serra V, Marongiu M, Sole G, Busonero F, Maschio A, Cusano R, Cuccuru G, Deidda F, Poddie F, Farina G, Dei M, Virdis F, Olla S, Satta MA, Pani M, Delitala A, Cocco E, Frau J, Coghe G, Lorefice L, Fenu G, Ferrigno P, Ban M, Barizzone N, Leone M, Guerini FR, Piga M, Firinu D, Kockum I, Lima Bomfim I, Olsson T, Alfredsson L, Suarez A, Carreira PE, Castillo-Palma MJ, Marcus JH, Congia M, Angius A, Melis M, Gonzalez A, Alarcón Riquelme ME, da Silva BM, Marchini M, Danieli MG, Del Giacco S, Mathieu A, Pani A, Montgomery SB, Rosati G, Hillert J, Sawcer S, D'Alfonso S, Todd JA, Novembre J, Abecasis GR, Whalen MB, Marrosu MG, Meloni A, Sanna S, Gorospe M, Schlessinger D, Fiorillo E, Zoledziewska M, Cucca F. Overexpression of the Cytokine BAFF and Autoimmunity Risk. N Engl J Med 2017; 376:1615-1626. [PMID: 28445677 PMCID: PMC5605835 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1610528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genomewide association studies of autoimmune diseases have mapped hundreds of susceptibility regions in the genome. However, only for a few association signals has the causal gene been identified, and for even fewer have the causal variant and underlying mechanism been defined. Coincident associations of DNA variants affecting both the risk of autoimmune disease and quantitative immune variables provide an informative route to explore disease mechanisms and drug-targetable pathways. METHODS Using case-control samples from Sardinia, Italy, we performed a genomewide association study in multiple sclerosis followed by TNFSF13B locus-specific association testing in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Extensive phenotyping of quantitative immune variables, sequence-based fine mapping, cross-population and cross-phenotype analyses, and gene-expression studies were used to identify the causal variant and elucidate its mechanism of action. Signatures of positive selection were also investigated. RESULTS A variant in TNFSF13B, encoding the cytokine and drug target B-cell activating factor (BAFF), was associated with multiple sclerosis as well as SLE. The disease-risk allele was also associated with up-regulated humoral immunity through increased levels of soluble BAFF, B lymphocytes, and immunoglobulins. The causal variant was identified: an insertion-deletion variant, GCTGT→A (in which A is the risk allele), yielded a shorter transcript that escaped microRNA inhibition and increased production of soluble BAFF, which in turn up-regulated humoral immunity. Population genetic signatures indicated that this autoimmunity variant has been evolutionarily advantageous, most likely by augmenting resistance to malaria. CONCLUSIONS A TNFSF13B variant was associated with multiple sclerosis and SLE, and its effects were clarified at the population, cellular, and molecular levels. (Funded by the Italian Foundation for Multiple Sclerosis and others.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maristella Steri
- From Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Monserrato (M.S., V.O., M.L.I., M. Pitzalis, M. Pala, C.S., V.F., M.F., M. Deiana, I.A., E.P., A. Mulas, M.G.P., M. Lobina, S.L., Mara Marongiu, V.S., Michele Marongiu, G.S., F.B., A. Maschio, F.D., M. Dei, F.V., S.O., A.A., M.B.W., A. Meloni, S. Sanna, E.F., M.Z., F.C.), Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna (I.Z., M.F., R.C., G. Cuccuru), Struttura Complessa Disciplina di Ematologia e Centro Trapianto Cellule Staminali Emopoietiche Wilma Deplano, Ospedale Oncologico di Riferimento Regionale Armando Businco (M. Pani), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Cagliari (E.C., J.F., G. Coghe, L.L., G. Fenu), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, S.C. Neurologia (P.F., M. Melis), Division of Rheumatology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari (M. Piga, A. Mathieu), Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari (D.F., S.D.G., M.G.M.), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, U.S. Gastroenterologia Pediatrica Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao (M.C.), and Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation Unit, Giuseppe Brotzu Hospital (A.P.), Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari (M.F., F.P., F.C.), Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari (G. Farina, G.R.), and Servizio Trasfusionale (M.A.S.) and Clinica Medica (A.D.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Neurology B, Department of Neurological, Biomedical, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona (G. Farina), Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (N.B., S.D.), SC Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (M. Leone), Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G.), and Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan (M. Marchini), Milan, and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona (M.G.D.) - all in Italy; Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore (M.L.I., M.G., D.S.); the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., S. Sawcer) and JDRF-Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.A.T.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Solna (I.K., I.L.B., T.O., J.H.), Institute of Environmental Medicine (L.A.) and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease (M.E.A.R.), Karolinska Institute, and Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council (L.A.), Stockholm; Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo (A.S.), Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (P.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville (M.J.C.-P.), Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A.G.), and Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada (M.E.A.R.) - all in Spain; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago (J.H.M., J.N.); Centro Hospitalar do Porto-Hospital Santo Antonio and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Porto, Portugal (B.M.S.); Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (S.B.M.); and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (G.R.A.)
| | - Valeria Orrù
- From Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Monserrato (M.S., V.O., M.L.I., M. Pitzalis, M. Pala, C.S., V.F., M.F., M. Deiana, I.A., E.P., A. Mulas, M.G.P., M. Lobina, S.L., Mara Marongiu, V.S., Michele Marongiu, G.S., F.B., A. Maschio, F.D., M. Dei, F.V., S.O., A.A., M.B.W., A. Meloni, S. Sanna, E.F., M.Z., F.C.), Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna (I.Z., M.F., R.C., G. Cuccuru), Struttura Complessa Disciplina di Ematologia e Centro Trapianto Cellule Staminali Emopoietiche Wilma Deplano, Ospedale Oncologico di Riferimento Regionale Armando Businco (M. Pani), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Cagliari (E.C., J.F., G. Coghe, L.L., G. Fenu), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, S.C. Neurologia (P.F., M. Melis), Division of Rheumatology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari (M. Piga, A. Mathieu), Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari (D.F., S.D.G., M.G.M.), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, U.S. Gastroenterologia Pediatrica Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao (M.C.), and Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation Unit, Giuseppe Brotzu Hospital (A.P.), Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari (M.F., F.P., F.C.), Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari (G. Farina, G.R.), and Servizio Trasfusionale (M.A.S.) and Clinica Medica (A.D.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Neurology B, Department of Neurological, Biomedical, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona (G. Farina), Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (N.B., S.D.), SC Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (M. Leone), Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G.), and Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan (M. Marchini), Milan, and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona (M.G.D.) - all in Italy; Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore (M.L.I., M.G., D.S.); the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., S. Sawcer) and JDRF-Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.A.T.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Solna (I.K., I.L.B., T.O., J.H.), Institute of Environmental Medicine (L.A.) and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease (M.E.A.R.), Karolinska Institute, and Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council (L.A.), Stockholm; Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo (A.S.), Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (P.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville (M.J.C.-P.), Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A.G.), and Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada (M.E.A.R.) - all in Spain; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago (J.H.M., J.N.); Centro Hospitalar do Porto-Hospital Santo Antonio and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Porto, Portugal (B.M.S.); Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (S.B.M.); and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (G.R.A.)
| | - M Laura Idda
- From Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Monserrato (M.S., V.O., M.L.I., M. Pitzalis, M. Pala, C.S., V.F., M.F., M. Deiana, I.A., E.P., A. Mulas, M.G.P., M. Lobina, S.L., Mara Marongiu, V.S., Michele Marongiu, G.S., F.B., A. Maschio, F.D., M. Dei, F.V., S.O., A.A., M.B.W., A. Meloni, S. Sanna, E.F., M.Z., F.C.), Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna (I.Z., M.F., R.C., G. Cuccuru), Struttura Complessa Disciplina di Ematologia e Centro Trapianto Cellule Staminali Emopoietiche Wilma Deplano, Ospedale Oncologico di Riferimento Regionale Armando Businco (M. Pani), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Cagliari (E.C., J.F., G. Coghe, L.L., G. Fenu), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, S.C. Neurologia (P.F., M. Melis), Division of Rheumatology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari (M. Piga, A. Mathieu), Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari (D.F., S.D.G., M.G.M.), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, U.S. Gastroenterologia Pediatrica Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao (M.C.), and Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation Unit, Giuseppe Brotzu Hospital (A.P.), Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari (M.F., F.P., F.C.), Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari (G. Farina, G.R.), and Servizio Trasfusionale (M.A.S.) and Clinica Medica (A.D.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Neurology B, Department of Neurological, Biomedical, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona (G. Farina), Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (N.B., S.D.), SC Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (M. Leone), Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G.), and Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan (M. Marchini), Milan, and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona (M.G.D.) - all in Italy; Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore (M.L.I., M.G., D.S.); the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., S. Sawcer) and JDRF-Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.A.T.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Solna (I.K., I.L.B., T.O., J.H.), Institute of Environmental Medicine (L.A.) and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease (M.E.A.R.), Karolinska Institute, and Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council (L.A.), Stockholm; Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo (A.S.), Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (P.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville (M.J.C.-P.), Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A.G.), and Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada (M.E.A.R.) - all in Spain; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago (J.H.M., J.N.); Centro Hospitalar do Porto-Hospital Santo Antonio and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Porto, Portugal (B.M.S.); Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (S.B.M.); and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (G.R.A.)
| | - Maristella Pitzalis
- From Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Monserrato (M.S., V.O., M.L.I., M. Pitzalis, M. Pala, C.S., V.F., M.F., M. Deiana, I.A., E.P., A. Mulas, M.G.P., M. Lobina, S.L., Mara Marongiu, V.S., Michele Marongiu, G.S., F.B., A. Maschio, F.D., M. Dei, F.V., S.O., A.A., M.B.W., A. Meloni, S. Sanna, E.F., M.Z., F.C.), Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna (I.Z., M.F., R.C., G. Cuccuru), Struttura Complessa Disciplina di Ematologia e Centro Trapianto Cellule Staminali Emopoietiche Wilma Deplano, Ospedale Oncologico di Riferimento Regionale Armando Businco (M. Pani), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Cagliari (E.C., J.F., G. Coghe, L.L., G. Fenu), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, S.C. Neurologia (P.F., M. Melis), Division of Rheumatology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari (M. Piga, A. Mathieu), Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari (D.F., S.D.G., M.G.M.), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, U.S. Gastroenterologia Pediatrica Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao (M.C.), and Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation Unit, Giuseppe Brotzu Hospital (A.P.), Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari (M.F., F.P., F.C.), Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari (G. Farina, G.R.), and Servizio Trasfusionale (M.A.S.) and Clinica Medica (A.D.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Neurology B, Department of Neurological, Biomedical, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona (G. Farina), Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (N.B., S.D.), SC Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (M. Leone), Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G.), and Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan (M. Marchini), Milan, and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona (M.G.D.) - all in Italy; Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore (M.L.I., M.G., D.S.); the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., S. Sawcer) and JDRF-Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.A.T.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Solna (I.K., I.L.B., T.O., J.H.), Institute of Environmental Medicine (L.A.) and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease (M.E.A.R.), Karolinska Institute, and Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council (L.A.), Stockholm; Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo (A.S.), Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (P.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville (M.J.C.-P.), Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A.G.), and Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada (M.E.A.R.) - all in Spain; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago (J.H.M., J.N.); Centro Hospitalar do Porto-Hospital Santo Antonio and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Porto, Portugal (B.M.S.); Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (S.B.M.); and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (G.R.A.)
| | - Mauro Pala
- From Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Monserrato (M.S., V.O., M.L.I., M. Pitzalis, M. Pala, C.S., V.F., M.F., M. Deiana, I.A., E.P., A. Mulas, M.G.P., M. Lobina, S.L., Mara Marongiu, V.S., Michele Marongiu, G.S., F.B., A. Maschio, F.D., M. Dei, F.V., S.O., A.A., M.B.W., A. Meloni, S. Sanna, E.F., M.Z., F.C.), Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna (I.Z., M.F., R.C., G. Cuccuru), Struttura Complessa Disciplina di Ematologia e Centro Trapianto Cellule Staminali Emopoietiche Wilma Deplano, Ospedale Oncologico di Riferimento Regionale Armando Businco (M. Pani), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Cagliari (E.C., J.F., G. Coghe, L.L., G. Fenu), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, S.C. Neurologia (P.F., M. Melis), Division of Rheumatology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari (M. Piga, A. Mathieu), Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari (D.F., S.D.G., M.G.M.), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, U.S. Gastroenterologia Pediatrica Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao (M.C.), and Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation Unit, Giuseppe Brotzu Hospital (A.P.), Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari (M.F., F.P., F.C.), Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari (G. Farina, G.R.), and Servizio Trasfusionale (M.A.S.) and Clinica Medica (A.D.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Neurology B, Department of Neurological, Biomedical, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona (G. Farina), Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (N.B., S.D.), SC Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (M. Leone), Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G.), and Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan (M. Marchini), Milan, and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona (M.G.D.) - all in Italy; Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore (M.L.I., M.G., D.S.); the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., S. Sawcer) and JDRF-Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.A.T.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Solna (I.K., I.L.B., T.O., J.H.), Institute of Environmental Medicine (L.A.) and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease (M.E.A.R.), Karolinska Institute, and Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council (L.A.), Stockholm; Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo (A.S.), Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (P.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville (M.J.C.-P.), Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A.G.), and Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada (M.E.A.R.) - all in Spain; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago (J.H.M., J.N.); Centro Hospitalar do Porto-Hospital Santo Antonio and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Porto, Portugal (B.M.S.); Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (S.B.M.); and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (G.R.A.)
| | - Ilenia Zara
- From Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Monserrato (M.S., V.O., M.L.I., M. Pitzalis, M. Pala, C.S., V.F., M.F., M. Deiana, I.A., E.P., A. Mulas, M.G.P., M. Lobina, S.L., Mara Marongiu, V.S., Michele Marongiu, G.S., F.B., A. Maschio, F.D., M. Dei, F.V., S.O., A.A., M.B.W., A. Meloni, S. Sanna, E.F., M.Z., F.C.), Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna (I.Z., M.F., R.C., G. Cuccuru), Struttura Complessa Disciplina di Ematologia e Centro Trapianto Cellule Staminali Emopoietiche Wilma Deplano, Ospedale Oncologico di Riferimento Regionale Armando Businco (M. Pani), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Cagliari (E.C., J.F., G. Coghe, L.L., G. Fenu), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, S.C. Neurologia (P.F., M. Melis), Division of Rheumatology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari (M. Piga, A. Mathieu), Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari (D.F., S.D.G., M.G.M.), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, U.S. Gastroenterologia Pediatrica Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao (M.C.), and Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation Unit, Giuseppe Brotzu Hospital (A.P.), Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari (M.F., F.P., F.C.), Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari (G. Farina, G.R.), and Servizio Trasfusionale (M.A.S.) and Clinica Medica (A.D.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Neurology B, Department of Neurological, Biomedical, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona (G. Farina), Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (N.B., S.D.), SC Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (M. Leone), Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G.), and Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan (M. Marchini), Milan, and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona (M.G.D.) - all in Italy; Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore (M.L.I., M.G., D.S.); the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., S. Sawcer) and JDRF-Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.A.T.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Solna (I.K., I.L.B., T.O., J.H.), Institute of Environmental Medicine (L.A.) and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease (M.E.A.R.), Karolinska Institute, and Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council (L.A.), Stockholm; Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo (A.S.), Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (P.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville (M.J.C.-P.), Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A.G.), and Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada (M.E.A.R.) - all in Spain; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago (J.H.M., J.N.); Centro Hospitalar do Porto-Hospital Santo Antonio and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Porto, Portugal (B.M.S.); Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (S.B.M.); and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (G.R.A.)
| | - Carlo Sidore
- From Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Monserrato (M.S., V.O., M.L.I., M. Pitzalis, M. Pala, C.S., V.F., M.F., M. Deiana, I.A., E.P., A. Mulas, M.G.P., M. Lobina, S.L., Mara Marongiu, V.S., Michele Marongiu, G.S., F.B., A. Maschio, F.D., M. Dei, F.V., S.O., A.A., M.B.W., A. Meloni, S. Sanna, E.F., M.Z., F.C.), Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna (I.Z., M.F., R.C., G. Cuccuru), Struttura Complessa Disciplina di Ematologia e Centro Trapianto Cellule Staminali Emopoietiche Wilma Deplano, Ospedale Oncologico di Riferimento Regionale Armando Businco (M. Pani), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Cagliari (E.C., J.F., G. Coghe, L.L., G. Fenu), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, S.C. Neurologia (P.F., M. Melis), Division of Rheumatology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari (M. Piga, A. Mathieu), Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari (D.F., S.D.G., M.G.M.), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, U.S. Gastroenterologia Pediatrica Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao (M.C.), and Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation Unit, Giuseppe Brotzu Hospital (A.P.), Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari (M.F., F.P., F.C.), Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari (G. Farina, G.R.), and Servizio Trasfusionale (M.A.S.) and Clinica Medica (A.D.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Neurology B, Department of Neurological, Biomedical, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona (G. Farina), Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (N.B., S.D.), SC Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (M. Leone), Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G.), and Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan (M. Marchini), Milan, and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona (M.G.D.) - all in Italy; Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore (M.L.I., M.G., D.S.); the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., S. Sawcer) and JDRF-Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.A.T.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Solna (I.K., I.L.B., T.O., J.H.), Institute of Environmental Medicine (L.A.) and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease (M.E.A.R.), Karolinska Institute, and Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council (L.A.), Stockholm; Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo (A.S.), Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (P.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville (M.J.C.-P.), Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A.G.), and Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada (M.E.A.R.) - all in Spain; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago (J.H.M., J.N.); Centro Hospitalar do Porto-Hospital Santo Antonio and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Porto, Portugal (B.M.S.); Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (S.B.M.); and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (G.R.A.)
| | - Valeria Faà
- From Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Monserrato (M.S., V.O., M.L.I., M. Pitzalis, M. Pala, C.S., V.F., M.F., M. Deiana, I.A., E.P., A. Mulas, M.G.P., M. Lobina, S.L., Mara Marongiu, V.S., Michele Marongiu, G.S., F.B., A. Maschio, F.D., M. Dei, F.V., S.O., A.A., M.B.W., A. Meloni, S. Sanna, E.F., M.Z., F.C.), Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna (I.Z., M.F., R.C., G. Cuccuru), Struttura Complessa Disciplina di Ematologia e Centro Trapianto Cellule Staminali Emopoietiche Wilma Deplano, Ospedale Oncologico di Riferimento Regionale Armando Businco (M. Pani), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Cagliari (E.C., J.F., G. Coghe, L.L., G. Fenu), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, S.C. Neurologia (P.F., M. Melis), Division of Rheumatology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari (M. Piga, A. Mathieu), Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari (D.F., S.D.G., M.G.M.), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, U.S. Gastroenterologia Pediatrica Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao (M.C.), and Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation Unit, Giuseppe Brotzu Hospital (A.P.), Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari (M.F., F.P., F.C.), Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari (G. Farina, G.R.), and Servizio Trasfusionale (M.A.S.) and Clinica Medica (A.D.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Neurology B, Department of Neurological, Biomedical, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona (G. Farina), Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (N.B., S.D.), SC Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (M. Leone), Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G.), and Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan (M. Marchini), Milan, and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona (M.G.D.) - all in Italy; Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore (M.L.I., M.G., D.S.); the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., S. Sawcer) and JDRF-Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.A.T.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Solna (I.K., I.L.B., T.O., J.H.), Institute of Environmental Medicine (L.A.) and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease (M.E.A.R.), Karolinska Institute, and Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council (L.A.), Stockholm; Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo (A.S.), Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (P.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville (M.J.C.-P.), Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A.G.), and Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada (M.E.A.R.) - all in Spain; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago (J.H.M., J.N.); Centro Hospitalar do Porto-Hospital Santo Antonio and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Porto, Portugal (B.M.S.); Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (S.B.M.); and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (G.R.A.)
| | - Matteo Floris
- From Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Monserrato (M.S., V.O., M.L.I., M. Pitzalis, M. Pala, C.S., V.F., M.F., M. Deiana, I.A., E.P., A. Mulas, M.G.P., M. Lobina, S.L., Mara Marongiu, V.S., Michele Marongiu, G.S., F.B., A. Maschio, F.D., M. Dei, F.V., S.O., A.A., M.B.W., A. Meloni, S. Sanna, E.F., M.Z., F.C.), Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna (I.Z., M.F., R.C., G. Cuccuru), Struttura Complessa Disciplina di Ematologia e Centro Trapianto Cellule Staminali Emopoietiche Wilma Deplano, Ospedale Oncologico di Riferimento Regionale Armando Businco (M. Pani), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Cagliari (E.C., J.F., G. Coghe, L.L., G. Fenu), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, S.C. Neurologia (P.F., M. Melis), Division of Rheumatology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari (M. Piga, A. Mathieu), Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari (D.F., S.D.G., M.G.M.), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, U.S. Gastroenterologia Pediatrica Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao (M.C.), and Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation Unit, Giuseppe Brotzu Hospital (A.P.), Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari (M.F., F.P., F.C.), Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari (G. Farina, G.R.), and Servizio Trasfusionale (M.A.S.) and Clinica Medica (A.D.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Neurology B, Department of Neurological, Biomedical, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona (G. Farina), Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (N.B., S.D.), SC Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (M. Leone), Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G.), and Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan (M. Marchini), Milan, and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona (M.G.D.) - all in Italy; Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore (M.L.I., M.G., D.S.); the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., S. Sawcer) and JDRF-Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.A.T.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Solna (I.K., I.L.B., T.O., J.H.), Institute of Environmental Medicine (L.A.) and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease (M.E.A.R.), Karolinska Institute, and Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council (L.A.), Stockholm; Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo (A.S.), Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (P.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville (M.J.C.-P.), Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A.G.), and Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada (M.E.A.R.) - all in Spain; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago (J.H.M., J.N.); Centro Hospitalar do Porto-Hospital Santo Antonio and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Porto, Portugal (B.M.S.); Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (S.B.M.); and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (G.R.A.)
| | - Manila Deiana
- From Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Monserrato (M.S., V.O., M.L.I., M. Pitzalis, M. Pala, C.S., V.F., M.F., M. Deiana, I.A., E.P., A. Mulas, M.G.P., M. Lobina, S.L., Mara Marongiu, V.S., Michele Marongiu, G.S., F.B., A. Maschio, F.D., M. Dei, F.V., S.O., A.A., M.B.W., A. Meloni, S. Sanna, E.F., M.Z., F.C.), Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna (I.Z., M.F., R.C., G. Cuccuru), Struttura Complessa Disciplina di Ematologia e Centro Trapianto Cellule Staminali Emopoietiche Wilma Deplano, Ospedale Oncologico di Riferimento Regionale Armando Businco (M. Pani), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Cagliari (E.C., J.F., G. Coghe, L.L., G. Fenu), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, S.C. Neurologia (P.F., M. Melis), Division of Rheumatology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari (M. Piga, A. Mathieu), Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari (D.F., S.D.G., M.G.M.), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, U.S. Gastroenterologia Pediatrica Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao (M.C.), and Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation Unit, Giuseppe Brotzu Hospital (A.P.), Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari (M.F., F.P., F.C.), Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari (G. Farina, G.R.), and Servizio Trasfusionale (M.A.S.) and Clinica Medica (A.D.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Neurology B, Department of Neurological, Biomedical, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona (G. Farina), Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (N.B., S.D.), SC Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (M. Leone), Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G.), and Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan (M. Marchini), Milan, and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona (M.G.D.) - all in Italy; Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore (M.L.I., M.G., D.S.); the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., S. Sawcer) and JDRF-Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.A.T.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Solna (I.K., I.L.B., T.O., J.H.), Institute of Environmental Medicine (L.A.) and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease (M.E.A.R.), Karolinska Institute, and Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council (L.A.), Stockholm; Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo (A.S.), Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (P.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville (M.J.C.-P.), Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A.G.), and Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada (M.E.A.R.) - all in Spain; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago (J.H.M., J.N.); Centro Hospitalar do Porto-Hospital Santo Antonio and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Porto, Portugal (B.M.S.); Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (S.B.M.); and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (G.R.A.)
| | - Isadora Asunis
- From Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Monserrato (M.S., V.O., M.L.I., M. Pitzalis, M. Pala, C.S., V.F., M.F., M. Deiana, I.A., E.P., A. Mulas, M.G.P., M. Lobina, S.L., Mara Marongiu, V.S., Michele Marongiu, G.S., F.B., A. Maschio, F.D., M. Dei, F.V., S.O., A.A., M.B.W., A. Meloni, S. Sanna, E.F., M.Z., F.C.), Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna (I.Z., M.F., R.C., G. Cuccuru), Struttura Complessa Disciplina di Ematologia e Centro Trapianto Cellule Staminali Emopoietiche Wilma Deplano, Ospedale Oncologico di Riferimento Regionale Armando Businco (M. Pani), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Cagliari (E.C., J.F., G. Coghe, L.L., G. Fenu), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, S.C. Neurologia (P.F., M. Melis), Division of Rheumatology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari (M. Piga, A. Mathieu), Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari (D.F., S.D.G., M.G.M.), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, U.S. Gastroenterologia Pediatrica Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao (M.C.), and Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation Unit, Giuseppe Brotzu Hospital (A.P.), Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari (M.F., F.P., F.C.), Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari (G. Farina, G.R.), and Servizio Trasfusionale (M.A.S.) and Clinica Medica (A.D.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Neurology B, Department of Neurological, Biomedical, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona (G. Farina), Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (N.B., S.D.), SC Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (M. Leone), Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G.), and Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan (M. Marchini), Milan, and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona (M.G.D.) - all in Italy; Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore (M.L.I., M.G., D.S.); the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., S. Sawcer) and JDRF-Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.A.T.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Solna (I.K., I.L.B., T.O., J.H.), Institute of Environmental Medicine (L.A.) and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease (M.E.A.R.), Karolinska Institute, and Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council (L.A.), Stockholm; Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo (A.S.), Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (P.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville (M.J.C.-P.), Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A.G.), and Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada (M.E.A.R.) - all in Spain; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago (J.H.M., J.N.); Centro Hospitalar do Porto-Hospital Santo Antonio and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Porto, Portugal (B.M.S.); Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (S.B.M.); and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (G.R.A.)
| | - Eleonora Porcu
- From Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Monserrato (M.S., V.O., M.L.I., M. Pitzalis, M. Pala, C.S., V.F., M.F., M. Deiana, I.A., E.P., A. Mulas, M.G.P., M. Lobina, S.L., Mara Marongiu, V.S., Michele Marongiu, G.S., F.B., A. Maschio, F.D., M. Dei, F.V., S.O., A.A., M.B.W., A. Meloni, S. Sanna, E.F., M.Z., F.C.), Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna (I.Z., M.F., R.C., G. Cuccuru), Struttura Complessa Disciplina di Ematologia e Centro Trapianto Cellule Staminali Emopoietiche Wilma Deplano, Ospedale Oncologico di Riferimento Regionale Armando Businco (M. Pani), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Cagliari (E.C., J.F., G. Coghe, L.L., G. Fenu), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, S.C. Neurologia (P.F., M. Melis), Division of Rheumatology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari (M. Piga, A. Mathieu), Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari (D.F., S.D.G., M.G.M.), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, U.S. Gastroenterologia Pediatrica Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao (M.C.), and Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation Unit, Giuseppe Brotzu Hospital (A.P.), Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari (M.F., F.P., F.C.), Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari (G. Farina, G.R.), and Servizio Trasfusionale (M.A.S.) and Clinica Medica (A.D.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Neurology B, Department of Neurological, Biomedical, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona (G. Farina), Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (N.B., S.D.), SC Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (M. Leone), Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G.), and Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan (M. Marchini), Milan, and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona (M.G.D.) - all in Italy; Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore (M.L.I., M.G., D.S.); the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., S. Sawcer) and JDRF-Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.A.T.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Solna (I.K., I.L.B., T.O., J.H.), Institute of Environmental Medicine (L.A.) and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease (M.E.A.R.), Karolinska Institute, and Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council (L.A.), Stockholm; Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo (A.S.), Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (P.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville (M.J.C.-P.), Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A.G.), and Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada (M.E.A.R.) - all in Spain; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago (J.H.M., J.N.); Centro Hospitalar do Porto-Hospital Santo Antonio and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Porto, Portugal (B.M.S.); Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (S.B.M.); and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (G.R.A.)
| | - Antonella Mulas
- From Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Monserrato (M.S., V.O., M.L.I., M. Pitzalis, M. Pala, C.S., V.F., M.F., M. Deiana, I.A., E.P., A. Mulas, M.G.P., M. Lobina, S.L., Mara Marongiu, V.S., Michele Marongiu, G.S., F.B., A. Maschio, F.D., M. Dei, F.V., S.O., A.A., M.B.W., A. Meloni, S. Sanna, E.F., M.Z., F.C.), Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna (I.Z., M.F., R.C., G. Cuccuru), Struttura Complessa Disciplina di Ematologia e Centro Trapianto Cellule Staminali Emopoietiche Wilma Deplano, Ospedale Oncologico di Riferimento Regionale Armando Businco (M. Pani), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Cagliari (E.C., J.F., G. Coghe, L.L., G. Fenu), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, S.C. Neurologia (P.F., M. Melis), Division of Rheumatology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari (M. Piga, A. Mathieu), Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari (D.F., S.D.G., M.G.M.), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, U.S. Gastroenterologia Pediatrica Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao (M.C.), and Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation Unit, Giuseppe Brotzu Hospital (A.P.), Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari (M.F., F.P., F.C.), Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari (G. Farina, G.R.), and Servizio Trasfusionale (M.A.S.) and Clinica Medica (A.D.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Neurology B, Department of Neurological, Biomedical, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona (G. Farina), Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (N.B., S.D.), SC Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (M. Leone), Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G.), and Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan (M. Marchini), Milan, and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona (M.G.D.) - all in Italy; Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore (M.L.I., M.G., D.S.); the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., S. Sawcer) and JDRF-Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.A.T.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Solna (I.K., I.L.B., T.O., J.H.), Institute of Environmental Medicine (L.A.) and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease (M.E.A.R.), Karolinska Institute, and Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council (L.A.), Stockholm; Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo (A.S.), Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (P.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville (M.J.C.-P.), Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A.G.), and Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada (M.E.A.R.) - all in Spain; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago (J.H.M., J.N.); Centro Hospitalar do Porto-Hospital Santo Antonio and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Porto, Portugal (B.M.S.); Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (S.B.M.); and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (G.R.A.)
