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Wang Z, Emmerich A, Pillon NJ, Moore T, Hemerich D, Cornelis MC, Mazzaferro E, Broos S, Ahluwalia TS, Bartz TM, Bentley AR, Bielak LF, Chong M, Chu AY, Berry D, Dorajoo R, Dueker ND, Kasbohm E, Feenstra B, Feitosa MF, Gieger C, Graff M, Hall LM, Haller T, Hartwig FP, Hillis DA, Huikari V, Heard-Costa N, Holzapfel C, Jackson AU, Johansson Å, Jørgensen AM, Kaakinen MA, Karlsson R, Kerr KF, Kim B, Koolhaas CM, Kutalik Z, Lagou V, Lind PA, Lorentzon M, Lyytikäinen LP, Mangino M, Metzendorf C, Monroe KR, Pacolet A, Pérusse L, Pool R, Richmond RC, Rivera NV, Robiou-du-Pont S, Schraut KE, Schulz CA, Stringham HM, Tanaka T, Teumer A, Turman C, van der Most PJ, Vanmunster M, van Rooij FJA, van Vliet-Ostaptchouk JV, Zhang X, Zhao JH, Zhao W, Balkhiyarova Z, Balslev-Harder MN, Baumeister SE, Beilby J, Blangero J, Boomsma DI, Brage S, Braund PS, Brody JA, Bruinenberg M, Ekelund U, Liu CT, Cole JW, Collins FS, Cupples LA, Esko T, Enroth S, Faul JD, Fernandez-Rhodes L, Fohner AE, Franco OH, Galesloot TE, Gordon SD, Grarup N, Hartman CA, Heiss G, Hui J, Illig T, Jago R, James A, Joshi PK, Jung T, Kähönen M, Kilpeläinen TO, Koh WP, Kolcic I, Kraft PP, Kuusisto J, Launer LJ, Li A, Linneberg A, Luan J, Vidal PM, Medland SE, Milaneschi Y, Moscati A, Musk B, Nelson CP, Nolte IM, Pedersen NL, Peters A, Peyser PA, Power C, Raitakari OT, Reedik M, Reiner AP, Ridker PM, Rudan I, Ryan K, Sarzynski MA, Scott LJ, Scott RA, Sidney S, Siggeirsdottir K, Smith AV, Smith JA, Sonestedt E, Strøm M, Tai ES, Teo KK, Thorand B, Tönjes A, Tremblay A, Uitterlinden AG, Vangipurapu J, van Schoor N, Völker U, Willemsen G, Williams K, Wong Q, Xu H, Young KL, Yuan JM, Zillikens MC, Zonderman AB, Ameur A, Bandinelli S, Bis JC, Boehnke M, Bouchard C, Chasman DI, Smith GD, de Geus EJC, Deldicque L, Dörr M, Evans MK, Ferrucci L, Fornage M, Fox C, Garland T, Gudnason V, Gyllensten U, Hansen T, Hayward C, Horta BL, Hyppönen E, Jarvelin MR, Johnson WC, Kardia SLR, Kiemeney LA, Laakso M, Langenberg C, Lehtimäki T, Marchand LL, Magnusson PKE, Martin NG, Melbye M, Metspalu A, Meyre D, North KE, Ohlsson C, Oldehinkel AJ, Orho-Melander M, Pare G, Park T, Pedersen O, Penninx BWJH, Pers TH, Polasek O, Prokopenko I, Rotimi CN, Samani NJ, Sim X, Snieder H, Sørensen TIA, Spector TD, Timpson NJ, van Dam RM, van der Velde N, van Duijn CM, Vollenweider P, Völzke H, Voortman T, Waeber G, Wareham NJ, Weir DR, Wichmann HE, Wilson JF, Hevener AL, Krook A, Zierath JR, Thomis MAI, Loos RJF, Hoed MD. Genome-wide association analyses of physical activity and sedentary behavior provide insights into underlying mechanisms and roles in disease prevention. Nat Genet 2022; 54:1332-1344. [PMID: 36071172 PMCID: PMC9470530 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-022-01165-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Although physical activity and sedentary behavior are moderately heritable, little is known about the mechanisms that influence these traits. Combining data for up to 703,901 individuals from 51 studies in a multi-ancestry meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies yields 99 loci that associate with self-reported moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity during leisure time (MVPA), leisure screen time (LST) and/or sedentary behavior at work. Loci associated with LST are enriched for genes whose expression in skeletal muscle is altered by resistance training. A missense variant in ACTN3 makes the alpha-actinin-3 filaments more flexible, resulting in lower maximal force in isolated type IIA muscle fibers, and possibly protection from exercise-induced muscle damage. Finally, Mendelian randomization analyses show that beneficial effects of lower LST and higher MVPA on several risk factors and diseases are mediated or confounded by body mass index (BMI). Our results provide insights into physical activity mechanisms and its role in disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Andrew Emmerich
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nicolas J Pillon
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tim Moore
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daiane Hemerich
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marilyn C Cornelis
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Eugenia Mazzaferro
- The Beijer Laboratory and Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University and SciLifeLab, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Siacia Broos
- Faculty of Movement and Rehabilitation Sciences, Department of Movement Sciences - Exercise Physiology Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Faculty of Movement and Rehabilitation Sciences, Department of Movement Sciences - Physical Activity, Sports & Health Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tarunveer S Ahluwalia
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Bioinformatics Center, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Traci M Bartz
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Amy R Bentley
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lawrence F Bielak
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mike Chong
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Audrey Y Chu
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- GlaxoSmithKline, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Diane Berry
- Division of Population, Policy and Practice, Great Ormond Street Hospital Institute for Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Rajkumar Dorajoo
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Health Services and Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nicole D Dueker
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Elisa Kasbohm
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Bjarke Feenstra
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mary F Feitosa
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Christian Gieger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München -Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Munich, Germany
| | - Mariaelisa Graff
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Leanne M Hall
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Toomas Haller
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Fernando P Hartwig
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Center, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - David A Hillis
- Genetics, Genomics, and Bioinformatics Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Ville Huikari
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Nancy Heard-Costa
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christina Holzapfel
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München -Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Munich, Germany
- Institute for Nutritional Medicine, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anne U Jackson
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Åsa Johansson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anja Moltke Jørgensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marika A Kaakinen
- Section of Statistical Multi-omics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Robert Karlsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kathleen F Kerr
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Boram Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chantal M Koolhaas
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Zoltan Kutalik
- University Center for Primary Care and Public Health, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Penelope A Lind
- Mental Health and Neuroscience Research Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mattias Lorentzon
- Geriatric Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital Mölndal, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
- Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center - Tampere, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, Kings College London, London, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St Thomas' Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Christoph Metzendorf
- The Beijer Laboratory and Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University and SciLifeLab, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kristine R Monroe
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alexander Pacolet
- Faculty of Movement and Rehabilitation Sciences, Department of Movement Sciences - Exercise Physiology Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Louis Pérusse
- Department of Kinesiology, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
- Centre Nutrition Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rene Pool
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rebecca C Richmond
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit and Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, University of Bristol Medical School, Population Health Sciences and Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Natalia V Rivera
- Respiratory Division, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Rheumatology Division, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center of Molecular Medicine (CMM), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sebastien Robiou-du-Pont
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katharina E Schraut
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Christina-Alexandra Schulz
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Nutritional Epidemiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Heather M Stringham
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Toshiko Tanaka
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Constance Turman
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter J van der Most
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Mathias Vanmunster
- Faculty of Movement and Rehabilitation Sciences, Department of Movement Sciences - Exercise Physiology Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frank J A van Rooij
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jana V van Vliet-Ostaptchouk
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Xiaoshuai Zhang
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jing-Hua Zhao
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Zhanna Balkhiyarova
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Surrey, Guilford, UK
- People-Centred Artificial Intelligence Institute, University of Surrey, Guilford, UK
| | - Marie N Balslev-Harder
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sebastian E Baumeister
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - John Beilby
- Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - John Blangero
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Soren Brage
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Peter S Braund
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Jennifer A Brody
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Ulf Ekelund
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Chronic Diseases, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ching-Ti Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John W Cole
- Vascular Neurology, Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine and the Baltimore VAMC, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Francis S Collins
- Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - L Adrienne Cupples
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Stefan Enroth
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jessica D Faul
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lindsay Fernandez-Rhodes
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, College of Health and Human Development, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Alison E Fohner
- Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Public Health Genetics, Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Oscar H Franco
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tessel E Galesloot
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Scott D Gordon
- Mental Health and Neuroscience Research Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Niels Grarup
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Catharina A Hartman
- Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Gerardo Heiss
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jennie Hui
- Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Busselton Population Medical Research Institute, Busselton, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Thomas Illig
- Hannover Unified Biobank, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Russell Jago
- Centre for Exercise Nutrition & Health Sciences, School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Alan James
- Department of Pulmonary Physiology and Sleep Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Peter K Joshi
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Humanity Inc, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Taeyeong Jung
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center - Tampere, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Tuomas O Kilpeläinen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Woon-Puay Koh
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ivana Kolcic
- Department of Public Health, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
| | - Peter P Kraft
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Johanna Kuusisto
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Lenore J Launer
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Aihua Li
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Allan Linneberg
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jian'an Luan
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Pedro Marques Vidal
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sarah E Medland
- Mental Health and Neuroscience Research Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Psychology and Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yuri Milaneschi
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Arden Moscati
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bill Musk
- Busselton Population Medical Research Institute, Busselton, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Christopher P Nelson
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Ilja M Nolte
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Nancy L Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München -Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Munich, Germany
| | - Patricia A Peyser
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Christine Power
- Division of Population, Policy and Practice, Great Ormond Street Hospital Institute for Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Mägi Reedik
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Alex P Reiner
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Paul M Ridker
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Igor Rudan
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kathy Ryan
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mark A Sarzynski
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Laura J Scott
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Robert A Scott
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephen Sidney
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA
| | | | - Albert V Smith
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kópavogur, Iceland
| | - Jennifer A Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Emily Sonestedt
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Marin Strøm
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Faroe Islands, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands
| | - E Shyong Tai
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Koon K Teo
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Barbara Thorand
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München -Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Munich, Germany
| | - Anke Tönjes
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Angelo Tremblay
- Department of Kinesiology, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
- Centre Nutrition Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Andre G Uitterlinden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jagadish Vangipurapu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Natasja van Schoor
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Uwe Völker
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kayleen Williams
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Quenna Wong
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Huichun Xu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kristin L Young
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jian Min Yuan
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - M Carola Zillikens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alan B Zonderman
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Science, National Instiute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Adam Ameur
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Joshua C Bis
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Claude Bouchard
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Daniel I Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Center, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Center, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Eco J C de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Louise Deldicque
- Faculty of Movement and Rehabilitation Sciences, Institute of Neuroscience, UC Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Marcus Dörr
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Michele K Evans
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Science, National Instiute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Myriam Fornage
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Caroline Fox
- Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (GpGx), Merck Research Labs, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Theodore Garland
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kópavogur, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Ulf Gyllensten
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Torben Hansen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Bernardo L Horta
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Elina Hyppönen
- Australian Centre for Precision Health, Unit of Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Population, Policy and Practice, Great Ormond Street Hospital Institute for Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and HPA-MRC Center, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - W Craig Johnson
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sharon L R Kardia
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lambertus A Kiemeney
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Markku Laakso
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Computational Medicine, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
- Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center - Tampere, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Loic Le Marchand
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Patrik K E Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- Mental Health and Neuroscience Research Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mads Melbye
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- K.G.Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Center for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - David Meyre
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kari E North
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Drug Treatment, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Albertine J Oldehinkel
- Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Guillaume Pare
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Taesung Park
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Statistics, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Brenda W J H Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tune H Pers
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ozren Polasek
- University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
| | - Inga Prokopenko
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Surrey, Guilford, UK
- People-Centred Artificial Intelligence Institute, University of Surrey, Guilford, UK
- UMR 8199 - EGID, Institut Pasteur de Lille, CNRS, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Charles N Rotimi
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nilesh J Samani
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Xueling Sim
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Thorkild I A Sørensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, Section of Epidemiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tim D Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Nicholas J Timpson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Rob M van Dam
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Nathalie van der Velde
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Section of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health, Aging and Later Life, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter Vollenweider
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Trudy Voortman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gérard Waeber
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - David R Weir
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Heinz-Erich Wichmann
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München -Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Munich, Germany
| | - James F Wilson
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrea L Hevener
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anna Krook
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juleen R Zierath
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martine A I Thomis
- Faculty of Movement and Rehabilitation Sciences, Department of Movement Sciences - Physical Activity, Sports & Health Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ruth J F Loos
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marcel den Hoed
- The Beijer Laboratory and Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University and SciLifeLab, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Justice AE, Winkler TW, Feitosa MF, Graff M, Fisher VA, Young K, Barata L, Deng X, Czajkowski J, Hadley D, Ngwa JS, Ahluwalia TS, Chu AY, Heard-Costa NL, Lim E, Perez J, Eicher JD, Kutalik Z, Xue L, Mahajan A, Renström F, Wu J, Qi Q, Ahmad S, Alfred T, Amin N, Bielak LF, Bonnefond A, Bragg J, Cadby G, Chittani M, Coggeshall S, Corre T, Direk N, Eriksson J, Fischer K, Gorski M, Neergaard Harder M, Horikoshi M, Huang T, Huffman JE, Jackson AU, Justesen JM, Kanoni S, Kinnunen L, Kleber ME, Komulainen P, Kumari M, Lim U, Luan J, Lyytikäinen LP, Mangino M, Manichaikul A, Marten J, Middelberg RPS, Müller-Nurasyid M, Navarro P, Pérusse L, Pervjakova N, Sarti C, Smith AV, Smith JA, Stančáková A, Strawbridge RJ, Stringham HM, Sung YJ, Tanaka T, Teumer A, Trompet S, van der Laan SW, van der Most PJ, Van Vliet-Ostaptchouk JV, Vedantam SL, Verweij N, Vink JM, Vitart V, Wu Y, Yengo L, Zhang W, Hua Zhao J, Zimmermann ME, Zubair N, Abecasis GR, Adair LS, Afaq S, Afzal U, Bakker SJL, Bartz TM, Beilby J, Bergman RN, Bergmann S, Biffar R, Blangero J, Boerwinkle E, Bonnycastle LL, Bottinger E, Braga D, Buckley BM, Buyske S, Campbell H, Chambers JC, Collins FS, Curran JE, de Borst GJ, de Craen AJM, de Geus EJC, Dedoussis G, Delgado GE, den Ruijter HM, Eiriksdottir G, Eriksson AL, Esko T, Faul JD, Ford I, Forrester T, Gertow K, Gigante B, Glorioso N, Gong J, Grallert H, Grammer TB, Grarup N, Haitjema S, Hallmans G, Hamsten A, Hansen T, Harris TB, Hartman CA, Hassinen M, Hastie ND, Heath AC, Hernandez D, Hindorff L, Hocking LJ, Hollensted M, Holmen OL, Homuth G, Jan Hottenga J, Huang J, Hung J, Hutri-Kähönen N, Ingelsson E, James AL, Jansson JO, Jarvelin MR, Jhun MA, Jørgensen ME, Juonala M, Kähönen M, Karlsson M, Koistinen HA, Kolcic I, Kolovou G, Kooperberg C, Krämer BK, Kuusisto J, Kvaløy K, Lakka TA, Langenberg C, Launer LJ, Leander K, Lee NR, Lind L, Lindgren CM, Linneberg A, Lobbens S, Loh M, Lorentzon M, Luben R, Lubke G, Ludolph-Donislawski A, Lupoli S, Madden PAF, Männikkö R, Marques-Vidal P, Martin NG, McKenzie CA, McKnight B, Mellström D, Menni C, Montgomery GW, Musk AW(B, Narisu N, Nauck M, Nolte IM, Oldehinkel AJ, Olden M, Ong KK, Padmanabhan S, Peyser PA, Pisinger C, Porteous DJ, Raitakari OT, Rankinen T, Rao DC, Rasmussen-Torvik LJ, Rawal R, Rice T, Ridker PM, Rose LM, Bien SA, Rudan I, Sanna S, Sarzynski MA, Sattar N, Savonen K, Schlessinger D, Scholtens S, Schurmann C, Scott RA, Sennblad B, Siemelink MA, Silbernagel G, Slagboom PE, Snieder H, Staessen JA, Stott DJ, Swertz MA, Swift AJ, Taylor KD, Tayo BO, Thorand B, Thuillier D, Tuomilehto J, Uitterlinden AG, Vandenput L, Vohl MC, Völzke H, Vonk JM, Waeber G, Waldenberger M, Westendorp RGJ, Wild S, Willemsen G, Wolffenbuttel BHR, Wong A, Wright AF, Zhao W, Zillikens MC, Baldassarre D, Balkau B, Bandinelli S, Böger CA, Boomsma DI, Bouchard C, Bruinenberg M, Chasman DI, Chen YD, Chines PS, Cooper RS, Cucca F, Cusi D, Faire UD, Ferrucci L, Franks PW, Froguel P, Gordon-Larsen P, Grabe HJ, Gudnason V, Haiman CA, Hayward C, Hveem K, Johnson AD, Wouter Jukema J, Kardia SLR, Kivimaki M, Kooner JS, Kuh D, Laakso M, Lehtimäki T, Marchand LL, März W, McCarthy MI, Metspalu A, Morris AP, Ohlsson C, Palmer LJ, Pasterkamp G, Pedersen O, Peters A, Peters U, Polasek O, Psaty BM, Qi L, Rauramaa R, Smith BH, Sørensen TIA, Strauch K, Tiemeier H, Tremoli E, van der Harst P, Vestergaard H, Vollenweider P, Wareham NJ, Weir DR, Whitfield JB, Wilson JF, Tyrrell J, Frayling TM, Barroso I, Boehnke M, Deloukas P, Fox CS, Hirschhorn JN, Hunter DJ, Spector TD, Strachan DP, van Duijn CM, Heid IM, Mohlke KL, Marchini J, Loos RJF, Kilpeläinen TO, Liu CT, Borecki IB, North KE, Cupples LA. Genome-wide meta-analysis of 241,258 adults accounting for smoking behaviour identifies novel loci for obesity traits. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14977. [PMID: 28443625 PMCID: PMC5414044 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Few genome-wide association studies (GWAS) account for environmental exposures, like smoking, potentially impacting the overall trait variance when investigating the genetic contribution to obesity-related traits. Here, we use GWAS data from 51,080 current smokers and 190,178 nonsmokers (87% European descent) to identify loci influencing BMI and central adiposity, measured as waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio both adjusted for BMI. We identify 23 novel genetic loci, and 9 loci with convincing evidence of gene-smoking interaction (GxSMK) on obesity-related traits. We show consistent direction of effect for all identified loci and significance for 18 novel and for 5 interaction loci in an independent study sample. These loci highlight novel biological functions, including response to oxidative stress, addictive behaviour, and regulatory functions emphasizing the importance of accounting for environment in genetic analyses. Our results suggest that tobacco smoking may alter the genetic susceptibility to overall adiposity and body fat distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne E. Justice
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Thomas W. Winkler
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Mary F. Feitosa
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, Missouri, 63108 USA
| | - Misa Graff
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Virginia A. Fisher
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Kristin Young
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Llilda Barata
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, Missouri, 63108 USA
| | - Xuan Deng
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Jacek Czajkowski
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, Missouri, 63108 USA
| | - David Hadley
- Population Health Research Institute, St. George's, University of London, London, SW17 0RE, UK
- TransMed Systems, Inc., Cupertino, California 95014, USA
| | - Julius S. Ngwa
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore Maryland, USA
| | - Tarunveer S. Ahluwalia
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Audrey Y. Chu
- NHLBI Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, 01702 USA
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts USA
| | - Nancy L. Heard-Costa
- NHLBI Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, 01702 USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Elise Lim
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Jeremiah Perez
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - John D. Eicher
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zoltán Kutalik
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss instititute of Bioinformatics
| | - Luting Xue
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Anubha Mahajan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Frida Renström
- Department of Biobank Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Joseph Wu
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Qibin Qi
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Shafqat Ahmad
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts USA
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Tamuno Alfred
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
- The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Najaf Amin
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, The Netherlands
| | - Lawrence F. Bielak
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Amelie Bonnefond
- University of Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur of Lille, UMR 8199 - EGID, Lille, France
| | - Jennifer Bragg
- Internal Medicine - Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Gemma Cadby
- Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Martina Chittani
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan,Via A. Di Rudiní, 8 20142, Milano, Italy
| | - Scott Coggeshall
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Tanguy Corre
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss instititute of Bioinformatics
| | - Nese Direk
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Joel Eriksson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Krista Fischer
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Mathias Gorski
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Marie Neergaard Harder
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Momoko Horikoshi
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Epidemiology Domain, Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117549, Singapore
| | - Jennifer E. Huffman
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Anne U. Jackson
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Johanne Marie Justesen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stavroula Kanoni
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Leena Kinnunen
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, FI-00271 Finland
| | - Marcus E. Kleber
- Vth Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Meena Kumari
- ISER, University of Essex, Colchester CO43SQ, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, UCL, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Unhee Lim
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, USA
| | - Jian'an Luan
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere 33520, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere 33014, Finland
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas' Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Ani Manichaikul
- Center for Public Health Genomics and Biostatistics Section, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, USA
| | - Jonathan Marten
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Rita P. S. Middelberg
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Martina Müller-Nurasyid
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, D-81377 Munich, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Pau Navarro
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Louis Pérusse
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Natalia Pervjakova
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Cinzia Sarti
- Department of Social and Health Care, City of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Albert Vernon Smith
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Jennifer A. Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Alena Stančáková
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Rona J. Strawbridge
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Heather M. Stringham
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Yun Ju Sung
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Toshiko Tanaka
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore Maryland, USA
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stella Trompet
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Sander W. van der Laan
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Division Heart & Lungs, UMC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J. van der Most
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Sailaja L. Vedantam
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Genetics and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Niek Verweij
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline M. Vink
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Veronique Vitart
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Ying Wu
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Loic Yengo
- University of Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur of Lille, UMR 8199 - EGID, Lille, France
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Dept Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperical College London, UK
- Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex, UK
| | - Jing Hua Zhao
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Martina E. Zimmermann
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Niha Zubair
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle Washington USA
| | - Gonçalo R. Abecasis
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Linda S. Adair
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Saima Afaq
- Dept Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperical College London, UK
- Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex, UK
| | - Uzma Afzal
- Dept Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperical College London, UK
- Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex, UK
| | - Stephan J. L. Bakker
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Traci M. Bartz
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
| | - John Beilby
- Busselton Population Medical Research Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine of WA, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- School of Pathology and Laboraty Medicine, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Richard N. Bergman
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sven Bergmann
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss instititute of Bioinformatics
| | - Reiner Biffar
- Clinic for Prosthetic Dentistry, Gerostomatology and Material Science, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - John Blangero
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, Texas, USA
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center, PO Box 20186, Houston, Texas 77225, USA
| | - Lori L. Bonnycastle
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Erwin Bottinger
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Daniele Braga
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan,Via A. Di Rudiní, 8 20142, Milano, Italy
| | - Brendan M. Buckley
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Steve Buyske
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
- Department of Statistics and Biostatistics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Harry Campbell
- Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - John C. Chambers
- Dept Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperical College London, UK
- Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex, UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Francis S. Collins
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Joanne E. Curran
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, Texas, USA
| | - Gert J. de Borst
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Division of Surgical Specialties, UMC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anton J. M. de Craen
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Eco J. C. de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- EMGO+ Institute Vrije Universiteit & Vrije Universiteit Medical Center
| | - George Dedoussis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Graciela E. Delgado
- Vth Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Hester M. den Ruijter
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Division Heart & Lungs, UMC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Anna L. Eriksson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Genetics and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Jessica D. Faul
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ian Ford
- Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Terrence Forrester
- Tropical Metabolism Research Unit, Tropical Medicine Research Institute, University of the West Indies, Mona, JMAAW15 Jamaica
| | - Karl Gertow
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bruna Gigante
- Unit of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicola Glorioso
- Hypertension and Related Disease Centre, AOU-University of Sassari
| | - Jian Gong
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle Washington USA
| | - Harald Grallert
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tanja B. Grammer
- Vth Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Niels Grarup
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Saskia Haitjema
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Division Heart & Lungs, UMC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Göran Hallmans
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section for Nutritional Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anders Hamsten
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Torben Hansen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tamara B. Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Catharina A. Hartman
- Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE), University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maija Hassinen
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Nicholas D. Hastie
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Andrew C. Heath
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Dena Hernandez
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Lucia Hindorff
- Division of Genomic Medicine, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Lynne J. Hocking
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
- Generation Scotland, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Mette Hollensted
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jouke Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Joseph Hung
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, 25 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Nina Hutri-Kähönen
- Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere 33521, Finland
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere 33014, Finland
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 751 85, Sweden
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 750 85, Sweden
| | - Alan L. James
- Busselton Population Medical Research Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, 25 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- Department of Pulmonary Physiology and Sleep Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - John-Olov Jansson
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC–PHE Centre for Environment & Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK
- Center for Life Course Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of OuluP.O.Box 5000, FI-90014, Finland
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Finland
- Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Kajaanintie 50, P.O.Box 20, FI-90220, 90029 Oulu, Finland
| | - Min A. Jhun
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Markus Juonala
- Department of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku 20520 Finland
- Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku 20521, Finland
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere 33521, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere 33014, Finland
| | - Magnus Karlsson
- Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit, Department of Orthopedics and Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Heikki A. Koistinen
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, FI-00271 Finland
- Department of Medicine and Abdominal Center: Endocrinology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, FI-00029 Finland
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Biomedicum 2U, Helsinki, FI-00290 Finland
| | - Ivana Kolcic
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Croatia
| | - Genovefa Kolovou
- Department of Cardiology, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece
| | - Charles Kooperberg
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle Washington USA
| | - Bernhard K. Krämer
- Vth Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Johanna Kuusisto
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kirsti Kvaløy
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7600 Levanger, Norway
| | - Timo A. Lakka
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
- Institute of Biomedicine/Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Finland
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Lenore J. Launer
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Karin Leander
- Unit of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nanette R. Lee
- USC-Office of Population Studies Foundation, Inc., University of San Carlos, Cebu City 6000, Philippines
- Department of Anthropology, Sociology and History, University of San Carlos, Cebu City 6000, Philippines
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 85, Sweden
| | - Cecilia M. Lindgren
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, The Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Allan Linneberg
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, the Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stephane Lobbens
- University of Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur of Lille, UMR 8199 - EGID, Lille, France
| | - Marie Loh
- Dept Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperical College London, UK
- Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine (TLGM), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos, Level 5, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Mattias Lorentzon
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Robert Luben
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gitta Lubke
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, USA
| | - Anja Ludolph-Donislawski
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Sara Lupoli
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan,Via A. Di Rudiní, 8 20142, Milano, Italy
| | - Pamela A. F. Madden
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Reija Männikkö
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pedro Marques-Vidal
- Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne university hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas G. Martin
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Colin A. McKenzie
- Tropical Metabolism Research Unit, Tropical Medicine Research Institute, University of the West Indies, Mona, JMAAW15 Jamaica
| | - Barbara McKnight
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
- Program in Biostatistics and Biomathematics, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Dan Mellström
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Cristina Menni
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Grant W. Montgomery
- Molecular Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - AW (Bill) Musk
- Busselton Population Medical Research Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- School of Population Health, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Narisu Narisu
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Matthias Nauck
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ilja M. Nolte
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Albertine J. Oldehinkel
- Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE), University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Olden
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ken K. Ong
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Sandosh Padmanabhan
- Generation Scotland, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Patricia A. Peyser
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Charlotta Pisinger
- Research Center for Prevention and Health, Glostrup Hospital, Glostrup Denmark
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David J. Porteous
- Generation Scotland, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh
| | - Olli T. Raitakari
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku 20521, Finland
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Tuomo Rankinen
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - D. C. Rao
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Laura J. Rasmussen-Torvik
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Rajesh Rawal
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Treva Rice
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Paul M. Ridker
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts USA
- Division of Cardiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lynda M. Rose
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts USA
| | - Stephanie A. Bien
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle Washington USA
| | - Igor Rudan
- Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Serena Sanna
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR), Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Mark A. Sarzynski
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Naveed Sattar
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Glasgow, UK
| | - Kai Savonen
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
| | - David Schlessinger
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Salome Scholtens
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia Schurmann
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
- The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Robert A. Scott
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Bengt Sennblad
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marten A. Siemelink
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Division Heart & Lungs, UMC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Günther Silbernagel
- Division of Angiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - P Eline Slagboom
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan A. Staessen
- Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Department of Cardiovascular Science , University of Leuven, Campus Sint Rafael, Kapucijnenvoer 35, Leuven; Belgium
- R&D VitaK Group, Maastricht University, Brains Unlimited Building, Oxfordlaan 55, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - David J. Stott
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Morris A. Swertz
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Amy J. Swift
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Kent D. Taylor
- Center for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor/UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Bamidele O. Tayo
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University of Chicago, Maywood, Illinois 61053, USA
| | - Barbara Thorand
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Dorothee Thuillier
- University of Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur of Lille, UMR 8199 - EGID, Lille, France
| | - Jaakko Tuomilehto
- Research Division, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman, Kuwait
- Department of Neurosciences and Preventive Medicine, Danube-University Krems, 3500 Krems, Austria
- Saudi Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Andre G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Liesbeth Vandenput
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marie-Claude Vohl
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- School of Nutrition, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - Judith M. Vonk
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gérard Waeber
- Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne university hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Waldenberger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - R. G. J. Westendorp
- Department of Public Health, and Center for Healthy Ageing, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sarah Wild
- Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bruce H. R. Wolffenbuttel
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew Wong
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, 33 Bedford Place, London, WC1B 5JU, UK
| | - Alan F. Wright
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - M Carola Zillikens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Damiano Baldassarre
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Carsten A. Böger
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Dorret I. Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Claude Bouchard
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Marcel Bruinenberg
- Lifelines Cohort Study, PO Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel I. Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts USA
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yii-DerIda Chen
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles BioMedical Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA, Torrance, California 90502, USA
| | - Peter S. Chines
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Richard S. Cooper
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University of Chicago, Maywood, Illinois 61053, USA
| | - Francesco Cucca
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR), Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042, Monserrato, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Universita' degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Daniele Cusi
- Sanipedia srl, Bresso (Milano), Italy and Institute of Biomedical Technologies National Centre of Research Segrate, Milano, Italy
| | - Ulf de Faire
- Unit of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore Maryland, USA
| | - Paul W. Franks
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Public Health & Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Philippe Froguel
- University of Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur of Lille, UMR 8199 - EGID, Lille, France
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Penny Gordon-Larsen
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill North Carolina, 27516, USA
| | - Hans- Jörgen Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Site Rostock/Greifswald, Germany
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Christopher A. Haiman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90089, USA
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
- Generation Scotland, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Kristian Hveem
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7600 Levanger, Norway
| | - Andrew D. Johnson
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - J Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
- Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sharon L. R. Kardia
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Mika Kivimaki
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, UCL, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Jaspal S. Kooner
- Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex, UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
- Faculty of Med, National Heart & Lung Institute, Cardiovascular Science, Hammersmith Campus, Hammersmith Hospital, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Diana Kuh
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, 33 Bedford Place, London, WC1B 5JU, UK
| | - Markku Laakso
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere 33520, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere 33014, Finland
| | - Loic Le Marchand
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, USA
| | - Winfried März
- Synlab Academy, Synlab Services GmbH, Mannheim, Germany
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Mark I. McCarthy
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
- Oxford National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Andrew P. Morris
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GL, UK
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lyle J. Palmer
- School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Gerard Pasterkamp
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Division Heart & Lungs, UMC Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, Division Laboratories & Pharmacy, UMC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Peters
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle Washington USA
| | - Ozren Polasek
- Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Croatia
| | - Bruce M. Psaty
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
- Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
| | - Lu Qi
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Rainer Rauramaa
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Blair H. Smith
- Generation Scotland, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
- Division of Population Health Sciences, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD2 4RB, Scotland
| | - Thorkild I. A. Sørensen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology (formerly Institute of Preventive Medicine), Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital (2000 Frederiksberg), The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol University, Bristol, UK
| | - Konstantin Strauch
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Department of Psychiatry Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Tremoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Pim van der Harst
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
- Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Henrik Vestergaard
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Peter Vollenweider
- Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne university hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas J. Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - David R. Weir
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - John B. Whitfield
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - James F. Wilson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
- Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Jessica Tyrrell
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Building University of Exeter, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, The Knowledge Spa, Truro TR1 3HD, UK
| | - Timothy M. Frayling
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Inês Barroso
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Level 4, Institute of Metabolic Science Box 289 Addenbrooke's Hospital Cambridge CB2 OQQ, UK
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Level 4, Institute of Metabolic Science Box 289 Addenbrooke's Hospital Cambridge CB2 OQQ, UK
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Panagiotis Deloukas
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders (PACER-HD), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Caroline S. Fox
- NHLBI Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, 01702 USA
| | - Joel N. Hirschhorn
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Genetics and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - David J. Hunter
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Tim D. Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - David P. Strachan
- Population Health Research Institute, St. George's, University of London, London, SW17 0RE, UK
- Division of Population Health Sciences and Education, St George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Cornelia M. van Duijn
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA). Leiden, The Netherlands
- Center for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Iris M. Heid
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Karen L. Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | | | - Ruth J. F. Loos
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
- The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York 10029, USA
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Tuomas O. Kilpeläinen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- Department of Preventive Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, USA
| | - Ching-Ti Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Ingrid B. Borecki
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, Missouri, 63108 USA
| | - Kari E. North
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - L Adrienne Cupples
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
- NHLBI Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, 01702 USA
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3