| | - Maria G Piras
- From Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Monserrato (M.S., V.O., M.L.I., M. Pitzalis, M. Pala, C.S., V.F., M.F., M. Deiana, I.A., E.P., A. Mulas, M.G.P., M. Lobina, S.L., Mara Marongiu, V.S., Michele Marongiu, G.S., F.B., A. Maschio, F.D., M. Dei, F.V., S.O., A.A., M.B.W., A. Meloni, S. Sanna, E.F., M.Z., F.C.), Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna (I.Z., M.F., R.C., G. Cuccuru), Struttura Complessa Disciplina di Ematologia e Centro Trapianto Cellule Staminali Emopoietiche Wilma Deplano, Ospedale Oncologico di Riferimento Regionale Armando Businco (M. Pani), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Cagliari (E.C., J.F., G. Coghe, L.L., G. Fenu), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, S.C. Neurologia (P.F., M. Melis), Division of Rheumatology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari (M. Piga, A. Mathieu), Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari (D.F., S.D.G., M.G.M.), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, U.S. Gastroenterologia Pediatrica Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao (M.C.), and Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation Unit, Giuseppe Brotzu Hospital (A.P.), Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari (M.F., F.P., F.C.), Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari (G. Farina, G.R.), and Servizio Trasfusionale (M.A.S.) and Clinica Medica (A.D.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Neurology B, Department of Neurological, Biomedical, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona (G. Farina), Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (N.B., S.D.), SC Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (M. Leone), Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G.), and Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan (M. Marchini), Milan, and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona (M.G.D.) - all in Italy; Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore (M.L.I., M.G., D.S.); the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., S. Sawcer) and JDRF-Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.A.T.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Solna (I.K., I.L.B., T.O., J.H.), Institute of Environmental Medicine (L.A.) and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease (M.E.A.R.), Karolinska Institute, and Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council (L.A.), Stockholm; Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo (A.S.), Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (P.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville (M.J.C.-P.), Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A.G.), and Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada (M.E.A.R.) - all in Spain; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago (J.H.M., J.N.); Centro Hospitalar do Porto-Hospital Santo Antonio and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Porto, Portugal (B.M.S.); Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (S.B.M.); and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (G.R.A.)
| | - Monia Lobina
- From Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Monserrato (M.S., V.O., M.L.I., M. Pitzalis, M. Pala, C.S., V.F., M.F., M. Deiana, I.A., E.P., A. Mulas, M.G.P., M. Lobina, S.L., Mara Marongiu, V.S., Michele Marongiu, G.S., F.B., A. Maschio, F.D., M. Dei, F.V., S.O., A.A., M.B.W., A. Meloni, S. Sanna, E.F., M.Z., F.C.), Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna (I.Z., M.F., R.C., G. Cuccuru), Struttura Complessa Disciplina di Ematologia e Centro Trapianto Cellule Staminali Emopoietiche Wilma Deplano, Ospedale Oncologico di Riferimento Regionale Armando Businco (M. Pani), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Cagliari (E.C., J.F., G. Coghe, L.L., G. Fenu), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, S.C. Neurologia (P.F., M. Melis), Division of Rheumatology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari (M. Piga, A. Mathieu), Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari (D.F., S.D.G., M.G.M.), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, U.S. Gastroenterologia Pediatrica Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao (M.C.), and Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation Unit, Giuseppe Brotzu Hospital (A.P.), Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari (M.F., F.P., F.C.), Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari (G. Farina, G.R.), and Servizio Trasfusionale (M.A.S.) and Clinica Medica (A.D.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Neurology B, Department of Neurological, Biomedical, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona (G. Farina), Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (N.B., S.D.), SC Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (M. Leone), Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G.), and Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan (M. Marchini), Milan, and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona (M.G.D.) - all in Italy; Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore (M.L.I., M.G., D.S.); the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., S. Sawcer) and JDRF-Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.A.T.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Solna (I.K., I.L.B., T.O., J.H.), Institute of Environmental Medicine (L.A.) and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease (M.E.A.R.), Karolinska Institute, and Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council (L.A.), Stockholm; Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo (A.S.), Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (P.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville (M.J.C.-P.), Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A.G.), and Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada (M.E.A.R.) - all in Spain; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago (J.H.M., J.N.); Centro Hospitalar do Porto-Hospital Santo Antonio and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Porto, Portugal (B.M.S.); Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (S.B.M.); and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (G.R.A.)
| | - Sandra Lai
- From Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Monserrato (M.S., V.O., M.L.I., M. Pitzalis, M. Pala, C.S., V.F., M.F., M. Deiana, I.A., E.P., A. Mulas, M.G.P., M. Lobina, S.L., Mara Marongiu, V.S., Michele Marongiu, G.S., F.B., A. Maschio, F.D., M. Dei, F.V., S.O., A.A., M.B.W., A. Meloni, S. Sanna, E.F., M.Z., F.C.), Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna (I.Z., M.F., R.C., G. Cuccuru), Struttura Complessa Disciplina di Ematologia e Centro Trapianto Cellule Staminali Emopoietiche Wilma Deplano, Ospedale Oncologico di Riferimento Regionale Armando Businco (M. Pani), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Cagliari (E.C., J.F., G. Coghe, L.L., G. Fenu), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, S.C. Neurologia (P.F., M. Melis), Division of Rheumatology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari (M. Piga, A. Mathieu), Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari (D.F., S.D.G., M.G.M.), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, U.S. Gastroenterologia Pediatrica Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao (M.C.), and Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation Unit, Giuseppe Brotzu Hospital (A.P.), Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari (M.F., F.P., F.C.), Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari (G. Farina, G.R.), and Servizio Trasfusionale (M.A.S.) and Clinica Medica (A.D.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Neurology B, Department of Neurological, Biomedical, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona (G. Farina), Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (N.B., S.D.), SC Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (M. Leone), Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G.), and Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan (M. Marchini), Milan, and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona (M.G.D.) - all in Italy; Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore (M.L.I., M.G., D.S.); the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., S. Sawcer) and JDRF-Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.A.T.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Solna (I.K., I.L.B., T.O., J.H.), Institute of Environmental Medicine (L.A.) and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease (M.E.A.R.), Karolinska Institute, and Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council (L.A.), Stockholm; Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo (A.S.), Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (P.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville (M.J.C.-P.), Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A.G.), and Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada (M.E.A.R.) - all in Spain; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago (J.H.M., J.N.); Centro Hospitalar do Porto-Hospital Santo Antonio and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Porto, Portugal (B.M.S.); Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (S.B.M.); and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (G.R.A.)
| | - Mara Marongiu
- From Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Monserrato (M.S., V.O., M.L.I., M. Pitzalis, M. Pala, C.S., V.F., M.F., M. Deiana, I.A., E.P., A. Mulas, M.G.P., M. Lobina, S.L., Mara Marongiu, V.S., Michele Marongiu, G.S., F.B., A. Maschio, F.D., M. Dei, F.V., S.O., A.A., M.B.W., A. Meloni, S. Sanna, E.F., M.Z., F.C.), Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna (I.Z., M.F., R.C., G. Cuccuru), Struttura Complessa Disciplina di Ematologia e Centro Trapianto Cellule Staminali Emopoietiche Wilma Deplano, Ospedale Oncologico di Riferimento Regionale Armando Businco (M. Pani), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Cagliari (E.C., J.F., G. Coghe, L.L., G. Fenu), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, S.C. Neurologia (P.F., M. Melis), Division of Rheumatology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari (M. Piga, A. Mathieu), Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari (D.F., S.D.G., M.G.M.), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, U.S. Gastroenterologia Pediatrica Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao (M.C.), and Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation Unit, Giuseppe Brotzu Hospital (A.P.), Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari (M.F., F.P., F.C.), Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari (G. Farina, G.R.), and Servizio Trasfusionale (M.A.S.) and Clinica Medica (A.D.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Neurology B, Department of Neurological, Biomedical, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona (G. Farina), Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (N.B., S.D.), SC Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (M. Leone), Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G.), and Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan (M. Marchini), Milan, and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona (M.G.D.) - all in Italy; Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore (M.L.I., M.G., D.S.); the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., S. Sawcer) and JDRF-Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.A.T.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Solna (I.K., I.L.B., T.O., J.H.), Institute of Environmental Medicine (L.A.) and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease (M.E.A.R.), Karolinska Institute, and Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council (L.A.), Stockholm; Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo (A.S.), Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (P.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville (M.J.C.-P.), Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A.G.), and Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada (M.E.A.R.) - all in Spain; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago (J.H.M., J.N.); Centro Hospitalar do Porto-Hospital Santo Antonio and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Porto, Portugal (B.M.S.); Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (S.B.M.); and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (G.R.A.)
| | - Valentina Serra
- From Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Monserrato (M.S., V.O., M.L.I., M. Pitzalis, M. Pala, C.S., V.F., M.F., M. Deiana, I.A., E.P., A. Mulas, M.G.P., M. Lobina, S.L., Mara Marongiu, V.S., Michele Marongiu, G.S., F.B., A. Maschio, F.D., M. Dei, F.V., S.O., A.A., M.B.W., A. Meloni, S. Sanna, E.F., M.Z., F.C.), Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna (I.Z., M.F., R.C., G. Cuccuru), Struttura Complessa Disciplina di Ematologia e Centro Trapianto Cellule Staminali Emopoietiche Wilma Deplano, Ospedale Oncologico di Riferimento Regionale Armando Businco (M. Pani), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Cagliari (E.C., J.F., G. Coghe, L.L., G. Fenu), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, S.C. Neurologia (P.F., M. Melis), Division of Rheumatology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari (M. Piga, A. Mathieu), Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari (D.F., S.D.G., M.G.M.), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, U.S. Gastroenterologia Pediatrica Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao (M.C.), and Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation Unit, Giuseppe Brotzu Hospital (A.P.), Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari (M.F., F.P., F.C.), Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari (G. Farina, G.R.), and Servizio Trasfusionale (M.A.S.) and Clinica Medica (A.D.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Neurology B, Department of Neurological, Biomedical, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona (G. Farina), Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (N.B., S.D.), SC Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (M. Leone), Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G.), and Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan (M. Marchini), Milan, and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona (M.G.D.) - all in Italy; Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore (M.L.I., M.G., D.S.); the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., S. Sawcer) and JDRF-Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.A.T.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Solna (I.K., I.L.B., T.O., J.H.), Institute of Environmental Medicine (L.A.) and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease (M.E.A.R.), Karolinska Institute, and Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council (L.A.), Stockholm; Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo (A.S.), Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (P.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville (M.J.C.-P.), Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A.G.), and Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada (M.E.A.R.) - all in Spain; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago (J.H.M., J.N.); Centro Hospitalar do Porto-Hospital Santo Antonio and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Porto, Portugal (B.M.S.); Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (S.B.M.); and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (G.R.A.)
| | - Michele Marongiu
- From Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Monserrato (M.S., V.O., M.L.I., M. Pitzalis, M. Pala, C.S., V.F., M.F., M. Deiana, I.A., E.P., A. Mulas, M.G.P., M. Lobina, S.L., Mara Marongiu, V.S., Michele Marongiu, G.S., F.B., A. Maschio, F.D., M. Dei, F.V., S.O., A.A., M.B.W., A. Meloni, S. Sanna, E.F., M.Z., F.C.), Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna (I.Z., M.F., R.C., G. Cuccuru), Struttura Complessa Disciplina di Ematologia e Centro Trapianto Cellule Staminali Emopoietiche Wilma Deplano, Ospedale Oncologico di Riferimento Regionale Armando Businco (M. Pani), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Cagliari (E.C., J.F., G. Coghe, L.L., G. Fenu), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, S.C. Neurologia (P.F., M. Melis), Division of Rheumatology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari (M. Piga, A. Mathieu), Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari (D.F., S.D.G., M.G.M.), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, U.S. Gastroenterologia Pediatrica Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao (M.C.), and Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation Unit, Giuseppe Brotzu Hospital (A.P.), Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari (M.F., F.P., F.C.), Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari (G. Farina, G.R.), and Servizio Trasfusionale (M.A.S.) and Clinica Medica (A.D.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Neurology B, Department of Neurological, Biomedical, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona (G. Farina), Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (N.B., S.D.), SC Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (M. Leone), Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G.), and Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan (M. Marchini), Milan, and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona (M.G.D.) - all in Italy; Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore (M.L.I., M.G., D.S.); the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., S. Sawcer) and JDRF-Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.A.T.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Solna (I.K., I.L.B., T.O., J.H.), Institute of Environmental Medicine (L.A.) and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease (M.E.A.R.), Karolinska Institute, and Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council (L.A.), Stockholm; Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo (A.S.), Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (P.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville (M.J.C.-P.), Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A.G.), and Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada (M.E.A.R.) - all in Spain; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago (J.H.M., J.N.); Centro Hospitalar do Porto-Hospital Santo Antonio and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Porto, Portugal (B.M.S.); Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (S.B.M.); and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (G.R.A.)
| | - Gabriella Sole
- From Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Monserrato (M.S., V.O., M.L.I., M. Pitzalis, M. Pala, C.S., V.F., M.F., M. Deiana, I.A., E.P., A. Mulas, M.G.P., M. Lobina, S.L., Mara Marongiu, V.S., Michele Marongiu, G.S., F.B., A. Maschio, F.D., M. Dei, F.V., S.O., A.A., M.B.W., A. Meloni, S. Sanna, E.F., M.Z., F.C.), Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna (I.Z., M.F., R.C., G. Cuccuru), Struttura Complessa Disciplina di Ematologia e Centro Trapianto Cellule Staminali Emopoietiche Wilma Deplano, Ospedale Oncologico di Riferimento Regionale Armando Businco (M. Pani), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Cagliari (E.C., J.F., G. Coghe, L.L., G. Fenu), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, S.C. Neurologia (P.F., M. Melis), Division of Rheumatology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari (M. Piga, A. Mathieu), Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari (D.F., S.D.G., M.G.M.), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, U.S. Gastroenterologia Pediatrica Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao (M.C.), and Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation Unit, Giuseppe Brotzu Hospital (A.P.), Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari (M.F., F.P., F.C.), Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari (G. Farina, G.R.), and Servizio Trasfusionale (M.A.S.) and Clinica Medica (A.D.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Neurology B, Department of Neurological, Biomedical, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona (G. Farina), Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (N.B., S.D.), SC Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (M. Leone), Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G.), and Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan (M. Marchini), Milan, and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona (M.G.D.) - all in Italy; Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore (M.L.I., M.G., D.S.); the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., S. Sawcer) and JDRF-Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.A.T.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Solna (I.K., I.L.B., T.O., J.H.), Institute of Environmental Medicine (L.A.) and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease (M.E.A.R.), Karolinska Institute, and Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council (L.A.), Stockholm; Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo (A.S.), Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (P.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville (M.J.C.-P.), Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A.G.), and Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada (M.E.A.R.) - all in Spain; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago (J.H.M., J.N.); Centro Hospitalar do Porto-Hospital Santo Antonio and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Porto, Portugal (B.M.S.); Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (S.B.M.); and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (G.R.A.)
| | - Fabio Busonero
- From Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Monserrato (M.S., V.O., M.L.I., M. Pitzalis, M. Pala, C.S., V.F., M.F., M. Deiana, I.A., E.P., A. Mulas, M.G.P., M. Lobina, S.L., Mara Marongiu, V.S., Michele Marongiu, G.S., F.B., A. Maschio, F.D., M. Dei, F.V., S.O., A.A., M.B.W., A. Meloni, S. Sanna, E.F., M.Z., F.C.), Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna (I.Z., M.F., R.C., G. Cuccuru), Struttura Complessa Disciplina di Ematologia e Centro Trapianto Cellule Staminali Emopoietiche Wilma Deplano, Ospedale Oncologico di Riferimento Regionale Armando Businco (M. Pani), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Cagliari (E.C., J.F., G. Coghe, L.L., G. Fenu), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, S.C. Neurologia (P.F., M. Melis), Division of Rheumatology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari (M. Piga, A. Mathieu), Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari (D.F., S.D.G., M.G.M.), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, U.S. Gastroenterologia Pediatrica Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao (M.C.), and Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation Unit, Giuseppe Brotzu Hospital (A.P.), Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari (M.F., F.P., F.C.), Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari (G. Farina, G.R.), and Servizio Trasfusionale (M.A.S.) and Clinica Medica (A.D.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Neurology B, Department of Neurological, Biomedical, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona (G. Farina), Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (N.B., S.D.), SC Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (M. Leone), Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G.), and Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan (M. Marchini), Milan, and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona (M.G.D.) - all in Italy; Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore (M.L.I., M.G., D.S.); the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., S. Sawcer) and JDRF-Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.A.T.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Solna (I.K., I.L.B., T.O., J.H.), Institute of Environmental Medicine (L.A.) and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease (M.E.A.R.), Karolinska Institute, and Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council (L.A.), Stockholm; Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo (A.S.), Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (P.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville (M.J.C.-P.), Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A.G.), and Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada (M.E.A.R.) - all in Spain; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago (J.H.M., J.N.); Centro Hospitalar do Porto-Hospital Santo Antonio and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Porto, Portugal (B.M.S.); Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (S.B.M.); and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (G.R.A.)
| | - Andrea Maschio
- From Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Monserrato (M.S., V.O., M.L.I., M. Pitzalis, M. Pala, C.S., V.F., M.F., M. Deiana, I.A., E.P., A. Mulas, M.G.P., M. Lobina, S.L., Mara Marongiu, V.S., Michele Marongiu, G.S., F.B., A. Maschio, F.D., M. Dei, F.V., S.O., A.A., M.B.W., A. Meloni, S. Sanna, E.F., M.Z., F.C.), Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna (I.Z., M.F., R.C., G. Cuccuru), Struttura Complessa Disciplina di Ematologia e Centro Trapianto Cellule Staminali Emopoietiche Wilma Deplano, Ospedale Oncologico di Riferimento Regionale Armando Businco (M. Pani), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Cagliari (E.C., J.F., G. Coghe, L.L., G. Fenu), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, S.C. Neurologia (P.F., M. Melis), Division of Rheumatology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari (M. Piga, A. Mathieu), Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari (D.F., S.D.G., M.G.M.), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, U.S. Gastroenterologia Pediatrica Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao (M.C.), and Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation Unit, Giuseppe Brotzu Hospital (A.P.), Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari (M.F., F.P., F.C.), Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari (G. Farina, G.R.), and Servizio Trasfusionale (M.A.S.) and Clinica Medica (A.D.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Neurology B, Department of Neurological, Biomedical, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona (G. Farina), Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (N.B., S.D.), SC Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (M. Leone), Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G.), and Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan (M. Marchini), Milan, and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona (M.G.D.) - all in Italy; Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore (M.L.I., M.G., D.S.); the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., S. Sawcer) and JDRF-Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.A.T.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Solna (I.K., I.L.B., T.O., J.H.), Institute of Environmental Medicine (L.A.) and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease (M.E.A.R.), Karolinska Institute, and Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council (L.A.), Stockholm; Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo (A.S.), Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (P.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville (M.J.C.-P.), Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A.G.), and Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada (M.E.A.R.) - all in Spain; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago (J.H.M., J.N.); Centro Hospitalar do Porto-Hospital Santo Antonio and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Porto, Portugal (B.M.S.); Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (S.B.M.); and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (G.R.A.)
| | - Roberto Cusano
- From Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Monserrato (M.S., V.O., M.L.I., M. Pitzalis, M. Pala, C.S., V.F., M.F., M. Deiana, I.A., E.P., A. Mulas, M.G.P., M. Lobina, S.L., Mara Marongiu, V.S., Michele Marongiu, G.S., F.B., A. Maschio, F.D., M. Dei, F.V., S.O., A.A., M.B.W., A. Meloni, S. Sanna, E.F., M.Z., F.C.), Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna (I.Z., M.F., R.C., G. Cuccuru), Struttura Complessa Disciplina di Ematologia e Centro Trapianto Cellule Staminali Emopoietiche Wilma Deplano, Ospedale Oncologico di Riferimento Regionale Armando Businco (M. Pani), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Cagliari (E.C., J.F., G. Coghe, L.L., G. Fenu), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, S.C. Neurologia (P.F., M. Melis), Division of Rheumatology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari (M. Piga, A. Mathieu), Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari (D.F., S.D.G., M.G.M.), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, U.S. Gastroenterologia Pediatrica Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao (M.C.), and Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation Unit, Giuseppe Brotzu Hospital (A.P.), Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari (M.F., F.P., F.C.), Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari (G. Farina, G.R.), and Servizio Trasfusionale (M.A.S.) and Clinica Medica (A.D.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Neurology B, Department of Neurological, Biomedical, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona (G. Farina), Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (N.B., S.D.), SC Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (M. Leone), Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G.), and Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan (M. Marchini), Milan, and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona (M.G.D.) - all in Italy; Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore (M.L.I., M.G., D.S.); the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., S. Sawcer) and JDRF-Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.A.T.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Solna (I.K., I.L.B., T.O., J.H.), Institute of Environmental Medicine (L.A.) and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease (M.E.A.R.), Karolinska Institute, and Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council (L.A.), Stockholm; Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo (A.S.), Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (P.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville (M.J.C.-P.), Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A.G.), and Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada (M.E.A.R.) - all in Spain; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago (J.H.M., J.N.); Centro Hospitalar do Porto-Hospital Santo Antonio and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Porto, Portugal (B.M.S.); Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (S.B.M.); and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (G.R.A.)
| | - Gianmauro Cuccuru
- From Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Monserrato (M.S., V.O., M.L.I., M. Pitzalis, M. Pala, C.S., V.F., M.F., M. Deiana, I.A., E.P., A. Mulas, M.G.P., M. Lobina, S.L., Mara Marongiu, V.S., Michele Marongiu, G.S., F.B., A. Maschio, F.D., M. Dei, F.V., S.O., A.A., M.B.W., A. Meloni, S. Sanna, E.F., M.Z., F.C.), Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna (I.Z., M.F., R.C., G. Cuccuru), Struttura Complessa Disciplina di Ematologia e Centro Trapianto Cellule Staminali Emopoietiche Wilma Deplano, Ospedale Oncologico di Riferimento Regionale Armando Businco (M. Pani), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Cagliari (E.C., J.F., G. Coghe, L.L., G. Fenu), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, S.C. Neurologia (P.F., M. Melis), Division of Rheumatology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari (M. Piga, A. Mathieu), Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari (D.F., S.D.G., M.G.M.), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, U.S. Gastroenterologia Pediatrica Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao (M.C.), and Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation Unit, Giuseppe Brotzu Hospital (A.P.), Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari (M.F., F.P., F.C.), Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari (G. Farina, G.R.), and Servizio Trasfusionale (M.A.S.) and Clinica Medica (A.D.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Neurology B, Department of Neurological, Biomedical, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona (G. Farina), Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (N.B., S.D.), SC Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (M. Leone), Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G.), and Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan (M. Marchini), Milan, and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona (M.G.D.) - all in Italy; Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore (M.L.I., M.G., D.S.); the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., S. Sawcer) and JDRF-Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.A.T.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Solna (I.K., I.L.B., T.O., J.H.), Institute of Environmental Medicine (L.A.) and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease (M.E.A.R.), Karolinska Institute, and Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council (L.A.), Stockholm; Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo (A.S.), Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (P.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville (M.J.C.-P.), Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A.G.), and Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada (M.E.A.R.) - all in Spain; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago (J.H.M., J.N.); Centro Hospitalar do Porto-Hospital Santo Antonio and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Porto, Portugal (B.M.S.); Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (S.B.M.); and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (G.R.A.)
| | - Francesca Deidda
- From Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Monserrato (M.S., V.O., M.L.I., M. Pitzalis, M. Pala, C.S., V.F., M.F., M. Deiana, I.A., E.P., A. Mulas, M.G.P., M. Lobina, S.L., Mara Marongiu, V.S., Michele Marongiu, G.S., F.B., A. Maschio, F.D., M. Dei, F.V., S.O., A.A., M.B.W., A. Meloni, S. Sanna, E.F., M.Z., F.C.), Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna (I.Z., M.F., R.C., G. Cuccuru), Struttura Complessa Disciplina di Ematologia e Centro Trapianto Cellule Staminali Emopoietiche Wilma Deplano, Ospedale Oncologico di Riferimento Regionale Armando Businco (M. Pani), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Cagliari (E.C., J.F., G. Coghe, L.L., G. Fenu), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, S.C. Neurologia (P.F., M. Melis), Division of Rheumatology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari (M. Piga, A. Mathieu), Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari (D.F., S.D.G., M.G.M.), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, U.S. Gastroenterologia Pediatrica Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao (M.C.), and Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation Unit, Giuseppe Brotzu Hospital (A.P.), Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari (M.F., F.P., F.C.), Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari (G. Farina, G.R.), and Servizio Trasfusionale (M.A.S.) and Clinica Medica (A.D.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Neurology B, Department of Neurological, Biomedical, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona (G. Farina), Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (N.B., S.D.), SC Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (M. Leone), Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G.), and Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan (M. Marchini), Milan, and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona (M.G.D.) - all in Italy; Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore (M.L.I., M.G., D.S.); the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., S. Sawcer) and JDRF-Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.A.T.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Solna (I.K., I.L.B., T.O., J.H.), Institute of Environmental Medicine (L.A.) and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease (M.E.A.R.), Karolinska Institute, and Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council (L.A.), Stockholm; Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo (A.S.), Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (P.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville (M.J.C.-P.), Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A.G.), and Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada (M.E.A.R.) - all in Spain; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago (J.H.M., J.N.); Centro Hospitalar do Porto-Hospital Santo Antonio and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Porto, Portugal (B.M.S.); Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (S.B.M.); and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (G.R.A.)
| | - Fausto Poddie
- From Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Monserrato (M.S., V.O., M.L.I., M. Pitzalis, M. Pala, C.S., V.F., M.F., M. Deiana, I.A., E.P., A. Mulas, M.G.P., M. Lobina, S.L., Mara Marongiu, V.S., Michele Marongiu, G.S., F.B., A. Maschio, F.D., M. Dei, F.V., S.O., A.A., M.B.W., A. Meloni, S. Sanna, E.F., M.Z., F.C.), Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna (I.Z., M.F., R.C., G. Cuccuru), Struttura Complessa Disciplina di Ematologia e Centro Trapianto Cellule Staminali Emopoietiche Wilma Deplano, Ospedale Oncologico di Riferimento Regionale Armando Businco (M. Pani), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Cagliari (E.C., J.F., G. Coghe, L.L., G. Fenu), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, S.C. Neurologia (P.F., M. Melis), Division of Rheumatology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari (M. Piga, A. Mathieu), Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari (D.F., S.D.G., M.G.M.), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, U.S. Gastroenterologia Pediatrica Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao (M.C.), and Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation Unit, Giuseppe Brotzu Hospital (A.P.), Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari (M.F., F.P., F.C.), Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari (G. Farina, G.R.), and Servizio Trasfusionale (M.A.S.) and Clinica Medica (A.D.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Neurology B, Department of Neurological, Biomedical, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona (G. Farina), Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (N.B., S.D.), SC Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (M. Leone), Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G.), and Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan (M. Marchini), Milan, and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona (M.G.D.) - all in Italy; Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore (M.L.I., M.G., D.S.); the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., S. Sawcer) and JDRF-Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.A.T.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Solna (I.K., I.L.B., T.O., J.H.), Institute of Environmental Medicine (L.A.) and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease (M.E.A.R.), Karolinska Institute, and Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council (L.A.), Stockholm; Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo (A.S.), Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (P.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville (M.J.C.-P.), Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A.G.), and Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada (M.E.A.R.) - all in Spain; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago (J.H.M., J.N.); Centro Hospitalar do Porto-Hospital Santo Antonio and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Porto, Portugal (B.M.S.); Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (S.B.M.); and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (G.R.A.)
| | - Gabriele Farina
- From Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Monserrato (M.S., V.O., M.L.I., M. Pitzalis, M. Pala, C.S., V.F., M.F., M. Deiana, I.A., E.P., A. Mulas, M.G.P., M. Lobina, S.L., Mara Marongiu, V.S., Michele Marongiu, G.S., F.B., A. Maschio, F.D., M. Dei, F.V., S.O., A.A., M.B.W., A. Meloni, S. Sanna, E.F., M.Z., F.C.), Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna (I.Z., M.F., R.C., G. Cuccuru), Struttura Complessa Disciplina di Ematologia e Centro Trapianto Cellule Staminali Emopoietiche Wilma Deplano, Ospedale Oncologico di Riferimento Regionale Armando Businco (M. Pani), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Cagliari (E.C., J.F., G. Coghe, L.L., G. Fenu), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, S.C. Neurologia (P.F., M. Melis), Division of Rheumatology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari (M. Piga, A. Mathieu), Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari (D.F., S.D.G., M.G.M.), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, U.S. Gastroenterologia Pediatrica Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao (M.C.), and Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation Unit, Giuseppe Brotzu Hospital (A.P.), Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari (M.F., F.P., F.C.), Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari (G. Farina, G.R.), and Servizio Trasfusionale (M.A.S.) and Clinica Medica (A.D.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Neurology B, Department of Neurological, Biomedical, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona (G. Farina), Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (N.B., S.D.), SC Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (M. Leone), Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G.), and Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan (M. Marchini), Milan, and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona (M.G.D.) - all in Italy; Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore (M.L.I., M.G., D.S.); the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., S. Sawcer) and JDRF-Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.A.T.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Solna (I.K., I.L.B., T.O., J.H.), Institute of Environmental Medicine (L.A.) and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease (M.E.A.R.), Karolinska Institute, and Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council (L.A.), Stockholm; Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo (A.S.), Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (P.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville (M.J.C.-P.), Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A.G.), and Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada (M.E.A.R.) - all in Spain; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago (J.H.M., J.N.); Centro Hospitalar do Porto-Hospital Santo Antonio and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Porto, Portugal (B.M.S.); Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (S.B.M.); and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (G.R.A.)
| | - Mariano Dei
- From Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Monserrato (M.S., V.O., M.L.I., M. Pitzalis, M. Pala, C.S., V.F., M.F., M. Deiana, I.A., E.P., A. Mulas, M.G.P., M. Lobina, S.L., Mara Marongiu, V.S., Michele Marongiu, G.S., F.B., A. Maschio, F.D., M. Dei, F.V., S.O., A.A., M.B.W., A. Meloni, S. Sanna, E.F., M.Z., F.C.), Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna (I.Z., M.F., R.C., G. Cuccuru), Struttura Complessa Disciplina di Ematologia e Centro Trapianto Cellule Staminali Emopoietiche Wilma Deplano, Ospedale Oncologico di Riferimento Regionale Armando Businco (M. Pani), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Cagliari (E.C., J.F., G. Coghe, L.L., G. Fenu), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, S.C. Neurologia (P.F., M. Melis), Division of Rheumatology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari (M. Piga, A. Mathieu), Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari (D.F., S.D.G., M.G.M.), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, U.S. Gastroenterologia Pediatrica Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao (M.C.), and Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation Unit, Giuseppe Brotzu Hospital (A.P.), Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari (M.F., F.P., F.C.), Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari (G. Farina, G.R.), and Servizio Trasfusionale (M.A.S.) and Clinica Medica (A.D.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Neurology B, Department of Neurological, Biomedical, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona (G. Farina), Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (N.B., S.D.), SC Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (M. Leone), Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G.), and Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan (M. Marchini), Milan, and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona (M.G.D.) - all in Italy; Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore (M.L.I., M.G., D.S.); the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., S. Sawcer) and JDRF-Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.A.T.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Solna (I.K., I.L.B., T.O., J.H.), Institute of Environmental Medicine (L.A.) and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease (M.E.A.R.), Karolinska Institute, and Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council (L.A.), Stockholm; Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo (A.S.), Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (P.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville (M.J.C.-P.), Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A.G.), and Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada (M.E.A.R.) - all in Spain; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago (J.H.M., J.N.); Centro Hospitalar do Porto-Hospital Santo Antonio and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Porto, Portugal (B.M.S.); Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (S.B.M.); and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (G.R.A.)