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Nolte IM, van der Most PJ, Alizadeh BZ, de Bakker PI, Boezen HM, Bruinenberg M, Franke L, van der Harst P, Navis G, Postma DS, Rots MG, Stolk RP, Swertz MA, Wolffenbuttel BH, Wijmenga C, Snieder H. Missing heritability: is the gap closing? An analysis of 32 complex traits in the Lifelines Cohort Study. Eur J Hum Genet 2017; 25:877-885. [PMID: 28401901 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2017.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the recent explosive rise in number of genetic markers for complex disease traits identified in genome-wide association studies, there is still a large gap between the known heritability of these traits and the part explained by these markers. To gauge whether this 'heritability gap' is closing, we first identified genome-wide significant SNPs from the literature and performed replication analyses for 32 highly relevant traits from five broad disease areas in 13 436 subjects of the Lifelines Cohort. Next, we calculated the variance explained by multi-SNP genetic risk scores (GRSs) for each trait, and compared it to their broad- and narrow-sense heritabilities captured by all common SNPs. The majority of all previously-associated SNPs (median=75%) were significantly associated with their respective traits. All GRSs were significant, with unweighted GRSs generally explaining less phenotypic variance than weighted GRSs, for which the explained variance was highest for height (15.5%) and varied between 0.02 and 6.7% for the other traits. Broad-sense common-SNP heritability estimates were significant for all traits, with the additive effect of common SNPs explaining 48.9% of the variance for height and between 5.6 and 39.2% for the other traits. Dominance effects were uniformly small (0-1.5%) and not significant. On average, the variance explained by the weighted GRSs accounted for only 10.7% of the common-SNP heritability of the 32 traits. These results indicate that GRSs may not yet be ready for accurate personalized prediction of complex disease traits limiting widespread adoption in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilja M Nolte
- Unit of Genetic Epidemiology and Bioinformatics, Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J van der Most
- Unit of Genetic Epidemiology and Bioinformatics, Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Behrooz Z Alizadeh
- Unit of Genetic Epidemiology and Bioinformatics, Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Iw de Bakker
- Department of Medical Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - H Marike Boezen
- Unit of Genetic Epidemiology and Bioinformatics, Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Lude Franke
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pim van der Harst
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerjan Navis
- Department of Nephrology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirkje S Postma
- Department of Pulmonology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marianne G Rots
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald P Stolk
- Unit of Genetic Epidemiology and Bioinformatics, Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Morris A Swertz
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bruce Hr Wolffenbuttel
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cisca Wijmenga
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harold Snieder
- Unit of Genetic Epidemiology and Bioinformatics, Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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4
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Stringer S, Minică CC, Verweij KJ, Mbarek H, Bernard M, Derringer J, van Eijk KR, Isen JD, Loukola A, Maciejewski DF, Mihailov E, van der Most PJ, Sánchez-Mora C, Roos L, Sherva R, Walters R, Ware JJ, Abdellaoui A, Bigdeli TB, Branje SJ, Brown SA, Bruinenberg M, Casas M, Esko T, Garcia-Martinez I, Gordon SD, Harris JM, Hartman CA, Henders AK, Heath AC, Hickie IB, Hickman M, Hopfer CJ, Hottenga JJ, Huizink AC, Irons DE, Kahn RS, Korhonen T, Kranzler HR, Krauter K, van Lier PA, Lubke GH, Madden PA, Mägi R, McGue MK, Medland SE, Meeus WH, Miller MB, Montgomery GW, Nivard MG, Nolte IM, Oldehinkel AJ, Pausova Z, Qaiser B, Quaye L, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Richarte V, Rose RJ, Shin J, Stallings MC, Stiby AI, Wall TL, Wright MJ, Koot HM, Paus T, Hewitt JK, Ribasés M, Kaprio J, Boks MP, Snieder H, Spector T, Munafò MR, Metspalu A, Gelernter J, Boomsma DI, Iacono WG, Martin NG, Gillespie NA, Derks EM, Vink JM. Erratum to "Short communication: Genetic association between schizophrenia and cannabis use" [Drug Alcohol Depend. 171 (2017) 117-121]. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 173:e1-e2. [PMID: 28283211 PMCID: PMC6380510 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sven Stringer
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, VU Amsterdam, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research,
Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Camelia C. Minică
- Department of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The
Netherlands
| | - Karin J.H. Verweij
- Department of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The
Netherlands,Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,VU University, Department of Developmental Psychology and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research,
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hamdi Mbarek
- Department of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The
Netherlands
| | - Manon Bernard
- The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jaime Derringer
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Kristel R. van Eijk
- Department of Human Neurogenetics, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht,
The Netherlands
| | - Joshua D. Isen
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Anu Loukola
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Hjelt Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dominique F. Maciejewski
- VU University, Department of Developmental Psychology and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research,
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Peter J. van der Most
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The
Netherlands
| | - Cristina Sánchez-Mora
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de
Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain,Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain,Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Leonie Roos
- Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Sherva
- Biomedical Genetics Department, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Raymond Walters
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts,
USA,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jennifer J. Ware
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK,MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Abdel Abdellaoui
- Department of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The
Netherlands
| | - Timothy B. Bigdeli
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavior Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth
University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Susan J.T. Branje
- Research Centre Adolescent Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sandra A. Brown
- Department of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California,
USA
| | - Marcel Bruinenberg
- The LifeLines Cohort Study, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Miguel Casas
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain,Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain,Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona,
Spain
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Iris Garcia-Martinez
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de
Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain,Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Scott D. Gordon
- Genetic Epidemiology, Molecular Epidemiology and Neurogenetics Laboratories, QIMR Berghofer Medical
Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Juliette M. Harris
- Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Catharina A. Hartman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The
Netherlands
| | - Anjali K. Henders
- Genetic Epidemiology, Molecular Epidemiology and Neurogenetics Laboratories, QIMR Berghofer Medical
Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew C. Heath
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ian B. Hickie
- Brain & Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Matthew Hickman
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Christian J. Hopfer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Jouke Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The
Netherlands
| | - Anja C. Huizink
- VU University, Department of Developmental Psychology and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research,
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel E. Irons
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - René S. Kahn
- Department of Human Neurogenetics, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht,
The Netherlands
| | - Tellervo Korhonen
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Hjelt Institute, Helsinki, Finland,University of Eastern Finland, Institute of Public Health & Clinical Nutrition, Kuopio, Finland,Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare,
Helsinki, Finland
| | - Henry R. Kranzler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Ken Krauter
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder,
Colorado, USA
| | - Pol A.C. van Lier
- VU University, Department of Developmental Psychology and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research,
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gitta H. Lubke
- Department of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The
Netherlands,Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Pamela A.F. Madden
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Matt K. McGue
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sarah E. Medland
- Genetic Epidemiology, Molecular Epidemiology and Neurogenetics Laboratories, QIMR Berghofer Medical
Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Wim H.J. Meeus
- Research Centre Adolescent Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands,Developmental Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Michael B. Miller
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Grant W. Montgomery
- Genetic Epidemiology, Molecular Epidemiology and Neurogenetics Laboratories, QIMR Berghofer Medical
Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michel G. Nivard
- Department of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The
Netherlands
| | - Ilja M. Nolte
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The
Netherlands
| | - Albertine J. Oldehinkel
- Interdisciplinary Center for Pathology and Emotion Regulation, University of Groningen, University Medical
Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Zdenka Pausova
- The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada,Physiology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Beenish Qaiser
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Hjelt Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lydia Quaye
- Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Josep A. Ramos-Quiroga
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain,Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain,Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona,
Spain
| | - Vanesa Richarte
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Richard J. Rose
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana,
USA
| | - Jean Shin
- The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael C. Stallings
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado
Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Alex I. Stiby
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Tamara L. Wall
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Margaret J. Wright
- Genetic Epidemiology, Molecular Epidemiology and Neurogenetics Laboratories, QIMR Berghofer Medical
Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hans M. Koot
- VU University, Department of Developmental Psychology and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research,
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tomas Paus
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Toronto, Canada,Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada,Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, New York, USA
| | - John K. Hewitt
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado
Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Marta Ribasés
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de
Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain,Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain,Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Hjelt Institute, Helsinki, Finland,Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare,
Helsinki, Finland,Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marco P. Boks
- Department of Human Neurogenetics, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht,
The Netherlands
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The
Netherlands
| | - Tim Spector
- Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marcus R. Munafò
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK,UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol,
Bristol, UK
| | | | - Joel Gelernter
- Psychiatry, Genetics, & Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine & VA CT, West Haven,
Connecticut, USA
| | - Dorret I. Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The
Netherlands,Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - William G. Iacono
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Nicholas G. Martin
- Genetic Epidemiology, Molecular Epidemiology and Neurogenetics Laboratories, QIMR Berghofer Medical
Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nathan A. Gillespie
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavior Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth
University, Richmond, Virginia, USA,Genetic Epidemiology, Molecular Epidemiology and Neurogenetics Laboratories, QIMR Berghofer Medical
Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Eske M. Derks
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline M. Vink
- Department of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The
Netherlands,Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Ried JS, Jeff M. J, Chu AY, Bragg-Gresham JL, van Dongen J, Huffman JE, Ahluwalia TS, Cadby G, Eklund N, Eriksson J, Esko T, Feitosa MF, Goel A, Gorski M, Hayward C, Heard-Costa NL, Jackson AU, Jokinen E, Kanoni S, Kristiansson K, Kutalik Z, Lahti J, Luan J, Mägi R, Mahajan A, Mangino M, Medina-Gomez C, Monda KL, Nolte IM, Pérusse L, Prokopenko I, Qi L, Rose LM, Salvi E, Smith MT, Snieder H, Stančáková A, Ju Sung Y, Tachmazidou I, Teumer A, Thorleifsson G, van der Harst P, Walker RW, Wang SR, Wild SH, Willems SM, Wong A, Zhang W, Albrecht E, Couto Alves A, Bakker SJL, Barlassina C, Bartz TM, Beilby J, Bellis C, Bergman RN, Bergmann S, Blangero J, Blüher M, Boerwinkle E, Bonnycastle LL, Bornstein SR, Bruinenberg M, Campbell H, Chen YDI, Chiang CWK, Chines PS, Collins FS, Cucca F, Cupples LA, D'Avila F, de Geus EJ.C, Dedoussis G, Dimitriou M, Döring A, Eriksson JG, Farmaki AE, Farrall M, Ferreira T, Fischer K, Forouhi NG, Friedrich N, Gjesing AP, Glorioso N, Graff M, Grallert H, Grarup N, Gräßler J, Grewal J, Hamsten A, Harder MN, Hartman CA, Hassinen M, Hastie N, Hattersley AT, Havulinna AS, Heliövaara M, Hillege H, Hofman A, Holmen O, Homuth G, Hottenga JJ, Hui J, Husemoen LL, Hysi PG, Isaacs A, Ittermann T, Jalilzadeh S, James AL, Jørgensen T, Jousilahti P, Jula A, Marie Justesen J, Justice AE, Kähönen M, Karaleftheri M, Tee Khaw K, Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi SM, Kinnunen L, Knekt PB, Koistinen HA, Kolcic I, Kooner IK, Koskinen S, Kovacs P, Kyriakou T, Laitinen T, Langenberg C, Lewin AM, Lichtner P, Lindgren CM, Lindström J, Linneberg A, Lorbeer R, Lorentzon M, Luben R, Lyssenko V, Männistö S, Manunta P, Leach IM, McArdle WL, Mcknight B, Mohlke KL, Mihailov E, Milani L, Mills R, Montasser ME, Morris AP, Müller G, Musk AW, Narisu N, Ong KK, Oostra BA, Osmond C, Palotie A, Pankow JS, Paternoster L, Penninx BW, Pichler I, Pilia MG, Polašek O, Pramstaller PP, Raitakari OT, Rankinen T, Rao DC, Rayner NW, Ribel-Madsen R, Rice TK, Richards M, Ridker PM, Rivadeneira F, Ryan KA, Sanna S, Sarzynski MA, Scholtens S, Scott RA, Sebert S, Southam L, Sparsø TH, Steinthorsdottir V, Stirrups K, Stolk RP, Strauch K, Stringham HM, Swertz MA, Swift AJ, Tönjes A, Tsafantakis E, van der Most PJ, Van Vliet-Ostaptchouk JV, Vandenput L, Vartiainen E, Venturini C, Verweij N, Viikari JS, Vitart V, Vohl MC, Vonk JM, Waeber G, Widén E, Willemsen G, Wilsgaard T, Winkler TW, Wright AF, Yerges-Armstrong LM, Hua Zhao J, Carola Zillikens M, Boomsma DI, Bouchard C, Chambers JC, Chasman DI, Cusi D, Gansevoort RT, Gieger C, Hansen T, Hicks AA, Hu F, Hveem K, Jarvelin MR, Kajantie E, Kooner JS, Kuh D, Kuusisto J, Laakso M, Lakka TA, Lehtimäki T, Metspalu A, Njølstad I, Ohlsson C, Oldehinkel AJ, Palmer LJ, Pedersen O, Perola M, Peters A, Psaty BM, Puolijoki H, Rauramaa R, Rudan I, Salomaa V, Schwarz PEH, Shudiner AR, Smit JH, Sørensen TIA, Spector TD, Stefansson K, Stumvoll M, Tremblay A, Tuomilehto J, Uitterlinden AG, Uusitupa M, Völker U, Vollenweider P, Wareham NJ, Watkins H, Wilson JF, Zeggini E, Abecasis GR, Boehnke M, Borecki IB, Deloukas P, van Duijn CM, Fox C, Groop LC, Heid IM, Hunter DJ, Kaplan RC, McCarthy MI, North KE, O'Connell JR, Schlessinger D, Thorsteinsdottir U, Strachan DP, Frayling T, Hirschhorn JN, Müller-Nurasyid M, Loos RJF. A principal component meta-analysis on multiple anthropometric traits identifies novel loci for body shape. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13357. [PMID: 27876822 PMCID: PMC5114527 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Large consortia have revealed hundreds of genetic loci associated with anthropometric traits, one trait at a time. We examined whether genetic variants affect body shape as a composite phenotype that is represented by a combination of anthropometric traits. We developed an approach that calculates averaged PCs (AvPCs) representing body shape derived from six anthropometric traits (body mass index, height, weight, waist and hip circumference, waist-to-hip ratio). The first four AvPCs explain >99% of the variability, are heritable, and associate with cardiometabolic outcomes. We performed genome-wide association analyses for each body shape composite phenotype across 65 studies and meta-analysed summary statistics. We identify six novel loci: LEMD2 and CD47 for AvPC1, RPS6KA5/C14orf159 and GANAB for AvPC3, and ARL15 and ANP32 for AvPC4. Our findings highlight the value of using multiple traits to define complex phenotypes for discovery, which are not captured by single-trait analyses, and may shed light onto new pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina S. Ried
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Janina Jeff M.
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Audrey Y. Chu
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Bragg-Gresham
- Kidney Epidemiology and Cost Center, Internal Medicine-Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Jenny van Dongen
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, 1081BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jennifer E. Huffman
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, EH4 2XU Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Tarunveer S. Ahluwalia
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center A/S, DK-2820 Gentofte, Denmark
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Ledreborg Allé 34, DK-2820 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gemma Cadby
- Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Niina Eklund
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joel Eriksson
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 2142, USA
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Genetics and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Mary F. Feitosa
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
| | - Anuj Goel
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Mathias Gorski
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, EH4 2XU Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Nancy L. Heard-Costa
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, the Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts 01702, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Anne U. Jackson
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Eero Jokinen
- Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stavroula Kanoni
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Human Genetics, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Kati Kristiansson
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Zoltán Kutalik
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, 1005, Switzerland
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital Lausanne (CHUV), 1010 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jari Lahti
- Folkhälsan Research Centre, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jian'an Luan
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Anubha Mahajan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Carolina Medina-Gomez
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Keri L. Monda
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
- The Center for Observational Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, USA
| | - Ilja M. Nolte
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Louis Pérusse
- Department of Kinesiology, Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada G1V 0A6
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - Inga Prokopenko
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Lu Qi
- Department of Medicine, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Lynda M. Rose
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Erika Salvi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milano at San Paolo Hospital, 20139 Milano, Italy
- Filarete Foundation, Genomic and Bioinformatics Unit, Milano 20139, Italy
| | - Megan T. Smith
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alena Stančáková
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Yun Ju Sung
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Ioanna Tachmazidou
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Human Genetics, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Pim van der Harst
- Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, Interuniversity Cardiology Institute Netherlands-Netherlands Heart Institute, 3501 DG Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Ryan W. Walker
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
- The Department of Preventive Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Sophie R. Wang
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Divisions of Genetics and Endocrinology and Program in Genomics, Boston's Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Sarah H. Wild
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, EH8 9AG Teviot Place, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Sara M. Willems
- Department of Epidemiology, Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew Wong
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health & Ageing at UCL, London WC1B 5JU, UK
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
- Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex UB1 3HW, UK
| | - Eva Albrecht
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Alexessander Couto Alves
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency (HPA) Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Stephan J. L. Bakker
- Department of Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Cristina Barlassina
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milano at San Paolo Hospital, 20139 Milano, Italy
- Filarete Foundation, Genomic and Bioinformatics Unit, Milano 20139, Italy
| | - Traci M. Bartz
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
| | - John Beilby
- Pathwest Laboratory Medicine of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Claire Bellis
- Genomics Research Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
- Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research of Singapore, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Richard N. Bergman
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
| | - Sven Bergmann
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, 1005, Switzerland
| | - John Blangero
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, Texas 78520, USA
| | - Matthias Blüher
- University of Leipzig, IFB Adiposity Diseases, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Lori L. Bonnycastle
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Stefan R. Bornstein
- Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Department of Medicine III, University of Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Marcel Bruinenberg
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The LifeLines Cohort Study, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harry Campbell
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, EH8 9AG Teviot Place, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Yii-Der Ida Chen
- Los Angeles BioMedical Resesarch Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California 90502, USA
| | | | - Peter S. Chines
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Francis S Collins
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | | | - L Adrienne Cupples
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, the Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts 01702, USA
| | - Francesca D'Avila
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milano at San Paolo Hospital, 20139 Milano, Italy
- Filarete Foundation, Genomic and Bioinformatics Unit, Milano 20139, Italy
| | - Eco J .C. de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, 1081BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - George Dedoussis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, 17671 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Dimitriou
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Human Genetics, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, 17671 Athens, Greece
| | - Angela Döring
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Johan G. Eriksson
- Folkhälsan Research Centre, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aliki-Eleni Farmaki
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, 17671 Athens, Greece
| | - Martin Farrall
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Teresa Ferreira
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Krista Fischer
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Nita G. Forouhi
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Nele Friedrich
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Anette Prior Gjesing
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicola Glorioso
- Hypertension and Related Disease Centre, AOU-University of Sassari, 7100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Mariaelisa Graff
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Harald Grallert
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Niels Grarup
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jürgen Gräßler
- Department of Medicine III, Pathobiochemistry, Technische Universitaet, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jagvir Grewal
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
- Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex UB1 3HW, UK
| | - Anders Hamsten
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medicine Solna, Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm 17176, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marie Neergaard Harder
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Catharina A. Hartman
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maija Hassinen
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, 70100 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Nicholas Hastie
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, EH4 2XU Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Andrew Tym Hattersley
- Institue of Biomedical & Clinical Science, University of Exeter, Barrack Road, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Aki S. Havulinna
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markku Heliövaara
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hans Hillege
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Oddgeir Holmen
- Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7489 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, 1081BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jennie Hui
- Pathwest Laboratory Medicine of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Lise Lotte Husemoen
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Glostrup Hospital, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Pirro G. Hysi
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Aaron Isaacs
- Department of Epidemiology, Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Till Ittermann
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Shapour Jalilzadeh
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Alan L. James
- Department of Pulmonary Physiology and Sleep Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Torben Jørgensen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Aalborg, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Capital Region of Denmark, DK2600 Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Pekka Jousilahti