| | - Francesca Virdis
- From Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Monserrato (M.S., V.O., M.L.I., M. Pitzalis, M. Pala, C.S., V.F., M.F., M. Deiana, I.A., E.P., A. Mulas, M.G.P., M. Lobina, S.L., Mara Marongiu, V.S., Michele Marongiu, G.S., F.B., A. Maschio, F.D., M. Dei, F.V., S.O., A.A., M.B.W., A. Meloni, S. Sanna, E.F., M.Z., F.C.), Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna (I.Z., M.F., R.C., G. Cuccuru), Struttura Complessa Disciplina di Ematologia e Centro Trapianto Cellule Staminali Emopoietiche Wilma Deplano, Ospedale Oncologico di Riferimento Regionale Armando Businco (M. Pani), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Cagliari (E.C., J.F., G. Coghe, L.L., G. Fenu), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, S.C. Neurologia (P.F., M. Melis), Division of Rheumatology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari (M. Piga, A. Mathieu), Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari (D.F., S.D.G., M.G.M.), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, U.S. Gastroenterologia Pediatrica Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao (M.C.), and Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation Unit, Giuseppe Brotzu Hospital (A.P.), Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari (M.F., F.P., F.C.), Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari (G. Farina, G.R.), and Servizio Trasfusionale (M.A.S.) and Clinica Medica (A.D.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Neurology B, Department of Neurological, Biomedical, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona (G. Farina), Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (N.B., S.D.), SC Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (M. Leone), Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G.), and Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan (M. Marchini), Milan, and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona (M.G.D.) - all in Italy; Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore (M.L.I., M.G., D.S.); the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., S. Sawcer) and JDRF-Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.A.T.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Solna (I.K., I.L.B., T.O., J.H.), Institute of Environmental Medicine (L.A.) and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease (M.E.A.R.), Karolinska Institute, and Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council (L.A.), Stockholm; Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo (A.S.), Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (P.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville (M.J.C.-P.), Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A.G.), and Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada (M.E.A.R.) - all in Spain; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago (J.H.M., J.N.); Centro Hospitalar do Porto-Hospital Santo Antonio and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Porto, Portugal (B.M.S.); Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (S.B.M.); and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (G.R.A.)
| | - Stefania Olla
- From Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Monserrato (M.S., V.O., M.L.I., M. Pitzalis, M. Pala, C.S., V.F., M.F., M. Deiana, I.A., E.P., A. Mulas, M.G.P., M. Lobina, S.L., Mara Marongiu, V.S., Michele Marongiu, G.S., F.B., A. Maschio, F.D., M. Dei, F.V., S.O., A.A., M.B.W., A. Meloni, S. Sanna, E.F., M.Z., F.C.), Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna (I.Z., M.F., R.C., G. Cuccuru), Struttura Complessa Disciplina di Ematologia e Centro Trapianto Cellule Staminali Emopoietiche Wilma Deplano, Ospedale Oncologico di Riferimento Regionale Armando Businco (M. Pani), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Cagliari (E.C., J.F., G. Coghe, L.L., G. Fenu), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, S.C. Neurologia (P.F., M. Melis), Division of Rheumatology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari (M. Piga, A. Mathieu), Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari (D.F., S.D.G., M.G.M.), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, U.S. Gastroenterologia Pediatrica Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao (M.C.), and Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation Unit, Giuseppe Brotzu Hospital (A.P.), Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari (M.F., F.P., F.C.), Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari (G. Farina, G.R.), and Servizio Trasfusionale (M.A.S.) and Clinica Medica (A.D.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Neurology B, Department of Neurological, Biomedical, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona (G. Farina), Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (N.B., S.D.), SC Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (M. Leone), Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G.), and Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan (M. Marchini), Milan, and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona (M.G.D.) - all in Italy; Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore (M.L.I., M.G., D.S.); the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., S. Sawcer) and JDRF-Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.A.T.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Solna (I.K., I.L.B., T.O., J.H.), Institute of Environmental Medicine (L.A.) and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease (M.E.A.R.), Karolinska Institute, and Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council (L.A.), Stockholm; Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo (A.S.), Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (P.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville (M.J.C.-P.), Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A.G.), and Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada (M.E.A.R.) - all in Spain; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago (J.H.M., J.N.); Centro Hospitalar do Porto-Hospital Santo Antonio and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Porto, Portugal (B.M.S.); Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (S.B.M.); and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (G.R.A.)
| | - Maria A Satta
- From Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Monserrato (M.S., V.O., M.L.I., M. Pitzalis, M. Pala, C.S., V.F., M.F., M. Deiana, I.A., E.P., A. Mulas, M.G.P., M. Lobina, S.L., Mara Marongiu, V.S., Michele Marongiu, G.S., F.B., A. Maschio, F.D., M. Dei, F.V., S.O., A.A., M.B.W., A. Meloni, S. Sanna, E.F., M.Z., F.C.), Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna (I.Z., M.F., R.C., G. Cuccuru), Struttura Complessa Disciplina di Ematologia e Centro Trapianto Cellule Staminali Emopoietiche Wilma Deplano, Ospedale Oncologico di Riferimento Regionale Armando Businco (M. Pani), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Cagliari (E.C., J.F., G. Coghe, L.L., G. Fenu), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, S.C. Neurologia (P.F., M. Melis), Division of Rheumatology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari (M. Piga, A. Mathieu), Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari (D.F., S.D.G., M.G.M.), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, U.S. Gastroenterologia Pediatrica Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao (M.C.), and Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation Unit, Giuseppe Brotzu Hospital (A.P.), Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari (M.F., F.P., F.C.), Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari (G. Farina, G.R.), and Servizio Trasfusionale (M.A.S.) and Clinica Medica (A.D.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Neurology B, Department of Neurological, Biomedical, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona (G. Farina), Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (N.B., S.D.), SC Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (M. Leone), Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G.), and Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan (M. Marchini), Milan, and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona (M.G.D.) - all in Italy; Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore (M.L.I., M.G., D.S.); the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., S. Sawcer) and JDRF-Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.A.T.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Solna (I.K., I.L.B., T.O., J.H.), Institute of Environmental Medicine (L.A.) and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease (M.E.A.R.), Karolinska Institute, and Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council (L.A.), Stockholm; Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo (A.S.), Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (P.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville (M.J.C.-P.), Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A.G.), and Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada (M.E.A.R.) - all in Spain; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago (J.H.M., J.N.); Centro Hospitalar do Porto-Hospital Santo Antonio and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Porto, Portugal (B.M.S.); Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (S.B.M.); and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (G.R.A.)
| | - Mario Pani
- From Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Monserrato (M.S., V.O., M.L.I., M. Pitzalis, M. Pala, C.S., V.F., M.F., M. Deiana, I.A., E.P., A. Mulas, M.G.P., M. Lobina, S.L., Mara Marongiu, V.S., Michele Marongiu, G.S., F.B., A. Maschio, F.D., M. Dei, F.V., S.O., A.A., M.B.W., A. Meloni, S. Sanna, E.F., M.Z., F.C.), Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna (I.Z., M.F., R.C., G. Cuccuru), Struttura Complessa Disciplina di Ematologia e Centro Trapianto Cellule Staminali Emopoietiche Wilma Deplano, Ospedale Oncologico di Riferimento Regionale Armando Businco (M. Pani), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Cagliari (E.C., J.F., G. Coghe, L.L., G. Fenu), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, S.C. Neurologia (P.F., M. Melis), Division of Rheumatology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari (M. Piga, A. Mathieu), Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari (D.F., S.D.G., M.G.M.), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, U.S. Gastroenterologia Pediatrica Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao (M.C.), and Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation Unit, Giuseppe Brotzu Hospital (A.P.), Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari (M.F., F.P., F.C.), Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari (G. Farina, G.R.), and Servizio Trasfusionale (M.A.S.) and Clinica Medica (A.D.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Neurology B, Department of Neurological, Biomedical, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona (G. Farina), Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (N.B., S.D.), SC Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (M. Leone), Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G.), and Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan (M. Marchini), Milan, and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona (M.G.D.) - all in Italy; Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore (M.L.I., M.G., D.S.); the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., S. Sawcer) and JDRF-Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.A.T.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Solna (I.K., I.L.B., T.O., J.H.), Institute of Environmental Medicine (L.A.) and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease (M.E.A.R.), Karolinska Institute, and Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council (L.A.), Stockholm; Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo (A.S.), Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (P.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville (M.J.C.-P.), Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A.G.), and Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada (M.E.A.R.) - all in Spain; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago (J.H.M., J.N.); Centro Hospitalar do Porto-Hospital Santo Antonio and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Porto, Portugal (B.M.S.); Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (S.B.M.); and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (G.R.A.)
| | - Alessandro Delitala
- From Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Monserrato (M.S., V.O., M.L.I., M. Pitzalis, M. Pala, C.S., V.F., M.F., M. Deiana, I.A., E.P., A. Mulas, M.G.P., M. Lobina, S.L., Mara Marongiu, V.S., Michele Marongiu, G.S., F.B., A. Maschio, F.D., M. Dei, F.V., S.O., A.A., M.B.W., A. Meloni, S. Sanna, E.F., M.Z., F.C.), Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna (I.Z., M.F., R.C., G. Cuccuru), Struttura Complessa Disciplina di Ematologia e Centro Trapianto Cellule Staminali Emopoietiche Wilma Deplano, Ospedale Oncologico di Riferimento Regionale Armando Businco (M. Pani), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Cagliari (E.C., J.F., G. Coghe, L.L., G. Fenu), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, S.C. Neurologia (P.F., M. Melis), Division of Rheumatology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari (M. Piga, A. Mathieu), Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari (D.F., S.D.G., M.G.M.), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, U.S. Gastroenterologia Pediatrica Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao (M.C.), and Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation Unit, Giuseppe Brotzu Hospital (A.P.), Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari (M.F., F.P., F.C.), Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari (G. Farina, G.R.), and Servizio Trasfusionale (M.A.S.) and Clinica Medica (A.D.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Neurology B, Department of Neurological, Biomedical, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona (G. Farina), Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (N.B., S.D.), SC Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (M. Leone), Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G.), and Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan (M. Marchini), Milan, and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona (M.G.D.) - all in Italy; Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore (M.L.I., M.G., D.S.); the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., S. Sawcer) and JDRF-Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.A.T.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Solna (I.K., I.L.B., T.O., J.H.), Institute of Environmental Medicine (L.A.) and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease (M.E.A.R.), Karolinska Institute, and Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council (L.A.), Stockholm; Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo (A.S.), Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (P.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville (M.J.C.-P.), Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A.G.), and Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada (M.E.A.R.) - all in Spain; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago (J.H.M., J.N.); Centro Hospitalar do Porto-Hospital Santo Antonio and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Porto, Portugal (B.M.S.); Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (S.B.M.); and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (G.R.A.)
| | - Eleonora Cocco
- From Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Monserrato (M.S., V.O., M.L.I., M. Pitzalis, M. Pala, C.S., V.F., M.F., M. Deiana, I.A., E.P., A. Mulas, M.G.P., M. Lobina, S.L., Mara Marongiu, V.S., Michele Marongiu, G.S., F.B., A. Maschio, F.D., M. Dei, F.V., S.O., A.A., M.B.W., A. Meloni, S. Sanna, E.F., M.Z., F.C.), Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna (I.Z., M.F., R.C., G. Cuccuru), Struttura Complessa Disciplina di Ematologia e Centro Trapianto Cellule Staminali Emopoietiche Wilma Deplano, Ospedale Oncologico di Riferimento Regionale Armando Businco (M. Pani), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Cagliari (E.C., J.F., G. Coghe, L.L., G. Fenu), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, S.C. Neurologia (P.F., M. Melis), Division of Rheumatology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari (M. Piga, A. Mathieu), Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari (D.F., S.D.G., M.G.M.), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, U.S. Gastroenterologia Pediatrica Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao (M.C.), and Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation Unit, Giuseppe Brotzu Hospital (A.P.), Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari (M.F., F.P., F.C.), Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari (G. Farina, G.R.), and Servizio Trasfusionale (M.A.S.) and Clinica Medica (A.D.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Neurology B, Department of Neurological, Biomedical, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona (G. Farina), Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (N.B., S.D.), SC Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (M. Leone), Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G.), and Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan (M. Marchini), Milan, and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona (M.G.D.) - all in Italy; Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore (M.L.I., M.G., D.S.); the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., S. Sawcer) and JDRF-Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.A.T.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Solna (I.K., I.L.B., T.O., J.H.), Institute of Environmental Medicine (L.A.) and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease (M.E.A.R.), Karolinska Institute, and Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council (L.A.), Stockholm; Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo (A.S.), Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (P.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville (M.J.C.-P.), Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A.G.), and Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada (M.E.A.R.) - all in Spain; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago (J.H.M., J.N.); Centro Hospitalar do Porto-Hospital Santo Antonio and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Porto, Portugal (B.M.S.); Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (S.B.M.); and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (G.R.A.)
| | - Jessica Frau
- From Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Monserrato (M.S., V.O., M.L.I., M. Pitzalis, M. Pala, C.S., V.F., M.F., M. Deiana, I.A., E.P., A. Mulas, M.G.P., M. Lobina, S.L., Mara Marongiu, V.S., Michele Marongiu, G.S., F.B., A. Maschio, F.D., M. Dei, F.V., S.O., A.A., M.B.W., A. Meloni, S. Sanna, E.F., M.Z., F.C.), Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna (I.Z., M.F., R.C., G. Cuccuru), Struttura Complessa Disciplina di Ematologia e Centro Trapianto Cellule Staminali Emopoietiche Wilma Deplano, Ospedale Oncologico di Riferimento Regionale Armando Businco (M. Pani), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Cagliari (E.C., J.F., G. Coghe, L.L., G. Fenu), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, S.C. Neurologia (P.F., M. Melis), Division of Rheumatology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari (M. Piga, A. Mathieu), Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari (D.F., S.D.G., M.G.M.), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, U.S. Gastroenterologia Pediatrica Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao (M.C.), and Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation Unit, Giuseppe Brotzu Hospital (A.P.), Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari (M.F., F.P., F.C.), Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari (G. Farina, G.R.), and Servizio Trasfusionale (M.A.S.) and Clinica Medica (A.D.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Neurology B, Department of Neurological, Biomedical, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona (G. Farina), Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (N.B., S.D.), SC Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (M. Leone), Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G.), and Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan (M. Marchini), Milan, and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona (M.G.D.) - all in Italy; Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore (M.L.I., M.G., D.S.); the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., S. Sawcer) and JDRF-Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.A.T.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Solna (I.K., I.L.B., T.O., J.H.), Institute of Environmental Medicine (L.A.) and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease (M.E.A.R.), Karolinska Institute, and Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council (L.A.), Stockholm; Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo (A.S.), Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (P.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville (M.J.C.-P.), Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A.G.), and Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada (M.E.A.R.) - all in Spain; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago (J.H.M., J.N.); Centro Hospitalar do Porto-Hospital Santo Antonio and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Porto, Portugal (B.M.S.); Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (S.B.M.); and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (G.R.A.)
| | - Giancarlo Coghe
- From Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Monserrato (M.S., V.O., M.L.I., M. Pitzalis, M. Pala, C.S., V.F., M.F., M. Deiana, I.A., E.P., A. Mulas, M.G.P., M. Lobina, S.L., Mara Marongiu, V.S., Michele Marongiu, G.S., F.B., A. Maschio, F.D., M. Dei, F.V., S.O., A.A., M.B.W., A. Meloni, S. Sanna, E.F., M.Z., F.C.), Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna (I.Z., M.F., R.C., G. Cuccuru), Struttura Complessa Disciplina di Ematologia e Centro Trapianto Cellule Staminali Emopoietiche Wilma Deplano, Ospedale Oncologico di Riferimento Regionale Armando Businco (M. Pani), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Cagliari (E.C., J.F., G. Coghe, L.L., G. Fenu), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, S.C. Neurologia (P.F., M. Melis), Division of Rheumatology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari (M. Piga, A. Mathieu), Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari (D.F., S.D.G., M.G.M.), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, U.S. Gastroenterologia Pediatrica Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao (M.C.), and Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation Unit, Giuseppe Brotzu Hospital (A.P.), Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari (M.F., F.P., F.C.), Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari (G. Farina, G.R.), and Servizio Trasfusionale (M.A.S.) and Clinica Medica (A.D.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Neurology B, Department of Neurological, Biomedical, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona (G. Farina), Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (N.B., S.D.), SC Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (M. Leone), Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G.), and Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan (M. Marchini), Milan, and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona (M.G.D.) - all in Italy; Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore (M.L.I., M.G., D.S.); the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., S. Sawcer) and JDRF-Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.A.T.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Solna (I.K., I.L.B., T.O., J.H.), Institute of Environmental Medicine (L.A.) and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease (M.E.A.R.), Karolinska Institute, and Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council (L.A.), Stockholm; Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo (A.S.), Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (P.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville (M.J.C.-P.), Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A.G.), and Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada (M.E.A.R.) - all in Spain; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago (J.H.M., J.N.); Centro Hospitalar do Porto-Hospital Santo Antonio and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Porto, Portugal (B.M.S.); Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (S.B.M.); and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (G.R.A.)
| | - Lorena Lorefice
- From Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Monserrato (M.S., V.O., M.L.I., M. Pitzalis, M. Pala, C.S., V.F., M.F., M. Deiana, I.A., E.P., A. Mulas, M.G.P., M. Lobina, S.L., Mara Marongiu, V.S., Michele Marongiu, G.S., F.B., A. Maschio, F.D., M. Dei, F.V., S.O., A.A., M.B.W., A. Meloni, S. Sanna, E.F., M.Z., F.C.), Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna (I.Z., M.F., R.C., G. Cuccuru), Struttura Complessa Disciplina di Ematologia e Centro Trapianto Cellule Staminali Emopoietiche Wilma Deplano, Ospedale Oncologico di Riferimento Regionale Armando Businco (M. Pani), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Cagliari (E.C., J.F., G. Coghe, L.L., G. Fenu), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, S.C. Neurologia (P.F., M. Melis), Division of Rheumatology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari (M. Piga, A. Mathieu), Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari (D.F., S.D.G., M.G.M.), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, U.S. Gastroenterologia Pediatrica Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao (M.C.), and Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation Unit, Giuseppe Brotzu Hospital (A.P.), Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari (M.F., F.P., F.C.), Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari (G. Farina, G.R.), and Servizio Trasfusionale (M.A.S.) and Clinica Medica (A.D.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Neurology B, Department of Neurological, Biomedical, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona (G. Farina), Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (N.B., S.D.), SC Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (M. Leone), Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G.), and Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan (M. Marchini), Milan, and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona (M.G.D.) - all in Italy; Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore (M.L.I., M.G., D.S.); the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., S. Sawcer) and JDRF-Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.A.T.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Solna (I.K., I.L.B., T.O., J.H.), Institute of Environmental Medicine (L.A.) and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease (M.E.A.R.), Karolinska Institute, and Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council (L.A.), Stockholm; Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo (A.S.), Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (P.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville (M.J.C.-P.), Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A.G.), and Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada (M.E.A.R.) - all in Spain; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago (J.H.M., J.N.); Centro Hospitalar do Porto-Hospital Santo Antonio and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Porto, Portugal (B.M.S.); Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (S.B.M.); and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (G.R.A.)
| | - Giuseppe Fenu
- From Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Monserrato (M.S., V.O., M.L.I., M. Pitzalis, M. Pala, C.S., V.F., M.F., M. Deiana, I.A., E.P., A. Mulas, M.G.P., M. Lobina, S.L., Mara Marongiu, V.S., Michele Marongiu, G.S., F.B., A. Maschio, F.D., M. Dei, F.V., S.O., A.A., M.B.W., A. Meloni, S. Sanna, E.F., M.Z., F.C.), Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna (I.Z., M.F., R.C., G. Cuccuru), Struttura Complessa Disciplina di Ematologia e Centro Trapianto Cellule Staminali Emopoietiche Wilma Deplano, Ospedale Oncologico di Riferimento Regionale Armando Businco (M. Pani), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Cagliari (E.C., J.F., G. Coghe, L.L., G. Fenu), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, S.C. Neurologia (P.F., M. Melis), Division of Rheumatology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari (M. Piga, A. Mathieu), Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari (D.F., S.D.G., M.G.M.), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, U.S. Gastroenterologia Pediatrica Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao (M.C.), and Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation Unit, Giuseppe Brotzu Hospital (A.P.), Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari (M.F., F.P., F.C.), Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari (G. Farina, G.R.), and Servizio Trasfusionale (M.A.S.) and Clinica Medica (A.D.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Neurology B, Department of Neurological, Biomedical, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona (G. Farina), Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (N.B., S.D.), SC Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (M. Leone), Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G.), and Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan (M. Marchini), Milan, and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona (M.G.D.) - all in Italy; Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore (M.L.I., M.G., D.S.); the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., S. Sawcer) and JDRF-Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.A.T.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Solna (I.K., I.L.B., T.O., J.H.), Institute of Environmental Medicine (L.A.) and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease (M.E.A.R.), Karolinska Institute, and Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council (L.A.), Stockholm; Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo (A.S.), Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (P.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville (M.J.C.-P.), Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A.G.), and Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada (M.E.A.R.) - all in Spain; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago (J.H.M., J.N.); Centro Hospitalar do Porto-Hospital Santo Antonio and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Porto, Portugal (B.M.S.); Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (S.B.M.); and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (G.R.A.)
| | - Paola Ferrigno
- From Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Monserrato (M.S., V.O., M.L.I., M. Pitzalis, M. Pala, C.S., V.F., M.F., M. Deiana, I.A., E.P., A. Mulas, M.G.P., M. Lobina, S.L., Mara Marongiu, V.S., Michele Marongiu, G.S., F.B., A. Maschio, F.D., M. Dei, F.V., S.O., A.A., M.B.W., A. Meloni, S. Sanna, E.F., M.Z., F.C.), Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna (I.Z., M.F., R.C., G. Cuccuru), Struttura Complessa Disciplina di Ematologia e Centro Trapianto Cellule Staminali Emopoietiche Wilma Deplano, Ospedale Oncologico di Riferimento Regionale Armando Businco (M. Pani), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Cagliari (E.C., J.F., G. Coghe, L.L., G. Fenu), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, S.C. Neurologia (P.F., M. Melis), Division of Rheumatology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari (M. Piga, A. Mathieu), Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari (D.F., S.D.G., M.G.M.), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, U.S. Gastroenterologia Pediatrica Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao (M.C.), and Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation Unit, Giuseppe Brotzu Hospital (A.P.), Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari (M.F., F.P., F.C.), Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari (G. Farina, G.R.), and Servizio Trasfusionale (M.A.S.) and Clinica Medica (A.D.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Neurology B, Department of Neurological, Biomedical, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona (G. Farina), Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (N.B., S.D.), SC Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (M. Leone), Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G.), and Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan (M. Marchini), Milan, and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona (M.G.D.) - all in Italy; Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore (M.L.I., M.G., D.S.); the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., S. Sawcer) and JDRF-Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.A.T.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Solna (I.K., I.L.B., T.O., J.H.), Institute of Environmental Medicine (L.A.) and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease (M.E.A.R.), Karolinska Institute, and Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council (L.A.), Stockholm; Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo (A.S.), Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (P.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville (M.J.C.-P.), Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A.G.), and Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada (M.E.A.R.) - all in Spain; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago (J.H.M., J.N.); Centro Hospitalar do Porto-Hospital Santo Antonio and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Porto, Portugal (B.M.S.); Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (S.B.M.); and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (G.R.A.)
| | - Maria Ban
- From Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Monserrato (M.S., V.O., M.L.I., M. Pitzalis, M. Pala, C.S., V.F., M.F., M. Deiana, I.A., E.P., A. Mulas, M.G.P., M. Lobina, S.L., Mara Marongiu, V.S., Michele Marongiu, G.S., F.B., A. Maschio, F.D., M. Dei, F.V., S.O., A.A., M.B.W., A. Meloni, S. Sanna, E.F., M.Z., F.C.), Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna (I.Z., M.F., R.C., G. Cuccuru), Struttura Complessa Disciplina di Ematologia e Centro Trapianto Cellule Staminali Emopoietiche Wilma Deplano, Ospedale Oncologico di Riferimento Regionale Armando Businco (M. Pani), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Cagliari (E.C., J.F., G. Coghe, L.L., G. Fenu), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, S.C. Neurologia (P.F., M. Melis), Division of Rheumatology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari (M. Piga, A. Mathieu), Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari (D.F., S.D.G., M.G.M.), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, U.S. Gastroenterologia Pediatrica Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao (M.C.), and Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation Unit, Giuseppe Brotzu Hospital (A.P.), Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari (M.F., F.P., F.C.), Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari (G. Farina, G.R.), and Servizio Trasfusionale (M.A.S.) and Clinica Medica (A.D.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Neurology B, Department of Neurological, Biomedical, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona (G. Farina), Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (N.B., S.D.), SC Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (M. Leone), Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G.), and Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan (M. Marchini), Milan, and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona (M.G.D.) - all in Italy; Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore (M.L.I., M.G., D.S.); the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., S. Sawcer) and JDRF-Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.A.T.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Solna (I.K., I.L.B., T.O., J.H.), Institute of Environmental Medicine (L.A.) and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease (M.E.A.R.), Karolinska Institute, and Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council (L.A.), Stockholm; Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo (A.S.), Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (P.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville (M.J.C.-P.), Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A.G.), and Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada (M.E.A.R.) - all in Spain; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago (J.H.M., J.N.); Centro Hospitalar do Porto-Hospital Santo Antonio and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Porto, Portugal (B.M.S.); Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (S.B.M.); and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (G.R.A.)
| | - Nadia Barizzone
- From Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Monserrato (M.S., V.O., M.L.I., M. Pitzalis, M. Pala, C.S., V.F., M.F., M. Deiana, I.A., E.P., A. Mulas, M.G.P., M. Lobina, S.L., Mara Marongiu, V.S., Michele Marongiu, G.S., F.B., A. Maschio, F.D., M. Dei, F.V., S.O., A.A., M.B.W., A. Meloni, S. Sanna, E.F., M.Z., F.C.), Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna (I.Z., M.F., R.C., G. Cuccuru), Struttura Complessa Disciplina di Ematologia e Centro Trapianto Cellule Staminali Emopoietiche Wilma Deplano, Ospedale Oncologico di Riferimento Regionale Armando Businco (M. Pani), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Cagliari (E.C., J.F., G. Coghe, L.L., G. Fenu), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, S.C. Neurologia (P.F., M. Melis), Division of Rheumatology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari (M. Piga, A. Mathieu), Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari (D.F., S.D.G., M.G.M.), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, U.S. Gastroenterologia Pediatrica Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao (M.C.), and Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation Unit, Giuseppe Brotzu Hospital (A.P.), Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari (M.F., F.P., F.C.), Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari (G. Farina, G.R.), and Servizio Trasfusionale (M.A.S.) and Clinica Medica (A.D.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Neurology B, Department of Neurological, Biomedical, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona (G. Farina), Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (N.B., S.D.), SC Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (M. Leone), Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G.), and Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan (M. Marchini), Milan, and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona (M.G.D.) - all in Italy; Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore (M.L.I., M.G., D.S.); the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., S. Sawcer) and JDRF-Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.A.T.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Solna (I.K., I.L.B., T.O., J.H.), Institute of Environmental Medicine (L.A.) and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease (M.E.A.R.), Karolinska Institute, and Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council (L.A.), Stockholm; Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo (A.S.), Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (P.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville (M.J.C.-P.), Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A.G.), and Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada (M.E.A.R.) - all in Spain; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago (J.H.M., J.N.); Centro Hospitalar do Porto-Hospital Santo Antonio and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Porto, Portugal (B.M.S.); Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (S.B.M.); and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (G.R.A.)
| | - Maurizio Leone
- From Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Monserrato (M.S., V.O., M.L.I., M. Pitzalis, M. Pala, C.S., V.F., M.F., M. Deiana, I.A., E.P., A. Mulas, M.G.P., M. Lobina, S.L., Mara Marongiu, V.S., Michele Marongiu, G.S., F.B., A. Maschio, F.D., M. Dei, F.V., S.O., A.A., M.B.W., A. Meloni, S. Sanna, E.F., M.Z., F.C.), Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna (I.Z., M.F., R.C., G. Cuccuru), Struttura Complessa Disciplina di Ematologia e Centro Trapianto Cellule Staminali Emopoietiche Wilma Deplano, Ospedale Oncologico di Riferimento Regionale Armando Businco (M. Pani), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Cagliari (E.C., J.F., G. Coghe, L.L., G. Fenu), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, S.C. Neurologia (P.F., M. Melis), Division of Rheumatology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari (M. Piga, A. Mathieu), Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari (D.F., S.D.G., M.G.M.), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, U.S. Gastroenterologia Pediatrica Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao (M.C.), and Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation Unit, Giuseppe Brotzu Hospital (A.P.), Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari (M.F., F.P., F.C.), Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari (G. Farina, G.R.), and Servizio Trasfusionale (M.A.S.) and Clinica Medica (A.D.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Neurology B, Department of Neurological, Biomedical, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona (G. Farina), Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (N.B., S.D.), SC Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (M. Leone), Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G.), and Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan (M. Marchini), Milan, and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona (M.G.D.) - all in Italy; Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore (M.L.I., M.G., D.S.); the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., S. Sawcer) and JDRF-Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.A.T.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Solna (I.K., I.L.B., T.O., J.H.), Institute of Environmental Medicine (L.A.) and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease (M.E.A.R.), Karolinska Institute, and Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council (L.A.), Stockholm; Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo (A.S.), Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (P.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville (M.J.C.-P.), Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A.G.), and Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada (M.E.A.R.) - all in Spain; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago (J.H.M., J.N.); Centro Hospitalar do Porto-Hospital Santo Antonio and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Porto, Portugal (B.M.S.); Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (S.B.M.); and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (G.R.A.)