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Jula
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanne Marie Justesen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne E. Justice
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, FI-33521 Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere School of Medicine, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Kay Tee Khaw
- Clinical Gerontology Unit, Box 251, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Sirkka M. Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu F1-90014, Finland
- Unit of General Practice, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu FI-90029, Finland
| | - Leena Kinnunen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paul B. Knekt
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heikki A. Koistinen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medicine and Abdominal Center: Endocrinology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital,, 00029 Helsinki, Finland
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ivana Kolcic
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | | | - Seppo Koskinen
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Peter Kovacs
- University of Leipzig, IFB Adiposity Diseases, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Theodosios Kyriakou
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Tomi Laitinen
- Kuopio University Hospital, 70029 Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, UCL, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Alexandra M. Lewin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency (HPA) Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Peter Lichtner
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Cecilia M. Lindgren
- Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 2142, USA
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- The Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Jaana Lindström
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Allan Linneberg
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Glostrup Hospital, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Rigshospitalet, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Roberto Lorbeer
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Mattias Lorentzon
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Robert Luben
- Strangeways Research Laboratory Wort's Causeway, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Valeriya Lyssenko
- Steno Diabetes Center A/S, DK-2820 Gentofte, Denmark
- Lund University Diabetes Centre and Department of Clinical Science, Diabetes & Endocrinology Unit, Lund University, 221 00 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Satu Männistö
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paolo Manunta
- Chair of Nephrology, Università Vita Salute San Raffaele and Genomics of Renal Diseases and Hypertension Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20139, Italy
| | - Irene Mateo Leach
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Wendy L. McArdle
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS82BN, UK
| | - Barbara Mcknight
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
- Divison of Public Health Sciences, Program in Biostatistics and Biomathematics, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Karen L. Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Evelin Mihailov
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | | | - May E. Montasser
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Andrew P. Morris
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK
| | - Gabriele Müller
- Center for Evidence Based Healthcare, University of Dresden, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - Arthur W. Musk
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, West Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Narisu Narisu
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Ken K. Ong
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health & Ageing at UCL, London WC1B 5JU, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Ben A. Oostra
- Department of Epidemiology, Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Clive Osmond
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Center for Human Genetic Research, Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - James S. Pankow
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0381, USA
| | - Lavinia Paternoster
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, UK
| | - Brenda W. Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, AJ Ernstraat 1887, 1081 HL Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Irene Pichler
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), 39100 Bolzano, Italy
- Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Maria G. Pilia
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, CNR, 9042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Ozren Polašek
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, EH8 9AG Teviot Place, Edinburgh, Scotland
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Peter P. Pramstaller
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), 39100 Bolzano, Italy
- Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Neurology, General Central Hospital, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, FI-20521 Turku, Finland
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Tuomo Rankinen
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808, USA
| | - D. C. Rao
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Nigel W. Rayner
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Human Genetics, Hinxton CB10 1HH, UK
| | - Rasmus Ribel-Madsen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Treva K. Rice
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Marcus Richards
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health & Ageing at UCL, London WC1B 5JU, UK
| | - Paul M. Ridker
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kathy A. Ryan
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Serena Sanna
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, CNR, 9042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Mark A. Sarzynski
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808, USA
| | - Salome Scholtens
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert A. Scott
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Sylvain Sebert
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu FI-90014, Finland
- Center For Life-Course Health Research, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Lorraine Southam
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Human Genetics, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Thomas Hempel Sparsø
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Kathleen Stirrups
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Human Genetics, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Ronald P. Stolk
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Konstantin Strauch
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Heather M. Stringham
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Morris A. Swertz
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Amy J. Swift
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Anke Tönjes
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Peter J. van der Most
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jana V. Van Vliet-Ostaptchouk
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Liesbeth Vandenput
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Erkki Vartiainen
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Cristina Venturini
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Niek Verweij
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jorma S. Viikari
- Department of Medicine, University of Turku, FI-20521 Turku, Finland
- Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Veronique Vitart
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, EH4 2XU Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Marie-Claude Vohl
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada G1V 0A6
- School of Nutrition, Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - Judith M. Vonk
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gérard Waeber
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Lausanne (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth Widén
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, 1081BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Wilsgaard
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Thomas W. Winkler
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Alan F. Wright
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, EH4 2XU Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Laura M. Yerges-Armstrong
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Jing Hua Zhao
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - M. Carola Zillikens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dorret I. Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, 1081BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Claude Bouchard
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808, USA
| | - John C. Chambers
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
- Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex UB1 3HW, UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W12 0HS, UK
| | - Daniel I. Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
| | - Daniele Cusi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milano at San Paolo Hospital, 20139 Milano, Italy
- Filarete Foundation, Genomic and Bioinformatics Unit, Milano 20139, Italy
| | - Ron T. Gansevoort
- Department of Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Christian Gieger
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Torben Hansen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Andrew A. Hicks
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), 39100 Bolzano, Italy
- Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Frank Hu
- Department of Medicine, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Kristian Hveem
- Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7489 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu FI-90014, Finland
- Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, 90029 OYS Oulu, Finland
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC–PHE Centre for Environment & Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London W12 0NN, UK
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Life Course Epidemiology, University of Oulu, P.O.Box 5000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Eero Kajantie
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
- Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, FI-00029 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MRC Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, FI-90029 Oulu, Finland
| | - Jaspal S. Kooner
- Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex UB1 3HW, UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W12 0HS, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Diana Kuh
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health & Ageing at UCL, London WC1B 5JU, UK
| | - Johanna Kuusisto
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Markku Laakso
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Timo A. Lakka
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, 70100 Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Tampere School of Medicine, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Inger Njølstad
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Albertine J. Oldehinkel
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lyle J. Palmer
- School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Markus Perola
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partnersite Munich Heart Alliance, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Bruce M. Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
- Departments of Epidemiology and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
- Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seatte, Washington 98101, USA
| | - Hannu Puolijoki
- South Ostrobothnia Central Hospital, Seinäjoki Fi-60220, Finland
| | - Rainer Rauramaa
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, 70100 Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Igor Rudan
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, EH8 9AG Teviot Place, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Peter E. H. Schwarz
- Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Department of Medicine III, University of Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden, German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Alan R. Shudiner
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
- Geriatric Research and Education Clinical Center, Vetrans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21042, USA
| | - Jan H. Smit
- Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, AJ Ernstraat 1887, 1081 HL Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thorkild I. A. Sørensen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS82BN, UK
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, The Capital Region, 2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Timothy D. Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE Genetics, Amgen inc., 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Michael Stumvoll
- University of Leipzig, IFB Adiposity Diseases, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Angelo Tremblay
- Department of Kinesiology, Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - Jaakko Tuomilehto
- Diabetes Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
- Centre for Vascular Prevention, Danube-University Krems, 3500 Krems, Austria
- Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - André G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matti Uusitupa
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Research Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, 70029 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Uwe Völker
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Peter Vollenweider
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Lausanne (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas J. Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Hugh Watkins
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - James F. Wilson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, EH4 2XU Edinburgh, Scotland
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, EH8 9AG Teviot Place, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Eleftheria Zeggini
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Human Genetics, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Goncalo R. Abecasis
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Ingrid B. Borecki
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
| | - Panos Deloukas
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Human Genetics, Hinxton CB10 1HH, UK
- Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders (PACER-HD), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Cornelia M. van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Center for Medical Systems Biology, 2300 Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline Fox
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, the Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts 01702, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
| | - Leif C. Groop
- Lund University Diabetes Centre and Department of Clinical Science, Diabetes & Endocrinology Unit, Lund University, 221 00 Malmö, Sweden
- Finnish Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM), Helsinki University, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Iris M. Heid
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - David J. Hunter
- Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 2142, USA
- Department of Medicine, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Robert C. Kaplan
- Department of Epidemiology and Popualtion Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | - Mark I. McCarthy
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Kari E. North
- Department of Epidemiology, Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7400, USA
| | - Jeffrey R. O'Connell
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - David Schlessinger
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Unnur Thorsteinsdottir
- deCODE Genetics, Amgen inc., 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - David P. Strachan
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Timothy Frayling
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Joel N. Hirschhorn
- Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 2142, USA
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Genetics and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Divisions of Genetics and Endocrinology and Program in Genomics, Boston's Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Metabolism Initiative, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Martina Müller-Nurasyid
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 81377 Munich, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partnersite Munich Heart Alliance, 80802 Munich, Germany
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Ruth J. F. Loos
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- The Department of Preventive Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
- The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
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Winkler TW, Justice AE, Graff M, Barata L, Feitosa MF, Chu S, Czajkowski J, Esko T, Fall T, Kilpeläinen TO, Lu Y, Mägi R, Mihailov E, Pers TH, Rüeger S, Teumer A, Ehret GB, Ferreira T, Heard-Costa NL, Karjalainen J, Lagou V, Mahajan A, Neinast MD, Prokopenko I, Simino J, Teslovich TM, Jansen R, Westra HJ, White CC, Absher D, Ahluwalia TS, Ahmad S, Albrecht E, Alves AC, Bragg-Gresham JL, de Craen AJM, Bis JC, Bonnefond A, Boucher G, Cadby G, Cheng YC, Chiang CWK, Delgado G, Demirkan A, Dueker N, Eklund N, Eiriksdottir G, Eriksson J, Feenstra B, Fischer K, Frau F, Galesloot TE, Geller F, Goel A, Gorski M, Grammer TB, Gustafsson S, Haitjema S, Hottenga JJ, Huffman JE, Jackson AU, Jacobs KB, Johansson Å, Kaakinen M, Kleber ME, Lahti J, Mateo Leach I, Lehne B, Liu Y, Lo KS, Lorentzon M, Luan J, Madden PAF, Mangino M, McKnight B, Medina-Gomez C, Monda KL, Montasser ME, Müller G, Müller-Nurasyid M, Nolte IM, Panoutsopoulou K, Pascoe L, Paternoster L, Rayner NW, Renström F, Rizzi F, Rose LM, Ryan KA, Salo P, Sanna S, Scharnagl H, Shi J, Smith AV, Southam L, Stančáková A, Steinthorsdottir V, Strawbridge RJ, Sung YJ, Tachmazidou I, Tanaka T, Thorleifsson G, Trompet S, Pervjakova N, Tyrer JP, Vandenput L, van der Laan SW, van der Velde N, van Setten J, van Vliet-Ostaptchouk JV, Verweij N, Vlachopoulou E, Waite LL, Wang SR, Wang Z, Wild SH, Willenborg C, Wilson JF, Wong A, Yang J, Yengo L, Yerges-Armstrong LM, Yu L, Zhang W, Zhao JH, Andersson EA, Bakker SJL, Baldassarre D, Banasik K, Barcella M, Barlassina C, Bellis C, Benaglio P, Blangero J, Blüher M, Bonnet F, Bonnycastle LL, Boyd HA, Bruinenberg M, Buchman AS, Campbell H, Chen YDI, Chines PS, Claudi-Boehm S, Cole J, Collins FS, de Geus EJC, de Groot LCPGM, Dimitriou M, Duan J, Enroth S, Eury E, Farmaki AE, Forouhi NG, Friedrich N, Gejman PV, Gigante B, Glorioso N, Go AS, Gottesman O, Gräßler J, Grallert H, Grarup N, Gu YM, Broer L, Ham AC, Hansen T, Harris TB, Hartman CA, Hassinen M, Hastie N, Hattersley AT, Heath AC, Henders AK, Hernandez D, Hillege H, Holmen O, Hovingh KG, Hui J, Husemoen LL, Hutri-Kähönen N, Hysi PG, Illig T, De Jager PL, Jalilzadeh S, Jørgensen T, Jukema JW, Juonala M, Kanoni S, Karaleftheri M, Khaw KT, Kinnunen L, Kittner SJ, Koenig W, Kolcic I, Kovacs P, Krarup NT, Kratzer W, Krüger J, Kuh D, Kumari M, Kyriakou T, Langenberg C, Lannfelt L, Lanzani C, Lotay V, Launer LJ, Leander K, Lindström J, Linneberg A, Liu YP, Lobbens S, Luben R, Lyssenko V, Männistö S, Magnusson PK, McArdle WL, Menni C, Merger S, Milani L, Montgomery GW, Morris AP, Narisu N, Nelis M, Ong KK, Palotie A, Pérusse L, Pichler I, Pilia MG, Pouta A, Rheinberger M, Ribel-Madsen R, Richards M, Rice KM, Rice TK, Rivolta C, Salomaa V, Sanders AR, Sarzynski MA, Scholtens S, Scott RA, Scott WR, Sebert S, Sengupta S, Sennblad B, Seufferlein T, Silveira A, Slagboom PE, Smit JH, Sparsø TH, Stirrups K, Stolk RP, Stringham HM, Swertz MA, Swift AJ, Syvänen AC, Tan ST, Thorand B, Tönjes A, Tremblay A, Tsafantakis E, van der Most PJ, Völker U, Vohl MC, Vonk JM, Waldenberger M, Walker RW, Wennauer R, Widén E, Willemsen G, Wilsgaard T, Wright AF, Zillikens MC, van Dijk SC, van Schoor NM, Asselbergs FW, de Bakker PIW, Beckmann JS, Beilby J, Bennett DA, Bergman RN, Bergmann S, Böger CA, Boehm BO, Boerwinkle E, Boomsma DI, Bornstein SR, Bottinger EP, Bouchard C, Chambers JC, Chanock SJ, Chasman DI, Cucca F, Cusi D, Dedoussis G, Erdmann J, Eriksson JG, Evans DA, de Faire U, Farrall M, Ferrucci L, Ford I, Franke L, Franks PW, Froguel P, Gansevoort RT, Gieger C, Grönberg H, Gudnason V, Gyllensten U, Hall P, Hamsten A, van der Harst P, Hayward C, Heliövaara M, Hengstenberg C, Hicks AA, Hingorani A, Hofman A, Hu F, Huikuri HV, Hveem K, James AL, Jordan JM, Jula A, Kähönen M, Kajantie E, Kathiresan S, Kiemeney LALM, Kivimaki M, Knekt PB, Koistinen HA, Kooner JS, Koskinen S, Kuusisto J, Maerz W, Martin NG, Laakso M, Lakka TA, Lehtimäki T, Lettre G, Levinson DF, Lind L, Lokki ML, Mäntyselkä P, Melbye M, Metspalu A, Mitchell BD, Moll FL, Murray JC, Musk AW, Nieminen MS, Njølstad I, Ohlsson C, Oldehinkel AJ, Oostra BA, Palmer LJ, Pankow JS, Pasterkamp G, Pedersen NL, Pedersen O, Penninx BW, Perola M, Peters A, Polašek O, Pramstaller PP, Psaty BM, Qi L, Quertermous T, Raitakari OT, Rankinen T, Rauramaa R, Ridker PM, Rioux JD, Rivadeneira F, Rotter JI, Rudan I, den Ruijter HM, Saltevo J, Sattar N, Schunkert H, Schwarz PEH, Shuldiner AR, Sinisalo J, Snieder H, Sørensen TIA, Spector TD, Staessen JA, Stefania B, Thorsteinsdottir U, Stumvoll M, Tardif JC, Tremoli E, Tuomilehto J, Uitterlinden AG, Uusitupa M, Verbeek ALM, Vermeulen SH, Viikari JS, Vitart V, Völzke H, Vollenweider P, Waeber G, Walker M, Wallaschofski H, Wareham NJ, Watkins H, Zeggini E, Chakravarti A, Clegg DJ, Cupples LA, Gordon-Larsen P, Jaquish CE, Rao DC, Abecasis GR, Assimes TL, Barroso I, Berndt SI, Boehnke M, Deloukas P, Fox CS, Groop LC, Hunter DJ, Ingelsson E, Kaplan RC, McCarthy MI, Mohlke KL, O'Connell JR, Schlessinger D, Strachan DP, Stefansson K, van Duijn CM, Hirschhorn JN, Lindgren CM, Heid IM, North KE, Borecki IB, Kutalik Z, Loos RJF. Correction: The Influence of Age and Sex on Genetic Associations with Adult Body Size and Shape: A Large-Scale Genome-Wide Interaction Study. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006166. [PMID: 27355579 PMCID: PMC4927064 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005378.].
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Stringer S, Minică CC, Verweij KJH, Mbarek H, Bernard M, Derringer J, van Eijk KR, Isen JD, Loukola A, Maciejewski DF, Mihailov E, van der Most PJ, Sánchez-Mora C, Roos L, Sherva R, Walters R, Ware JJ, Abdellaoui A, Bigdeli TB, Branje SJT, Brown SA, Bruinenberg M, Casas M, Esko T, Garcia-Martinez I, Gordon SD, Harris JM, Hartman CA, Henders AK, Heath AC, Hickie IB, Hickman M, Hopfer CJ, Hottenga JJ, Huizink AC, Irons DE, Kahn RS, Korhonen T, Kranzler HR, Krauter K, van Lier PAC, Lubke GH, Madden PAF, Mägi R, McGue MK, Medland SE, Meeus WHJ, Miller MB, Montgomery GW, Nivard MG, Nolte IM, Oldehinkel AJ, Pausova Z, Qaiser B, Quaye L, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Richarte V, Rose RJ, Shin J, Stallings MC, Stiby AI, Wall TL, Wright MJ, Koot HM, Paus T, Hewitt JK, Ribasés M, Kaprio J, Boks MP, Snieder H, Spector T, Munafò MR, Metspalu A, Gelernter J, Boomsma DI, Iacono WG, Martin NG, Gillespie NA, Derks EM, Vink JM. Genome-wide association study of lifetime cannabis use based on a large meta-analytic sample of 32 330 subjects from the International Cannabis Consortium. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e769. [PMID: 27023175 PMCID: PMC4872459 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabis is the most widely produced and consumed illicit psychoactive substance worldwide. Occasional cannabis use can progress to frequent use, abuse and dependence with all known adverse physical, psychological and social consequences. Individual differences in cannabis initiation are heritable (40-48%). The International Cannabis Consortium was established with the aim to identify genetic risk variants of cannabis use. We conducted a meta-analysis of genome-wide association data of 13 cohorts (N=32 330) and four replication samples (N=5627). In addition, we performed a gene-based test of association, estimated single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based heritability and explored the genetic correlation between lifetime cannabis use and cigarette use using LD score regression. No individual SNPs reached genome-wide significance. Nonetheless, gene-based tests identified four genes significantly associated with lifetime cannabis use: NCAM1, CADM2, SCOC and KCNT2. Previous studies reported associations of NCAM1 with cigarette smoking and other substance use, and those of CADM2 with body mass index, processing speed and autism disorders, which are phenotypes previously reported to be associated with cannabis use. Furthermore, we showed that, combined across the genome, all common SNPs explained 13-20% (P<0.001) of the liability of lifetime cannabis use. Finally, there was a strong genetic correlation (rg=0.83; P=1.85 × 10(-8)) between lifetime cannabis use and lifetime cigarette smoking implying that the SNP effect sizes of the two traits are highly correlated. This is the largest meta-analysis of cannabis GWA studies to date, revealing important new insights into the genetic pathways of lifetime cannabis use. Future functional studies should explore the impact of the identified genes on the biological mechanisms of cannabis use.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Stringer
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, VU Amsterdam, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C C Minică
- Department of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K J H Verweij
- Department of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Developmental Psychology and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H Mbarek
- Department of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Bernard
- The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - J Derringer
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - K R van Eijk
- Department of Human Neurogenetics, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J D Isen
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - A Loukola
- Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - D F Maciejewski
- Department of Developmental Psychology and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E Mihailov
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - P J van der Most
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - C Sánchez-Mora
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - L Roos
- Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - R Sherva
- Biomedical Genetics Department, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - R Walters
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J J Ware
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - A Abdellaoui
- Department of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T B Bigdeli
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavior Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - S J T Branje
- Research Centre Adolescent Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - S A Brown
- Department of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - M Bruinenberg
- The LifeLines Cohort Study, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - M Casas
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - T Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - I Garcia-Martinez
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S D Gordon
- Genetic Epidemiology, Molecular Epidemiology and Neurogenetics Laboratories, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - J M Harris
- Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - C A Hartman
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - A K Henders
- Genetic Epidemiology, Molecular Epidemiology and Neurogenetics Laboratories, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - A C Heath
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - I B Hickie
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - M Hickman
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - C J Hopfer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - J J Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A C Huizink
- Department of Developmental Psychology and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D E Irons
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - R S Kahn