| | - Franca R Guerini
- From Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Monserrato (M.S., V.O., M.L.I., M. Pitzalis, M. Pala, C.S., V.F., M.F., M. Deiana, I.A., E.P., A. Mulas, M.G.P., M. Lobina, S.L., Mara Marongiu, V.S., Michele Marongiu, G.S., F.B., A. Maschio, F.D., M. Dei, F.V., S.O., A.A., M.B.W., A. Meloni, S. Sanna, E.F., M.Z., F.C.), Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna (I.Z., M.F., R.C., G. Cuccuru), Struttura Complessa Disciplina di Ematologia e Centro Trapianto Cellule Staminali Emopoietiche Wilma Deplano, Ospedale Oncologico di Riferimento Regionale Armando Businco (M. Pani), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Cagliari (E.C., J.F., G. Coghe, L.L., G. Fenu), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, S.C. Neurologia (P.F., M. Melis), Division of Rheumatology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari (M. Piga, A. Mathieu), Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari (D.F., S.D.G., M.G.M.), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, U.S. Gastroenterologia Pediatrica Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao (M.C.), and Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation Unit, Giuseppe Brotzu Hospital (A.P.), Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari (M.F., F.P., F.C.), Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari (G. Farina, G.R.), and Servizio Trasfusionale (M.A.S.) and Clinica Medica (A.D.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Neurology B, Department of Neurological, Biomedical, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona (G. Farina), Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (N.B., S.D.), SC Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (M. Leone), Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G.), and Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan (M. Marchini), Milan, and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona (M.G.D.) - all in Italy; Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore (M.L.I., M.G., D.S.); the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., S. Sawcer) and JDRF-Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.A.T.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Solna (I.K., I.L.B., T.O., J.H.), Institute of Environmental Medicine (L.A.) and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease (M.E.A.R.), Karolinska Institute, and Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council (L.A.), Stockholm; Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo (A.S.), Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (P.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville (M.J.C.-P.), Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A.G.), and Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada (M.E.A.R.) - all in Spain; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago (J.H.M., J.N.); Centro Hospitalar do Porto-Hospital Santo Antonio and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Porto, Portugal (B.M.S.); Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (S.B.M.); and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (G.R.A.)
| | - Matteo Piga
- From Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Monserrato (M.S., V.O., M.L.I., M. Pitzalis, M. Pala, C.S., V.F., M.F., M. Deiana, I.A., E.P., A. Mulas, M.G.P., M. Lobina, S.L., Mara Marongiu, V.S., Michele Marongiu, G.S., F.B., A. Maschio, F.D., M. Dei, F.V., S.O., A.A., M.B.W., A. Meloni, S. Sanna, E.F., M.Z., F.C.), Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna (I.Z., M.F., R.C., G. Cuccuru), Struttura Complessa Disciplina di Ematologia e Centro Trapianto Cellule Staminali Emopoietiche Wilma Deplano, Ospedale Oncologico di Riferimento Regionale Armando Businco (M. Pani), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Cagliari (E.C., J.F., G. Coghe, L.L., G. Fenu), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, S.C. Neurologia (P.F., M. Melis), Division of Rheumatology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari (M. Piga, A. Mathieu), Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari (D.F., S.D.G., M.G.M.), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, U.S. Gastroenterologia Pediatrica Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao (M.C.), and Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation Unit, Giuseppe Brotzu Hospital (A.P.), Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari (M.F., F.P., F.C.), Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari (G. Farina, G.R.), and Servizio Trasfusionale (M.A.S.) and Clinica Medica (A.D.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Neurology B, Department of Neurological, Biomedical, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona (G. Farina), Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (N.B., S.D.), SC Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (M. Leone), Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G.), and Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan (M. Marchini), Milan, and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona (M.G.D.) - all in Italy; Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore (M.L.I., M.G., D.S.); the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., S. Sawcer) and JDRF-Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.A.T.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Solna (I.K., I.L.B., T.O., J.H.), Institute of Environmental Medicine (L.A.) and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease (M.E.A.R.), Karolinska Institute, and Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council (L.A.), Stockholm; Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo (A.S.), Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (P.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville (M.J.C.-P.), Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A.G.), and Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada (M.E.A.R.) - all in Spain; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago (J.H.M., J.N.); Centro Hospitalar do Porto-Hospital Santo Antonio and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Porto, Portugal (B.M.S.); Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (S.B.M.); and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (G.R.A.)
| | - Davide Firinu
- From Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Monserrato (M.S., V.O., M.L.I., M. Pitzalis, M. Pala, C.S., V.F., M.F., M. Deiana, I.A., E.P., A. Mulas, M.G.P., M. Lobina, S.L., Mara Marongiu, V.S., Michele Marongiu, G.S., F.B., A. Maschio, F.D., M. Dei, F.V., S.O., A.A., M.B.W., A. Meloni, S. Sanna, E.F., M.Z., F.C.), Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna (I.Z., M.F., R.C., G. Cuccuru), Struttura Complessa Disciplina di Ematologia e Centro Trapianto Cellule Staminali Emopoietiche Wilma Deplano, Ospedale Oncologico di Riferimento Regionale Armando Businco (M. Pani), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Cagliari (E.C., J.F., G. Coghe, L.L., G. Fenu), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, S.C. Neurologia (P.F., M. Melis), Division of Rheumatology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari (M. Piga, A. Mathieu), Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari (D.F., S.D.G., M.G.M.), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, U.S. Gastroenterologia Pediatrica Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao (M.C.), and Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation Unit, Giuseppe Brotzu Hospital (A.P.), Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari (M.F., F.P., F.C.), Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari (G. Farina, G.R.), and Servizio Trasfusionale (M.A.S.) and Clinica Medica (A.D.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Neurology B, Department of Neurological, Biomedical, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona (G. Farina), Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (N.B., S.D.), SC Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (M. Leone), Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G.), and Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan (M. Marchini), Milan, and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona (M.G.D.) - all in Italy; Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore (M.L.I., M.G., D.S.); the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., S. Sawcer) and JDRF-Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.A.T.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Solna (I.K., I.L.B., T.O., J.H.), Institute of Environmental Medicine (L.A.) and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease (M.E.A.R.), Karolinska Institute, and Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council (L.A.), Stockholm; Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo (A.S.), Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (P.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville (M.J.C.-P.), Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A.G.), and Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada (M.E.A.R.) - all in Spain; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago (J.H.M., J.N.); Centro Hospitalar do Porto-Hospital Santo Antonio and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Porto, Portugal (B.M.S.); Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (S.B.M.); and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (G.R.A.)
| | - Ingrid Kockum
- From Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Monserrato (M.S., V.O., M.L.I., M. Pitzalis, M. Pala, C.S., V.F., M.F., M. Deiana, I.A., E.P., A. Mulas, M.G.P., M. Lobina, S.L., Mara Marongiu, V.S., Michele Marongiu, G.S., F.B., A. Maschio, F.D., M. Dei, F.V., S.O., A.A., M.B.W., A. Meloni, S. Sanna, E.F., M.Z., F.C.), Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna (I.Z., M.F., R.C., G. Cuccuru), Struttura Complessa Disciplina di Ematologia e Centro Trapianto Cellule Staminali Emopoietiche Wilma Deplano, Ospedale Oncologico di Riferimento Regionale Armando Businco (M. Pani), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Cagliari (E.C., J.F., G. Coghe, L.L., G. Fenu), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, S.C. Neurologia (P.F., M. Melis), Division of Rheumatology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari (M. Piga, A. Mathieu), Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari (D.F., S.D.G., M.G.M.), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, U.S. Gastroenterologia Pediatrica Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao (M.C.), and Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation Unit, Giuseppe Brotzu Hospital (A.P.), Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari (M.F., F.P., F.C.), Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari (G. Farina, G.R.), and Servizio Trasfusionale (M.A.S.) and Clinica Medica (A.D.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Neurology B, Department of Neurological, Biomedical, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona (G. Farina), Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (N.B., S.D.), SC Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (M. Leone), Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G.), and Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan (M. Marchini), Milan, and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona (M.G.D.) - all in Italy; Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore (M.L.I., M.G., D.S.); the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., S. Sawcer) and JDRF-Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.A.T.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Solna (I.K., I.L.B., T.O., J.H.), Institute of Environmental Medicine (L.A.) and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease (M.E.A.R.), Karolinska Institute, and Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council (L.A.), Stockholm; Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo (A.S.), Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (P.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville (M.J.C.-P.), Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A.G.), and Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada (M.E.A.R.) - all in Spain; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago (J.H.M., J.N.); Centro Hospitalar do Porto-Hospital Santo Antonio and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Porto, Portugal (B.M.S.); Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (S.B.M.); and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (G.R.A.)
| | - Izaura Lima Bomfim
- From Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Monserrato (M.S., V.O., M.L.I., M. Pitzalis, M. Pala, C.S., V.F., M.F., M. Deiana, I.A., E.P., A. Mulas, M.G.P., M. Lobina, S.L., Mara Marongiu, V.S., Michele Marongiu, G.S., F.B., A. Maschio, F.D., M. Dei, F.V., S.O., A.A., M.B.W., A. Meloni, S. Sanna, E.F., M.Z., F.C.), Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna (I.Z., M.F., R.C., G. Cuccuru), Struttura Complessa Disciplina di Ematologia e Centro Trapianto Cellule Staminali Emopoietiche Wilma Deplano, Ospedale Oncologico di Riferimento Regionale Armando Businco (M. Pani), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Cagliari (E.C., J.F., G. Coghe, L.L., G. Fenu), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, S.C. Neurologia (P.F., M. Melis), Division of Rheumatology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari (M. Piga, A. Mathieu), Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari (D.F., S.D.G., M.G.M.), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, U.S. Gastroenterologia Pediatrica Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao (M.C.), and Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation Unit, Giuseppe Brotzu Hospital (A.P.), Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari (M.F., F.P., F.C.), Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari (G. Farina, G.R.), and Servizio Trasfusionale (M.A.S.) and Clinica Medica (A.D.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Neurology B, Department of Neurological, Biomedical, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona (G. Farina), Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (N.B., S.D.), SC Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (M. Leone), Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G.), and Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan (M. Marchini), Milan, and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona (M.G.D.) - all in Italy; Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore (M.L.I., M.G., D.S.); the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., S. Sawcer) and JDRF-Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.A.T.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Solna (I.K., I.L.B., T.O., J.H.), Institute of Environmental Medicine (L.A.) and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease (M.E.A.R.), Karolinska Institute, and Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council (L.A.), Stockholm; Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo (A.S.), Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (P.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville (M.J.C.-P.), Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A.G.), and Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada (M.E.A.R.) - all in Spain; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago (J.H.M., J.N.); Centro Hospitalar do Porto-Hospital Santo Antonio and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Porto, Portugal (B.M.S.); Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (S.B.M.); and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (G.R.A.)
| | - Tomas Olsson
- From Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Monserrato (M.S., V.O., M.L.I., M. Pitzalis, M. Pala, C.S., V.F., M.F., M. Deiana, I.A., E.P., A. Mulas, M.G.P., M. Lobina, S.L., Mara Marongiu, V.S., Michele Marongiu, G.S., F.B., A. Maschio, F.D., M. Dei, F.V., S.O., A.A., M.B.W., A. Meloni, S. Sanna, E.F., M.Z., F.C.), Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna (I.Z., M.F., R.C., G. Cuccuru), Struttura Complessa Disciplina di Ematologia e Centro Trapianto Cellule Staminali Emopoietiche Wilma Deplano, Ospedale Oncologico di Riferimento Regionale Armando Businco (M. Pani), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Cagliari (E.C., J.F., G. Coghe, L.L., G. Fenu), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, S.C. Neurologia (P.F., M. Melis), Division of Rheumatology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari (M. Piga, A. Mathieu), Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari (D.F., S.D.G., M.G.M.), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, U.S. Gastroenterologia Pediatrica Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao (M.C.), and Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation Unit, Giuseppe Brotzu Hospital (A.P.), Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari (M.F., F.P., F.C.), Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari (G. Farina, G.R.), and Servizio Trasfusionale (M.A.S.) and Clinica Medica (A.D.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Neurology B, Department of Neurological, Biomedical, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona (G. Farina), Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (N.B., S.D.), SC Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (M. Leone), Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G.), and Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan (M. Marchini), Milan, and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona (M.G.D.) - all in Italy; Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore (M.L.I., M.G., D.S.); the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., S. Sawcer) and JDRF-Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.A.T.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Solna (I.K., I.L.B., T.O., J.H.), Institute of Environmental Medicine (L.A.) and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease (M.E.A.R.), Karolinska Institute, and Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council (L.A.), Stockholm; Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo (A.S.), Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (P.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville (M.J.C.-P.), Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A.G.), and Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada (M.E.A.R.) - all in Spain; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago (J.H.M., J.N.); Centro Hospitalar do Porto-Hospital Santo Antonio and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Porto, Portugal (B.M.S.); Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (S.B.M.); and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (G.R.A.)
| | - Lars Alfredsson
- From Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Monserrato (M.S., V.O., M.L.I., M. Pitzalis, M. Pala, C.S., V.F., M.F., M. Deiana, I.A., E.P., A. Mulas, M.G.P., M. Lobina, S.L., Mara Marongiu, V.S., Michele Marongiu, G.S., F.B., A. Maschio, F.D., M. Dei, F.V., S.O., A.A., M.B.W., A. Meloni, S. Sanna, E.F., M.Z., F.C.), Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna (I.Z., M.F., R.C., G. Cuccuru), Struttura Complessa Disciplina di Ematologia e Centro Trapianto Cellule Staminali Emopoietiche Wilma Deplano, Ospedale Oncologico di Riferimento Regionale Armando Businco (M. Pani), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Cagliari (E.C., J.F., G. Coghe, L.L., G. Fenu), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, S.C. Neurologia (P.F., M. Melis), Division of Rheumatology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari (M. Piga, A. Mathieu), Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari (D.F., S.D.G., M.G.M.), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, U.S. Gastroenterologia Pediatrica Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao (M.C.), and Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation Unit, Giuseppe Brotzu Hospital (A.P.), Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari (M.F., F.P., F.C.), Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari (G. Farina, G.R.), and Servizio Trasfusionale (M.A.S.) and Clinica Medica (A.D.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Neurology B, Department of Neurological, Biomedical, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona (G. Farina), Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (N.B., S.D.), SC Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (M. Leone), Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G.), and Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan (M. Marchini), Milan, and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona (M.G.D.) - all in Italy; Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore (M.L.I., M.G., D.S.); the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., S. Sawcer) and JDRF-Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.A.T.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Solna (I.K., I.L.B., T.O., J.H.), Institute of Environmental Medicine (L.A.) and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease (M.E.A.R.), Karolinska Institute, and Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council (L.A.), Stockholm; Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo (A.S.), Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (P.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville (M.J.C.-P.), Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A.G.), and Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada (M.E.A.R.) - all in Spain; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago (J.H.M., J.N.); Centro Hospitalar do Porto-Hospital Santo Antonio and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Porto, Portugal (B.M.S.); Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (S.B.M.); and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (G.R.A.)
| | - Ana Suarez
- From Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Monserrato (M.S., V.O., M.L.I., M. Pitzalis, M. Pala, C.S., V.F., M.F., M. Deiana, I.A., E.P., A. Mulas, M.G.P., M. Lobina, S.L., Mara Marongiu, V.S., Michele Marongiu, G.S., F.B., A. Maschio, F.D., M. Dei, F.V., S.O., A.A., M.B.W., A. Meloni, S. Sanna, E.F., M.Z., F.C.), Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna (I.Z., M.F., R.C., G. Cuccuru), Struttura Complessa Disciplina di Ematologia e Centro Trapianto Cellule Staminali Emopoietiche Wilma Deplano, Ospedale Oncologico di Riferimento Regionale Armando Businco (M. Pani), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Cagliari (E.C., J.F., G. Coghe, L.L., G. Fenu), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, S.C. Neurologia (P.F., M. Melis), Division of Rheumatology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari (M. Piga, A. Mathieu), Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari (D.F., S.D.G., M.G.M.), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, U.S. Gastroenterologia Pediatrica Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao (M.C.), and Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation Unit, Giuseppe Brotzu Hospital (A.P.), Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari (M.F., F.P., F.C.), Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari (G. Farina, G.R.), and Servizio Trasfusionale (M.A.S.) and Clinica Medica (A.D.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Neurology B, Department of Neurological, Biomedical, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona (G. Farina), Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (N.B., S.D.), SC Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (M. Leone), Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G.), and Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan (M. Marchini), Milan, and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona (M.G.D.) - all in Italy; Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore (M.L.I., M.G., D.S.); the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., S. Sawcer) and JDRF-Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.A.T.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Solna (I.K., I.L.B., T.O., J.H.), Institute of Environmental Medicine (L.A.) and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease (M.E.A.R.), Karolinska Institute, and Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council (L.A.), Stockholm; Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo (A.S.), Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (P.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville (M.J.C.-P.), Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A.G.), and Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada (M.E.A.R.) - all in Spain; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago (J.H.M., J.N.); Centro Hospitalar do Porto-Hospital Santo Antonio and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Porto, Portugal (B.M.S.); Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (S.B.M.); and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (G.R.A.)
| | - Patricia E Carreira
- From Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Monserrato (M.S., V.O., M.L.I., M. Pitzalis, M. Pala, C.S., V.F., M.F., M. Deiana, I.A., E.P., A. Mulas, M.G.P., M. Lobina, S.L., Mara Marongiu, V.S., Michele Marongiu, G.S., F.B., A. Maschio, F.D., M. Dei, F.V., S.O., A.A., M.B.W., A. Meloni, S. Sanna, E.F., M.Z., F.C.), Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna (I.Z., M.F., R.C., G. Cuccuru), Struttura Complessa Disciplina di Ematologia e Centro Trapianto Cellule Staminali Emopoietiche Wilma Deplano, Ospedale Oncologico di Riferimento Regionale Armando Businco (M. Pani), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Cagliari (E.C., J.F., G. Coghe, L.L., G. Fenu), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, S.C. Neurologia (P.F., M. Melis), Division of Rheumatology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari (M. Piga, A. Mathieu), Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari (D.F., S.D.G., M.G.M.), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, U.S. Gastroenterologia Pediatrica Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao (M.C.), and Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation Unit, Giuseppe Brotzu Hospital (A.P.), Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari (M.F., F.P., F.C.), Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari (G. Farina, G.R.), and Servizio Trasfusionale (M.A.S.) and Clinica Medica (A.D.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Neurology B, Department of Neurological, Biomedical, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona (G. Farina), Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (N.B., S.D.), SC Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (M. Leone), Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G.), and Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan (M. Marchini), Milan, and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona (M.G.D.) - all in Italy; Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore (M.L.I., M.G., D.S.); the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., S. Sawcer) and JDRF-Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.A.T.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Solna (I.K., I.L.B., T.O., J.H.), Institute of Environmental Medicine (L.A.) and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease (M.E.A.R.), Karolinska Institute, and Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council (L.A.), Stockholm; Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo (A.S.), Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (P.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville (M.J.C.-P.), Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A.G.), and Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada (M.E.A.R.) - all in Spain; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago (J.H.M., J.N.); Centro Hospitalar do Porto-Hospital Santo Antonio and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Porto, Portugal (B.M.S.); Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (S.B.M.); and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (G.R.A.)
| | - Maria J Castillo-Palma
- From Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Monserrato (M.S., V.O., M.L.I., M. Pitzalis, M. Pala, C.S., V.F., M.F., M. Deiana, I.A., E.P., A. Mulas, M.G.P., M. Lobina, S.L., Mara Marongiu, V.S., Michele Marongiu, G.S., F.B., A. Maschio, F.D., M. Dei, F.V., S.O., A.A., M.B.W., A. Meloni, S. Sanna, E.F., M.Z., F.C.), Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna (I.Z., M.F., R.C., G. Cuccuru), Struttura Complessa Disciplina di Ematologia e Centro Trapianto Cellule Staminali Emopoietiche Wilma Deplano, Ospedale Oncologico di Riferimento Regionale Armando Businco (M. Pani), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Cagliari (E.C., J.F., G. Coghe, L.L., G. Fenu), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, S.C. Neurologia (P.F., M. Melis), Division of Rheumatology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari (M. Piga, A. Mathieu), Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari (D.F., S.D.G., M.G.M.), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, U.S. Gastroenterologia Pediatrica Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao (M.C.), and Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation Unit, Giuseppe Brotzu Hospital (A.P.), Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari (M.F., F.P., F.C.), Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari (G. Farina, G.R.), and Servizio Trasfusionale (M.A.S.) and Clinica Medica (A.D.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Neurology B, Department of Neurological, Biomedical, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona (G. Farina), Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (N.B., S.D.), SC Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (M. Leone), Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G.), and Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan (M. Marchini), Milan, and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona (M.G.D.) - all in Italy; Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore (M.L.I., M.G., D.S.); the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., S. Sawcer) and JDRF-Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.A.T.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Solna (I.K., I.L.B., T.O., J.H.), Institute of Environmental Medicine (L.A.) and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease (M.E.A.R.), Karolinska Institute, and Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council (L.A.), Stockholm; Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo (A.S.), Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (P.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville (M.J.C.-P.), Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A.G.), and Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada (M.E.A.R.) - all in Spain; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago (J.H.M., J.N.); Centro Hospitalar do Porto-Hospital Santo Antonio and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Porto, Portugal (B.M.S.); Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (S.B.M.); and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (G.R.A.)
| | - Joseph H Marcus
- From Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Monserrato (M.S., V.O., M.L.I., M. Pitzalis, M. Pala, C.S., V.F., M.F., M. Deiana, I.A., E.P., A. Mulas, M.G.P., M. Lobina, S.L., Mara Marongiu, V.S., Michele Marongiu, G.S., F.B., A. Maschio, F.D., M. Dei, F.V., S.O., A.A., M.B.W., A. Meloni, S. Sanna, E.F., M.Z., F.C.), Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna (I.Z., M.F., R.C., G. Cuccuru), Struttura Complessa Disciplina di Ematologia e Centro Trapianto Cellule Staminali Emopoietiche Wilma Deplano, Ospedale Oncologico di Riferimento Regionale Armando Businco (M. Pani), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Cagliari (E.C., J.F., G. Coghe, L.L., G. Fenu), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, S.C. Neurologia (P.F., M. Melis), Division of Rheumatology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari (M. Piga, A. Mathieu), Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari (D.F., S.D.G., M.G.M.), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, U.S. Gastroenterologia Pediatrica Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao (M.C.), and Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation Unit, Giuseppe Brotzu Hospital (A.P.), Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari (M.F., F.P., F.C.), Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari (G. Farina, G.R.), and Servizio Trasfusionale (M.A.S.) and Clinica Medica (A.D.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Neurology B, Department of Neurological, Biomedical, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona (G. Farina), Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (N.B., S.D.), SC Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (M. Leone), Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G.), and Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan (M. Marchini), Milan, and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona (M.G.D.) - all in Italy; Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore (M.L.I., M.G., D.S.); the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., S. Sawcer) and JDRF-Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.A.T.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Solna (I.K., I.L.B., T.O., J.H.), Institute of Environmental Medicine (L.A.) and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease (M.E.A.R.), Karolinska Institute, and Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council (L.A.), Stockholm; Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo (A.S.), Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (P.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville (M.J.C.-P.), Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A.G.), and Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada (M.E.A.R.) - all in Spain; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago (J.H.M., J.N.); Centro Hospitalar do Porto-Hospital Santo Antonio and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Porto, Portugal (B.M.S.); Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (S.B.M.); and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (G.R.A.)
| | - Mauro Congia
- From Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Monserrato (M.S., V.O., M.L.I., M. Pitzalis, M. Pala, C.S., V.F., M.F., M. Deiana, I.A., E.P., A. Mulas, M.G.P., M. Lobina, S.L., Mara Marongiu, V.S., Michele Marongiu, G.S., F.B., A. Maschio, F.D., M. Dei, F.V., S.O., A.A., M.B.W., A. Meloni, S. Sanna, E.F., M.Z., F.C.), Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna (I.Z., M.F., R.C., G. Cuccuru), Struttura Complessa Disciplina di Ematologia e Centro Trapianto Cellule Staminali Emopoietiche Wilma Deplano, Ospedale Oncologico di Riferimento Regionale Armando Businco (M. Pani), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Cagliari (E.C., J.F., G. Coghe, L.L., G. Fenu), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, S.C. Neurologia (P.F., M. Melis), Division of Rheumatology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari (M. Piga, A. Mathieu), Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari (D.F., S.D.G., M.G.M.), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, U.S. Gastroenterologia Pediatrica Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao (M.C.), and Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation Unit, Giuseppe Brotzu Hospital (A.P.), Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari (M.F., F.P., F.C.), Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari (G. Farina, G.R.), and Servizio Trasfusionale (M.A.S.) and Clinica Medica (A.D.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Neurology B, Department of Neurological, Biomedical, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona (G. Farina), Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (N.B., S.D.), SC Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (M. Leone), Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G.), and Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan (M. Marchini), Milan, and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona (M.G.D.) - all in Italy; Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore (M.L.I., M.G., D.S.); the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., S. Sawcer) and JDRF-Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.A.T.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Solna (I.K., I.L.B., T.O., J.H.), Institute of Environmental Medicine (L.A.) and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease (M.E.A.R.), Karolinska Institute, and Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council (L.A.), Stockholm; Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo (A.S.), Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (P.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville (M.J.C.-P.), Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A.G.), and Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada (M.E.A.R.) - all in Spain; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago (J.H.M., J.N.); Centro Hospitalar do Porto-Hospital Santo Antonio and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Porto, Portugal (B.M.S.); Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (S.B.M.); and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (G.R.A.)
| | - Andrea Angius
- From Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Monserrato (M.S., V.O., M.L.I., M. Pitzalis, M. Pala, C.S., V.F., M.F., M. Deiana, I.A., E.P., A. Mulas, M.G.P., M. Lobina, S.L., Mara Marongiu, V.S., Michele Marongiu, G.S., F.B., A. Maschio, F.D., M. Dei, F.V., S.O., A.A., M.B.W., A. Meloni, S. Sanna, E.F., M.Z., F.C.), Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna (I.Z., M.F., R.C., G. Cuccuru), Struttura Complessa Disciplina di Ematologia e Centro Trapianto Cellule Staminali Emopoietiche Wilma Deplano, Ospedale Oncologico di Riferimento Regionale Armando Businco (M. Pani), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Cagliari (E.C., J.F., G. Coghe, L.L., G. Fenu), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, S.C. Neurologia (P.F., M. Melis), Division of Rheumatology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari (M. Piga, A. Mathieu), Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari (D.F., S.D.G., M.G.M.), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, U.S. Gastroenterologia Pediatrica Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao (M.C.), and Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation Unit, Giuseppe Brotzu Hospital (A.P.), Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari (M.F., F.P., F.C.), Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari (G. Farina, G.R.), and Servizio Trasfusionale (M.A.S.) and Clinica Medica (A.D.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Neurology B, Department of Neurological, Biomedical, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona (G. Farina), Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (N.B., S.D.), SC Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (M. Leone), Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G.), and Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan (M. Marchini), Milan, and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona (M.G.D.) - all in Italy; Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore (M.L.I., M.G., D.S.); the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., S. Sawcer) and JDRF-Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.A.T.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Solna (I.K., I.L.B., T.O., J.H.), Institute of Environmental Medicine (L.A.) and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease (M.E.A.R.), Karolinska Institute, and Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council (L.A.), Stockholm; Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo (A.S.), Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (P.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville (M.J.C.-P.), Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A.G.), and Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada (M.E.A.R.) - all in Spain; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago (J.H.M., J.N.); Centro Hospitalar do Porto-Hospital Santo Antonio and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Porto, Portugal (B.M.S.); Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (S.B.M.); and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (G.R.A.)
| | - Maurizio Melis
- From Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Monserrato (M.S., V.O., M.L.I., M. Pitzalis, M. Pala, C.S., V.F., M.F., M. Deiana, I.A., E.P., A. Mulas, M.G.P., M. Lobina, S.L., Mara Marongiu, V.S., Michele Marongiu, G.S., F.B., A. Maschio, F.D., M. Dei, F.V., S.O., A.A., M.B.W., A. Meloni, S. Sanna, E.F., M.Z., F.C.), Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna (I.Z., M.F., R.C., G. Cuccuru), Struttura Complessa Disciplina di Ematologia e Centro Trapianto Cellule Staminali Emopoietiche Wilma Deplano, Ospedale Oncologico di Riferimento Regionale Armando Businco (M. Pani), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Cagliari (E.C., J.F., G. Coghe, L.L., G. Fenu), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, S.C. Neurologia (P.F., M. Melis), Division of Rheumatology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari (M. Piga, A. Mathieu), Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari (D.F., S.D.G., M.G.M.), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, U.S. Gastroenterologia Pediatrica Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao (M.C.), and Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation Unit, Giuseppe Brotzu Hospital (A.P.), Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari (M.F., F.P., F.C.), Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari (G. Farina, G.R.), and Servizio Trasfusionale (M.A.S.) and Clinica Medica (A.D.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Neurology B, Department of Neurological, Biomedical, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona (G. Farina), Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (N.B., S.D.), SC Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (M. Leone), Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G.), and Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan (M. Marchini), Milan, and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona (M.G.D.) - all in Italy; Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore (M.L.I., M.G., D.S.); the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., S. Sawcer) and JDRF-Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.A.T.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Solna (I.K., I.L.B., T.O., J.H.), Institute of Environmental Medicine (L.A.) and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease (M.E.A.R.), Karolinska Institute, and Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council (L.A.), Stockholm; Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo (A.S.), Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (P.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville (M.J.C.-P.), Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A.G.), and Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada (M.E.A.R.) - all in Spain; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago (J.H.M., J.N.); Centro Hospitalar do Porto-Hospital Santo Antonio and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Porto, Portugal (B.M.S.); Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (S.B.M.); and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (G.R.A.)
| | - Antonio Gonzalez
- From Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Monserrato (M.S., V.O., M.L.I., M. Pitzalis, M. Pala, C.S., V.F., M.F., M. Deiana, I.A., E.P., A. Mulas, M.G.P., M. Lobina, S.L., Mara Marongiu, V.S., Michele Marongiu, G.S., F.B., A. Maschio, F.D., M. Dei, F.V., S.O., A.A., M.B.W., A. Meloni, S. Sanna, E.F., M.Z., F.C.), Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna (I.Z., M.F., R.C., G. Cuccuru), Struttura Complessa Disciplina di Ematologia e Centro Trapianto Cellule Staminali Emopoietiche Wilma Deplano, Ospedale Oncologico di Riferimento Regionale Armando Businco (M. Pani), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Cagliari (E.C., J.F., G. Coghe, L.L., G. Fenu), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, S.C. Neurologia (P.F., M. Melis), Division of Rheumatology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari (M. Piga, A. Mathieu), Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari (D.F., S.D.G., M.G.M.), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, U.S. Gastroenterologia Pediatrica Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao (M.C.), and Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation Unit, Giuseppe Brotzu Hospital (A.P.), Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari (M.F., F.P., F.C.), Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari (G. Farina, G.R.), and Servizio Trasfusionale (M.A.S.) and Clinica Medica (A.D.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Neurology B, Department of Neurological, Biomedical, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona (G. Farina), Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (N.B., S.D.), SC Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (M. Leone), Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G.), and Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan (M. Marchini), Milan, and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona (M.G.D.) - all in Italy; Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore (M.L.I., M.G., D.S.); the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., S. Sawcer) and JDRF-Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.A.T.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Solna (I.K., I.L.B., T.O., J.H.), Institute of Environmental Medicine (L.A.) and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease (M.E.A.R.), Karolinska Institute, and Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council (L.A.), Stockholm; Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo (A.S.), Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (P.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville (M.J.C.-P.), Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A.G.), and Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada (M.E.A.R.) - all in Spain; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago (J.H.M., J.N.); Centro Hospitalar do Porto-Hospital Santo Antonio and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Porto, Portugal (B.M.S.); Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (S.B.M.); and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (G.R.A.)
| | - Marta E Alarcón Riquelme
- From Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Monserrato (M.S., V.O., M.L.I., M. Pitzalis, M. Pala, C.S., V.F., M.F., M. Deiana, I.A., E.P., A. Mulas, M.G.P., M. Lobina, S.L., Mara Marongiu, V.S., Michele Marongiu, G.S., F.B., A. Maschio, F.D., M. Dei, F.V., S.O., A.A., M.B.W., A. Meloni, S. Sanna, E.F., M.Z., F.C.), Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna (I.Z., M.F., R.C., G. Cuccuru), Struttura Complessa Disciplina di Ematologia e Centro Trapianto Cellule Staminali Emopoietiche Wilma Deplano, Ospedale Oncologico di Riferimento Regionale Armando Businco (M. Pani), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Cagliari (E.C., J.F., G. Coghe, L.L., G. Fenu), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, S.C. Neurologia (P.F., M. Melis), Division of Rheumatology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari (M. Piga, A. Mathieu), Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari (D.F., S.D.G., M.G.M.), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, U.S. Gastroenterologia Pediatrica Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao (M.C.), and Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation Unit, Giuseppe Brotzu Hospital (A.P.), Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari (M.F., F.P., F.C.), Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari (G. Farina, G.R.), and Servizio Trasfusionale (M.A.S.) and Clinica Medica (A.D.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Neurology B, Department of Neurological, Biomedical, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona (G. Farina), Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (N.B., S.D.), SC Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (M. Leone), Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G.), and Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan (M. Marchini), Milan, and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona (M.G.D.) - all in Italy; Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore (M.L.I., M.G., D.S.); the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., S. Sawcer) and JDRF-Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.A.T.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Solna (I.K., I.L.B., T.O., J.H.), Institute of Environmental Medicine (L.A.) and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease (M.E.A.R.), Karolinska Institute, and Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council (L.A.), Stockholm; Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo (A.S.), Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (P.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville (M.J.C.-P.), Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A.G.), and Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada (M.E.A.R.) - all in Spain; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago (J.H.M., J.N.); Centro Hospitalar do Porto-Hospital Santo Antonio and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Porto, Portugal (B.M.S.); Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (S.B.M.); and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (G.R.A.)
| | - Berta M da Silva
- From Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Monserrato (M.S., V.O., M.L.I., M. Pitzalis, M. Pala, C.S., V.F., M.F., M. Deiana, I.A., E.P., A. Mulas, M.G.P., M. Lobina, S.L., Mara Marongiu, V.S., Michele Marongiu, G.S., F.B., A. Maschio, F.D., M. Dei, F.V., S.O., A.A., M.B.W., A. Meloni, S. Sanna, E.F., M.Z., F.C.), Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna (I.Z., M.F., R.C., G. Cuccuru), Struttura Complessa Disciplina di Ematologia e Centro Trapianto Cellule Staminali Emopoietiche Wilma Deplano, Ospedale Oncologico di Riferimento Regionale Armando Businco (M. Pani), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Cagliari (E.C., J.F., G. Coghe, L.L., G. Fenu), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, S.C. Neurologia (P.F., M. Melis), Division of Rheumatology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari (M. Piga, A. Mathieu), Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari (D.F., S.D.G., M.G.M.), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, U.S. Gastroenterologia Pediatrica Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao (M.C.), and Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation Unit, Giuseppe Brotzu Hospital (A.P.), Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari (M.F., F.P., F.C.), Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari (G. Farina, G.R.), and Servizio Trasfusionale (M.A.S.) and Clinica Medica (A.D.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Neurology B, Department of Neurological, Biomedical, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona (G. Farina), Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (N.B., S.D.), SC Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (M. Leone), Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G.), and Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan (M. Marchini), Milan, and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona (M.G.D.) - all in Italy; Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore (M.L.I., M.G., D.S.); the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., S. Sawcer) and JDRF-Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.A.T.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Solna (I.K., I.L.B., T.O., J.H.), Institute of Environmental Medicine (L.A.) and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease (M.E.A.R.), Karolinska Institute, and Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council (L.A.), Stockholm; Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo (A.S.), Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (P.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville (M.J.C.-P.), Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A.G.), and Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada (M.E.A.R.) - all in Spain; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago (J.H.M., J.N.); Centro Hospitalar do Porto-Hospital Santo Antonio and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Porto, Portugal (B.M.S.); Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (S.B.M.); and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (G.R.A.)
| | - Maurizio Marchini
- From Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Monserrato (M.S., V.O., M.L.I., M. Pitzalis, M. Pala, C.S., V.F., M.F., M. Deiana, I.A., E.P., A. Mulas, M.G.P., M. Lobina, S.L., Mara Marongiu, V.S., Michele Marongiu, G.S., F.B., A. Maschio, F.D., M. Dei, F.V., S.O., A.A., M.B.W., A. Meloni, S. Sanna, E.F., M.Z., F.C.), Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna (I.Z., M.F., R.C., G. Cuccuru), Struttura Complessa Disciplina di Ematologia e Centro Trapianto Cellule Staminali Emopoietiche Wilma Deplano, Ospedale Oncologico di Riferimento Regionale Armando Businco (M. Pani), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Cagliari (E.C., J.F., G. Coghe, L.L., G. Fenu), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, S.C. Neurologia (P.F., M. Melis), Division of Rheumatology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari (M. Piga, A. Mathieu), Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari (D.F., S.D.G., M.G.M.), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, U.S. Gastroenterologia Pediatrica Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao (M.C.), and Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation Unit, Giuseppe Brotzu Hospital (A.P.), Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari (M.F., F.P., F.C.), Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari (G. Farina, G.R.), and Servizio Trasfusionale (M.A.S.) and Clinica Medica (A.D.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Neurology B, Department of Neurological, Biomedical, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona (G. Farina), Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (N.B., S.D.), SC Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (M. Leone), Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G.), and Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan (M. Marchini), Milan, and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona (M.G.D.) - all in Italy; Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore (M.L.I., M.G., D.S.); the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., S. Sawcer) and JDRF-Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.A.T.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Solna (I.K., I.L.B., T.O., J.H.), Institute of Environmental Medicine (L.A.) and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease (M.E.A.R.), Karolinska Institute, and Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council (L.A.), Stockholm; Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo (A.S.), Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (P.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville (M.J.C.-P.), Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A.G.), and Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada (M.E.A.R.) - all in Spain; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago (J.H.M., J.N.); Centro Hospitalar do Porto-Hospital Santo Antonio and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Porto, Portugal (B.M.S.); Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (S.B.M.); and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (G.R.A.)
| | - Maria G Danieli
- From Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Monserrato (M.S., V.O., M.L.I., M. Pitzalis, M. Pala, C.S., V.F., M.F., M. Deiana, I.A., E.P., A. Mulas, M.G.P., M. Lobina, S.L., Mara Marongiu, V.S., Michele Marongiu, G.S., F.B., A. Maschio, F.D., M. Dei, F.V., S.O., A.A., M.B.W., A. Meloni, S. Sanna, E.F., M.Z., F.C.), Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna (I.Z., M.F., R.C., G. Cuccuru), Struttura Complessa Disciplina di Ematologia e Centro Trapianto Cellule Staminali Emopoietiche Wilma Deplano, Ospedale Oncologico di Riferimento Regionale Armando Businco (M. Pani), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Cagliari (E.C., J.F., G. Coghe, L.L., G. Fenu), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, S.C. Neurologia (P.F., M. Melis), Division of Rheumatology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari (M. Piga, A. Mathieu), Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari (D.F., S.D.G., M.G.M.), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, U.S. Gastroenterologia Pediatrica Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao (M.C.), and Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation Unit, Giuseppe Brotzu Hospital (A.P.), Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari (M.F., F.P., F.C.), Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari (G. Farina, G.R.), and Servizio Trasfusionale (M.A.S.) and Clinica Medica (A.D.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Neurology B, Department of Neurological, Biomedical, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona (G. Farina), Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (N.B., S.D.), SC Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (M. Leone), Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G.), and Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan (M. Marchini), Milan, and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona (M.G.D.) - all in Italy; Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore (M.L.I., M.G., D.S.); the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., S. Sawcer) and JDRF-Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.A.T.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Solna (I.K., I.L.B., T.O., J.H.), Institute of Environmental Medicine (L.A.) and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease (M.E.A.R.), Karolinska Institute, and Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council (L.A.), Stockholm; Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo (A.S.), Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (P.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville (M.J.C.-P.), Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A.G.), and Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada (M.E.A.R.) - all in Spain; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago (J.H.M., J.N.); Centro Hospitalar do Porto-Hospital Santo Antonio and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Porto, Portugal (B.M.S.); Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (S.B.M.); and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (G.R.A.)
| | - Stefano Del Giacco
- From Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Monserrato (M.S., V.O., M.L.I., M. Pitzalis, M. Pala, C.S., V.F., M.F., M. Deiana, I.A., E.P., A. Mulas, M.G.P., M. Lobina, S.L., Mara Marongiu, V.S., Michele Marongiu, G.S., F.B., A. Maschio, F.D., M. Dei, F.V., S.O., A.A., M.B.W., A. Meloni, S. Sanna, E.F., M.Z., F.C.), Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna (I.Z., M.F., R.C., G. Cuccuru), Struttura Complessa Disciplina di Ematologia e Centro Trapianto Cellule Staminali Emopoietiche Wilma Deplano, Ospedale Oncologico di Riferimento Regionale Armando Businco (M. Pani), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Cagliari (E.C., J.F., G. Coghe, L.L., G. Fenu), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, S.C. Neurologia (P.F., M. Melis), Division of Rheumatology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari (M. Piga, A. Mathieu), Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari (D.F., S.D.G., M.G.M.), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, U.S. Gastroenterologia Pediatrica Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao (M.C.), and Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation Unit, Giuseppe Brotzu Hospital (A.P.), Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari (M.F., F.P., F.C.), Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari (G. Farina, G.R.), and Servizio Trasfusionale (M.A.S.) and Clinica Medica (A.D.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Neurology B, Department of Neurological, Biomedical, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona (G. Farina), Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (N.B., S.D.), SC Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (M. Leone), Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G.), and Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan (M. Marchini), Milan, and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona (M.G.D.) - all in Italy; Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore (M.L.I., M.G., D.S.); the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., S. Sawcer) and JDRF-Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.A.T.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Solna (I.K., I.L.B., T.O., J.H.), Institute of Environmental Medicine (L.A.) and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease (M.E.A.R.), Karolinska Institute, and Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council (L.A.), Stockholm; Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo (A.S.), Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (P.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville (M.J.C.-P.), Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A.G.), and Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada (M.E.A.R.) - all in Spain; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago (J.H.M., J.N.); Centro Hospitalar do Porto-Hospital Santo Antonio and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Porto, Portugal (B.M.S.); Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (S.B.M.); and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (G.R.A.)
| | - Alessandro Mathieu
- From Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Monserrato (M.S., V.O., M.L.I., M. Pitzalis, M. Pala, C.S., V.F., M.F., M. Deiana, I.A., E.P., A. Mulas, M.G.P., M. Lobina, S.L., Mara Marongiu, V.S., Michele Marongiu, G.S., F.B., A. Maschio, F.D., M. Dei, F.V., S.O., A.A., M.B.W., A. Meloni, S. Sanna, E.F., M.Z., F.C.), Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna (I.Z., M.F., R.C., G. Cuccuru), Struttura Complessa Disciplina di Ematologia e Centro Trapianto Cellule Staminali Emopoietiche Wilma Deplano, Ospedale Oncologico di Riferimento Regionale Armando Businco (M. Pani), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Cagliari (E.C., J.F., G. Coghe, L.L., G. Fenu), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, S.C. Neurologia (P.F., M. Melis), Division of Rheumatology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari (M. Piga, A. Mathieu), Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari (D.F., S.D.G., M.G.M.), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, U.S. Gastroenterologia Pediatrica Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao (M.C.), and Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation Unit, Giuseppe Brotzu Hospital (A.P.), Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari (M.F., F.P., F.C.), Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari (G. Farina, G.R.), and Servizio Trasfusionale (M.A.S.) and Clinica Medica (A.D.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Neurology B, Department of Neurological, Biomedical, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona (G. Farina), Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (N.B., S.D.), SC Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (M. Leone), Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G.), and Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan (M. Marchini), Milan, and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona (M.G.D.) - all in Italy; Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore (M.L.I., M.G., D.S.); the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., S. Sawcer) and JDRF-Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.A.T.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Solna (I.K., I.L.B., T.O., J.H.), Institute of Environmental Medicine (L.A.) and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease (M.E.A.R.), Karolinska Institute, and Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council (L.A.), Stockholm; Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo (A.S.), Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (P.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville (M.J.C.-P.), Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A.G.), and Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada (M.E.A.R.) - all in Spain; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago (J.H.M., J.N.); Centro Hospitalar do Porto-Hospital Santo Antonio and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Porto, Portugal (B.M.S.); Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (S.B.M.); and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (G.R.A.)
| | - Antonello Pani
- From Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Monserrato (M.S., V.O., M.L.I., M. Pitzalis, M. Pala, C.S., V.F., M.F., M. Deiana, I.A., E.P., A. Mulas, M.G.P., M. Lobina, S.L., Mara Marongiu, V.S., Michele Marongiu, G.S., F.B., A. Maschio, F.D., M. Dei, F.V., S.O., A.A., M.B.W., A. Meloni, S. Sanna, E.F., M.Z., F.C.), Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna (I.Z., M.F., R.C., G. Cuccuru), Struttura Complessa Disciplina di Ematologia e Centro Trapianto Cellule Staminali Emopoietiche Wilma Deplano, Ospedale Oncologico di Riferimento Regionale Armando Businco (M. Pani), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Cagliari (E.C., J.F., G. Coghe, L.L., G. Fenu), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, S.C. Neurologia (P.F., M. Melis), Division of Rheumatology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari (M. Piga, A. Mathieu), Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari (D.F., S.D.G., M.G.M.), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, U.S. Gastroenterologia Pediatrica Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao (M.C.), and Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation Unit, Giuseppe Brotzu Hospital (A.P.), Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari (M.F., F.P., F.C.), Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari (G. Farina, G.R.), and Servizio Trasfusionale (M.A.S.) and Clinica Medica (A.D.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Neurology B, Department of Neurological, Biomedical, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona (G. Farina), Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (N.B., S.D.), SC Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (M. Leone), Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G.), and Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan (M. Marchini), Milan, and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona (M.G.D.) - all in Italy; Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore (M.L.I., M.G., D.S.); the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., S. Sawcer) and JDRF-Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.A.T.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Solna (I.K., I.L.B., T.O., J.H.), Institute of Environmental Medicine (L.A.) and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease (M.E.A.R.), Karolinska Institute, and Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council (L.A.), Stockholm; Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo (A.S.), Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (P.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville (M.J.C.-P.), Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A.G.), and Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada (M.E.A.R.) - all in Spain; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago (J.H.M., J.N.); Centro Hospitalar do Porto-Hospital Santo Antonio and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Porto, Portugal (B.M.S.); Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (S.B.M.); and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (G.R.A.)
| | - Stephen B Montgomery
- From Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Monserrato (M.S., V.O., M.L.I., M. Pitzalis, M. Pala, C.S., V.F., M.F., M. Deiana, I.A., E.P., A. Mulas, M.G.P., M. Lobina, S.L., Mara Marongiu, V.S., Michele Marongiu, G.S., F.B., A. Maschio, F.D., M. Dei, F.V., S.O., A.A., M.B.W., A. Meloni, S. Sanna, E.F., M.Z., F.C.), Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna (I.Z., M.F., R.C., G. Cuccuru), Struttura Complessa Disciplina di Ematologia e Centro Trapianto Cellule Staminali Emopoietiche Wilma Deplano, Ospedale Oncologico di Riferimento Regionale Armando Businco (M. Pani), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Cagliari (E.C., J.F., G. Coghe, L.L., G. Fenu), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, S.C. Neurologia (P.F., M. Melis), Division of Rheumatology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari (M. Piga, A. Mathieu), Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari (D.F., S.D.G., M.G.M.), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, U.S. Gastroenterologia Pediatrica Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao (M.C.), and Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation Unit, Giuseppe Brotzu Hospital (A.P.), Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari (M.F., F.P., F.C.), Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari (G. Farina, G.R.), and Servizio Trasfusionale (M.A.S.) and Clinica Medica (A.D.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Neurology B, Department of Neurological, Biomedical, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona (G. Farina), Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (N.B., S.D.), SC Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (M. Leone), Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G.), and Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan (M. Marchini), Milan, and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona (M.G.D.) - all in Italy; Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore (M.L.I., M.G., D.S.); the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., S. Sawcer) and JDRF-Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.A.T.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Solna (I.K., I.L.B., T.O., J.H.), Institute of Environmental Medicine (L.A.) and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease (M.E.A.R.), Karolinska Institute, and Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council (L.A.), Stockholm; Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo (A.S.), Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (P.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville (M.J.C.-P.), Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A.G.), and Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada (M.E.A.R.) - all in Spain; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago (J.H.M., J.N.); Centro Hospitalar do Porto-Hospital Santo Antonio and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Porto, Portugal (B.M.S.); Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (S.B.M.); and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (G.R.A.)
| | - Giulio Rosati
- From Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Monserrato (M.S., V.O., M.L.I., M. Pitzalis, M. Pala, C.S., V.F., M.F., M. Deiana, I.A., E.P., A. Mulas, M.G.P., M. Lobina, S.L., Mara Marongiu, V.S., Michele Marongiu, G.S., F.B., A. Maschio, F.D., M. Dei, F.V., S.O., A.A., M.B.W., A. Meloni, S. Sanna, E.F., M.Z., F.C.), Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna (I.Z., M.F., R.C., G. Cuccuru), Struttura Complessa Disciplina di Ematologia e Centro Trapianto Cellule Staminali Emopoietiche Wilma Deplano, Ospedale Oncologico di Riferimento Regionale Armando Businco (M. Pani), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Cagliari (E.C., J.F., G. Coghe, L.L., G. Fenu), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, S.C. Neurologia (P.F., M. Melis), Division of Rheumatology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari (M. Piga, A. Mathieu), Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari (D.F., S.D.G., M.G.M.), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, U.S. Gastroenterologia Pediatrica Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao (M.C.), and Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation Unit, Giuseppe Brotzu Hospital (A.P.), Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari (M.F., F.P., F.C.), Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari (G. Farina, G.R.), and Servizio Trasfusionale (M.A.S.) and Clinica Medica (A.D.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Neurology B, Department of Neurological, Biomedical, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona (G. Farina), Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (N.B., S.D.), SC Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (M. Leone), Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G.), and Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan (M. Marchini), Milan, and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona (M.G.D.) - all in Italy; Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore (M.L.I., M.G., D.S.); the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., S. Sawcer) and JDRF-Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.A.T.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Solna (I.K., I.L.B., T.O., J.H.), Institute of Environmental Medicine (L.A.) and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease (M.E.A.R.), Karolinska Institute, and Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council (L.A.), Stockholm; Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo (A.S.), Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (P.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville (M.J.C.-P.), Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A.G.), and Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada (M.E.A.R.) - all in Spain; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago (J.H.M., J.N.); Centro Hospitalar do Porto-Hospital Santo Antonio and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Porto, Portugal (B.M.S.); Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (S.B.M.); and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (G.R.A.)
| | - Jan Hillert
- From Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Monserrato (M.S., V.O., M.L.I., M. Pitzalis, M. Pala, C.S., V.F., M.F., M. Deiana, I.A., E.P., A. Mulas, M.G.P., M. Lobina, S.L., Mara Marongiu, V.S., Michele Marongiu, G.S., F.B., A. Maschio, F.D., M. Dei, F.V., S.O., A.A., M.B.W., A. Meloni, S. Sanna, E.F., M.Z., F.C.), Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna (I.Z., M.F., R.C., G. Cuccuru), Struttura Complessa Disciplina di Ematologia e Centro Trapianto Cellule Staminali Emopoietiche Wilma Deplano, Ospedale Oncologico di Riferimento Regionale Armando Businco (M. Pani), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Cagliari (E.C., J.F., G. Coghe, L.L., G. Fenu), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, S.C. Neurologia (P.F., M. Melis), Division of Rheumatology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari (M. Piga, A. Mathieu), Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari (D.F., S.D.G., M.G.M.), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, U.S. Gastroenterologia Pediatrica Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao (M.C.), and Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation Unit, Giuseppe Brotzu Hospital (A.P.), Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari (M.F., F.P., F.C.), Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari (G. Farina, G.R.), and Servizio Trasfusionale (M.A.S.) and Clinica Medica (A.D.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Neurology B, Department of Neurological, Biomedical, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona (G. Farina), Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (N.B., S.D.), SC Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (M. Leone), Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G.), and Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan (M. Marchini), Milan, and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona (M.G.D.) - all in Italy; Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore (M.L.I., M.G., D.S.); the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., S. Sawcer) and JDRF-Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.A.T.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Solna (I.K., I.L.B., T.O., J.H.), Institute of Environmental Medicine (L.A.) and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease (M.E.A.R.), Karolinska Institute, and Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council (L.A.), Stockholm; Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo (A.S.), Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (P.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville (M.J.C.-P.), Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A.G.), and Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada (M.E.A.R.) - all in Spain; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago (J.H.M., J.N.); Centro Hospitalar do Porto-Hospital Santo Antonio and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Porto, Portugal (B.M.S.); Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (S.B.M.); and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (G.R.A.)
| | - Stephen Sawcer
- From Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Monserrato (M.S., V.O., M.L.I., M. Pitzalis, M. Pala, C.S., V.F., M.F., M. Deiana, I.A., E.P., A. Mulas, M.G.P., M. Lobina, S.L., Mara Marongiu, V.S., Michele Marongiu, G.S., F.B., A. Maschio, F.D., M. Dei, F.V., S.O., A.A., M.B.W., A. Meloni, S. Sanna, E.F., M.Z., F.C.), Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna (I.Z., M.F., R.C., G. Cuccuru), Struttura Complessa Disciplina di Ematologia e Centro Trapianto Cellule Staminali Emopoietiche Wilma Deplano, Ospedale Oncologico di Riferimento Regionale Armando Businco (M. Pani), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Cagliari (E.C., J.F., G. Coghe, L.L., G. Fenu), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, S.C. Neurologia (P.F., M. Melis), Division of Rheumatology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari (M. Piga, A. Mathieu), Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari (D.F., S.D.G., M.G.M.), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, U.S. Gastroenterologia Pediatrica Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao (M.C.), and Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation Unit, Giuseppe Brotzu Hospital (A.P.), Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari (M.F., F.P., F.C.), Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari (G. Farina, G.R.), and Servizio Trasfusionale (M.A.S.) and Clinica Medica (A.D.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Neurology B, Department of Neurological, Biomedical, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona (G. Farina), Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (N.B., S.D.), SC Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (M. Leone), Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G.), and Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan (M. Marchini), Milan, and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona (M.G.D.) - all in Italy; Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore (M.L.I., M.G., D.S.); the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., S. Sawcer) and JDRF-Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.A.T.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Solna (I.K., I.L.B., T.O., J.H.), Institute of Environmental Medicine (L.A.) and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease (M.E.A.R.), Karolinska Institute, and Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council (L.A.), Stockholm; Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo (A.S.), Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (P.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville (M.J.C.-P.), Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A.G.), and Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada (M.E.A.R.) - all in Spain; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago (J.H.M., J.N.); Centro Hospitalar do Porto-Hospital Santo Antonio and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Porto, Portugal (B.M.S.); Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (S.B.M.); and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (G.R.A.)
| | - Sandra D'Alfonso
- From Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Monserrato (M.S., V.O., M.L.I., M. Pitzalis, M. Pala, C.S., V.F., M.F., M. Deiana, I.A., E.P., A. Mulas, M.G.P., M. Lobina, S.L., Mara Marongiu, V.S., Michele Marongiu, G.S., F.B., A. Maschio, F.D., M. Dei, F.V., S.O., A.A., M.B.W., A. Meloni, S. Sanna, E.F., M.Z., F.C.), Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna (I.Z., M.F., R.C., G. Cuccuru), Struttura Complessa Disciplina di Ematologia e Centro Trapianto Cellule Staminali Emopoietiche Wilma Deplano, Ospedale Oncologico di Riferimento Regionale Armando Businco (M. Pani), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Cagliari (E.C., J.F., G. Coghe, L.L., G. Fenu), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, S.C. Neurologia (P.F., M. Melis), Division of Rheumatology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari (M. Piga, A. Mathieu), Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari (D.F., S.D.G., M.G.M.), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, U.S. Gastroenterologia Pediatrica Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao (M.C.), and Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation Unit, Giuseppe Brotzu Hospital (A.P.), Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari (M.F., F.P., F.C.), Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari (G. Farina, G.R.), and Servizio Trasfusionale (M.A.S.) and Clinica Medica (A.D.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Neurology B, Department of Neurological, Biomedical, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona (G. Farina), Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (N.B., S.D.), SC Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (M. Leone), Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G.), and Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan (M. Marchini), Milan, and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona (M.G.D.) - all in Italy; Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore (M.L.I., M.G., D.S.); the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., S. Sawcer) and JDRF-Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.A.T.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Solna (I.K., I.L.B., T.O., J.H.), Institute of Environmental Medicine (L.A.) and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease (M.E.A.R.), Karolinska Institute, and Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council (L.A.), Stockholm; Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo (A.S.), Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (P.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville (M.J.C.-P.), Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A.G.), and Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada (M.E.A.R.) - all in Spain; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago (J.H.M., J.N.); Centro Hospitalar do Porto-Hospital Santo Antonio and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Porto, Portugal (B.M.S.); Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (S.B.M.); and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (G.R.A.)
| | - John A Todd
- From Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Monserrato (M.S., V.O., M.L.I., M. Pitzalis, M. Pala, C.S., V.F., M.F., M. Deiana, I.A., E.P., A. Mulas, M.G.P., M. Lobina, S.L., Mara Marongiu, V.S., Michele Marongiu, G.S., F.B., A. Maschio, F.D., M. Dei, F.V., S.O., A.A., M.B.W., A. Meloni, S. Sanna, E.F., M.Z., F.C.), Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna (I.Z., M.F., R.C., G. Cuccuru), Struttura Complessa Disciplina di Ematologia e Centro Trapianto Cellule Staminali Emopoietiche Wilma Deplano, Ospedale Oncologico di Riferimento Regionale Armando Businco (M. Pani), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Cagliari (E.C., J.F., G. Coghe, L.L., G. Fenu), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, S.C. Neurologia (P.F., M. Melis), Division of Rheumatology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari (M. Piga, A. Mathieu), Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari (D.F., S.D.G., M.G.M.), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, U.S. Gastroenterologia Pediatrica Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao (M.C.), and Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation Unit, Giuseppe Brotzu Hospital (A.P.), Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari (M.F., F.P., F.C.), Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari (G. Farina, G.R.), and Servizio Trasfusionale (M.A.S.) and Clinica Medica (A.D.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Neurology B, Department of Neurological, Biomedical, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona (G. Farina), Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (N.B., S.D.), SC Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (M. Leone), Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G.), and Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan (M. Marchini), Milan, and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona (M.G.D.) - all in Italy; Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore (M.L.I., M.G., D.S.); the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., S. Sawcer) and JDRF-Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.A.T.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Solna (I.K., I.L.B., T.O., J.H.), Institute of Environmental Medicine (L.A.) and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease (M.E.A.R.), Karolinska Institute, and Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council (L.A.), Stockholm; Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo (A.S.), Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (P.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville (M.J.C.-P.), Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A.G.), and Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada (M.E.A.R.) - all in Spain; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago (J.H.M., J.N.); Centro Hospitalar do Porto-Hospital Santo Antonio and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Porto, Portugal (B.M.S.); Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (S.B.M.); and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (G.R.A.)
| | - John Novembre
- From Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Monserrato (M.S., V.O., M.L.I., M. Pitzalis, M. Pala, C.S., V.F., M.F., M. Deiana, I.A., E.P., A. Mulas, M.G.P., M. Lobina, S.L., Mara Marongiu, V.S., Michele Marongiu, G.S., F.B., A. Maschio, F.D., M. Dei, F.V., S.O., A.A., M.B.W., A. Meloni, S. Sanna, E.F., M.Z., F.C.), Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna (I.Z., M.F., R.C., G. Cuccuru), Struttura Complessa Disciplina di Ematologia e Centro Trapianto Cellule Staminali Emopoietiche Wilma Deplano, Ospedale Oncologico di Riferimento Regionale Armando Businco (M. Pani), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Cagliari (E.C., J.F., G. Coghe, L.L., G. Fenu), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, S.C. Neurologia (P.F., M. Melis), Division of Rheumatology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari (M. Piga, A. Mathieu), Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari (D.F., S.D.G., M.G.M.), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, U.S. Gastroenterologia Pediatrica Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao (M.C.), and Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation Unit, Giuseppe Brotzu Hospital (A.P.), Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari (M.F., F.P., F.C.), Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari (G. Farina, G.R.), and Servizio Trasfusionale (M.A.S.) and Clinica Medica (A.D.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Neurology B, Department of Neurological, Biomedical, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona (G. Farina), Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (N.B., S.D.), SC Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (M. Leone), Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G.), and Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan (M. Marchini), Milan, and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona (M.G.D.) - all in Italy; Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore (M.L.I., M.G., D.S.); the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., S. Sawcer) and JDRF-Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.A.T.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Solna (I.K., I.L.B., T.O., J.H.), Institute of Environmental Medicine (L.A.) and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease (M.E.A.R.), Karolinska Institute, and Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council (L.A.), Stockholm; Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo (A.S.), Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (P.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville (M.J.C.-P.), Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A.G.), and Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada (M.E.A.R.) - all in Spain; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago (J.H.M., J.N.); Centro Hospitalar do Porto-Hospital Santo Antonio and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Porto, Portugal (B.M.S.); Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (S.B.M.); and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (G.R.A.)