- Department of Human Neurogenetics, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - T Korhonen
- Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - H R Kranzler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - K Krauter
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - P A C van Lier
- Department of Developmental Psychology and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G H Lubke
- Department of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - P A F Madden
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - R Mägi
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - M K McGue
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - S E Medland
- Genetic Epidemiology, Molecular Epidemiology and Neurogenetics Laboratories, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - W H J Meeus
- Research Centre Adolescent Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Developmental Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - M B Miller
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - G W Montgomery
- Genetic Epidemiology, Molecular Epidemiology and Neurogenetics Laboratories, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - M G Nivard
- Department of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - I M Nolte
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - A J Oldehinkel
- Interdisciplinary Center for Pathology and Emotion Regulation, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Z Pausova
- The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - B Qaiser
- Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - L Quaye
- Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - J A Ramos-Quiroga
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - V Richarte
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - R J Rose
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - J Shin
- The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - M C Stallings
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - A I Stiby
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - T L Wall
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - M J Wright
- Genetic Epidemiology, Molecular Epidemiology and Neurogenetics Laboratories, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - H M Koot
- Department of Developmental Psychology and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T Paus
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - J K Hewitt
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - M Ribasés
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Kaprio
- Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M P Boks
- Department of Human Neurogenetics, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - H Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - T Spector
- Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - M R Munafò
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - A Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - J Gelernter
- Department of Psychiatry, Genetics, and Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine and VA CT, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - D I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W G Iacono
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - N G Martin
- Genetic Epidemiology, Molecular Epidemiology and Neurogenetics Laboratories, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - N A Gillespie
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavior Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Genetic Epidemiology, Molecular Epidemiology and Neurogenetics Laboratories, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - E M Derks
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J M Vink
- Department of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Winkler TW, Justice AE, Graff M, Barata L, Feitosa MF, Chu S, Czajkowski J, Esko T, Fall T, Kilpeläinen TO, Lu Y, Mägi R, Mihailov E, Pers TH, Rüeger S, Teumer A, Ehret GB, Ferreira T, Heard-Costa NL, Karjalainen J, Lagou V, Mahajan A, Neinast MD, Prokopenko I, Simino J, Teslovich TM, Jansen R, Westra HJ, White CC, Absher D, Ahluwalia TS, Ahmad S, Albrecht E, Alves AC, Bragg-Gresham JL, de Craen AJM, Bis JC, Bonnefond A, Boucher G, Cadby G, Cheng YC, Chiang CWK, Delgado G, Demirkan A, Dueker N, Eklund N, Eiriksdottir G, Eriksson J, Feenstra B, Fischer K, Frau F, Galesloot TE, Geller F, Goel A, Gorski M, Grammer TB, Gustafsson S, Haitjema S, Hottenga JJ, Huffman JE, Jackson AU, Jacobs KB, Johansson Å, Kaakinen M, Kleber ME, Lahti J, Leach IM, Lehne B, Liu Y, Lo KS, Lorentzon M, Luan J, Madden PAF, Mangino M, McKnight B, Medina-Gomez C, Monda KL, Montasser ME, Müller G, Müller-Nurasyid M, Nolte IM, Panoutsopoulou K, Pascoe L, Paternoster L, Rayner NW, Renström F, Rizzi F, Rose LM, Ryan KA, Salo P, Sanna S, Scharnagl H, Shi J, Smith AV, Southam L, Stančáková A, Steinthorsdottir V, Strawbridge RJ, Sung YJ, Tachmazidou I, Tanaka T, Thorleifsson G, Trompet S, Pervjakova N, Tyrer JP, Vandenput L, van der Laan SW, van der Velde N, van Setten J, van Vliet-Ostaptchouk JV, Verweij N, Vlachopoulou E, Waite LL, Wang SR, Wang Z, Wild SH, Willenborg C, Wilson JF, Wong A, Yang J, Yengo L, Yerges-Armstrong LM, Yu L, Zhang W, Zhao JH, Andersson EA, Bakker SJL, Baldassarre D, Banasik K, Barcella M, Barlassina C, Bellis C, Benaglio P, Blangero J, Blüher M, Bonnet F, Bonnycastle LL, Boyd HA, Bruinenberg M, Buchman AS, Campbell H, Chen YDI, Chines PS, Claudi-Boehm S, Cole J, Collins FS, de Geus EJC, de Groot LCPGM, Dimitriou M, Duan J, Enroth S, Eury E, Farmaki AE, Forouhi NG, Friedrich N, Gejman PV, Gigante B, Glorioso N, Go AS, Gottesman O, Gräßler J, Grallert H, Grarup N, Gu YM, Broer L, Ham AC, Hansen T, Harris TB, Hartman CA, Hassinen M, Hastie N, Hattersley AT, Heath AC, Henders AK, Hernandez D, Hillege H, Holmen O, Hovingh KG, Hui J, Husemoen LL, Hutri-Kähönen N, Hysi PG, Illig T, De Jager PL, Jalilzadeh S, Jørgensen T, Jukema JW, Juonala M, Kanoni S, Karaleftheri M, Khaw KT, Kinnunen L, Kittner SJ, Koenig W, Kolcic I, Kovacs P, Krarup NT, Kratzer W, Krüger J, Kuh D, Kumari M, Kyriakou T, Langenberg C, Lannfelt L, Lanzani C, Lotay V, Launer LJ, Leander K, Lindström J, Linneberg A, Liu YP, Lobbens S, Luben R, Lyssenko V, Männistö S, Magnusson PK, McArdle WL, Menni C, Merger S, Milani L, Montgomery GW, Morris AP, Narisu N, Nelis M, Ong KK, Palotie A, Pérusse L, Pichler I, Pilia MG, Pouta A, Rheinberger M, Ribel-Madsen R, Richards M, Rice KM, Rice TK, Rivolta C, Salomaa V, Sanders AR, Sarzynski MA, Scholtens S, Scott RA, Scott WR, Sebert S, Sengupta S, Sennblad B, Seufferlein T, Silveira A, Slagboom PE, Smit JH, Sparsø TH, Stirrups K, Stolk RP, Stringham HM, Swertz MA, Swift AJ, Syvänen AC, Tan ST, Thorand B, Tönjes A, Tremblay A, Tsafantakis E, van der Most PJ, Völker U, Vohl MC, Vonk JM, Waldenberger M, Walker RW, Wennauer R, Widén E, Willemsen G, Wilsgaard T, Wright AF, Zillikens MC, van Dijk SC, van Schoor NM, Asselbergs FW, de Bakker PIW, Beckmann JS, Beilby J, Bennett DA, Bergman RN, Bergmann S, Böger CA, Boehm BO, Boerwinkle E, Boomsma DI, Bornstein SR, Bottinger EP, Bouchard C, Chambers JC, Chanock SJ, Chasman DI, Cucca F, Cusi D, Dedoussis G, Erdmann J, Eriksson JG, Evans DA, de Faire U, Farrall M, Ferrucci L, Ford I, Franke L, Franks PW, Froguel P, Gansevoort RT, Gieger C, Grönberg H, Gudnason V, Gyllensten U, Hall P, Hamsten A, van der Harst P, Hayward C, Heliövaara M, Hengstenberg C, Hicks AA, Hingorani A, Hofman A, Hu F, Huikuri HV, Hveem K, James AL, Jordan JM, Jula A, Kähönen M, Kajantie E, Kathiresan S, Kiemeney LALM, Kivimaki M, Knekt PB, Koistinen HA, Kooner JS, Koskinen S, Kuusisto J, Maerz W, Martin NG, Laakso M, Lakka TA, Lehtimäki T, Lettre G, Levinson DF, Lind L, Lokki ML, Mäntyselkä P, Melbye M, Metspalu A, Mitchell BD, 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Stefansson K, van Duijn CM, Hirschhorn JN, Lindgren CM, Heid IM, North KE, Borecki IB, Kutalik Z, Loos RJF. The Influence of Age and Sex on Genetic Associations with Adult Body Size and Shape: A Large-Scale Genome-Wide Interaction Study. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005378. [PMID: 26426971 PMCID: PMC4591371 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified more than 100 genetic variants contributing to BMI, a measure of body size, or waist-to-hip ratio (adjusted for BMI, WHRadjBMI), a measure of body shape. Body size and shape change as people grow older and these changes differ substantially between men and women. To systematically screen for age- and/or sex-specific effects of genetic variants on BMI and WHRadjBMI, we performed meta-analyses of 114 studies (up to 320,485 individuals of European descent) with genome-wide chip and/or Metabochip data by the Genetic Investigation of Anthropometric Traits (GIANT) Consortium. Each study tested the association of up to ~2.8M SNPs with BMI and WHRadjBMI in four strata (men ≤50y, men >50y, women ≤50y, women >50y) and summary statistics were combined in stratum-specific meta-analyses. We then screened for variants that showed age-specific effects (G x AGE), sex-specific effects (G x SEX) or age-specific effects that differed between men and women (G x AGE x SEX). For BMI, we identified 15 loci (11 previously established for main effects, four novel) that showed significant (FDR<5%) age-specific effects, of which 11 had larger effects in younger (<50y) than in older adults (≥50y). No sex-dependent effects were identified for BMI. For WHRadjBMI, we identified 44 loci (27 previously established for main effects, 17 novel) with sex-specific effects, of which 28 showed larger effects in women than in men, five showed larger effects in men than in women, and 11 showed opposite effects between sexes. No age-dependent effects were identified for WHRadjBMI. This is the first genome-wide interaction meta-analysis to report convincing evidence of age-dependent genetic effects on BMI. In addition, we confirm the sex-specificity of genetic effects on WHRadjBMI. These results may provide further insights into the biology that underlies weight change with age or the sexually dimorphism of body shape. Adult body size and body shape differ substantially between men and women and change over time. More than 100 genetic variants that influence body mass index (measure of body size) or waist-to-hip ratio (measure of body shape) have been identified. While there is evidence that some genetic loci affect body shape differently in men than in women, little is known about whether genetic effects differ in older compared to younger adults, and whether such changes differ between men and women. Therefore, we conducted a systematic genome-wide search, including 114 studies (>320,000 individuals), to specifically identify genetic loci with age- and or sex-dependent effects on body size and shape. We identified 15 loci of which the effect on BMI was different in older compared to younger adults, whereas we found no evidence for loci with different effects in men compared to women. The opposite was seen for body shape as we identified 44 loci of which the effect on waist-to-hip ratio differed between men and women, but no difference between younger and older adults were observed. Our observations may provide new insights into the biology that underlies weight change with age or the sexual dimorphism of body shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W. Winkler
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Anne E. Justice
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Mariaelisa Graff
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Llilda Barata
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Mary F. Feitosa
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Su Chu
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jacek Czajkowski
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Genetics and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Estonian Genome Center, Univeristy of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tove Fall
- Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tuomas O. Kilpeläinen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Yingchang Lu
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- The Department of Preventive Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Center, Univeristy of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Tune H. Pers
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Genetics and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Medical and Population Genetics Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sina Rüeger
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Georg B. Ehret
- Department of Specialties of Internal Medicine, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
- Center for Complex Disease Genomics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Teresa Ferreira
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nancy L. Heard-Costa
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, the Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Juha Karjalainen
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vasiliki Lagou
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anubha Mahajan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michael D. Neinast
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Inga Prokopenko
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Genomics of Common Diseases, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jeannette Simino
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Tanya M. Teslovich
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Rick Jansen
- Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Harm-Jan Westra
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Divisions of Genetics and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Partners Center for Personalized Genetic Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Charles C. White
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Devin Absher
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Tarunveer S. Ahluwalia
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center A/S, Gentofte, Denmark
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Shafqat Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Eva Albrecht
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Alexessander Couto Alves
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency (HPA) Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer L. Bragg-Gresham
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Anton J. M. de Craen
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Joshua C. Bis
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Amélie Bonnefond
- CNRS UMR 8199, Lille, France
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France
- Université de Lille 2, Lille, France
| | | | - Gemma Cadby
- Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Yu-Ching Cheng
- VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Charleston W. K. Chiang
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Graciela Delgado
- Vth Department of Medicine, Mannheim Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ayse Demirkan
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole Dueker
- Universiy of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Niina Eklund
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Public Health Genomics Unit, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Joel Eriksson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bjarke Feenstra
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Krista Fischer
- Estonian Genome Center, Univeristy of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Francesca Frau
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Filarete Foundation, Genomic and Bioinformatics Unit, Milano, Italy
| | - Tessel E. Galesloot
- Radboud university medical center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department for Health Evidence, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Geller
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anuj Goel
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Division of Cardiovacular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mathias Gorski
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tanja B. Grammer
- Vth Department of Medicine, Mannheim Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Stefan Gustafsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Saskia Haitjema
- Experimental Cardiology and laboratory of clinical chemistry, UMCU, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jennifer E. Huffman
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, the Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Anne U. Jackson
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Kevin B. Jacobs
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Core Genotyping Facility, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Åsa Johansson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marika Kaakinen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency (HPA) Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Marcus E. Kleber
- Vth Department of Medicine, Mannheim Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jari Lahti
- Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Irene Mateo Leach
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Cardiology, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Lehne
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Youfang Liu
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chaper Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ken Sin Lo
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Mattias Lorentzon
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jian'an Luan
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Pamela A. F. Madden
- Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara McKnight
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Program in Biostatistics and Biomathematics, Divison of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Carolina Medina-Gomez
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Keri L. Monda
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- The Center for Observational Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, United States of America
| | - May E. Montasser
- Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Nutrition, Dept of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gabriele Müller
- Center for Evidence Based Healthcare, University of Dresden, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - Martina Müller-Nurasyid
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partnersite Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Ilja M. Nolte
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Epidemiology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Laura Pascoe
- Institute of Cell & Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Lavinia Paternoster
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel W. Rayner
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Human Genetics, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Frida Renström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Federica Rizzi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Filarete Foundation, Genomic and Bioinformatics Unit, Milano, Italy
| | - Lynda M. Rose
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kathy A. Ryan
- Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Nutrition, Dept of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Perttu Salo
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Public Health Genomics Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Serena Sanna
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, CNR, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Hubert Scharnagl
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Jianxin Shi
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Albert Vernon Smith
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Lorraine Southam
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Human Genetics, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alena Stančáková
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Rona J. Strawbridge
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yun Ju Sung
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Ioanna Tachmazidou
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Human Genetics, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Toshiko Tanaka
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Stella Trompet
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Natalia Pervjakova
- Estonian Genome Center, Univeristy of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Public Health Genomics Unit, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jonathan P. Tyrer
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Liesbeth Vandenput
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sander W van der Laan
- Experimental Cardiology and laboratory of clinical chemistry, UMCU, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nathalie van der Velde
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Geriatric Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jessica van Setten
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jana V. van Vliet-Ostaptchouk
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Endocrinology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Niek Verweij
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Cardiology, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Efthymia Vlachopoulou
- Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lindsay L. Waite
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Sophie R. Wang
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Divisions of Genetics and Endocrinology and Program in Genomics, Boston's Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Zhaoming Wang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Core Genotyping Facility, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sarah H. Wild
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Christina Willenborg
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Institut für Integrative und Experimentelle Genomik, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - James F. Wilson
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Andrew Wong
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health & Ageing at UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jian Yang
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Loïc Yengo
- CNRS UMR 8199, Lille, France
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France
- Université de Lille 2, Lille, France
| | - Laura M. Yerges-Armstrong
- Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Nutrition, Dept of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lei Yu
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex, United Kingdom
| | - Jing Hua Zhao
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ehm A. Andersson
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stephan J. L. Bakker
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Medicine, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Damiano Baldassarre
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Karina Banasik
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matteo Barcella
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Claire Bellis
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Genomics Research Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paola Benaglio
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - John Blangero
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Matthias Blüher
- University of Leipzig, IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig, Germany
- University of Leipzig, Department of Medicine, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Lori L. Bonnycastle
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Heather A. Boyd
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marcel Bruinenberg
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Aron S Buchman
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Harry Campbell
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Yii-Der Ida Chen
- Los Angeles BioMedical Resesarch Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Peter S. Chines
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Simone Claudi-Boehm
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
| | - John Cole
- VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Universiy of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Francis S. Collins
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Eco J. C. de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Maria Dimitriou
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Human Genetics, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Dietetics-Nutrition, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Jubao Duan
- NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
- University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Stefan Enroth
- Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Elodie Eury
- CNRS UMR 8199, Lille, France
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France
- Université de Lille 2, Lille, France
| | - Aliki-Eleni Farmaki
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Nita G. Forouhi
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nele Friedrich
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Pablo V. Gejman
- NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
- University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Bruna Gigante
- Division of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicola Glorioso
- Hypertension and Related Disease Centre, AOU-University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Alan S. Go
- Kaiser Permanente, Division of Research, Oakland, California, United States of America
| | - Omri Gottesman
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- The Department of Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jürgen Gräßler
- Department of Medicine III, Pathobiochemistry, University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Harald Grallert
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Niels Grarup
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yu-Mei Gu
- Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Linda Broer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annelies C. Ham
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Torben Hansen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Tamara B. Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Catharina A. Hartman
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maija Hassinen
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Nicholas Hastie
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Andrew T. Hattersley
- Institue of Biomedical & Clinical Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew C. Heath
- Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Anjali K. Henders
- QIMR Bergofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dena Hernandez
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hans Hillege
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Cardiology, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Oddgeir Holmen
- Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kees G Hovingh
- Department Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jennie Hui
- Pathwest Laboratory Medicine of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia,Australia
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Lise L. Husemoen
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Glostrup Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Nina Hutri-Kähönen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Pediatrics,Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Pirro G. Hysi
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Illig
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Hannover Unified Biobank, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Philip L. De Jager
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,United States of America
- Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,United States of America
| | - Shapour Jalilzadeh
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Division of Cardiovacular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Torben Jørgensen
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Glostrup Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Aalborg, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - J. Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Markus Juonala
- Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Stavroula Kanoni
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Human Genetics, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Kay Tee Khaw
- Clinical Gerontology Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Leena Kinnunen
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Steven J. Kittner
- VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Universiy of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Wolfgang Koenig
- Department of Internal Medicine II—Cardiology, University of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ivana Kolcic
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Peter Kovacs
- University of Leipzig, IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nikolaj T. Krarup