| | - Gonçalo R Abecasis
- From Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Monserrato (M.S., V.O., M.L.I., M. Pitzalis, M. Pala, C.S., V.F., M.F., M. Deiana, I.A., E.P., A. Mulas, M.G.P., M. Lobina, S.L., Mara Marongiu, V.S., Michele Marongiu, G.S., F.B., A. Maschio, F.D., M. Dei, F.V., S.O., A.A., M.B.W., A. Meloni, S. Sanna, E.F., M.Z., F.C.), Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna (I.Z., M.F., R.C., G. Cuccuru), Struttura Complessa Disciplina di Ematologia e Centro Trapianto Cellule Staminali Emopoietiche Wilma Deplano, Ospedale Oncologico di Riferimento Regionale Armando Businco (M. Pani), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Cagliari (E.C., J.F., G. Coghe, L.L., G. Fenu), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, S.C. Neurologia (P.F., M. Melis), Division of Rheumatology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari (M. Piga, A. Mathieu), Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari (D.F., S.D.G., M.G.M.), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, U.S. Gastroenterologia Pediatrica Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao (M.C.), and Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation Unit, Giuseppe Brotzu Hospital (A.P.), Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari (M.F., F.P., F.C.), Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari (G. Farina, G.R.), and Servizio Trasfusionale (M.A.S.) and Clinica Medica (A.D.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Neurology B, Department of Neurological, Biomedical, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona (G. Farina), Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (N.B., S.D.), SC Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (M. Leone), Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G.), and Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan (M. Marchini), Milan, and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona (M.G.D.) - all in Italy; Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore (M.L.I., M.G., D.S.); the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., S. Sawcer) and JDRF-Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.A.T.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Solna (I.K., I.L.B., T.O., J.H.), Institute of Environmental Medicine (L.A.) and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease (M.E.A.R.), Karolinska Institute, and Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council (L.A.), Stockholm; Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo (A.S.), Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (P.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville (M.J.C.-P.), Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A.G.), and Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada (M.E.A.R.) - all in Spain; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago (J.H.M., J.N.); Centro Hospitalar do Porto-Hospital Santo Antonio and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Porto, Portugal (B.M.S.); Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (S.B.M.); and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (G.R.A.)
| | - Michael B Whalen
- From Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Monserrato (M.S., V.O., M.L.I., M. Pitzalis, M. Pala, C.S., V.F., M.F., M. Deiana, I.A., E.P., A. Mulas, M.G.P., M. Lobina, S.L., Mara Marongiu, V.S., Michele Marongiu, G.S., F.B., A. Maschio, F.D., M. Dei, F.V., S.O., A.A., M.B.W., A. Meloni, S. Sanna, E.F., M.Z., F.C.), Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna (I.Z., M.F., R.C., G. Cuccuru), Struttura Complessa Disciplina di Ematologia e Centro Trapianto Cellule Staminali Emopoietiche Wilma Deplano, Ospedale Oncologico di Riferimento Regionale Armando Businco (M. Pani), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Cagliari (E.C., J.F., G. Coghe, L.L., G. Fenu), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, S.C. Neurologia (P.F., M. Melis), Division of Rheumatology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari (M. Piga, A. Mathieu), Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari (D.F., S.D.G., M.G.M.), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, U.S. Gastroenterologia Pediatrica Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao (M.C.), and Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation Unit, Giuseppe Brotzu Hospital (A.P.), Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari (M.F., F.P., F.C.), Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari (G. Farina, G.R.), and Servizio Trasfusionale (M.A.S.) and Clinica Medica (A.D.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Neurology B, Department of Neurological, Biomedical, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona (G. Farina), Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (N.B., S.D.), SC Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (M. Leone), Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G.), and Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan (M. Marchini), Milan, and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona (M.G.D.) - all in Italy; Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore (M.L.I., M.G., D.S.); the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., S. Sawcer) and JDRF-Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.A.T.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Solna (I.K., I.L.B., T.O., J.H.), Institute of Environmental Medicine (L.A.) and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease (M.E.A.R.), Karolinska Institute, and Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council (L.A.), Stockholm; Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo (A.S.), Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (P.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville (M.J.C.-P.), Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A.G.), and Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada (M.E.A.R.) - all in Spain; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago (J.H.M., J.N.); Centro Hospitalar do Porto-Hospital Santo Antonio and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Porto, Portugal (B.M.S.); Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (S.B.M.); and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (G.R.A.)
| | - Maria G Marrosu
- From Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Monserrato (M.S., V.O., M.L.I., M. Pitzalis, M. Pala, C.S., V.F., M.F., M. Deiana, I.A., E.P., A. Mulas, M.G.P., M. Lobina, S.L., Mara Marongiu, V.S., Michele Marongiu, G.S., F.B., A. Maschio, F.D., M. Dei, F.V., S.O., A.A., M.B.W., A. Meloni, S. Sanna, E.F., M.Z., F.C.), Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna (I.Z., M.F., R.C., G. Cuccuru), Struttura Complessa Disciplina di Ematologia e Centro Trapianto Cellule Staminali Emopoietiche Wilma Deplano, Ospedale Oncologico di Riferimento Regionale Armando Businco (M. Pani), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Cagliari (E.C., J.F., G. Coghe, L.L., G. Fenu), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, S.C. Neurologia (P.F., M. Melis), Division of Rheumatology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari (M. Piga, A. Mathieu), Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari (D.F., S.D.G., M.G.M.), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, U.S. Gastroenterologia Pediatrica Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao (M.C.), and Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation Unit, Giuseppe Brotzu Hospital (A.P.), Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari (M.F., F.P., F.C.), Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari (G. Farina, G.R.), and Servizio Trasfusionale (M.A.S.) and Clinica Medica (A.D.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Neurology B, Department of Neurological, Biomedical, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona (G. Farina), Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (N.B., S.D.), SC Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (M. Leone), Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G.), and Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan (M. Marchini), Milan, and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona (M.G.D.) - all in Italy; Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore (M.L.I., M.G., D.S.); the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., S. Sawcer) and JDRF-Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.A.T.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Solna (I.K., I.L.B., T.O., J.H.), Institute of Environmental Medicine (L.A.) and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease (M.E.A.R.), Karolinska Institute, and Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council (L.A.), Stockholm; Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo (A.S.), Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (P.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville (M.J.C.-P.), Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A.G.), and Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada (M.E.A.R.) - all in Spain; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago (J.H.M., J.N.); Centro Hospitalar do Porto-Hospital Santo Antonio and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Porto, Portugal (B.M.S.); Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (S.B.M.); and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (G.R.A.)
| | - Alessandra Meloni
- From Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Monserrato (M.S., V.O., M.L.I., M. Pitzalis, M. Pala, C.S., V.F., M.F., M. Deiana, I.A., E.P., A. Mulas, M.G.P., M. Lobina, S.L., Mara Marongiu, V.S., Michele Marongiu, G.S., F.B., A. Maschio, F.D., M. Dei, F.V., S.O., A.A., M.B.W., A. Meloni, S. Sanna, E.F., M.Z., F.C.), Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna (I.Z., M.F., R.C., G. Cuccuru), Struttura Complessa Disciplina di Ematologia e Centro Trapianto Cellule Staminali Emopoietiche Wilma Deplano, Ospedale Oncologico di Riferimento Regionale Armando Businco (M. Pani), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Cagliari (E.C., J.F., G. Coghe, L.L., G. Fenu), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, S.C. Neurologia (P.F., M. Melis), Division of Rheumatology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari (M. Piga, A. Mathieu), Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari (D.F., S.D.G., M.G.M.), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, U.S. Gastroenterologia Pediatrica Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao (M.C.), and Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation Unit, Giuseppe Brotzu Hospital (A.P.), Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari (M.F., F.P., F.C.), Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari (G. Farina, G.R.), and Servizio Trasfusionale (M.A.S.) and Clinica Medica (A.D.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Neurology B, Department of Neurological, Biomedical, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona (G. Farina), Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (N.B., S.D.), SC Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (M. Leone), Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G.), and Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan (M. Marchini), Milan, and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona (M.G.D.) - all in Italy; Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore (M.L.I., M.G., D.S.); the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., S. Sawcer) and JDRF-Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.A.T.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Solna (I.K., I.L.B., T.O., J.H.), Institute of Environmental Medicine (L.A.) and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease (M.E.A.R.), Karolinska Institute, and Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council (L.A.), Stockholm; Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo (A.S.), Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (P.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville (M.J.C.-P.), Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A.G.), and Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada (M.E.A.R.) - all in Spain; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago (J.H.M., J.N.); Centro Hospitalar do Porto-Hospital Santo Antonio and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Porto, Portugal (B.M.S.); Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (S.B.M.); and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (G.R.A.)
| | - Serena Sanna
- From Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Monserrato (M.S., V.O., M.L.I., M. Pitzalis, M. Pala, C.S., V.F., M.F., M. Deiana, I.A., E.P., A. Mulas, M.G.P., M. Lobina, S.L., Mara Marongiu, V.S., Michele Marongiu, G.S., F.B., A. Maschio, F.D., M. Dei, F.V., S.O., A.A., M.B.W., A. Meloni, S. Sanna, E.F., M.Z., F.C.), Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna (I.Z., M.F., R.C., G. Cuccuru), Struttura Complessa Disciplina di Ematologia e Centro Trapianto Cellule Staminali Emopoietiche Wilma Deplano, Ospedale Oncologico di Riferimento Regionale Armando Businco (M. Pani), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Cagliari (E.C., J.F., G. Coghe, L.L., G. Fenu), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, S.C. Neurologia (P.F., M. Melis), Division of Rheumatology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari (M. Piga, A. Mathieu), Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari (D.F., S.D.G., M.G.M.), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, U.S. Gastroenterologia Pediatrica Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao (M.C.), and Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation Unit, Giuseppe Brotzu Hospital (A.P.), Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari (M.F., F.P., F.C.), Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari (G. Farina, G.R.), and Servizio Trasfusionale (M.A.S.) and Clinica Medica (A.D.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Neurology B, Department of Neurological, Biomedical, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona (G. Farina), Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (N.B., S.D.), SC Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (M. Leone), Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G.), and Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan (M. Marchini), Milan, and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona (M.G.D.) - all in Italy; Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore (M.L.I., M.G., D.S.); the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., S. Sawcer) and JDRF-Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.A.T.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Solna (I.K., I.L.B., T.O., J.H.), Institute of Environmental Medicine (L.A.) and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease (M.E.A.R.), Karolinska Institute, and Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council (L.A.), Stockholm; Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo (A.S.), Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (P.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville (M.J.C.-P.), Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A.G.), and Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada (M.E.A.R.) - all in Spain; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago (J.H.M., J.N.); Centro Hospitalar do Porto-Hospital Santo Antonio and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Porto, Portugal (B.M.S.); Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (S.B.M.); and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (G.R.A.)
| | - Myriam Gorospe
- From Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Monserrato (M.S., V.O., M.L.I., M. Pitzalis, M. Pala, C.S., V.F., M.F., M. Deiana, I.A., E.P., A. Mulas, M.G.P., M. Lobina, S.L., Mara Marongiu, V.S., Michele Marongiu, G.S., F.B., A. Maschio, F.D., M. Dei, F.V., S.O., A.A., M.B.W., A. Meloni, S. Sanna, E.F., M.Z., F.C.), Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna (I.Z., M.F., R.C., G. Cuccuru), Struttura Complessa Disciplina di Ematologia e Centro Trapianto Cellule Staminali Emopoietiche Wilma Deplano, Ospedale Oncologico di Riferimento Regionale Armando Businco (M. Pani), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Cagliari (E.C., J.F., G. Coghe, L.L., G. Fenu), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, S.C. Neurologia (P.F., M. Melis), Division of Rheumatology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari (M. Piga, A. Mathieu), Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari (D.F., S.D.G., M.G.M.), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, U.S. Gastroenterologia Pediatrica Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao (M.C.), and Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation Unit, Giuseppe Brotzu Hospital (A.P.), Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari (M.F., F.P., F.C.), Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari (G. Farina, G.R.), and Servizio Trasfusionale (M.A.S.) and Clinica Medica (A.D.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Neurology B, Department of Neurological, Biomedical, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona (G. Farina), Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (N.B., S.D.), SC Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (M. Leone), Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G.), and Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan (M. Marchini), Milan, and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona (M.G.D.) - all in Italy; Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore (M.L.I., M.G., D.S.); the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., S. Sawcer) and JDRF-Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.A.T.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Solna (I.K., I.L.B., T.O., J.H.), Institute of Environmental Medicine (L.A.) and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease (M.E.A.R.), Karolinska Institute, and Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council (L.A.), Stockholm; Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo (A.S.), Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (P.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville (M.J.C.-P.), Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A.G.), and Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada (M.E.A.R.) - all in Spain; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago (J.H.M., J.N.); Centro Hospitalar do Porto-Hospital Santo Antonio and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Porto, Portugal (B.M.S.); Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (S.B.M.); and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (G.R.A.)
| | - David Schlessinger
- From Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Monserrato (M.S., V.O., M.L.I., M. Pitzalis, M. Pala, C.S., V.F., M.F., M. Deiana, I.A., E.P., A. Mulas, M.G.P., M. Lobina, S.L., Mara Marongiu, V.S., Michele Marongiu, G.S., F.B., A. Maschio, F.D., M. Dei, F.V., S.O., A.A., M.B.W., A. Meloni, S. Sanna, E.F., M.Z., F.C.), Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna (I.Z., M.F., R.C., G. Cuccuru), Struttura Complessa Disciplina di Ematologia e Centro Trapianto Cellule Staminali Emopoietiche Wilma Deplano, Ospedale Oncologico di Riferimento Regionale Armando Businco (M. Pani), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Cagliari (E.C., J.F., G. Coghe, L.L., G. Fenu), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, S.C. Neurologia (P.F., M. Melis), Division of Rheumatology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari (M. Piga, A. Mathieu), Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari (D.F., S.D.G., M.G.M.), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, U.S. Gastroenterologia Pediatrica Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao (M.C.), and Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation Unit, Giuseppe Brotzu Hospital (A.P.), Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari (M.F., F.P., F.C.), Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari (G. Farina, G.R.), and Servizio Trasfusionale (M.A.S.) and Clinica Medica (A.D.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Neurology B, Department of Neurological, Biomedical, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona (G. Farina), Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (N.B., S.D.), SC Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (M. Leone), Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G.), and Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan (M. Marchini), Milan, and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona (M.G.D.) - all in Italy; Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore (M.L.I., M.G., D.S.); the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., S. Sawcer) and JDRF-Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.A.T.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Solna (I.K., I.L.B., T.O., J.H.), Institute of Environmental Medicine (L.A.) and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease (M.E.A.R.), Karolinska Institute, and Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council (L.A.), Stockholm; Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo (A.S.), Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (P.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville (M.J.C.-P.), Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A.G.), and Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada (M.E.A.R.) - all in Spain; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago (J.H.M., J.N.); Centro Hospitalar do Porto-Hospital Santo Antonio and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Porto, Portugal (B.M.S.); Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (S.B.M.); and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (G.R.A.)
| | - Edoardo Fiorillo
- From Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Monserrato (M.S., V.O., M.L.I., M. Pitzalis, M. Pala, C.S., V.F., M.F., M. Deiana, I.A., E.P., A. Mulas, M.G.P., M. Lobina, S.L., Mara Marongiu, V.S., Michele Marongiu, G.S., F.B., A. Maschio, F.D., M. Dei, F.V., S.O., A.A., M.B.W., A. Meloni, S. Sanna, E.F., M.Z., F.C.), Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna (I.Z., M.F., R.C., G. Cuccuru), Struttura Complessa Disciplina di Ematologia e Centro Trapianto Cellule Staminali Emopoietiche Wilma Deplano, Ospedale Oncologico di Riferimento Regionale Armando Businco (M. Pani), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Cagliari (E.C., J.F., G. Coghe, L.L., G. Fenu), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, S.C. Neurologia (P.F., M. Melis), Division of Rheumatology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari (M. Piga, A. Mathieu), Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari (D.F., S.D.G., M.G.M.), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, U.S. Gastroenterologia Pediatrica Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao (M.C.), and Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation Unit, Giuseppe Brotzu Hospital (A.P.), Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari (M.F., F.P., F.C.), Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari (G. Farina, G.R.), and Servizio Trasfusionale (M.A.S.) and Clinica Medica (A.D.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Neurology B, Department of Neurological, Biomedical, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona (G. Farina), Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (N.B., S.D.), SC Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (M. Leone), Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G.), and Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan (M. Marchini), Milan, and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona (M.G.D.) - all in Italy; Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore (M.L.I., M.G., D.S.); the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., S. Sawcer) and JDRF-Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.A.T.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Solna (I.K., I.L.B., T.O., J.H.), Institute of Environmental Medicine (L.A.) and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease (M.E.A.R.), Karolinska Institute, and Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council (L.A.), Stockholm; Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo (A.S.), Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (P.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville (M.J.C.-P.), Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A.G.), and Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada (M.E.A.R.) - all in Spain; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago (J.H.M., J.N.); Centro Hospitalar do Porto-Hospital Santo Antonio and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Porto, Portugal (B.M.S.); Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (S.B.M.); and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (G.R.A.)
| | - Magdalena Zoledziewska
- From Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Monserrato (M.S., V.O., M.L.I., M. Pitzalis, M. Pala, C.S., V.F., M.F., M. Deiana, I.A., E.P., A. Mulas, M.G.P., M. Lobina, S.L., Mara Marongiu, V.S., Michele Marongiu, G.S., F.B., A. Maschio, F.D., M. Dei, F.V., S.O., A.A., M.B.W., A. Meloni, S. Sanna, E.F., M.Z., F.C.), Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna (I.Z., M.F., R.C., G. Cuccuru), Struttura Complessa Disciplina di Ematologia e Centro Trapianto Cellule Staminali Emopoietiche Wilma Deplano, Ospedale Oncologico di Riferimento Regionale Armando Businco (M. Pani), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Cagliari (E.C., J.F., G. Coghe, L.L., G. Fenu), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, S.C. Neurologia (P.F., M. Melis), Division of Rheumatology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari (M. Piga, A. Mathieu), Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari (D.F., S.D.G., M.G.M.), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, U.S. Gastroenterologia Pediatrica Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao (M.C.), and Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation Unit, Giuseppe Brotzu Hospital (A.P.), Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari (M.F., F.P., F.C.), Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari (G. Farina, G.R.), and Servizio Trasfusionale (M.A.S.) and Clinica Medica (A.D.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Neurology B, Department of Neurological, Biomedical, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona (G. Farina), Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (N.B., S.D.), SC Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (M. Leone), Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G.), and Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan (M. Marchini), Milan, and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona (M.G.D.) - all in Italy; Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore (M.L.I., M.G., D.S.); the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., S. Sawcer) and JDRF-Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.A.T.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Solna (I.K., I.L.B., T.O., J.H.), Institute of Environmental Medicine (L.A.) and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease (M.E.A.R.), Karolinska Institute, and Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council (L.A.), Stockholm; Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo (A.S.), Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (P.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville (M.J.C.-P.), Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A.G.), and Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada (M.E.A.R.) - all in Spain; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago (J.H.M., J.N.); Centro Hospitalar do Porto-Hospital Santo Antonio and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Porto, Portugal (B.M.S.); Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (S.B.M.); and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (G.R.A.)
| | - Francesco Cucca
- From Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Monserrato (M.S., V.O., M.L.I., M. Pitzalis, M. Pala, C.S., V.F., M.F., M. Deiana, I.A., E.P., A. Mulas, M.G.P., M. Lobina, S.L., Mara Marongiu, V.S., Michele Marongiu, G.S., F.B., A. Maschio, F.D., M. Dei, F.V., S.O., A.A., M.B.W., A. Meloni, S. Sanna, E.F., M.Z., F.C.), Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna (I.Z., M.F., R.C., G. Cuccuru), Struttura Complessa Disciplina di Ematologia e Centro Trapianto Cellule Staminali Emopoietiche Wilma Deplano, Ospedale Oncologico di Riferimento Regionale Armando Businco (M. Pani), Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Università di Cagliari (E.C., J.F., G. Coghe, L.L., G. Fenu), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, S.C. Neurologia (P.F., M. Melis), Division of Rheumatology, University and University Hospital of Cagliari (M. Piga, A. Mathieu), Department of Medical Sciences M. Aresu, University of Cagliari (D.F., S.D.G., M.G.M.), Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, U.S. Gastroenterologia Pediatrica Ospedale Pediatrico Microcitemico A. Cao (M.C.), and Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation Unit, Giuseppe Brotzu Hospital (A.P.), Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari (M.F., F.P., F.C.), Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari (G. Farina, G.R.), and Servizio Trasfusionale (M.A.S.) and Clinica Medica (A.D.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Neurology B, Department of Neurological, Biomedical, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona (G. Farina), Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (N.B., S.D.), SC Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (M. Leone), Don C. Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS (F.R.G.), and Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS Cá Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan (M. Marchini), Milan, and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona (M.G.D.) - all in Italy; Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore (M.L.I., M.G., D.S.); the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., S. Sawcer) and JDRF-Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.A.T.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Solna (I.K., I.L.B., T.O., J.H.), Institute of Environmental Medicine (L.A.) and Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease (M.E.A.R.), Karolinska Institute, and Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council (L.A.), Stockholm; Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo (A.S.), Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (P.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville (M.J.C.-P.), Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A.G.), and Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada (M.E.A.R.) - all in Spain; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago (J.H.M., J.N.); Centro Hospitalar do Porto-Hospital Santo Antonio and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Porto, Portugal (B.M.S.); Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (S.B.M.); and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (G.R.A.)
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25
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McCarthy S, Das S, Kretzschmar W, Delaneau O, Wood AR, Teumer A, Kang HM, Fuchsberger C, Danecek P, Sharp K, Luo Y, Sidore C, Kwong A, Timpson N, Koskinen S, Vrieze S, Scott LJ, Zhang H, Mahajan A, Veldink J, Peters U, Pato C, van Duijn CM, Gillies CE, Gandin I, Mezzavilla M, Gilly A, Cocca M, Traglia M, Angius A, Barrett JC, Boomsma D, Branham K, Breen G, Brummett CM, Busonero F, Campbell H, Chan A, Chen S, Chew E, Collins FS, Corbin LJ, Smith GD, Dedoussis G, Dorr M, Farmaki AE, Ferrucci L, Forer L, Fraser RM, Gabriel S, Levy S, Groop L, Harrison T, Hattersley A, Holmen OL, Hveem K, Kretzler M, Lee JC, McGue M, Meitinger T, Melzer D, Min JL, Mohlke KL, Vincent JB, Nauck M, Nickerson D, Palotie A, Pato M, Pirastu N, McInnis M, Richards JB, Sala C, Salomaa V, Schlessinger D, Schoenherr S, Slagboom PE, Small K, Spector T, Stambolian D, Tuke M, Tuomilehto J, Van den Berg LH, Van Rheenen W, Volker U, Wijmenga C, Toniolo D, Zeggini E, Gasparini P, Sampson MG, Wilson JF, Frayling T, de Bakker PIW, Swertz MA, McCarroll S, Kooperberg C, Dekker A, Altshuler D, Willer C, Iacono W, Ripatti S, Soranzo N, Walter K, Swaroop A, Cucca F, Anderson CA, Myers RM, Boehnke M, McCarthy MI, Durbin R. A reference panel of 64,976 haplotypes for genotype imputation. Nat Genet 2016; 48:1279-83. [PMID: 27548312 PMCID: PMC5388176 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1749] [Impact Index Per Article: 218.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We describe a reference panel of 64,976 human haplotypes at 39,235,157 SNPs constructed using whole-genome sequence data from 20 studies of predominantly European ancestry. Using this resource leads to accurate genotype imputation at minor allele frequencies as low as 0.1% and a large increase in the number of SNPs tested in association studies, and it can help to discover and refine causal loci. We describe remote server resources that allow researchers to carry out imputation and phasing consistently and efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane McCarthy
- Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Sayantan Das
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Warren Kretzschmar
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Olivier Delaneau
- Genetics and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Andrew R Wood
- Genetics of Complex Traits, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Greifswald, Germany
| | - Hyun Min Kang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Christian Fuchsberger
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Petr Danecek
- Vertebrate Resequencing Informatics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Kevin Sharp
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yang Luo
- Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | | | - Alan Kwong
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Nicholas Timpson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Oakfield Grove, UK
| | | | - Scott Vrieze
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA.,Department of Psychology and Neurosurgery, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Laura J Scott
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - He Zhang
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Anubha Mahajan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jan Veldink
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ulrike Peters
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Carlos Pato
- Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Downstate, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Christopher E Gillies
- Department of Pediatrics-Nephrology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ilaria Gandin
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Massimo Mezzavilla
- Genetica Medica, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy.,Department of Experimental Genetics, Sidra, Doha, Qatar
| | - Arthur Gilly
- Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Massimiliano Cocca
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Michela Traglia
- Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Research Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Dorrett Boomsma
- Netherlands Twin Register, Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kari Branham
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Gerome Breen
- MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London and the South London Maudsley Hospital, London, UK
| | - Chad M Brummett
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Harry Campbell
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrew Chan
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sai Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Computational Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Emily Chew
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Francis S Collins
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Laura J Corbin
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Oakfield Grove, UK
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Oakfield Grove, UK
| | - George Dedoussis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Marcus Dorr
- Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Aliki-Eleni Farmaki
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Longitudinal Studies Section, Clinical Research Branch, Gerontology Research Center, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lukas Forer
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ross M Fraser
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Stacey Gabriel
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shawn Levy
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, USA
| | - Leif Groop
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, University of Lund, Malmö, Sweden.,Finnish Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tabitha Harrison
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Andrew Hattersley
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Research, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Oddgeir L Holmen
- Hunt Research Centre, Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
| | - Kristian Hveem
- Hunt Research Centre, Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
| | - Matthias Kretzler
- Department of Computational Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - James C Lee
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Matt McGue
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - David Melzer
- Epidemiology and Public Health, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Josine L Min
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Oakfield Grove, UK
| | - Karen L Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - John B Vincent
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry and Development Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthias Nauck
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Greifswald, Germany.,Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Deborah Nickerson
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Institute for Molecular Medicine, FIMM, Helsinki, Finland.,Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michele Pato
- Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Downstate, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Nicola Pirastu
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Melvin McInnis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - J Brent Richards
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Cinzia Sala
- Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Research Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | - David Schlessinger
- National Institute on Aging, US National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sebastian Schoenherr
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - P Eline Slagboom
- Molecular Epidemiology Section, Department of Medical Statistics and Bioinformatics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Kerrin Small
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Timothy Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Dwight Stambolian
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Marcus Tuke
- Genetics of Complex Traits, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Jaakko Tuomilehto
- Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.,Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman, Kuwait.,Center for Vascular Prevention, Danube University Krems, Krems, Austria.,Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Leonard H Van den Berg
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Wouter Van Rheenen
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Uwe Volker
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Cisca Wijmenga
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Daniela Toniolo
- Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Research Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Gasparini
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.,Department of Experimental Genetics, Sidra, Doha, Qatar
| | - Matthew G Sampson
- Department of Pediatrics-Nephrology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - James F Wilson
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Timothy Frayling
- Genetics of Complex Traits, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Paul I W de Bakker
- Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Department of Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Morris A Swertz
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.,University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Genomics Coordination Center, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Steven McCarroll
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Charles Kooperberg
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Annelot Dekker
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - David Altshuler
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Diabetes Research Center (Diabetes Unit), Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Cristen Willer
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Computational Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - William Iacono
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Samuli Ripatti
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nicole Soranzo
- Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK.,Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,NIHR Blood and Transplant Unit (BTRU) in Donor Health and Genomics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Klaudia Walter
- Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Anand Swaroop
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Carl A Anderson
- Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Richard M Myers
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, USA
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Richard Durbin
- Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
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26
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Andlauer TFM, Buck D, Antony G, Bayas A, Bechmann L, Berthele A, Chan A, Gasperi C, Gold R, Graetz C, Haas J, Hecker M, Infante-Duarte C, Knop M, Kümpfel T, Limmroth V, Linker RA, Loleit V, Luessi F, Meuth SG, Mühlau M, Nischwitz S, Paul F, Pütz M, Ruck T, Salmen A, Stangel M, Stellmann JP, Stürner KH, Tackenberg B, Then Bergh F, Tumani H, Warnke C, Weber F, Wiendl H, Wildemann B, Zettl UK, Ziemann U, Zipp F, Arloth J, Weber P, Radivojkov-Blagojevic M, Scheinhardt MO, Dankowski T, Bettecken T, Lichtner P, Czamara D, Carrillo-Roa T, Binder EB, Berger K, Bertram L, Franke A, Gieger C, Herms S, Homuth G, Ising M, Jöckel KH, Kacprowski T, Kloiber S, Laudes M, Lieb W, Lill CM, Lucae S, Meitinger T, Moebus S, Müller-Nurasyid M, Nöthen MM, Petersmann A, Rawal R, Schminke U, Strauch K, Völzke H, Waldenberger M, Wellmann J, Porcu E, Mulas A, Pitzalis M, Sidore C, Zara I, Cucca F, Zoledziewska M, Ziegler A, Hemmer B, Müller-Myhsok B. Novel multiple sclerosis susceptibility loci implicated in epigenetic regulation. Sci Adv 2016; 2:e1501678. [PMID: 27386562 PMCID: PMC4928990 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1501678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on multiple sclerosis (MS) susceptibility in German cohorts with 4888 cases and 10,395 controls. In addition to associations within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region, 15 non-MHC loci reached genome-wide significance. Four of these loci are novel MS susceptibility loci. They map to the genes L3MBTL3, MAZ, ERG, and SHMT1. The lead variant at SHMT1 was replicated in an independent Sardinian cohort. Products of the genes L3MBTL3, MAZ, and ERG play important roles in immune cell regulation. SHMT1 encodes a serine hydroxymethyltransferase catalyzing the transfer of a carbon unit to the folate cycle. This reaction is required for regulation of methylation homeostasis, which is important for establishment and maintenance of epigenetic signatures. Our GWAS approach in a defined population with limited genetic substructure detected associations not found in larger, more heterogeneous cohorts, thus providing new clues regarding MS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till F. M. Andlauer
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Dorothea Buck
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Gisela Antony
- Central Information Office KKNMS, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Antonios Bayas
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Lukas Bechmann
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Achim Berthele
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Andrew Chan
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bern and University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christiane Gasperi
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Ralf Gold
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany
| | - Christiane Graetz
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neurosciences (FTN) and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine-Main Neuroscience Network (rmn), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jürgen Haas
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Hecker
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Carmen Infante-Duarte
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Department of Neurology, and Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, and Charité University Medicine Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Knop
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Tania Kümpfel
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Ludwigs-Maximilians-Universität, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Volker Limmroth
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Köln-Merheim, 51109 Köln, Germany
| | - Ralf A. Linker
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Verena Loleit
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Felix Luessi
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neurosciences (FTN) and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine-Main Neuroscience Network (rmn), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sven G. Meuth
- Department of Neurology, Klinik für Allgemeine Neurologie, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Mark Mühlau
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 81377 Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | | | - Friedemann Paul
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Department of Neurology, and Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, and Charité University Medicine Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Pütz
- Clinical Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, Philipps-University of Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Ruck
- Department of Neurology, Klinik für Allgemeine Neurologie, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Anke Salmen
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bern and University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martin Stangel
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jan-Patrick Stellmann
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis and Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Klarissa H. Stürner
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis and Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Björn Tackenberg
- Clinical Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, Philipps-University of Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Florian Then Bergh
- Department of Neurology and Translational Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hayrettin Tumani
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Neurological Clinic Dietenbronn, 88477 Schwendi, Germany
| | - Clemens Warnke
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Frank Weber
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
- Neurological Clinic, Medical Park, 65520 Bad Camberg, Germany
| | - Heinz Wiendl
- Department of Neurology, Klinik für Allgemeine Neurologie, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Brigitte Wildemann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uwe K. Zettl
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Ulf Ziemann
- Department of Neurology and Stroke, and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Frauke Zipp
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neurosciences (FTN) and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine-Main Neuroscience Network (rmn), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Janine Arloth
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Peter Weber
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | | | - Markus O. Scheinhardt
- Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik, Universität zu Lübeck, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Theresa Dankowski
- Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik, Universität zu Lübeck, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Peter Lichtner
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Darina Czamara
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | | | - Elisabeth B. Binder
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Klaus Berger
- Institut für Epidemiologie und Sozialmedizin der Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Lars Bertram
- Lübeck Interdisciplinary Platform for Genome Analytics, Institutes of Neurogenetics and Integrative and Experimental Genomics, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ London, UK
| | - Andre Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Christian Gieger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Herms
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
- Department of Biomedicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ernst Moritz Arndt University and University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Marcus Ising
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Jöckel
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry, and Epidemiology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Tim Kacprowski
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ernst Moritz Arndt University and University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stefan Kloiber
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Laudes
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Kiel University, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Lieb
- Institute of Epidemiology and Biobank popgen, Kiel University, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Christina M. Lill
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neurosciences (FTN) and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine-Main Neuroscience Network (rmn), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Lübeck Interdisciplinary Platform for Genome Analytics, Institutes of Neurogenetics and Integrative and Experimental Genomics, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Susanne Lucae
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Susanne Moebus
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry, and Epidemiology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Martina Müller-Nurasyid
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Medicine I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 81377 Munich, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Markus M. Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Astrid Petersmann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Rajesh Rawal
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ulf Schminke
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Konstantin Strauch
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry, and Epidemiology, Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Melanie Waldenberger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Wellmann
- Institut für Epidemiologie und Sozialmedizin der Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Eleonora Porcu
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Antonella Mulas
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Maristella Pitzalis
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Carlo Sidore
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Ilenia Zara
- Center for Advanced Studies, Research and Development in Sardinia (CRS4), Pula, 09010 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Francesco Cucca
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Magdalena Zoledziewska
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Andreas Ziegler
- Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik, Universität zu Lübeck, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Zentrum für Klinische Studien, Universität zu Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- School of Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
| | - Bernhard Hemmer
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 81377 Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Corresponding author. (B.H.); (B.M.-M.)
| | - Bertram Müller-Myhsok
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 81377 Munich, Germany
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
- Corresponding author. (B.H.); (B.M.-M.)
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27
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Zoledziewska M, Sidore C, Chiang CWK, Sanna S, Mulas A, Steri M, Busonero F, Marcus JH, Marongiu M, Maschio A, Ortega Del Vecchyo D, Floris M, Meloni A, Delitala A, Concas MP, Murgia F, Biino G, Vaccargiu S, Nagaraja R, Lohmueller KE, Timpson NJ, Soranzo N, Tachmazidou I, Dedoussis G, Zeggini E, Uzzau S, Jones C, Lyons R, Angius A, Abecasis GR, Novembre J, Schlessinger D, Cucca F. Height-reducing variants and selection for short stature in Sardinia. Nat Genet 2015; 47:1352-1356. [PMID: 26366551 PMCID: PMC4627578 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We report sequencing-based whole-genome association analyses to evaluate the impact of rare and founder variants on stature in 6,307 individuals on the island of Sardinia. We identify two variants with large effects. One variant, which introduces a stop codon in the GHR gene, is relatively frequent in Sardinia (0.87% versus <0.01% elsewhere) and in the homozygous state causes Laron syndrome involving short stature. We find that this variant reduces height in heterozygotes by an average of 4.2 cm (-0.64 s.d.). The other variant, in the imprinted KCNQ1 gene (minor allele frequency (MAF) = 7.7% in Sardinia versus <1% elsewhere) reduces height by an average of 1.83 cm (-0.31 s.d.) when maternally inherited. Additionally, polygenic scores indicate that known height-decreasing alleles are at systematically higher frequencies in Sardinians than would be expected by genetic drift. The findings are consistent with selection for shorter stature in Sardinia and a suggestive human example of the proposed 'island effect' reducing the size of large mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlo Sidore
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, CNR, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan, MI, USA
| | - Charleston W. K. Chiang
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Serena Sanna
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, CNR, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Antonella Mulas
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, CNR, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
- Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Maristella Steri
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, CNR, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Fabio Busonero
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, CNR, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Michele Marongiu
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, CNR, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Andrea Maschio
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, CNR, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan, MI, USA
- University of Michigan, DNA Sequencing Core, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Matteo Floris
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, CNR, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
- Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
- Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia (CRS4), AGCT Program, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna, Pula, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Delitala
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria Pina Concas
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, CNR, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Federico Murgia
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, CNR, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Simona Vaccargiu
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, CNR, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Ramaiah Nagaraja
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kirk E. Lohmueller
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - UK10K consortium
- A complete list of members and affiliations is provided in the Supplementary Note
| | | | - Nicole Soranzo
- Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1HH
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Hills Rd, Cambridge CB2 0AH
| | - Ioanna Tachmazidou
- Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1HH
| | - George Dedoussis
- Department of Dietetics-Nutrition, Harokopio University, 17671 Athens, Greece
| | - Eleftheria Zeggini
- Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1HH
| | | | - Sergio Uzzau
- Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
- Porto Conte Ricerche srl, Tramariglio, Alghero, Italy
| | - Chris Jones
- Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia (CRS4), AGCT Program, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna, Pula, Italy
| | - Robert Lyons
- University of Michigan, DNA Sequencing Core, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Andrea Angius
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, CNR, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
- Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia (CRS4), AGCT Program, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna, Pula, Italy
| | | | - John Novembre
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David Schlessinger
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Francesco Cucca
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, CNR, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
- Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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Ding J, Sidore C, Butler TJ, Wing MK, Qian Y, Meirelles O, Busonero F, Tsoi LC, Maschio A, Angius A, Kang HM, Nagaraja R, Cucca F, Abecasis GR, Schlessinger D. Correction: Assessing Mitochondrial DNA Variation and Copy Number in Lymphocytes of ~2,000 Sardinians Using Tailored Sequencing Analysis Tools. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005549. [PMID: 26418551 PMCID: PMC4587968 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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Sidore C, Busonero F, Maschio A, Porcu E, Naitza S, Zoledziewska M, Mulas A, Pistis G, Steri M, Danjou F, Kwong A, Ortega Del Vecchyo VD, Chiang CWK, Bragg-Gresham J, Pitzalis M, Nagaraja R, Tarrier B, Brennan C, Uzzau S, Fuchsberger C, Atzeni R, Reinier F, Berutti R, Huang J, Timpson NJ, Toniolo D, Gasparini P, Malerba G, Dedoussis G, Zeggini E, Soranzo N, Jones C, Lyons R, Angius A, Kang HM, Novembre J, Sanna S, Schlessinger D, Cucca F, Abecasis GR. Genome sequencing elucidates Sardinian genetic architecture and augments association analyses for lipid and blood inflammatory markers. Nat Genet 2015; 47:1272-1281. [PMID: 26366554 PMCID: PMC4627508 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We report ∼17.6 million genetic variants from whole-genome sequencing of 2,120 Sardinians; 22% are absent from previous sequencing-based compilations and are enriched for predicted functional consequences. Furthermore, ∼76,000 variants common in our sample (frequency >5%) are rare elsewhere (<0.5% in the 1000 Genomes Project). We assessed the impact of these variants on circulating lipid levels and five inflammatory biomarkers. We observe 14 signals, including 2 major new loci, for lipid levels and 19 signals, including 2 new loci, for inflammatory markers. The new associations would have been missed in analyses based on 1000 Genomes Project data, underlining the advantages of large-scale sequencing in this founder population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Sidore
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, CNR, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy.,Center for Statistical Genetics, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan, MI, USA.,Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Fabio Busonero
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, CNR, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy.,Center for Statistical Genetics, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan, MI, USA.,University of Michigan, DNA Sequencing Core, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Andrea Maschio
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, CNR, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy.,Center for Statistical Genetics, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan, MI, USA.,University of Michigan, DNA Sequencing Core, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Eleonora Porcu
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, CNR, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy.,Center for Statistical Genetics, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan, MI, USA.,Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Silvia Naitza
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, CNR, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Antonella Mulas
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, CNR, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy.,Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giorgio Pistis
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, CNR, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy.,Center for Statistical Genetics, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan, MI, USA.,Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Maristella Steri
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, CNR, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Fabrice Danjou
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, CNR, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Alan Kwong
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan, MI, USA
| | | | - Charleston W K Chiang
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Ramaiah Nagaraja
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Brendan Tarrier
- University of Michigan, DNA Sequencing Core, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Sergio Uzzau
- Porto Conte Ricerche srl, Tramariglio, Alghero, 07041 Italy
| | | | - Rossano Atzeni
- Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia (CRS4), AGCT Program, Parco Scientifico e tecnologico della Sardegna, Pula, Italy
| | - Frederic Reinier
- Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia (CRS4), AGCT Program, Parco Scientifico e tecnologico della Sardegna, Pula, Italy
| | - Riccardo Berutti
- Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy.,Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia (CRS4), AGCT Program, Parco Scientifico e tecnologico della Sardegna, Pula, Italy
| | - Jie Huang
- Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1HH
| | - Nicholas J Timpson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Daniela Toniolo
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Paolo Gasparini
- DSM-University of Trieste and IRCCS-Burlo Garofolo Children Hospital (Trieste, Italy).,Experimental Genetics Division, Sidra, (Doha, Qatar)
| | - Giovanni Malerba
- Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Eleftheria Zeggini
- Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1HH
| | - Nicole Soranzo
- Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1HH.,Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Hills Rd, Cambridge CB2 0AH
| | - Chris Jones
- Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia (CRS4), AGCT Program, Parco Scientifico e tecnologico della Sardegna, Pula, Italy
| | - Robert Lyons
- University of Michigan, DNA Sequencing Core, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Andrea Angius
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, CNR, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy.,Center for Advanced Studies, Research, and Development in Sardinia (CRS4), AGCT Program, Parco Scientifico e tecnologico della Sardegna, Pula, Italy
| | - Hyun M Kang
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan, MI, USA
| | - John Novembre
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Serena Sanna
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, CNR, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - David Schlessinger
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Francesco Cucca
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, CNR, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy.,Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Gonçalo R Abecasis
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan, MI, USA
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Francalacci P, Sanna D, Useli A, Berutti R, Barbato M, Whalen MB, Angius A, Sidore C, Alonso S, Tofanelli S, Cucca F. Detection of phylogenetically informative polymorphisms in the entire euchromatic portion of human Y chromosome from a Sardinian sample. BMC Res Notes 2015; 8:174. [PMID: 25926048 PMCID: PMC4423141 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-015-1130-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Next-Generation Sequencing methods have led to a great increase in phylogenetically useful markers within the male specific portion of the Y chromosome, but previous studies have limited themselves to the study of the X-degenerate regions. Methods DNA was extracted from peripheral blood samples of adult males whose paternal grandfathers were born in Sardinia. The DNA samples were sequenced, genotyped and subsequently analysed for variant calling for approximately 23.1 Mbp of the Y chromosome. A phylogenetic tree was built using Network 4.6 software. Results From low coverage whole genome sequencing of 1,194 Sardinian males, we extracted 20,155 phylogenetically informative single nucleotide polymorphisms from the whole euchromatic region, including the X-degenerate, X-transposed, and Ampliconic regions, along with variants in other unclassified chromosome intervals and in the readable sequences of the heterochromatic region. Conclusions The non X-degenerate classes contain a significant portion of the phylogenetic variation of the whole chromosome and their inclusion in the analysis, almost doubling the number of informative polymorphisms, refining the known molecular phylogeny of the human Y chromosome. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13104-015-1130-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Francalacci
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Natura e del Territorio, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
| | - Daria Sanna
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Natura e del Territorio, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
| | - Antonella Useli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Natura e del Territorio, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Berutti
- Center for Advanced Studies, Research and Development in Sardinia, Sassari, Italy. .,Institut für Humangenetik, Helmholtz Zentrum, Munich, Germany.
| | - Mario Barbato
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
| | | | - Andrea Angius
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica CNR, Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Carlo Sidore
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica CNR, Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Santos Alonso
- Departamento de Genética, Antropología Física y Fisiología Animal, Universidad del País Vasco, Bilbao, Spain.
| | | | - Francesco Cucca
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica CNR, Cagliari, Italy. .,Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
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31
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Pistis G, Porcu E, Vrieze SI, Sidore C, Steri M, Danjou F, Busonero F, Mulas A, Zoledziewska M, Maschio A, Brennan C, Lai S, Miller MB, Marcelli M, Urru MF, Pitzalis M, Lyons RH, Kang HM, Jones CM, Angius A, Iacono WG, Schlessinger D, McGue M, Cucca F, Abecasis GR, Sanna S. Rare variant genotype imputation with thousands of study-specific whole-genome sequences: implications for cost-effective study designs. Eur J Hum Genet 2014; 23:975-83. [PMID: 25293720 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2014.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The utility of genotype imputation in genome-wide association studies is increasing as progressively larger reference panels are improved and expanded through whole-genome sequencing. Developing general guidelines for optimally cost-effective imputation, however, requires evaluation of performance issues that include the relative utility of study-specific compared with general/multipopulation reference panels; genotyping with various array scaffolds; effects of different ethnic backgrounds; and assessment of ranges of allele frequencies. Here we compared the effectiveness of study-specific reference panels to the commonly used 1000 Genomes Project (1000G) reference panels in the isolated Sardinian population and in cohorts of European ancestry including samples from Minnesota (USA). We also examined different combinations of genome-wide and custom arrays for baseline genotypes. In Sardinians, the study-specific reference panel provided better coverage and genotype imputation accuracy than the 1000G panels and other large European panels. In fact, even gene-centered custom arrays (interrogating ~200 000 variants) provided highly informative content across the entire genome. Gain in accuracy was also observed for Minnesotans using the study-specific reference panel, although the increase was smaller than in Sardinians, especially for rare variants. Notably, a combined panel including both study-specific and 1000G reference panels improved imputation accuracy only in the Minnesota sample, and only at rare sites. Finally, we found that when imputation is performed with a study-specific reference panel, cutoffs different from the standard thresholds of MACH-Rsq and IMPUTE-INFO metrics should be used to efficiently filter badly imputed rare variants. This study thus provides general guidelines for researchers planning large-scale genetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Pistis
- 1] Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), CNR, Monserrato, Italy [2] Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA [3] Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Eleonora Porcu
- 1] Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), CNR, Monserrato, Italy [2] Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA [3] Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Scott I Vrieze
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Carlo Sidore
- 1] Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), CNR, Monserrato, Italy [2] Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA [3] Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Maristella Steri
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), CNR, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Fabrice Danjou
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), CNR, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Fabio Busonero
- 1] Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), CNR, Monserrato, Italy [2] Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Antonella Mulas
- 1] Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), CNR, Monserrato, Italy [2] Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Maschio
- 1] Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), CNR, Monserrato, Italy [2] Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Christine Brennan
- University of Michigan Sequencing Core, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sandra Lai
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), CNR, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Michael B Miller
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Marco Marcelli
- CRS4, Parco tecnologico della Sardegna, Pula, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | | | - Robert H Lyons
- University of Michigan Sequencing Core, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Hyun M Kang
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Chris M Jones
- CRS4, Parco tecnologico della Sardegna, Pula, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Andrea Angius
- 1] Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), CNR, Monserrato, Italy [2] University of Michigan Sequencing Core, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - William G Iacono
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Matt McGue
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Francesco Cucca
- 1] Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), CNR, Monserrato, Italy [2] Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Gonçalo R Abecasis
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Serena Sanna
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), CNR, Monserrato, Italy
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32
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Orrù V, Steri M, Sole G, Sidore C, Virdis F, Dei M, Lai S, Zoledziewska M, Busonero F, Mulas A, Floris M, Mentzen WI, Urru SAM, Olla S, Marongiu M, Piras MG, Lobina M, Maschio A, Pitzalis M, Urru MF, Marcelli M, Cusano R, Deidda F, Serra V, Oppo M, Pilu R, Reinier F, Berutti R, Pireddu L, Zara I, Porcu E, Kwong A, Brennan C, Tarrier B, Lyons R, Kang HM, Uzzau S, Atzeni R, Valentini M, Firinu D, Leoni L, Rotta G, Naitza S, Angius A, Congia M, Whalen MB, Jones CM, Schlessinger D, Abecasis GR, Fiorillo E, Sanna S, Cucca F. Genetic variants regulating immune cell levels in health and disease. Cell 2013; 155:242-56. [PMID: 24074872 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The complex network of specialized cells and molecules in the immune system has evolved to defend against pathogens, but inadvertent immune system attacks on "self" result in autoimmune disease. Both genetic regulation of immune cell levels and their relationships with autoimmunity are largely undetermined. Here, we report genetic contributions to quantitative levels of 95 cell types encompassing 272 immune traits, in a cohort of 1,629 individuals from four clustered Sardinian villages. We first estimated trait heritability, showing that it can be substantial, accounting for up to 87% of the variance (mean 41%). Next, by assessing ∼8.2 million variants that we identified and confirmed in an extended set of 2,870 individuals, 23 independent variants at 13 loci associated with at least one trait. Notably, variants at three loci (HLA, IL2RA, and SH2B3/ATXN2) overlap with known autoimmune disease associations. These results connect specific cellular phenotypes to specific genetic variants, helping to explicate their involvement in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Orrù
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), CNR, Monserrato 09042, Italy
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33
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Willer CJ, Schmidt EM, Sengupta S, Peloso GM, Gustafsson S, Kanoni S, Ganna A, Chen J, Buchkovich ML, Mora S, Beckmann JS, Bragg-Gresham JL, Chang HY, Demirkan A, Den Hertog HM, Do R, Donnelly LA, Ehret GB, Esko T, Feitosa MF, Ferreira T, Fischer K, Fontanillas P, Fraser RM, Freitag DF, Gurdasani D, Heikkilä K, Hyppönen E, Isaacs A, Jackson AU, Johansson Å, Johnson T, Kaakinen M, Kettunen J, Kleber ME, Li X, Luan J, Lyytikäinen LP, Magnusson PK, Mangino M, Mihailov E, Montasser ME, Müller-Nurasyid M, Nolte IM, O’Connell JR, Palmer CD, Perola M, Petersen AK, Sanna S, Saxena R, Service SK, Shah S, Shungin D, Sidore C, Song C, Strawbridge RJ, Surakka I, Tanaka T, Teslovich TM, Thorleifsson G, Van den Herik EG, Voight BF, Volcik KA, Waite LL, Wong A, Wu Y, Zhang W, Absher D, Asiki G, Barroso I, Been LF, Bolton JL, Bonnycastle LL, Brambilla P, Burnett MS, Cesana G, Dimitriou M, Doney AS, Döring A, Elliott P, Epstein SE, Ingi Eyjolfsson G, Gigante B, Goodarzi MO, Grallert H, Gravito ML, Groves CJ, Hallmans G, Hartikainen AL, Hayward C, Hernandez D, Hicks AA, Holm H, Hung YJ, Illig T, Jones MR, Kaleebu P, Kastelein JJ, Khaw KT, Kim E, Klopp N, Komulainen P, Kumari M, Langenberg C, Lehtimäki T, Lin SY, Lindström J, Loos RJ, Mach F, McArdle WL, Meisinger C, Mitchell BD, Müller G, Nagaraja R, Narisu N, Nieminen TV, Nsubuga RN, Olafsson I, Ong KK, Palotie A, Papamarkou T, Pomilla C, Pouta A, Rader DJ, Reilly MP, Ridker PM, Rivadeneira F, Rudan I, Ruokonen A, Samani N, Scharnagl H, Seeley J, Silander K, Stančáková A, Stirrups K, Swift AJ, Tiret L, Uitterlinden AG, van Pelt LJ, Vedantam S, Wainwright N, Wijmenga C, Wild SH, Willemsen G, Wilsgaard T, Wilson JF, Young EH, Zhao JH, Adair LS, Arveiler D, Assimes TL, Bandinelli S, Bennett F, Bochud M, Boehm BO, Boomsma DI, Borecki IB, Bornstein SR, Bovet P, Burnier M, Campbell H, Chakravarti A, Chambers JC, Chen YDI, Collins FS, Cooper RS, Danesh J, Dedoussis G, de Faire U, Feranil AB, Ferrières J, Ferrucci L, Freimer NB, Gieger C, Groop LC, Gudnason V, Gyllensten U, Hamsten A, Harris TB, Hingorani A, Hirschhorn JN, Hofman A, Hovingh GK, Hsiung CA, Humphries SE, Hunt SC, Hveem K, Iribarren C, Järvelin MR, Jula A, Kähönen M, Kaprio J, Kesäniemi A, Kivimaki M, Kooner JS, Koudstaal PJ, Krauss RM, Kuh D, Kuusisto J, Kyvik KO, Laakso M, Lakka TA, Lind L, Lindgren CM, Martin NG, März W, McCarthy MI, McKenzie CA, Meneton P, Metspalu A, Moilanen L, Morris AD, Munroe PB, Njølstad I, Pedersen NL, Power C, Pramstaller PP, Price JF, Psaty BM, Quertermous T, Rauramaa R, Saleheen D, Salomaa V, Sanghera DK, Saramies J, Schwarz PE, Sheu WHH, Shuldiner AR, Siegbahn A, Spector TD, Stefansson K, Strachan DP, Tayo BO, Tremoli E, Tuomilehto J, Uusitupa M, van Duijn CM, Vollenweider P, Wallentin L, Wareham NJ, Whitfield JB, Wolffenbuttel BH, Ordovas JM, Boerwinkle E, Palmer CN, Thorsteinsdottir U, Chasman DI, Rotter JI, Franks PW, Ripatti S, Cupples LA, Sandhu MS, Rich SS, Boehnke M, Deloukas P, Kathiresan S, Mohlke KL, Ingelsson E, Abecasis GR. Discovery and refinement of loci associated with lipid levels. Nat Genet 2013; 45:1274-1283. [PMID: 24097068 PMCID: PMC3838666 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2104] [Impact Index Per Article: 191.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglycerides and total cholesterol are heritable, modifiable risk factors for coronary artery disease. To identify new loci and refine known loci influencing these lipids, we examined 188,577 individuals using genome-wide and custom genotyping arrays. We identify and annotate 157 loci associated with lipid levels at P < 5 × 10(-8), including 62 loci not previously associated with lipid levels in humans. Using dense genotyping in individuals of European, East Asian, South Asian and African ancestry, we narrow association signals in 12 loci. We find that loci associated with blood lipid levels are often associated with cardiovascular and metabolic traits, including coronary artery disease, type 2 diabetes, blood pressure, waist-hip ratio and body mass index. Our results demonstrate the value of using genetic data from individuals of diverse ancestry and provide insights into the biological mechanisms regulating blood lipids to guide future genetic, biological and therapeutic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristen J. Willer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Ellen M. Schmidt
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Sebanti Sengupta
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Gina M. Peloso
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Broad Institute, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Stefan Gustafsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stavroula Kanoni
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, CB10 1SA, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Ganna
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jin Chen
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | | | - Samia Mora
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 900 Commonwealth Ave., Boston MA 02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02115, USA
| | - Jacques S. Beckmann
- Service of Medical Genetics, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer L. Bragg-Gresham
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Hsing-Yi Chang
- Division of Preventive Medicine and Health Services Research, Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Ayşe Demirkan
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ron Do
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Louise A. Donnelly
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School. Dundee, DD1 9SY, United Kingdom
| | - Georg B. Ehret
- Cardiology, Department of Specialities of Medicine, Geneva University Hospital, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland
- Center for Complex Disease Genomics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Broad Institute, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Estonian Genome Center of the University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mary F. Feitosa
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Teresa Ferreira
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Krista Fischer
- Estonian Genome Center of the University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Pierre Fontanillas
- Broad Institute, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Ross M. Fraser
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel F. Freitag
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Deepti Gurdasani
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, CB10 1SA, Hinxton, United Kingdom
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kauko Heikkilä
- Hjelt Institute, Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elina Hyppönen
- Centre For Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics/MRC Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health, University College of London Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aaron Isaacs
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Anne U. Jackson
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Åsa Johansson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Uppsala Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Toby Johnson
- Genome Centre, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Clinical Pharmacology, NIHR Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Marika Kaakinen
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Johannes Kettunen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Finland
- Public Health Genomics Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marcus E. Kleber
- Department of Internal Medicine II – Cardiology, University of Ulm Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
- Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine, Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Ludolf-Krehl-Strasse 7-11, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Jian’an Luan
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Box 285, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere 33520, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere 33014, Finland
| | - Patrik K.E. Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Evelin Mihailov
- Estonian Genome Center of the University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - May E. Montasser
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Martina Müller-Nurasyid
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ilja M. Nolte
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey R. O’Connell
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Cameron D. Palmer
- Broad Institute, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Children’s Hospital Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Division of Genetics, Program in Genomics, Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Markus Perola
- Estonian Genome Center of the University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Finland
- Public Health Genomics Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ann-Kristin Petersen
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Serena Sanna
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, CNR, Monserrato, 09042, Italy
| | - Richa Saxena
- Massachusetts General Hospital/Broad Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Susan K. Service
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, The Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Sonia Shah
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, Deparment of Epidemiology and Public Health, UCL, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Dmitry Shungin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic & Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University Diabetes Center, Scania University Hosptial, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Odontology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Unit of Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Carlo Sidore
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, CNR, Monserrato, 09042, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Universita di Sassari, 07100 SS, Italy
| | - Ci Song
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rona J. Strawbridge
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ida Surakka
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Finland
- Public Health Genomics Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Toshiko Tanaka
- Clinical Research Branch, National Institute Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tanya M. Teslovich
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | | | | | - Benjamin F. Voight
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania - School of Medicine, Philadelphia PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania - School of Medicine, Philadelphia PA, 19104, USA
| | - Kelly A. Volcik
- Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center - School of Public Health, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Andrew Wong
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, 33 Bedford Place, London, WC1B 5JU, United Kingdom
| | - Ying Wu
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Ealing Hospital, Southall, Middlesex UB1 3HW, United Kingdom
| | - Devin Absher
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Gershim Asiki
- MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Inês Barroso
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, CB10 1SA, Hinxton, United Kingdom
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Level 4, Institute of Metabolic Science Box 289 Addenbrooke’s Hospital Cambridge CB2 OQQ, UK
| | - Latonya F. Been
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Bolton
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Lori L Bonnycastle
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Paolo Brambilla
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Milano Bicocca, Italy
| | - Mary S. Burnett
- MedStar Health Research Institute, 6525 Belcrest Road, Suite 700, Hyattsville, MD 20782, USA
| | - Giancarlo Cesana
- Research Centre on Public Health, University of Milano Bicocca, Italy
| | - Maria Dimitriou
- Department of Dietetics-Nutrition, Harokopio University, 70 El. Venizelou Str, Athens, Greece
| | - Alex S.F. Doney
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School. Dundee, DD1 9SY, United Kingdom
| | - Angela Döring
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Paul Elliott
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Finland
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency (HPA) Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Stephen E. Epstein
- MedStar Health Research Institute, 6525 Belcrest Road, Suite 700, Hyattsville, MD 20782, USA
| | | | - Bruna Gigante
- Division of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mark O. Goodarzi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Harald Grallert
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Martha L. Gravito
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Christopher J. Groves
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, OX3 7LJ, United Kingdom
| | - Göran Hallmans
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Nutritional research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anna-Liisa Hartikainen
- Department of Clinical Sciences/Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Dena Hernandez
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Andrew A. Hicks
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), Bolzano, Italy - Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Hilma Holm
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Yi-Jen Hung
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Thomas Illig
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- Hannover Unified Biobank, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Michelle R. Jones
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | | | - John J.P. Kastelein
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- Clinical Gerontology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Kim
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Norman Klopp
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- Hannover Unified Biobank, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | | | - Meena Kumari
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, Deparment of Epidemiology and Public Health, UCL, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Box 285, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere 33520, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere 33014, Finland
| | - Shih-Yi Lin
- Division of Endocrine and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jaana Lindström
- Diabetes Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ruth J.F. Loos
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Box 285, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
- The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at ount Sinai, New York, USA
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York
| | - François Mach
- Cardiology, Department of Specialities of Medicine, Geneva University Hospital, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland
| | - Wendy L McArdle
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, United Kingdom
| | - Christa Meisinger
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Braxton D. Mitchell
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Gabrielle Müller
- Institute for Medical Informatics and Biometrics, University of Dresden, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ramaiah Nagaraja
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD21224, USA
| | - Narisu Narisu
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tuomo V.M. Nieminen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tamperew 33014, Finland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Päijät-Häme Central Hospital, Lahti, Finland
- Division of Cardiology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Isleifur Olafsson
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Landspitali University Hospital, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Ken K. Ong
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Box 285, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, 33 Bedford Place, London, WC1B 5JU, United Kingdom
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medical Genetics, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United ingdom
| | - Theodore Papamarkou
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, CB10 1SA, Hinxton, United Kingdom
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Statistical Sciences, University College of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cristina Pomilla
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, CB10 1SA, Hinxton, United Kingdom
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anneli Pouta
- Department of Clinical Sciences/Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland
| | - Daniel J. Rader
- Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Building 421, Translational Research Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104-5158, USA
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Building 421, Translational Research Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104-5158, USA
| | - Muredach P. Reilly
- Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Building 421, Translational Research Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104-5158, USA
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Building 421, Translational Research Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104-5158, USA
| | - Paul M. Ridker
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 900 Commonwealth Ave., Boston MA 02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02115, USA
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging NCHA), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Igor Rudan
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Aimo Ruokonen
- Department of Clinical Sciences/Clinical Chemistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Nilesh Samani
- National Institute for Health Research Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK
| | - Hubert Scharnagl
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Janet Seeley
- MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda