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Wolfgang Kratzer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
| | - Janine Krüger
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Diana Kuh
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health & Ageing at UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Meena Kumari
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Theodosios Kyriakou
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Division of Cardiovacular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lars Lannfelt
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Chiara Lanzani
- Chair of Nephrology, Università Vita Salute San Raffaele, Segrate (Milan), Italy
- Genomics of Renal Disease and Hypertension Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Segrate (Milan), Italy
| | - Vaneet Lotay
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Lenore J. Launer
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Karin Leander
- Division of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jaana Lindström
- Diabetes Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Allan Linneberg
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Glostrup Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Yan-Ping Liu
- Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stéphane Lobbens
- CNRS UMR 8199, Lille, France
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France
- Université de Lille 2, Lille, France
| | - Robert Luben
- Strangeways Research Laboratory Wort's Causeway, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Valeriya Lyssenko
- Steno Diabetes Center A/S, Gentofte, Denmark
- Lund University Diabetes Centre and Department of Clinical Science, Diabetes & Endocrinology Unit, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Satu Männistö
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Patrik K. Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wendy L. McArdle
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Cristina Menni
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sigrun Merger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Center, Univeristy of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Andrew P. Morris
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Narisu Narisu
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mari Nelis
- Estonian Genome Center, Univeristy of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ken K. Ong
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health & Ageing at UCL, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Human Genetics, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Center for Human Genetic Research, Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Louis Pérusse
- Department of Kinesiology, Laval University, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Irene Pichler
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), Bolzano, Italy, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Maria G. Pilia
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, CNR, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Anneli Pouta
- Department of Children, Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Myriam Rheinberger
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Rasmus Ribel-Madsen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marcus Richards
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health & Ageing at UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth M. Rice
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Treva K. Rice
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Carlo Rivolta
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alan R. Sanders
- NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
- University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Mark A. Sarzynski
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Salome Scholtens
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Epidemiology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert A. Scott
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - William R. Scott
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvain Sebert
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sebanti Sengupta
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Bengt Sennblad
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Seufferlein
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
| | - Angela Silveira
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - P. Eline Slagboom
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jan H. Smit
- Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas H. Sparsø
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kathleen Stirrups
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Human Genetics, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ronald P. Stolk
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Epidemiology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Heather M. Stringham
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Morris A Swertz
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Amy J. Swift
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ann-Christine Syvänen
- Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sian-Tsung Tan
- Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex, United Kingdom
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Thorand
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anke Tönjes
- University of Leipzig, Department of Medicine, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Angelo Tremblay
- Department of Kinesiology, Laval University, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Peter J. van der Most
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Epidemiology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Uwe Völker
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Marie-Claude Vohl
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- School of Nutrition, Laval University, Québec City, Québec,Canada
| | - Judith M. Vonk
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Epidemiology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Melanie Waldenberger
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partnersite Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ryan W. Walker
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- The Department of Preventive Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Roman Wennauer
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Widén
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Wilsgaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Alan F. Wright
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - M. Carola Zillikens
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne C. van Dijk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Natasja M. van Schoor
- EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- VUMC, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Folkert W. Asselbergs
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, Interuniversity Cardiology Institute Netherlands-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul I. W. de Bakker
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - John Beilby
- Pathwest Laboratory Medicine of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia,Australia
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - David A. Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Richard N. Bergman
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Sven Bergmann
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Carsten A. Böger
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard O. Boehm
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
- Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Singapore, Singapore
- Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Dorret I. Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan R. Bornstein
- Department of Medicine III, University of Dresden, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - Erwin P. Bottinger
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- The Department of Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Claude Bouchard
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - John C. Chambers
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex, United Kingdom
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J. Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Program in Biostatistics and Biomathematics, Divison of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Daniel I. Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,United States of America
| | - Francesco Cucca
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, CNR, Monserrato, Italy
- University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Daniele Cusi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Institute of Research, Segrate-Milano, Italy
| | - George Dedoussis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Jeanette Erdmann
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Institut für Integrative und Experimentelle Genomik, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Johan G. Eriksson
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Denis A. Evans
- Rush Institute for Healthy Aging and Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ulf de Faire
- Division of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Farrall
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Division of Cardiovacular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ian Ford
- Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Lude Franke
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen, The Netherlands
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Cardiology, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Paul W. Franks
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Public Health & Clinical Medicine, Umeå University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Philippe Froguel
- CNRS UMR 8199, Lille, France
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France
- Université de Lille 2, Lille, France
| | - Ron T. Gansevoort
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Medicine, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Christian Gieger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Henrik Grönberg
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Ulf Gyllensten
- Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per Hall
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Hamsten
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pim van der Harst
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen, The Netherlands
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Cardiology, Groningen, Netherlands
- Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, Interuniversity Cardiology Institute Netherlands-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Markku Heliövaara
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Christian Hengstenberg
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partnersite Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Andrew A Hicks
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), Bolzano, Italy, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Aroon Hingorani
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Albert Hofman
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Hu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Heikki V. Huikuri
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Kristian Hveem
- Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Alan L. James
- Department of Pulmonary Physiology and Sleep Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Joanne M. Jordan
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chaper Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Antti Jula
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
| | - Eero Kajantie
- Diabetes Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sekar Kathiresan
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Human Genetics Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lambertus A. L. M. Kiemeney
- Radboud university medical center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department for Health Evidence, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud university medical center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Urology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mika Kivimaki
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul B. Knekt
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heikki A. Koistinen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Department of Medicine and Abdominal Center: Endocrinology, Helsinki, Finland
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaspal S. Kooner
- Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex, United Kingdom
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Seppo Koskinen
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Kuusisto
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Winfried Maerz
- Vth Department of Medicine, Mannheim Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- QIMR Bergofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Markku Laakso
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Timo A. Lakka
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Guillaume Lettre
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marja-Liisa Lokki
- Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pekka Mäntyselkä
- Primary Health Care Unit, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Primary Health Care Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mads Melbye
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | | | - Braxton D. Mitchell
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Geriatrics Research and Education Clinical Center, Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Frans L. Moll
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey C. Murray
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Arthur W. Musk
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Markku S. Nieminen
- HUCH Heart and Lung Center, Division of Cardiology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Inger Njølstad
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Albertine J. Oldehinkel
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ben A. Oostra
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lyle J Palmer
- School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - James S. Pankow
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Gerard Pasterkamp
- Experimental Cardiology and laboratory of clinical chemistry, UMCU, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nancy L. Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Brenda W. Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Markus Perola
- Estonian Genome Center, Univeristy of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Annette Peters
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partnersite Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ozren Polašek
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Peter P. Pramstaller
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), Bolzano, Italy, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Neurology, General Central Hospital, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Bruce M. Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Departments of Epidemiology and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seatte, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lu Qi
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Thomas Quertermous
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Olli T. Raitakari
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Tuomo Rankinen
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Rainer Rauramaa
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Paul M. Ridker
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,United States of America
| | - John D. Rioux
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jerome I. Rotter
- Los Angeles BioMedical Resesarch Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Igor Rudan
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Hester M. den Ruijter
- Experimental Cardiology and laboratory of clinical chemistry, UMCU, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Juha Saltevo
- Department of Medicine, Central Finland Central Hospital, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Naveed Sattar
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Heribert Schunkert
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partnersite Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Peter E. H. Schwarz
- Department of Medicine III, University of Dresden, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alan R. Shuldiner
- Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Nutrition, Dept of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Geriatric Research and Education Clinical Center, Vetrans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Juha Sinisalo
- HUCH Heart and Lung Center, Division of Cardiology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Harold Snieder
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Epidemiology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thorkild I. A. Sørensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, The Capital Region, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Tim D. Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jan A. Staessen
- Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- R & D VitaK Group, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Unnur Thorsteinsdottir
- deCODE Genetics, Amgen inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Michael Stumvoll
- University of Leipzig, IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig, Germany
- University of Leipzig, Department of Medicine, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jean-Claude Tardif
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Elena Tremoli
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Jaakko Tuomilehto
- Diabetes Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Centre for Vascular Prevention, Danube-University Krems, Krems, Austria
- Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
- Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - André G. Uitterlinden
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matti Uusitupa
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Finland
- Research Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - André L. M. Verbeek
- Radboud university medical center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department for Health Evidence, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sita H. Vermeulen
- Radboud university medical center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department for Health Evidence, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Veronique Vitart
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Peter Vollenweider
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Lausanne (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gérard Waeber
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Lausanne (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mark Walker
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Henri Wallaschofski
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nicholas J. Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Hugh Watkins
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Division of Cardiovacular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Eleftheria Zeggini
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Human Genetics, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - CHARGE Consortium
- The Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology Consortium
| | | | | | | | | | - MAGIC Consortium
- The Meta-Analyses of Glucose and Insulin-related traits Consortium
| | - Aravinda Chakravarti
- Center for Complex Disease Genomics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Deborah J. Clegg
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - L. Adrienne Cupples
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, the Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Penny Gordon-Larsen
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Cashell E. Jaquish
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - D. C. Rao
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Goncalo R. Abecasis
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Themistocles L. Assimes
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Inês Barroso
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Human Genetics, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sonja I. Berndt
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Panos Deloukas
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Human Genetics, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders (PACER-HD), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Caroline S. Fox
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, the Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,United States of America
| | - Leif C. Groop
- Lund University Diabetes Centre and Department of Clinical Science, Diabetes & Endocrinology Unit, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Finnish Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM), Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland
| | - David J. Hunter
- Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Robert C. Kaplan
- Department of Epidemiology and Popualtion Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Mark I. McCarthy
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Karen L. Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey R. O'Connell
- Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Nutrition, Dept of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David Schlessinger
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David P. Strachan
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE Genetics, Amgen inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Cornelia M. van Duijn
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), The Netherlands
- Center for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Joel N. Hirschhorn
- Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Genetics and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Cecilia M. Lindgren
- Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Iris M. Heid
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- * E-mail: (IMH); (KEN); (IBB); (ZK); (RJFL)
| | - Kari E. North
- Carolina Center for Genome Sciences and Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (IMH); (KEN); (IBB); (ZK); (RJFL)
| | - Ingrid B. Borecki
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail: (IMH); (KEN); (IBB); (ZK); (RJFL)
| | - Zoltán Kutalik
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (IMH); (KEN); (IBB); (ZK); (RJFL)
| | - Ruth J. F. Loos
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- The Department of Preventive Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (IMH); (KEN); (IBB); (ZK); (RJFL)
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Shungin D, Winkler TW, Croteau-Chonka DC, Ferreira T, Locke AE, Mägi R, Strawbridge RJ, Pers TH, Fischer K, Justice AE, Workalemahu T, Wu JMW, Buchkovich ML, Heard-Costa NL, Roman TS, Drong AW, Song C, Gustafsson S, Day FR, Esko T, Fall T, Kutalik Z, Luan J, Randall JC, Scherag A, Vedantam S, Wood AR, Chen J, Fehrmann R, Karjalainen J, Kahali B, Liu CT, Schmidt EM, Absher D, Amin N, Anderson D, Beekman M, Bragg-Gresham JL, Buyske S, Demirkan A, Ehret GB, Feitosa MF, Goel A, Jackson AU, Johnson T, Kleber ME, Kristiansson K, Mangino M, Mateo Leach I, Medina-Gomez C, Palmer CD, Pasko D, Pechlivanis S, Peters MJ, Prokopenko I, Stančáková A, Ju Sung Y, Tanaka T, Teumer A, Van Vliet-Ostaptchouk JV, Yengo L, Zhang W, Albrecht E, Ärnlöv J, Arscott GM, Bandinelli S, Barrett A, Bellis C, Bennett AJ, Berne C, Blüher M, Böhringer S, Bonnet F, Böttcher Y, Bruinenberg M, Carba DB, Caspersen IH, Clarke R, Warwick Daw E, Deelen J, Deelman E, Delgado G, Doney ASF, Eklund N, Erdos MR, Estrada K, Eury E, Friedrich N, Garcia ME, Giedraitis V, Gigante B, Go AS, Golay A, Grallert H, Grammer TB, Gräßler J, Grewal J, Groves CJ, Haller T, Hallmans G, Hartman CA, Hassinen M, Hayward C, Heikkilä K, Herzig KH, Helmer Q, Hillege HL, Holmen O, Hunt SC, Isaacs A, Ittermann T, James AL, Johansson I, Juliusdottir T, Kalafati IP, Kinnunen L, Koenig W, Kooner IK, Kratzer W, Lamina C, Leander K, Lee NR, Lichtner P, Lind L, Lindström J, Lobbens S, Lorentzon M, Mach F, Magnusson PKE, Mahajan A, McArdle WL, Menni C, Merger S, Mihailov E, Milani L, Mills R, Moayyeri A, Monda KL, Mooijaart SP, Mühleisen TW, Mulas A, Müller G, Müller-Nurasyid M, Nagaraja R, Nalls MA, Narisu N, Glorioso N, Nolte IM, Olden M, Rayner NW, Renstrom F, Ried JS, Robertson NR, Rose LM, Sanna S, Scharnagl H, Scholtens S, Sennblad B, Seufferlein T, Sitlani CM, Vernon Smith A, Stirrups K, Stringham HM, Sundström J, Swertz MA, Swift AJ, Syvänen AC, Tayo BO, Thorand B, Thorleifsson G, Tomaschitz A, Troffa C, van Oort FVA, Verweij N, Vonk JM, Waite LL, Wennauer R, Wilsgaard T, Wojczynski MK, Wong A, Zhang Q, Hua Zhao J, Brennan EP, Choi M, Eriksson P, Folkersen L, Franco-Cereceda A, Gharavi AG, Hedman ÅK, Hivert MF, Huang J, Kanoni S, Karpe F, Keildson S, Kiryluk K, Liang L, Lifton RP, Ma B, McKnight AJ, McPherson R, Metspalu A, Min JL, Moffatt MF, Montgomery GW, Murabito JM, Nicholson G, Nyholt DR, Olsson C, Perry JRB, Reinmaa E, Salem RM, Sandholm N, Schadt EE, Scott RA, Stolk L, Vallejo EE, Westra HJ, Zondervan KT, Amouyel P, Arveiler D, Bakker SJL, Beilby J, Bergman RN, Blangero J, Brown MJ, Burnier M, Campbell H, Chakravarti A, Chines PS, Claudi-Boehm S, Collins FS, Crawford DC, Danesh J, de Faire U, de Geus EJC, Dörr M, Erbel R, Eriksson JG, Farrall M, Ferrannini E, Ferrières J, Forouhi NG, Forrester T, Franco OH, Gansevoort RT, Gieger C, Gudnason V, Haiman CA, Harris TB, Hattersley AT, Heliövaara M, Hicks AA, Hingorani AD, Hoffmann W, Hofman A, Homuth G, Humphries SE, Hyppönen E, Illig T, Jarvelin MR, Johansen B, Jousilahti P, Jula AM, Kaprio J, Kee F, Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi SM, Kooner JS, Kooperberg C, Kovacs P, Kraja AT, Kumari M, Kuulasmaa K, Kuusisto J, Lakka TA, Langenberg C, Le Marchand L, Lehtimäki T, Lyssenko V, Männistö S, Marette A, Matise TC, McKenzie CA, McKnight B, Musk AW, Möhlenkamp S, Morris AD, Nelis M, Ohlsson C, Oldehinkel AJ, Ong KK, Palmer LJ, Penninx BW, Peters A, Pramstaller PP, Raitakari OT, Rankinen T, Rao DC, Rice TK, Ridker PM, Ritchie MD, Rudan I, Salomaa V, Samani NJ, Saramies J, Sarzynski MA, Schwarz PEH, Shuldiner AR, Staessen JA, Steinthorsdottir V, Stolk RP, Strauch K, Tönjes A, Tremblay A, Tremoli E, Vohl MC, Völker U, Vollenweider P, Wilson JF, Witteman JC, Adair LS, Bochud M, Boehm BO, Bornstein SR, Bouchard C, Cauchi S, Caulfield MJ, Chambers JC, Chasman DI, Cooper RS, Dedoussis G, Ferrucci L, Froguel P, Grabe HJ, Hamsten A, Hui J, Hveem K, Jöckel KH, Kivimaki M, Kuh D, Laakso M, Liu Y, März W, Munroe PB, Njølstad I, Oostra BA, Palmer CNA, Pedersen NL, Perola M, Pérusse L, Peters U, Power C, Quertermous T, Rauramaa R, Rivadeneira F, Saaristo TE, Saleheen D, Sinisalo J, Eline Slagboom P, Snieder H, Spector TD, Thorsteinsdottir U, Stumvoll M, Tuomilehto J, Uitterlinden AG, Uusitupa M, van der Harst P, Veronesi G, Walker M, Wareham NJ, Watkins H, Wichmann HE, Abecasis GR, Assimes TL, Berndt SI, Boehnke M, Borecki IB, Deloukas P, Franke L, Frayling TM, Groop LC, Hunter DJ, Kaplan RC, O’Connell JR, Qi L, Schlessinger D, Strachan DP, Stefansson K, van Duijn CM, Willer CJ, Visscher PM, Yang J, Hirschhorn JN, Carola Zillikens M, McCarthy MI, Speliotes EK, North KE, Fox CS, Barroso I, Franks PW, Ingelsson E, Heid IM, Loos RJF, Cupples LA, Morris AP, Lindgren CM, Mohlke KL. New genetic loci link adipose and insulin biology to body fat distribution. Nature 2015; 518:187-196. [PMID: 25673412 PMCID: PMC4338562 DOI: 10.1038/nature14132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1046] [Impact Index Per Article: 116.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Body fat distribution is a heritable trait and a well-established predictor of adverse metabolic outcomes, independent of overall adiposity. To increase our understanding of the genetic basis of body fat distribution and its molecular links to cardiometabolic traits, we conducted genome-wide association meta-analyses of waist and hip circumference-related traits in up to 224,459 individuals. We identified 49 loci (33 new) associated with waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for body mass index (WHRadjBMI) and an additional 19 loci newly associated with related waist and hip circumference measures (P<5×10−8). Twenty of the 49 WHRadjBMI loci showed significant sexual dimorphism, 19 of which displayed a stronger effect in women. The identified loci were enriched for genes expressed in adipose tissue and for putative regulatory elements in adipocytes. Pathway analyses implicated adipogenesis, angiogenesis, transcriptional regulation, and insulin resistance as processes affecting fat distribution, providing insight into potential pathophysiological mechanisms.
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Wood AR, Esko T, Yang J, Vedantam S, Pers TH, Gustafsson S, Chu AY, Estrada K, Luan J, Kutalik Z, Amin N, Buchkovich ML, Croteau-Chonka DC, Day FR, Duan Y, Fall T, Fehrmann R, Ferreira T, Jackson AU, Karjalainen J, Lo KS, Locke AE, Mägi R, Mihailov E, Porcu E, Randall JC, Scherag A, Vinkhuyzen AAE, Westra HJ, Winkler TW, Workalemahu T, Zhao JH, Absher D, Albrecht E, Anderson D, Baron J, Beekman M, Demirkan A, Ehret GB, Feenstra B, Feitosa MF, Fischer K, Fraser RM, Goel A, Gong J, Justice AE, Kanoni S, Kleber ME, Kristiansson K, Lim U, Lotay V, Lui JC, Mangino M, Mateo Leach I, Medina-Gomez C, Nalls MA, Nyholt DR, Palmer CD, Pasko D, Pechlivanis S, Prokopenko I, Ried JS, Ripke S, Shungin D, Stancáková A, Strawbridge RJ, Sung YJ, Tanaka T, Teumer A, Trompet S, van der Laan SW, van Setten J, Van Vliet-Ostaptchouk JV, Wang Z, Yengo L, Zhang W, Afzal U, Arnlöv J, Arscott GM, Bandinelli S, Barrett A, Bellis C, Bennett AJ, Berne C, Blüher M, Bolton JL, Böttcher Y, Boyd HA, Bruinenberg M, Buckley BM, Buyske S, Caspersen IH, Chines PS, Clarke R, Claudi-Boehm S, Cooper M, Daw EW, De Jong PA, Deelen J, Delgado G, Denny JC, Dhonukshe-Rutten R, Dimitriou M, Doney ASF, Dörr M, Eklund N, Eury E, Folkersen L, Garcia ME, Geller F, Giedraitis V, Go AS, Grallert H, Grammer TB, Gräßler J, Grönberg H, de Groot LCPGM, Groves CJ, Haessler J, Hall P, Haller T, Hallmans G, Hannemann A, Hartman CA, Hassinen M, Hayward C, Heard-Costa NL, Helmer Q, Hemani G, Henders AK, Hillege HL, Hlatky MA, Hoffmann W, Hoffmann P, Holmen O, Houwing-Duistermaat JJ, Illig T, Isaacs A, James AL, Jeff J, Johansen B, Johansson Å, Jolley J, Juliusdottir T, Junttila J, Kho AN, Kinnunen L, Klopp N, Kocher T, Kratzer W, Lichtner P, Lind L, Lindström J, Lobbens S, Lorentzon M, Lu Y, Lyssenko V, Magnusson PKE, Mahajan A, Maillard M, McArdle WL, McKenzie CA, McLachlan S, McLaren PJ, Menni C, Merger S, Milani L, Moayyeri A, Monda KL, Morken MA, Müller G, Müller-Nurasyid M, Musk AW, Narisu N, Nauck M, Nolte IM, Nöthen MM, Oozageer L, Pilz S, Rayner NW, Renstrom F, Robertson NR, Rose LM, Roussel R, Sanna S, Scharnagl H, Scholtens S, Schumacher FR, Schunkert H, Scott RA, Sehmi J, Seufferlein T, Shi J, Silventoinen K, Smit JH, Smith AV, Smolonska J, Stanton AV, Stirrups K, Stott DJ, Stringham HM, Sundström J, Swertz MA, Syvänen AC, Tayo BO, Thorleifsson G, Tyrer JP, van Dijk S, van Schoor NM, van der Velde N, van Heemst D, van Oort FVA, Vermeulen SH, Verweij N, Vonk JM, Waite LL, Waldenberger M, Wennauer R, Wilkens LR, Willenborg C, Wilsgaard T, Wojczynski MK, Wong A, Wright AF, Zhang Q, Arveiler D, Bakker SJL, Beilby J, Bergman RN, Bergmann S, Biffar R, Blangero J, Boomsma DI, Bornstein SR, Bovet P, Brambilla P, Brown MJ, Campbell H, Caulfield MJ, Chakravarti A, Collins R, Collins FS, Crawford DC, Cupples LA, Danesh J, de Faire U, den Ruijter HM, Erbel R, Erdmann J, Eriksson JG, Farrall M, Ferrannini E, Ferrières J, Ford I, Forouhi NG, Forrester T, Gansevoort RT, Gejman PV, Gieger C, Golay A, Gottesman O, Gudnason V, Gyllensten U, Haas DW, Hall AS, Harris TB, Hattersley AT, Heath AC, Hengstenberg C, Hicks AA, Hindorff LA, Hingorani AD, Hofman A, Hovingh GK, Humphries SE, Hunt SC, Hypponen E, Jacobs KB, Jarvelin MR, Jousilahti P, Jula AM, Kaprio J, Kastelein JJP, Kayser M, Kee F, Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi SM, Kiemeney LA, Kooner JS, Kooperberg C, Koskinen S, Kovacs P, Kraja AT, Kumari M, Kuusisto J, Lakka TA, Langenberg C, Le Marchand L, Lehtimäki T, Lupoli S, Madden PAF, Männistö S, Manunta P, Marette A, Matise TC, McKnight B, Meitinger T, Moll FL, Montgomery GW, Morris AD, Morris AP, Murray JC, Nelis M, Ohlsson C, Oldehinkel AJ, Ong KK, Ouwehand WH, Pasterkamp G, Peters A, Pramstaller PP, Price JF, Qi L, Raitakari OT, Rankinen T, Rao DC, Rice TK, Ritchie M, Rudan I, Salomaa V, Samani NJ, Saramies J, Sarzynski MA, Schwarz PEH, Sebert S, Sever P, Shuldiner AR, Sinisalo J, Steinthorsdottir V, Stolk RP, Tardif JC, Tönjes A, Tremblay A, Tremoli E, Virtamo J, Vohl MC, Amouyel P, Asselbergs FW, Assimes TL, Bochud M, Boehm BO, Boerwinkle E, Bottinger EP, Bouchard C, Cauchi S, Chambers JC, Chanock SJ, Cooper RS, de Bakker PIW, Dedoussis G, Ferrucci L, Franks PW, Froguel P, Groop LC, Haiman CA, Hamsten A, Hayes MG, Hui J, Hunter DJ, Hveem K, Jukema JW, Kaplan RC, Kivimaki M, Kuh D, Laakso M, Liu Y, Martin NG, März W, Melbye M, Moebus S, Munroe PB, Njølstad I, Oostra BA, Palmer CNA, Pedersen NL, Perola M, Pérusse L, Peters U, Powell JE, Power C, Quertermous T, Rauramaa R, Reinmaa E, Ridker PM, Rivadeneira F, Rotter JI, Saaristo TE, Saleheen D, Schlessinger D, Slagboom PE, Snieder H, Spector TD, Strauch K, Stumvoll M, Tuomilehto J, Uusitupa M, van der Harst P, Völzke H, Walker M, Wareham NJ, Watkins H, Wichmann HE, Wilson JF, Zanen P, Deloukas P, Heid IM, Lindgren CM, Mohlke KL, Speliotes EK, Thorsteinsdottir U, Barroso I, Fox CS, North KE, Strachan DP, Beckmann JS, Berndt SI, Boehnke M, Borecki IB, McCarthy MI, Metspalu A, Stefansson K, Uitterlinden AG, van Duijn CM, Franke L, Willer CJ, Price AL, Lettre G, Loos RJF, Weedon MN, Ingelsson E, O'Connell JR, Abecasis GR, Chasman DI, Goddard ME, Visscher PM, Hirschhorn JN, Frayling TM. Defining the role of common variation in the genomic and biological architecture of adult human height. Nat Genet 2014; 46:1173-86. [PMID: 25282103 PMCID: PMC4250049 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1192] [Impact Index Per Article: 119.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Using genome-wide data from 253,288 individuals, we identified 697 variants at genome-wide significance that together explained one-fifth of the heritability for adult height. By testing different numbers of variants in independent studies, we show that the most strongly associated ∼2,000, ∼3,700 and ∼9,500 SNPs explained ∼21%, ∼24% and ∼29% of phenotypic variance. Furthermore, all common variants together captured 60% of heritability. The 697 variants clustered in 423 loci were enriched for genes, pathways and tissue types known to be involved in growth and together implicated genes and pathways not highlighted in earlier efforts, such as signaling by fibroblast growth factors, WNT/β-catenin and chondroitin sulfate-related genes. We identified several genes and pathways not previously connected with human skeletal growth, including mTOR, osteoglycin and binding of hyaluronic acid. Our results indicate a genetic architecture for human height that is characterized by a very large but finite number (thousands) of causal variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Wood
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Tonu Esko
- 1] Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia. [2] Division of Endocrinology, Genetics and Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [4] Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jian Yang
- 1] Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. [2] University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translation Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sailaja Vedantam
- 1] Division of Endocrinology, Genetics and Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tune H Pers
- 1] Division of Endocrinology, Genetics and Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [4] Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Stefan Gustafsson
- 1] Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. [2] Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Audrey Y Chu
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Karol Estrada
- 1] Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [3] Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jian'an Luan
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Zoltán Kutalik
- 1] Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland. [2] Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland. [3] Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Najaf Amin
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martin L Buchkovich
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Damien C Croteau-Chonka
- 1] Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA. [2] Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Felix R Day
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yanan Duan
- Department of Genetics, Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Tove Fall
- 1] Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. [2] Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. [3] Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rudolf Fehrmann
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Teresa Ferreira
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Anne U Jackson
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Juha Karjalainen
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ken Sin Lo
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Adam E Locke
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Reedik Mägi
- 1] Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia. [2] Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Evelin Mihailov
- 1] Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia. [2] Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Eleonora Porcu
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Joshua C Randall
- 1] Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. [2] Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - André Scherag
- 1] Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology (IMIBE), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany. [2] Clinical Epidemiology, Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Anna A E Vinkhuyzen
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Harm-Jan Westra
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas W Winkler
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tsegaselassie Workalemahu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jing Hua Zhao
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Devin Absher
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, USA
| | - Eva Albrecht
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Denise Anderson
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Baron
- Section on Growth and Development, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Marian Beekman
- 1] Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ayse Demirkan
- 1] Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Georg B Ehret
- 1] Center for Complex Disease Genomics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. [2] Department of Specialties of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Bjarke Feenstra
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mary F Feitosa
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Krista Fischer
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ross M Fraser
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Anuj Goel
- 1] Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. [2] Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jian Gong
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Anne E Justice
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Stavroula Kanoni
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Marcus E Kleber
- 1] Vth Department of Medicine (Nephrology, Hypertensiology, Endocrinology, Diabetology, Rheumatology), Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. [2] Department of Internal Medicine II, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Unhee Lim
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Vaneet Lotay
- Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Julian C Lui
- Section on Growth and Development, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Irene Mateo Leach
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Carolina Medina-Gomez
- 1] Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [2] Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [3] Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Michael A Nalls
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dale R Nyholt
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Cameron D Palmer
- 1] Division of Endocrinology, Genetics and Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dorota Pasko
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Sonali Pechlivanis
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology (IMIBE), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Inga Prokopenko
- 1] Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. [2] Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. [3] Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Janina S Ried
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Ripke
- 1] Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dmitry Shungin
- 1] Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University Diabetes Center, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden. [2] Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Unit of Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden. [3] Department of Odontology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Alena Stancáková
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Rona J Strawbridge
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yun Ju Sung
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Toshiko Tanaka
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stella Trompet
- 1] Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Sander W van der Laan
- Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jessica van Setten
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jana V Van Vliet-Ostaptchouk
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Zhaoming Wang
- 1] DZHK (Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung-German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany. [2] Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany. [3] Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. [4] Core Genotyping Facility, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Loïc Yengo
- 1] CNRS UMR 8199, Lille, France. [2] European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France. [3] Université de Lille 2, Lille, France
| | - Weihua Zhang
- 1] Ealing Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Middlesex, UK. [2] Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Uzma Afzal
- 1] Ealing Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Middlesex, UK. [2] Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Johan Arnlöv
- 1] Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. [2] Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. [3] School of Health and Social Studies, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden
| | - Gillian M Arscott
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Amy Barrett
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Claire Bellis
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Amanda J Bennett
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christian Berne
- Department of Medical Sciences, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Matthias Blüher
- 1] Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany. [2] Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jennifer L Bolton
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Yvonne Böttcher
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Heather A Boyd
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marcel Bruinenberg
- LifeLines, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Brendan M Buckley
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Steven Buyske
- 1] Department of Statistics and Biostatistics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersy, USA. [2] Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Ida H Caspersen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Peter S Chines
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert Clarke
- Clinical Trial Service Unit, Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Simone Claudi-Boehm
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
| | - Matthew Cooper
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - E Warwick Daw
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Pim A De Jong
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Joris Deelen
- 1] Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Graciela Delgado
- Vth Department of Medicine (Nephrology, Hypertensiology, Endocrinology, Diabetology, Rheumatology), Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Josh C Denny
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Maria Dimitriou
- Department of Dietetics-Nutrition, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Alex S F Doney
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Marcus Dörr
- 1] DZHK (Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung-German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany. [2] Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Niina Eklund
- 1] National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland. [2] Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elodie Eury
- 1] CNRS UMR 8199, Lille, France. [2] European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France. [3] Université de Lille 2, Lille, France
| | - Lasse Folkersen
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Melissa E Garcia
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Frank Geller
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vilmantas Giedraitis
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alan S Go
- Kaiser Permanente, Division of Research, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Harald Grallert
- 1] Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. [2] Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. [3] German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tanja B Grammer
- Vth Department of Medicine (Nephrology, Hypertensiology, Endocrinology, Diabetology, Rheumatology), Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Gräßler
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Henrik Grönberg
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Christopher J Groves
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jeffrey Haessler
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Per Hall
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Toomas Haller
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Goran Hallmans
- Unit of Nutritional Research, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anke Hannemann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Catharina A Hartman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Maija Hassinen
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nancy L Heard-Costa
- 1] National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Quinta Helmer
- 1] Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Medical Statistics and Bioinformatics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands. [3] Faculty of Psychology and Education, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gibran Hemani
- 1] Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. [2] University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translation Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anjali K Henders
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hans L Hillege
- 1] Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Mark A Hlatky
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Wolfgang Hoffmann
- 1] DZHK (Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung-German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany. [2] Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Per Hoffmann
- 1] Department of Biomedicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland. [2] Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany. [3] Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Oddgeir Holmen
- Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jeanine J Houwing-Duistermaat
- 1] Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Medical Statistics and Bioinformatics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Illig
- 1] Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. [2] Hannover Unified Biobank, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Aaron Isaacs
- 1] Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [2] Center for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Alan L James
- 1] Department of Pulmonary Physiology and Sleep Medicine, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia. [2] School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Janina Jeff
- Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Berit Johansen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Åsa Johansson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, SciLifeLab, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jennifer Jolley
- 1] Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. [2] NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Abel N Kho
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Leena Kinnunen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Norman Klopp
- 1] Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. [2] Hannover Unified Biobank, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Kocher
- Unit of Periodontology, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Periodontology and Endodontology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kratzer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
| | - Peter Lichtner
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jaana Lindström
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stéphane Lobbens
- 1] CNRS UMR 8199, Lille, France. [2] European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France. [3] Université de Lille 2, Lille, France
| | - Mattias Lorentzon
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yingchang Lu
- 1] Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA. [2] Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Patrik K E Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anubha Mahajan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Marc Maillard
- Service of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Wendy L McArdle
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Colin A McKenzie
- Tropical Metabolism Research Unit, Tropical Medicine Research Institute, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Stela McLachlan
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Paul J McLaren
- 1] Global Health Institute, Department of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland. [2] Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Menni
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sigrun Merger
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Alireza Moayyeri
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Keri L Monda
- 1] Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA. [2] Center for Observational Research, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Mario A Morken
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Gabriele Müller
- Center for Evidence-Based Healthcare, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Martina Müller-Nurasyid
- 1] Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. [2] Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Großhadern, Ludwig Maximilians Universität, Munich, Germany. [3] Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ludwig Maximilians Universität, Neuherberg, Germany. [4] DZHK (Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Herz-Kreislauferkrankungen-German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Arthur W Musk
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Narisu Narisu
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Matthias Nauck
- 1] DZHK (Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung-German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany. [2] Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ilja M Nolte
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Markus M Nöthen
- 1] Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany. [2] Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Laticia Oozageer
- Ealing Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Middlesex, UK
| | - Stefan Pilz
- 1] Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute for Research in Extramural Medicine (EMGO) Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Nigel W Rayner
- 1] Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. [2] Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK. [3] Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Frida Renstrom
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University Diabetes Center, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Neil R Robertson
- 1] Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. [2] Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lynda M Rose
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ronan Roussel
- 1] Diabetology-Endocrinology-Nutrition, Public Hospital System of the City of Paris (AP-HP), Bichat Hospital, Paris, France. [2] INSERM U872, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France. [3] Paris Diderot University, Paris, France
| | - Serena Sanna
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Hubert Scharnagl
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Salome Scholtens
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Fredrick R Schumacher
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Heribert Schunkert
- 1] DZHK (Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Herz-Kreislauferkrankungen-German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany. [2] Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Robert A Scott
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Joban Sehmi
- 1] Ealing Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Middlesex, UK. [2] Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas Seufferlein
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jianxin Shi
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Johannes H Smit
- 1] EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Campus, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Albert Vernon Smith
- 1] Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland. [2] University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Joanna Smolonska
- 1] Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Alice V Stanton
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kathleen Stirrups
- 1] Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK. [2] William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - David J Stott
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Heather M Stringham
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Johan Sundström
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Morris A Swertz
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ann-Christine Syvänen
- 1] Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. [2] Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bamidele O Tayo
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University of Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | | | | | - Suzanne van Dijk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Natasja M van Schoor
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute for Research in Extramural Medicine (EMGO) Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nathalie van der Velde
- 1] Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [2] Section of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Diana van Heemst
- 1] Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Floor V A van Oort
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sita H Vermeulen
- 1] Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Niek Verweij
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Judith M Vonk
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Lindsay L Waite
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, USA
| | - Melanie Waldenberger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Roman Wennauer
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lynne R Wilkens
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Christina Willenborg
- 1] DZHK (Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Herz-Kreislauferkrankungen-German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg-Lubeck-Kiel, Lubeck, Germany. [2] Institut für Integrative und Experimentelle Genomik, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Tom Wilsgaard
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Mary K Wojczynski
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Andrew Wong
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at University College London, London, UK
| | - Alan F Wright
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Qunyuan Zhang
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Dominique Arveiler
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Strasbourg, Faculty of Medicine, Strasbourg, France
| | - Stephan J L Bakker
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - John Beilby
- 1] PathWest Laboratory Medicine of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia. [2] Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Richard N Bergman
- Cedars-Sinai Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sven Bergmann
- 1] Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland. [2] Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Reiner Biffar
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Gerostomatology and Dental Materials, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - John Blangero
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stefan R Bornstein
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Pascal Bovet
- 1] Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland. [2] Ministry of Health, Victoria, Republic of Seychelles
| | - Paolo Brambilla
- Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of Desio, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milano, Bicocca, Italy
| | - Morris J Brown
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Harry Campbell
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mark J Caulfield
- 1] Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK. [2] Barts and The London Genome Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Aravinda Chakravarti
- Center for Complex Disease Genomics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rory Collins
- Clinical Trial Service Unit, Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Francis S Collins
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dana C Crawford
- 1] Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - L Adrienne Cupples
- 1] National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John Danesh
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ulf de Faire
- Division of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hester M den Ruijter
- 1] Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands. [2] Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Raimund Erbel
- Clinic of Cardiology, West German Heart Centre, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jeanette Erdmann
- 1] DZHK (Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Herz-Kreislauferkrankungen-German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg-Lubeck-Kiel, Lubeck, Germany. [2] Institut für Integrative und Experimentelle Genomik, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Johan G Eriksson
- 1] National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland. [2] Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. [3] Unit of General Practice, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Martin Farrall
- 1] Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. [2] Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ele Ferrannini
- 1] Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy. [2] National Research Council (CNR) Institute of Clinical Physiology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Jean Ferrières
- Department of Cardiology, Toulouse University School of Medicine, Rangueil Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Ian Ford
- Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Nita G Forouhi
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Terrence Forrester
- Tropical Metabolism Research Unit, Tropical Medicine Research Institute, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Ron T Gansevoort
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Pablo V Gejman
- NorthShore University HealthSystem, University of Chicago, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Christian Gieger
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Alain Golay
- Service of Therapeutic Education for Diabetes, Obesity and Chronic Diseases, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Omri Gottesman
- Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- 1] Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland. [2] University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Ulf Gyllensten
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, SciLifeLab, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - David W Haas
- Department of Medicine, Pharmacology, Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Alistair S Hall
- Leeds MRC Medical Bioinformatics Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Tamara B Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew T Hattersley
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Andrew C Heath
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Christian Hengstenberg
- 1] DZHK (Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Herz-Kreislauferkrankungen-German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany. [2] Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrew A Hicks
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen, Bolzano (EURAC), Bolzano, Italy (affiliated institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany)
| | - Lucia A Hindorff
- Division of Genomic Medicine, National Human Genome Research Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Aroon D Hingorani
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Albert Hofman
- 1] Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - G Kees Hovingh
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Steve E Humphries
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Steven C Hunt
- Cardiovascular Genetics Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Elina Hypponen
- 1] School of Population Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. [2] Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. [3] South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. [4] Centre for Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Kevin B Jacobs