- School of International Development, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Kaisa Silander
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Finland
- Public Health Genomics Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alena Stančáková
- University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kathleen Stirrups
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, CB10 1SA, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Amy J. Swift
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Laurence Tiret
- INSERM UMRS 937, Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris, France
| | - Andre G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging NCHA), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - L. Joost van Pelt
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
- LifeLines Cohort Study, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sailaja Vedantam
- Broad Institute, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Children’s Hospital Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Division of Genetics, Program in Genomics, Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Nicholas Wainwright
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, CB10 1SA, Hinxton, United Kingdom
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Cisca Wijmenga
- LifeLines Cohort Study, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah H. Wild
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU Univ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Wilsgaard
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - James F. Wilson
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth H. Young
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, CB10 1SA, Hinxton, United Kingdom
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jing Hua Zhao
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Box 285, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Linda S. Adair
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Dominique Arveiler
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, EA 3430, University of Strasbourg, Faculty of Medicine, Strasbourg, France
| | | | | | - Franklyn Bennett
- Chemical Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica
| | - Murielle Bochud
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Lausanne University Hospital, Route de la Corniche 10, 1010 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard O. Boehm
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Dorret I. Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU Univ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid B. Borecki
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Stefan R. Bornstein
- Department of Medicine III, University of Dresden, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Pascal Bovet
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Lausanne University Hospital, Route de la Corniche 10, 1010 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Ministry of Health, Victoria, Republic of Seychelles
| | - Michel Burnier
- Service of Nephrology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Harry Campbell
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Aravinda Chakravarti
- Center for Complex Disease Genomics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - John C. Chambers
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Ealing Hospital, Southall, Middlesex UB1 3HW, United Kingdom
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yii-Der Ida Chen
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Francis S. Collins
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Richard S. Cooper
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Loyola University Medical School, Maywood, Illinois 60153, USA
| | - John Danesh
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - George Dedoussis
- Department of Dietetics-Nutrition, Harokopio University, 70 El. Venizelou Str, Athens, Greece
| | - Ulf de Faire
- Division of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alan B. Feranil
- Office of Population Studies Foundation, University of San Carlos, Talamban, Cebu City, Philippines
| | - Jean Ferrières
- Department of Cardiology, Toulouse University School of Medicine, Rangueil Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Clinical Research Branch, National Institute Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nelson B. Freimer
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, The Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Christian Gieger
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Leif C. Groop
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, SE-20502, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, FI-00029 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Ulf Gyllensten
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Hamsten
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Cardiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tamara B. Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, National Institute on Ageing, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Aroon Hingorani
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, Deparment of Epidemiology and Public Health, UCL, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Joel N. Hirschhorn
- Broad Institute, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Children’s Hospital Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Division of Genetics, Program in Genomics, Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging NCHA), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - G. Kees Hovingh
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chao Agnes Hsiung
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Steve E. Humphries
- Cardiovascular Genetics, BHF Laboratories, Institute Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Steven C. Hunt
- Cardiovascular Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Kristian Hveem
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
| | | | - Marjo-Riitta Järvelin
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Finland
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency (HPA) Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland
- Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Antti Jula
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Turku, Finland
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere 33014, Finland
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Hjelt Institute, Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antero Kesäniemi
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Oulu and Clinical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Mika Kivimaki
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, Deparment of Epidemiology and Public Health, UCL, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Jaspal S. Kooner
- Ealing Hospital, Southall, Middlesex UB1 3HW, United Kingdom
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J. Koudstaal
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald M. Krauss
- Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, 5700 Martin Luther King Junior Way, Oakland, CA 94609, USA
| | - Diana Kuh
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, 33 Bedford Place, London, WC1B 5JU, United Kingdom
| | - Johanna Kuusisto
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kirsten O. Kyvik
- Institute of Regional Health Services Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Odense Patient data Explorative Network (OPEN), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Markku Laakso
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Timo A. Lakka
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
- Institute of Biomedicine/Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Finland
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Cecilia M. Lindgren
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas G. Martin
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Locked Bag 2000, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Winfried März
- Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine, Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Ludolf-Krehl-Strasse 7-11, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Austria
- Synlab Academy, Synlab Services GmbH,Gottlieb-Daimler-Straße 25, 68165 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Mark I. McCarthy
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, OX3 7LJ, United Kingdom
| | - Colin A. McKenzie
- Tropical Metabolism Research Unit, Tropical Medicine Research Institute, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica
| | - Pierre Meneton
- U872 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center of the University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Leena Moilanen
- Department of Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Andrew D. Morris
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School. Dundee, DD1 9SY, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia B. Munroe
- Genome Centre, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Clinical Pharmacology, NIHR Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Inger Njølstad
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Nancy L. Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chris Power
- Centre For Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics/MRC Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health, University College of London Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter P. Pramstaller
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), Bolzano, Italy - Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Neurology, General Central Hospital, Bolzano, Italy
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jackie F. Price
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Bruce M. Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thomas Quertermous
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Rainer Rauramaa
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Danish Saleheen
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Center for Non-Communicable Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- Unit of Chronic Disease Epidemiology and Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dharambir K. Sanghera
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | | | - Peter E.H. Schwarz
- Department of Medicine III, University of Dresden, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden, German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Dresden, Germany
| | - Wayne H-H Sheu
- Division of Endocrine and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Alan R. Shuldiner
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Geriatric Research and Education Clinical Center, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Agneta Siegbahn
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Uppsala Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tim D. Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - David P. Strachan
- Division of Population Health Sciences and Education, St George’s, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Bamidele O. Tayo
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Loyola University Medical School, Maywood, Illinois 60153, USA
| | - Elena Tremoli
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, Monzino Cardiology Center, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Jaakko Tuomilehto
- Diabetes Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
- Centre for Vascular Prevention, Danube-University Krems, 3500 Krems, Austria
- King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Medicine, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Red RECAVA Grupo RD06/0014/0015, Hospital Universitario La Paz, 28046
| | - Matti Uusitupa
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Finland
- Research Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Cornelia M. van Duijn
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Lars Wallentin
- Uppsala Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nicholas J. Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Box 285, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - John B. Whitfield
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Locked Bag 2000, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Bruce H.R. Wolffenbuttel
- LifeLines Cohort Study, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jose M. Ordovas
- Department of Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Population Genetics, National Center for rdiovascular Investigation, Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA-Alimentacion, Madrid, Spain
- Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, Jean Mayer-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center - School of Public Health, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Colin N.A. Palmer
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School. Dundee, DD1 9SY, United Kingdom
| | - Unnur Thorsteinsdottir
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Daniel I. Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 900 Commonwealth Ave., Boston MA 02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02115, USA
| | - Jerome I. Rotter
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Paul W. Franks
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic & Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University Diabetes Center, Scania University Hosptial, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Unit of Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Samuli Ripatti
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, CB10 1SA, Hinxton, United Kingdom
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Finland
- Public Health Genomics Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - L. Adrienne Cupples
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Manjinder S. Sandhu
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, CB10 1SA, Hinxton, United Kingdom
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen S. Rich
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Panos Deloukas
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, CB10 1SA, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Sekar Kathiresan
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Broad Institute, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Karen L. Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Gonçalo R. Abecasis
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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Do R, Willer CJ, Schmidt EM, Sengupta S, Gao C, Peloso GM, Gustafsson S, Kanoni S, Ganna A, Chen J, Buchkovich ML, Mora S, Beckmann JS, Bragg-Gresham JL, Chang HY, Demirkan A, Den Hertog HM, Donnelly LA, Ehret GB, Esko T, Feitosa MF, Ferreira T, Fischer K, Fontanillas P, Fraser RM, Freitag DF, Gurdasani D, Heikkilä K, Hyppönen E, Isaacs A, Jackson AU, Johansson A, Johnson T, Kaakinen M, Kettunen J, Kleber ME, Li X, Luan J, Lyytikäinen LP, Magnusson PKE, Mangino M, Mihailov E, Montasser ME, Müller-Nurasyid M, Nolte IM, O'Connell JR, Palmer CD, Perola M, Petersen AK, Sanna S, Saxena R, Service SK, Shah S, Shungin D, Sidore C, Song C, Strawbridge RJ, Surakka I, Tanaka T, Teslovich TM, Thorleifsson G, Van den Herik EG, Voight BF, Volcik KA, Waite LL, Wong A, Wu Y, Zhang W, Absher D, Asiki G, Barroso I, Been LF, Bolton JL, Bonnycastle LL, Brambilla P, Burnett MS, Cesana G, Dimitriou M, Doney ASF, Döring A, Elliott P, Epstein SE, Eyjolfsson GI, Gigante B, Goodarzi MO, Grallert H, Gravito ML, Groves CJ, Hallmans G, Hartikainen AL, Hayward C, Hernandez D, Hicks AA, Holm H, Hung YJ, Illig T, Jones MR, Kaleebu P, Kastelein JJP, Khaw KT, Kim E, Klopp N, Komulainen P, Kumari M, Langenberg C, Lehtimäki T, Lin SY, Lindström J, Loos RJF, Mach F, McArdle WL, Meisinger C, Mitchell BD, Müller G, Nagaraja R, Narisu N, Nieminen TVM, Nsubuga RN, Olafsson I, Ong KK, Palotie A, Papamarkou T, Pomilla C, Pouta A, Rader DJ, Reilly MP, Ridker PM, Rivadeneira F, Rudan I, Ruokonen A, Samani N, Scharnagl H, Seeley J, Silander K, Stančáková A, Stirrups K, Swift AJ, Tiret L, Uitterlinden AG, van Pelt LJ, Vedantam S, Wainwright N, Wijmenga C, Wild SH, Willemsen G, Wilsgaard T, Wilson JF, Young EH, Zhao JH, Adair LS, Arveiler D, Assimes TL, Bandinelli S, Bennett F, Bochud M, Boehm BO, Boomsma DI, Borecki IB, Bornstein SR, Bovet P, Burnier M, Campbell H, Chakravarti A, Chambers JC, Chen YDI, Collins FS, Cooper RS, Danesh J, Dedoussis G, de Faire U, Feranil AB, Ferrières J, Ferrucci L, Freimer NB, Gieger C, Groop LC, Gudnason V, Gyllensten U, Hamsten A, Harris TB, Hingorani A, Hirschhorn JN, Hofman A, Hovingh GK, Hsiung CA, Humphries SE, Hunt SC, Hveem K, Iribarren C, Järvelin MR, Jula A, Kähönen M, Kaprio J, Kesäniemi A, Kivimaki M, Kooner JS, Koudstaal PJ, Krauss RM, Kuh D, Kuusisto J, Kyvik KO, Laakso M, Lakka TA, Lind L, Lindgren CM, Martin NG, März W, McCarthy MI, McKenzie CA, Meneton P, Metspalu A, Moilanen L, Morris AD, Munroe PB, Njølstad I, Pedersen NL, Power C, Pramstaller PP, Price JF, Psaty BM, Quertermous T, Rauramaa R, Saleheen D, Salomaa V, Sanghera DK, Saramies J, Schwarz PEH, Sheu WHH, Shuldiner AR, Siegbahn A, Spector TD, Stefansson K, Strachan DP, Tayo BO, Tremoli E, Tuomilehto J, Uusitupa M, van Duijn CM, Vollenweider P, Wallentin L, Wareham NJ, Whitfield JB, Wolffenbuttel BHR, Altshuler D, Ordovas JM, Boerwinkle E, Palmer CNA, Thorsteinsdottir U, Chasman DI, Rotter JI, Franks PW, Ripatti S, Cupples LA, Sandhu MS, Rich SS, Boehnke M, Deloukas P, Mohlke KL, Ingelsson E, Abecasis GR, Daly MJ, Neale BM, Kathiresan S. Common variants associated with plasma triglycerides and risk for coronary artery disease. Nat Genet 2013; 45:1345-52. [PMID: 24097064 PMCID: PMC3904346 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 631] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Triglycerides are transported in plasma by specific triglyceride-rich lipoproteins; in epidemiologic studies, increased triglyceride levels correlate with higher risk for coronary artery disease (CAD). However, it is unclear whether this association reflects causal processes. We used 185 common variants recently mapped for plasma lipids (P<5×10−8 for each) to examine the role of triglycerides on risk for CAD. First, we highlight loci associated with both low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglycerides, and show that the direction and magnitude of both are factors in determining CAD risk. Second, we consider loci with only a strong magnitude of association with triglycerides and show that these loci are also associated with CAD. Finally, in a model accounting for effects on LDL-C and/or high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, a polymorphism's strength of effect on triglycerides is correlated with the magnitude of its effect on CAD risk. These results suggest that triglyceride-rich lipoproteins causally influence risk for CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Do
- 1] Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [4] Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Francalacci P, Morelli L, Angius A, Berutti R, Reinier F, Atzeni R, Pilu R, Busonero F, Maschio A, Zara I, Sanna D, Useli A, Urru MF, Marcelli M, Cusano R, Oppo M, Zoledziewska M, Pitzalis M, Deidda F, Porcu E, Poddie F, Kang HM, Lyons R, Tarrier B, Gresham JB, Li B, Tofanelli S, Alonso S, Dei M, Lai S, Mulas A, Whalen MB, Uzzau S, Jones C, Schlessinger D, Abecasis GR, Sanna S, Sidore C, Cucca F. Low-pass DNA sequencing of 1200 Sardinians reconstructs European Y-chromosome phylogeny. Science 2013; 341:565-9. [PMID: 23908240 DOI: 10.1126/science.1237947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Genetic variation within the male-specific portion of the Y chromosome (MSY) can clarify the origins of contemporary populations, but previous studies were hampered by partial genetic information. Population sequencing of 1204 Sardinian males identified 11,763 MSY single-nucleotide polymorphisms, 6751 of which have not previously been observed. We constructed a MSY phylogenetic tree containing all main haplogroups found in Europe, along with many Sardinian-specific lineage clusters within each haplogroup. The tree was calibrated with archaeological data from the initial expansion of the Sardinian population ~7700 years ago. The ages of nodes highlight different genetic strata in Sardinia and reveal the presumptive timing of coalescence with other human populations. We calculate a putative age for coalescence of ~180,000 to 200,000 years ago, which is consistent with previous mitochondrial DNA-based estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Francalacci
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Natura e del Territorio, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
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Graff M, Ngwa JS, Workalemahu T, Homuth G, Schipf S, Teumer A, Völzke H, Wallaschofski H, Abecasis GR, Edward L, Francesco C, Sanna S, Scheet P, Schlessinger D, Sidore C, Xiao X, Wang Z, Chanock SJ, Jacobs KB, Hayes RB, Hu F, Van Dam RM, Crout RJ, Marazita ML, Shaffer JR, Atwood LD, Fox CS, Heard-Costa NL, White C, Choh AC, Czerwinski SA, Demerath EW, Dyer TD, Towne B, Amin N, Oostra BA, Van Duijn CM, Zillikens MC, Esko T, Nelis M, Nikopensius T, Metspalu A, Strachan DP, Monda K, Qi L, North KE, Cupples LA, Gordon-Larsen P, Berndt SI. Genome-wide analysis of BMI in adolescents and young adults reveals additional insight into the effects of genetic loci over the life course. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22:3597-607. [PMID: 23669352 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic loci for body mass index (BMI) in adolescence and young adulthood, a period of high risk for weight gain, are understudied, yet may yield important insight into the etiology of obesity and early intervention. To identify novel genetic loci and examine the influence of known loci on BMI during this critical time period in late adolescence and early adulthood, we performed a two-stage meta-analysis using 14 genome-wide association studies in populations of European ancestry with data on BMI between ages 16 and 25 in up to 29 880 individuals. We identified seven independent loci (P < 5.0 × 10⁻⁸) near FTO (P = 3.72 × 10⁻²³), TMEM18 (P = 3.24 × 10⁻¹⁷), MC4R (P = 4.41 × 10⁻¹⁷), TNNI3K (P = 4.32 × 10⁻¹¹), SEC16B (P = 6.24 × 10⁻⁹), GNPDA2 (P = 1.11 × 10⁻⁸) and POMC (P = 4.94 × 10⁻⁸) as well as a potential secondary signal at the POMC locus (rs2118404, P = 2.4 × 10⁻⁵ after conditioning on the established single-nucleotide polymorphism at this locus) in adolescents and young adults. To evaluate the impact of the established genetic loci on BMI at these young ages, we examined differences between the effect sizes of 32 published BMI loci in European adult populations (aged 18-90) and those observed in our adolescent and young adult meta-analysis. Four loci (near PRKD1, TNNI3K, SEC16B and CADM2) had larger effects and one locus (near SH2B1) had a smaller effect on BMI during adolescence and young adulthood compared with older adults (P < 0.05). These results suggest that genetic loci for BMI can vary in their effects across the life course, underlying the importance of evaluating BMI at different ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariaelisa Graff
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27517, USA.
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Abstract
Emerging sequencing technologies allow common and rare variants to be systematically assayed across the human genome in many individuals. In order to improve variant detection and genotype calling, raw sequence data are typically examined across many individuals. Here, we describe a method for genotype calling in settings where sequence data are available for unrelated individuals and parent-offspring trios and show that modeling trio information can greatly increase the accuracy of inferred genotypes and haplotypes, especially on low to modest depth sequencing data. Our method considers both linkage disequilibrium (LD) patterns and the constraints imposed by family structure when assigning individual genotypes and haplotypes. Using simulations, we show that trios provide higher genotype calling accuracy across the frequency spectrum, both overall and at hard-to-call heterozygous sites. In addition, trios provide greatly improved phasing accuracy—improving the accuracy of downstream analyses (such as genotype imputation) that rely on phased haplotypes. To further evaluate our approach, we analyzed data on the first 508 individuals sequenced by the SardiNIA sequencing project. Our results show that our method reduces the genotyping error rate by 50% compared with analysis using existing methods that ignore family structure. We anticipate our method will facilitate genotype calling and haplotype inference for many ongoing sequencing projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224, USA.
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38
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Li B, Chen W, Zhan X, Busonero F, Sanna S, Sidore C, Cucca F, Kang HM, Abecasis GR. A likelihood-based framework for variant calling and de novo mutation detection in families. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1002944. [PMID: 23055937 PMCID: PMC3464213 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Family samples, which can be enriched for rare causal variants by focusing on families with multiple extreme individuals and which facilitate detection of de novo mutation events, provide an attractive resource for next-generation sequencing studies. Here, we describe, implement, and evaluate a likelihood-based framework for analysis of next generation sequence data in family samples. Our framework is able to identify variant sites accurately and to assign individual genotypes, and can handle de novo mutation events, increasing the sensitivity and specificity of variant calling and de novo mutation detection. Through simulations we show explicit modeling of family relationships is especially useful for analyses of low-frequency variants and that genotype accuracy increases with the number of individuals sequenced per family. Compared with the standard approach of ignoring relatedness, our methods identify and accurately genotype more variants, and have high specificity for detecting de novo mutation events. The improvement in accuracy using our methods over the standard approach is particularly pronounced for low-frequency variants. Furthermore the family-aware calling framework dramatically reduces Mendelian inconsistencies and is beneficial for family-based analysis. We hope our framework and software will facilitate continuing efforts to identify genetic factors underlying human diseases. New sequencing methods can be used to study how genetic variation contributes to disease. For studies of rare variation, family designs are especially attractive because they allow even very rare variants to be observed in multiple individuals and because they can be used to study the impact of de novo mutation events. An important challenge is that most raw sequencing data include many errors. Here, we develop a new approach for interpreting sequence data. We show that by analyzing sequence data across many family members together it is possible to greatly reduce error rates (measured either as the number of true variants that are missed or the number of false variants that are claimed). In addition to facilitating detection and genotyping of SNPs, our methods can interface with existing tools to improve the accuracy of more challenging short insertion deletion polymorphisms and other types of variants. Our methods should make studies of families even more attractive because, in addition to making it easy to study rare variants and de novo mutation events, family studies will now be able to better transform sequence data into accurate genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingshan Li
- Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail: (BL); (GA)
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Xiaowei Zhan
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Fabio Busonero
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Monserrato, Italy
| | - Serena Sanna
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Monserrato, Italy
| | - Carlo Sidore
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Monserrato, Italy
| | - Francesco Cucca
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Monserrato, Italy
| | - Hyun M. Kang
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Gonçalo R. Abecasis
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail: (BL); (GA)
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Scott RA, Lagou V, Welch RP, Wheeler E, Montasser ME, Luan J, Mägi R, Strawbridge RJ, Rehnberg E, Gustafsson S, Kanoni S, Rasmussen-Torvik LJ, Yengo L, Lecoeur C, Shungin D, Sanna S, Sidore C, Johnson PCD, Jukema JW, Johnson T, Mahajan A, Verweij N, Thorleifsson G, Hottenga JJ, Shah S, Smith AV, Sennblad B, Gieger C, Salo P, Perola M, Timpson NJ, Evans DM, Pourcain BS, Wu Y, Andrews JS, Hui J, Bielak LF, Zhao W, Horikoshi M, Navarro P, Isaacs A, O'Connell JR, Stirrups K, Vitart V, Hayward C, Esko T, Mihailov E, Fraser RM, Fall T, Voight BF, Raychaudhuri S, Chen H, Lindgren CM, Morris AP, Rayner NW, Robertson N, Rybin D, Liu CT, Beckmann JS, Willems SM, Chines PS, Jackson AU, Kang HM, Stringham HM, Song K, Tanaka T, Peden JF, Goel A, Hicks AA, An P, Müller-Nurasyid M, Franco-Cereceda A, Folkersen L, Marullo L, Jansen H, Oldehinkel AJ, Bruinenberg M, Pankow JS, North KE, Forouhi NG, Loos RJF, Edkins S, Varga TV, Hallmans G, Oksa H, Antonella M, Nagaraja R, Trompet S, Ford I, Bakker SJL, Kong A, Kumari M, Gigante B, Herder C, Munroe PB, Caulfield M, Antti J, Mangino M, Small K, Miljkovic I, Liu Y, Atalay M, Kiess W, James AL, Rivadeneira F, Uitterlinden AG, Palmer CNA, Doney ASF, Willemsen G, Smit JH, Campbell S, Polasek O, Bonnycastle LL, Hercberg S, Dimitriou M, Bolton JL, Fowkes GR, Kovacs P, Lindström J, Zemunik T, Bandinelli S, Wild SH, Basart HV, Rathmann W, Grallert H, Maerz W, Kleber ME, Boehm BO, Peters A, Pramstaller PP, Province MA, Borecki IB, Hastie ND, Rudan I, Campbell H, Watkins H, Farrall M, Stumvoll M, Ferrucci L, Waterworth DM, Bergman RN, Collins FS, Tuomilehto J, Watanabe RM, de Geus EJC, Penninx BW, Hofman A, Oostra BA, Psaty BM, Vollenweider P, Wilson JF, Wright AF, Hovingh GK, Metspalu A, Uusitupa M, Magnusson PKE, Kyvik KO, Kaprio J, Price JF, Dedoussis GV, Deloukas P, Meneton P, Lind L, Boehnke M, Shuldiner AR, van Duijn CM, Morris AD, Toenjes A, Peyser PA, Beilby JP, Körner A, Kuusisto J, Laakso M, Bornstein SR, Schwarz PEH, Lakka TA, Rauramaa R, Adair LS, Smith GD, Spector TD, Illig T, de Faire U, Hamsten A, Gudnason V, Kivimaki M, Hingorani A, Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi SM, Saaristo TE, Boomsma DI, Stefansson K, van der Harst P, Dupuis J, Pedersen NL, Sattar N, Harris TB, Cucca F, Ripatti S, Salomaa V, Mohlke KL, Balkau B, Froguel P, Pouta A, Jarvelin MR, Wareham NJ, Bouatia-Naji N, McCarthy MI, Franks PW, Meigs JB, Teslovich TM, Florez JC, Langenberg C, Ingelsson E, Prokopenko I, Barroso I. Large-scale association analyses identify new loci influencing glycemic traits and provide insight into the underlying biological pathways. Nat Genet 2012; 44:991-1005. [PMID: 22885924 PMCID: PMC3433394 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 623] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Through genome-wide association meta-analyses of up to 133,010 individuals of European ancestry without diabetes, including individuals newly genotyped using the Metabochip, we have increased the number of confirmed loci influencing glycemic traits to 53, of which 33 also increase type 2 diabetes risk (q < 0.05). Loci influencing fasting insulin concentration showed association with lipid levels and fat distribution, suggesting impact on insulin resistance. Gene-based analyses identified further biologically plausible loci, suggesting that additional loci beyond those reaching genome-wide significance are likely to represent real associations. This conclusion is supported by an excess of directionally consistent and nominally significant signals between discovery and follow-up studies. Functional analysis of these newly discovered loci will further improve our understanding of glycemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Scott
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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Voight BF, Kang HM, Ding J, Palmer CD, Sidore C, Chines PS, Burtt NP, Fuchsberger C, Li Y, Erdmann J, Frayling TM, Heid IM, Jackson AU, Johnson T, Kilpeläinen TO, Lindgren CM, Morris AP, Prokopenko I, Randall JC, Saxena R, Soranzo N, Speliotes EK, Teslovich TM, Wheeler E, Maguire J, Parkin M, Potter S, Rayner NW, Robertson N, Stirrups K, Winckler W, Sanna S, Mulas A, Nagaraja R, Cucca F, Barroso I, Deloukas P, Loos RJF, Kathiresan S, Munroe PB, Newton-Cheh C, Pfeufer A, Samani NJ, Schunkert H, Hirschhorn JN, Altshuler D, McCarthy MI, Abecasis GR, Boehnke M. The metabochip, a custom genotyping array for genetic studies of metabolic, cardiovascular, and anthropometric traits. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1002793. [PMID: 22876189 PMCID: PMC3410907 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 383] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have identified hundreds of loci for type 2 diabetes, coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction, as well as for related traits such as body mass index, glucose and insulin levels, lipid levels, and blood pressure. These studies also have pointed to thousands of loci with promising but not yet compelling association evidence. To establish association at additional loci and to characterize the genome-wide significant loci by fine-mapping, we designed the "Metabochip," a custom genotyping array that assays nearly 200,000 SNP markers. Here, we describe the Metabochip and its component SNP sets, evaluate its performance in capturing variation across the allele-frequency spectrum, describe solutions to methodological challenges commonly encountered in its analysis, and evaluate its performance as a platform for genotype imputation. The metabochip achieves dramatic cost efficiencies compared to designing single-trait follow-up reagents, and provides the opportunity to compare results across a range of related traits. The metabochip and similar custom genotyping arrays offer a powerful and cost-effective approach to follow-up large-scale genotyping and sequencing studies and advance our understanding of the genetic basis of complex human diseases and traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin F. Voight
- Medical Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Hyun Min Kang
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jun Ding
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Cameron D. Palmer
- Medical Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Genetics and Program in Genomics, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Carlo Sidore
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Monserrato, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Peter S. Chines
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Noël P. Burtt
- Medical Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Christian Fuchsberger
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Yanming Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jeanette Erdmann
- Universität zu Lübeck, Medizinische Klinik II, and Nordic Center of Cardiovascular Research, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Timothy M. Frayling
- Genetics of Complex Traits, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Iris M. Heid
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anne U. Jackson
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Toby Johnson
- Clinical Pharmacology and Barts and the London Genome Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tuomas O. Kilpeläinen
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Cecilia M. Lindgren
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew P. Morris
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Inga Prokopenko
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua C. Randall
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Richa Saxena
- Medical Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nicole Soranzo
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth K. Speliotes
- Medical Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Tanya M. Teslovich
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Eleanor Wheeler
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jared Maguire
- Medical Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Melissa Parkin
- Medical Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Simon Potter
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - N. William Rayner
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Robertson
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Wendy Winckler
- Medical Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Serena Sanna
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Monserrato, Italy
| | - Antonella Mulas
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Monserrato, Italy
| | - Ramaiah Nagaraja
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Francesco Cucca
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Monserrato, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Inês Barroso
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Panos Deloukas
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth J. F. Loos
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sekar Kathiresan
- Medical Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Patricia B. Munroe
- Clinical Pharmacology and Barts and the London Genome Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Newton-Cheh
- Medical Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Arne Pfeufer
- Institute of Human Genetics, Klinikum Rechts der Isar Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany
- EURAC Center of Biomedicine, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Nilesh J. Samani
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Glenfield Hospital, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
- Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Unit in Coronary Artery Disease, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Heribert Schunkert
- Universität zu Lübeck, Medizinische Klinik II, and Nordic Center of Cardiovascular Research, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Joel N. Hirschhorn
- Medical Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Genetics and Program in Genomics, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David Altshuler
- Medical Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mark I. McCarthy
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gonçalo R. Abecasis
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
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Li Y, Sidore C, Kang HM, Boehnke M, Abecasis GR. Low-coverage sequencing: implications for design of complex trait association studies. Genome Res 2011; 21:940-51. [PMID: 21460063 DOI: 10.1101/gr.117259.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
New sequencing technologies allow genomic variation to be surveyed in much greater detail than previously possible. While detailed analysis of a single individual typically requires deep sequencing, when many individuals are sequenced it is possible to combine shallow sequence data across individuals to generate accurate calls in shared stretches of chromosome. Here, we show that, as progressively larger numbers of individuals are sequenced, increasingly accurate genotype calls can be generated for a given sequence depth. We evaluate the implications of low-coverage sequencing for complex trait association studies. We systematically compare study designs based on genotyping of tagSNPs, sequencing of many individuals at depths ranging between 2× and 30×, and imputation of variants discovered by sequencing a subset of individuals into the remainder of the sample. We show that sequencing many individuals at low depth is an attractive strategy for studies of complex trait genetics. For example, for disease-associated variants with frequency >0.2%, sequencing 3000 individuals at 4× depth provides similar power to deep sequencing of >2000 individuals at 30× depth but requires only ~20% of the sequencing effort. We also show low-coverage sequencing can be used to build a reference panel that can drive imputation into additional samples to increase power further. We provide guidance for investigators wishing to combine results from sequenced, genotyped, and imputed samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Li
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7264, USA
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