- 1] Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. [2] Core Genotyping Facility, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin
- 1] Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK. [2] National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland. [3] MRC Health Protection Agency (HPA) Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK. [4] Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland. [5] Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland. [6] Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Antti M Jula
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- 1] National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland. [2] Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. [3] Hjelt Institute Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - John J P Kastelein
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Manfred Kayser
- 1] Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Forensic Molecular Biology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frank Kee
- UK Clinical Research Collaboration Centre of Excellence for Public Health (Northern Ireland), Queens University of Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Sirkka M Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi
- 1] Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland. [2] Unit of General Practice, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Lambertus A Kiemeney
- 1] Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Urology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jaspal S Kooner
- 1] Ealing Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Middlesex, UK. [2] Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK. [3] National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Charles Kooperberg
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Seppo Koskinen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Peter Kovacs
- 1] Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany. [2] Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Aldi T Kraja
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Meena Kumari
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Johanna Kuusisto
- Department of Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Timo A Lakka
- 1] Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland. [2] Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Kuopio, Finland. [3] Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- 1] Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK. [2] Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Loic Le Marchand
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Sara Lupoli
- 1] Department of Health Sciences, University of Milano, Milan, Italy. [2] Fondazione Filarete, Milan, Italy
| | - Pamela A F Madden
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Satu Männistö
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paolo Manunta
- 1] Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy. [2] Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - André Marette
- 1] Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. [2] Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tara C Matise
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Barbara McKnight
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- DZHK (Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Herz-Kreislauferkrankungen-German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Frans L Moll
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Grant W Montgomery
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew D Morris
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Andrew P Morris
- 1] Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia. [2] Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. [3] Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jeffrey C Murray
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Mari Nelis
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Albertine J Oldehinkel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ken K Ong
- 1] Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK. [2] MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at University College London, London, UK
| | - Willem H Ouwehand
- 1] Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. [2] NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gerard Pasterkamp
- Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Annette Peters
- 1] Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. [2] DZHK (Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Herz-Kreislauferkrankungen-German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany. [3] Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Peter P Pramstaller
- 1] Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen, Bolzano (EURAC), Bolzano, Italy (affiliated institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany). [2] Department of Neurology, General Central Hospital, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Jackie F Price
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lu Qi
- 1] Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- 1] Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland. [2] Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Tuomo Rankinen
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - D C Rao
- 1] Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA. [2] Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA. [3] Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Treva K Rice
- 1] Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA. [2] Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Marylyn Ritchie
- Center for Systems Genomics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Igor Rudan
- 1] Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. [2] Croatian Centre for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nilesh J Samani
- 1] Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK. [2] National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | | | - Mark A Sarzynski
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Peter E H Schwarz
- 1] Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany. [2] Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden, German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Dresden, Germany
| | - Sylvain Sebert
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Peter Sever
- International Centre for Circulatory Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alan R Shuldiner
- 1] Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. [2] Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. [3] Geriatric Research and Education Clinical Center, Vetrans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Juha Sinisalo
- Helsinki University Central Hospital Heart and Lung Center, Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Ronald P Stolk
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jean-Claude Tardif
- 1] Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. [2] Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anke Tönjes
- 1] Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany. [2] Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Angelo Tremblay
- Department of Kinesiology, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Elena Tremoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università di Milano and Centro Cardiologico Monzino, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy
| | - Jarmo Virtamo
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marie-Claude Vohl
- 1] Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. [2] Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Philippe Amouyel
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, INSERM U744, Université de Lille 2, Lille, France
| | - Folkert W Asselbergs
- 1] Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK. [2] Department of Cardiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands. [3] Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, Interuniversity Cardiology Institute Netherlands-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Themistocles L Assimes
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Murielle Bochud
- 1] Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland. [2] Ministry of Health, Victoria, Republic of Seychelles
| | - Bernhard O Boehm
- 1] Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany. [2] Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Imperial College London and Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Health Science Center at Houston, University of Texas, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Erwin P Bottinger
- Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Claude Bouchard
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Stéphane Cauchi
- 1] CNRS UMR 8199, Lille, France. [2] European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France. [3] Université de Lille 2, Lille, France
| | - John C Chambers
- 1] Ealing Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Middlesex, UK. [2] Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK. [3] Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Stephen J Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard S Cooper
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University of Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Paul I W de Bakker
- 1] Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands. [2] Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - George Dedoussis
- Department of Dietetics-Nutrition, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Paul W Franks
- 1] Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University Diabetes Center, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden. [3] Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Unit of Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Philippe Froguel
- 1] Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK. [2] CNRS UMR 8199, Lille, France. [3] European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France. [4] Université de Lille 2, Lille, France
| | - Leif C Groop
- 1] Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. [2] Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden. [3] Diabetes and Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical Science, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Christopher A Haiman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Anders Hamsten
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Geoffrey Hayes
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jennie Hui
- 1] PathWest Laboratory Medicine of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia. [2] Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia. [3] School of Population Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. [4] Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - David J Hunter
- 1] Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kristian Hveem
- Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - J Wouter Jukema
- 1] Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands. [2] Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, Interuniversity Cardiology Institute Netherlands-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands. [3] Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands (ICIN), Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Robert C Kaplan
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine. Belfer, New York, USA
| | - Mika Kivimaki
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Diana Kuh
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at University College London, London, UK
| | - Markku Laakso
- Department of Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Yongmei Liu
- Center for Human Genetics, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Winfried März
- 1] Vth Department of Medicine (Nephrology, Hypertensiology, Endocrinology, Diabetology, Rheumatology), Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. [2] Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria. [3] Synlab Academy, Synlab Services, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Mads Melbye
- 1] Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark. [2] Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Susanne Moebus
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology (IMIBE), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Patricia B Munroe
- 1] Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK. [2] Barts and The London Genome Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Inger Njølstad
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ben A Oostra
- 1] Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [2] Center for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, the Netherlands. [3] Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Colin N A Palmer
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Nancy L Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Markus Perola
- 1] Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia. [2] National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland. [3] Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Louis Pérusse
- 1] Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. [2] Department of Kinesiology, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ulrike Peters
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Joseph E Powell
- 1] Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. [2] University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translation Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Chris Power
- Centre for Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Thomas Quertermous
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Rainer Rauramaa
- 1] Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland. [2] Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Eva Reinmaa
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Paul M Ridker
- 1] Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- 1] Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [2] Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [3] Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles BioMedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
| | - Timo E Saaristo
- 1] Finnish Diabetes Association, Tampere, Finland. [2] Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
| | - Danish Saleheen
- 1] Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. [2] Center for Non-Communicable Diseases, Karatchi, Pakistan. [3] Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David Schlessinger
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - P Eline Slagboom
- 1] Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Tim D Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Konstantin Strauch
- 1] Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. [2] Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ludwig Maximilians Universität, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michael Stumvoll
- 1] Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany. [2] Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jaakko Tuomilehto
- 1] National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland. [2] Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria del Hospital Universario La Paz (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain. [3] Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. [4] Centre for Vascular Prevention, Danube University Krems, Krems, Austria
| | - Matti Uusitupa
- 1] Department of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland. [2] Research Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pim van der Harst
- 1] Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands. [3] Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, Interuniversity Cardiology Institute Netherlands-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Henry Völzke
- 1] DZHK (Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung-German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany. [2] Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Mark Walker
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hugh Watkins
- 1] Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. [2] Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - H-Erich Wichmann
- 1] Chair of Epidemiology, Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ludwig Maximilians Universität, Munich, Germany. [2] Klinikum Großhadern, Munich, Germany. [3] Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - James F Wilson
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Pieter Zanen
- Department of Pulmonology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Panos Deloukas
- 1] Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK. [2] William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK. [3] King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Iris M Heid
- 1] Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany. [2] Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Cecilia M Lindgren
- 1] Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Karen L Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Elizabeth K Speliotes
- 1] Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. [2] Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Unnur Thorsteinsdottir
- 1] deCODE Genetics, Amgen, Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland. [2] Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Inês Barroso
- 1] Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK. [2] University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK. [3] NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Caroline S Fox
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kari E North
- 1] Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA. [2] Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - David P Strachan
- Division of Population Health Sciences and Education, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Jacques S Beckmann
- 1] Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland. [2] Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland. [3] Service of Medical Genetics, CHUV University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sonja I Berndt
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ingrid B Borecki
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- 1] Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. [2] Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. [3] Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Andres Metspalu
- 1] Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia. [2] Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kari Stefansson
- 1] deCODE Genetics, Amgen, Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland. [2] Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- 1] Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [2] Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [3] Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- 1] Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [2] Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [3] Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [4] Center for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Lude Franke
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Cristen J Willer
- 1] Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. [2] Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. [3] Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Alkes L Price
- 1] Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Guillaume Lettre
- 1] Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. [2] Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ruth J F Loos
- 1] Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK. [2] Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA. [3] Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA. [4] Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael N Weedon
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- 1] Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. [2] Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. [3] Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jeffrey R O'Connell
- 1] Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. [2] Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Goncalo R Abecasis
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Daniel I Chasman
- 1] Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael E Goddard
- 1] Biosciences Research Division, Department of Primary Industries, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. [2] Department of Food and Agricultural Systems, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter M Visscher
- 1] Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. [2] University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translation Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Joel N Hirschhorn
- 1] Division of Endocrinology, Genetics and Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Timothy M Frayling
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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11
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Bruinenberg M, Frey M, Napier M, Summers A. Comparing the hub-and-spoke model practices of the LifeLines Study in the Netherlands and the H3Africa Initiative. Biopreserv Biobank 2014; 12:13-6. [PMID: 24620765 DOI: 10.1089/bio.2013.0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Biobank sample storage is critical in population health and epidemiology studies. Biobanks bridge two very different worlds: they connect to the participants and patients at an individual level, but they also aggregate information and represent the cutting edge of scientific discovery. In this brief report, we describe how the LifeLines study in the Netherlands manages its resources for communication and services, and how it can serve as a model for the Human Heredity and Health in Africa Initiative (H3Africa Initiative).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Bruinenberg
- 1 LifeLines Cohort Study, University of Groningen , University Medical Center, Groningen, the Netherlands
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12
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Smolonska J, Koppelman GH, Wijmenga C, Vonk JM, Zanen P, Bruinenberg M, Curjuric I, Imboden M, Thun GA, Franke L, Probst-Hensch NM, Nürnberg P, Riemersma RA, van Schayck CP, Loth DW, Brusselle GG, Stricker BH, Hofman A, Uitterlinden AG, Lahousse L, London SJ, Loehr LR, Manichaikul A, Barr RG, Donohue KM, Rich SS, Pare P, Bossé Y, Hao K, van den Berge M, Groen HJM, Lammers JWJ, Mali W, Boezen HM, Postma DS. Common genes underlying asthma and COPD? Genome-wide analysis on the Dutch hypothesis. Eur Respir J 2014; 44:860-72. [PMID: 24993907 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00001914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are thought to share a genetic background ("Dutch hypothesis"). We investigated whether asthma and COPD have common underlying genetic factors, performing genome-wide association studies for both asthma and COPD and combining the results in meta-analyses. Three loci showed potential involvement in both diseases: chr2p24.3, chr5q23.1 and chr13q14.2, containing DDX1, COMMD10 (both participating in the nuclear factor (NF) κβ pathway) and GNG5P5, respectively. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs9534578 in GNG5P5 reached genome-wide significance after first replication phase (p=9.96×10(-9)). The second replication phase, in seven independent cohorts, provided no significant replication. Expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analysis in blood cells and lung tissue on the top 20 associated SNPs identified two SNPs in COMMD10 that influenced gene expression. Inflammatory processes differ in asthma and COPD and are mediated by NF-κβ, which could be driven by the same underlying genes, COMMD10 and DDX1. None of the SNPs reached genome-wide significance. Our eQTL studies support a functional role for two COMMD10 SNPs, since they influence gene expression in both blood cells and lung tissue. Our findings suggest that there is either no common genetic component in asthma and COPD or, alternatively, different environmental factors, e.g. lifestyle and occupation in different countries and continents, which may have obscured the genetic common contribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Smolonska
- Dept of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands Dept of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands GRIAC Research Institute, Groningen University Medical Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard H Koppelman
- GRIAC Research Institute, Groningen University Medical Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands Dept of Paediatric Pulmonology and Paediatric Allergology, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cisca Wijmenga
- Dept of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Judith M Vonk
- Dept of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands GRIAC Research Institute, Groningen University Medical Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter Zanen
- Dept of Pulmonology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Bruinenberg
- Dept of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ivan Curjuric
- Dept of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Medea Imboden
- Dept of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gian-Andri Thun
- Dept of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lude Franke
- Dept of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole M Probst-Hensch
- Dept of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter Nürnberg
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Roland A Riemersma
- GRIAC Research Institute, Groningen University Medical Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands Dept of Pulmonology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Daan W Loth
- Dept of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Netherlands Healthcare Inspectorate, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Guy G Brusselle
- Dept of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno H Stricker
- Dept of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Netherlands Healthcare Inspectorate, The Hague, The Netherlands Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- Dept of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Rotterdam, The Netherlands Dept of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lies Lahousse
- Dept of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stephanie J London
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Dept of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Ani Manichaikul
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA Dept of Public Health Sciences, Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - R Graham Barr
- Dept of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kathleen M Donohue
- Dept of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephen S Rich
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Peter Pare
- Respiratory Division, Dept of Medicine, University of British Columbia James Hogg Research Centre, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yohan Bossé
- Institut Universitaire De Cardiologie Et De Pneumologie De Québec, Dept of Molecular Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Ke Hao
- Dept of Genetics and Genomics Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maarten van den Berge
- GRIAC Research Institute, Groningen University Medical Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands Dept of Pulmonology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harry J M Groen
- Dept of Pulmonology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan-Willem J Lammers
- Dept of Pulmonology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Willem Mali
- Dept of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - H Marike Boezen
- Dept of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands GRIAC Research Institute, Groningen University Medical Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirkje S Postma
- GRIAC Research Institute, Groningen University Medical Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands Dept of Pulmonology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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13
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van Vliet-Ostaptchouk JV, den Hoed M, Luan J, Zhao JH, Ong KK, van der Most PJ, Wong A, Hardy R, Kuh D, van der Klauw MM, Bruinenberg M, Khaw KT, Wolffenbuttel BHR, Wareham NJ, Snieder H, Loos RJF. Pleiotropic effects of obesity-susceptibility loci on metabolic traits: a meta-analysis of up to 37,874 individuals. Diabetologia 2013; 56:2134-46. [PMID: 23827965 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-013-2985-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Genetic pleiotropy may contribute to the clustering of obesity and metabolic conditions. We assessed whether genetic variants that are robustly associated with BMI and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) also influence metabolic and cardiovascular traits, independently of obesity-related traits, in meta-analyses of up to 37,874 individuals from six European population-based studies. METHODS We examined associations of 32 BMI and 14 WHR loci, individually and combined in two genetic predisposition scores (GPSs), with glycaemic traits, blood lipids and BP, with and without adjusting for BMI and/or WHR. RESULTS We observed significant associations of BMI-increasing alleles at five BMI loci with lower levels of 2 h glucose (RBJ [also known as DNAJC27], QPTCL: effect sizes -0.068 and -0.107 SD, respectively), HDL-cholesterol (SLC39A8: -0.065 SD, MTCH2: -0.039 SD), and diastolic BP (SLC39A8: -0.069 SD), and higher and lower levels of LDL- and total cholesterol (QPTCL: 0.041 and 0.042 SDs, respectively, FLJ35779 [also known as POC5]: -0.042 and -0.041 SDs, respectively) (all p < 2.4 × 10(-4)), independent of BMI. The WHR-increasing alleles at two WHR loci were significantly associated with higher proinsulin (GRB14: 0.069 SD) and lower fasting glucose levels (CPEB4: -0.049 SD), independent of BMI and WHR. A higher GPS-BMI was associated with lower systolic BP (-0.005 SD), diastolic BP (-0.006 SD) and 2 h glucose (-0.013 SD), while a higher GPS-WHR was associated with lower HDL-cholesterol (-0.015 SD) and higher triacylglycerol levels (0.014 SD) (all p < 2.9 × 10(-3)), independent of BMI and/or WHR. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These pleiotropic effects of obesity-susceptibility loci provide novel insights into mechanisms that link obesity with metabolic abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- J V van Vliet-Ostaptchouk
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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14
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Hu YJ, Berndt S, Gustafsson S, Ganna A, Hirschhorn J, North KE, Ingelsson E, Lin DY, Berndt S, Gustafsson S, Mägi R, Ganna A, Wheeler E, Feitosa M, Justice A, Monda K, Croteau-Chonka D, Day F, Esko T, Fall T, Ferreira T, Gentilini D, Jackson A, Luan J, Randall J, Vedantam S, Willer C, Winkler T, Wood A, Workalemahu T, Hu YJ, Lee S, Liang L, Lin DY, Min J, Neale B, Thorleifsson G, Yang J, Albrecht E, Amin N, Bragg-Gresham J, Cadby G, den Heijer M, Eklund N, Fischer K, Goel A, Hottenga JJ, Huffman J, Jarick I, Johansson Å, Johnson T, Kanoni S, Kleber M, König I, Kristiansson K, Kutalik Z, Lamina C, Lecoeur C, Li G, Mangino M, McArdle W, Medina-Gomez C, Müller-Nurasyid M, Ngwa J, Nolte I, Paternoster L, Pechlivanis S, Perola M, Peters M, Preuss M, Rose L, Shi J, Shungin D, Smith A, Strawbridge R, Surakka I, Teumer A, Trip M, Tyrer J, Van Vliet-Ostaptchouk J, Vandenput L, Waite L, Zhao J, Absher D, Asselbergs F, Atalay M, Attwood A, Balmforth A, Basart H, Beilby J, Bonnycastle L, Brambilla P, Bruinenberg M, Campbell H, Chasman D, Chines P, Collins F, Connell J, Cookson W, de Faire U, de Vegt F, Dei M, Dimitriou M, Edkins S, Estrada K, Evans D, Farrall M, Ferrario M, Ferrières J, Franke L, Frau F, Gejman P, Grallert H, Grönberg H, Gudnason V, Hall A, Hall P, Hartikainen AL, Hayward C, Heard-Costa N, Heath A, Hebebrand J, Homuth G, Hu F, Hunt S, Hyppönen E, Iribarren C, Jacobs K, Jansson JO, Jula A, Kähönen M, Kathiresan S, Kee F, Khaw KT, Kivimaki M, Koenig W, Kraja A, Kumari M, Kuulasmaa K, Kuusisto J, Laitinen J, Lakka T, Langenberg C, Launer L, Lind L, Lindström J, Liu J, Liuzzi A, Lokki ML, Lorentzon M, Madden P, Magnusson P, Manunta P, Marek D, März W, Leach I, McKnight B, Medland S, Mihailov E, Milani L, Montgomery G, Mooser V, Mühleisen T, Munroe P, Musk A, Narisu N, Navis G, Nicholson G, Nohr E, Ong K, Oostra B, Palmer C, Palotie A, Peden J, Pedersen N, Peters A, Polasek O, Pouta A, Pramstaller P, Prokopenko I, Pütter C, Radhakrishnan A, Raitakari O, Rendon A, Rivadeneira F, Rudan I, Saaristo T, Sambrook J, Sanders A, Sanna S, Saramies J, Schipf S, Schreiber S, Schunkert H, Shin SY, Signorini S, Sinisalo J, Skrobek B, Soranzo N, Stančáková A, Stark K, Stephens J, Stirrups K, Stolk R, Stumvoll M, Swift A, Theodoraki E, Thorand B, Tregouet DA, Tremoli E, Van der Klauw M, van Meurs J, Vermeulen S, Viikari J, Virtamo J, Vitart V, Waeber G, Wang Z, Widén E, Wild S, Willemsen G, Winkelmann B, Witteman J, Wolffenbuttel B, Wong A, Wright A, Zillikens M, Amouyel P, Boehm B, Boerwinkle E, Boomsma D, Caulfield M, Chanock S, Cupples L, Cusi D, Dedoussis G, Erdmann J, Eriksson J, Franks P, Froguel P, Gieger C, Gyllensten U, Hamsten A, Harris T, Hengstenberg C, Hicks A, Hingorani A, Hinney A, Hofman A, Hovingh K, Hveem K, Illig T, Jarvelin MR, Jöckel KH, Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi S, Kiemeney L, Kuh D, Laakso M, Lehtimäki T, Levinson D, Martin N, Metspalu A, Morris A, Nieminen M, Njølstad I, Ohlsson C, Oldehinkel A, Ouwehand W, Palmer L, Penninx B, Power C, Province M, Psaty B, Qi L, Rauramaa R, Ridker P, Ripatti S, Salomaa V, Samani N, Snieder H, Sørensen T, Spector T, Stefansson K, Tönjes A, Tuomilehto J, Uitterlinden A, Uusitupa M, van der Harst P, Vollenweider P, Wallaschofski H, Wareham N, Watkins H, Wichmann HE, Wilson J, Abecasis G, Assimes T, Barroso I, Boehnke M, Borecki I, Deloukas P, Fox C, Frayling T, Groop L, Haritunian T, Heid I, Hunter D, Kaplan R, Karpe F, Moffatt M, Mohlke K, O’Connell J, Pawitan Y, Schadt E, Schlessinger D, Steinthorsdottir V, Strachan D, Thorsteinsdottir U, van Duijn C, Visscher P, Di Blasio A, Hirschhorn J, Lindgren C, Morris A, Meyre D, Scherag A, McCarthy M, Speliotes E, North K, Loos R, Ingelsson E. Meta-analysis of gene-level associations for rare variants based on single-variant statistics. Am J Hum Genet 2013; 93:236-48. [PMID: 23891470 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies (GWASs) has led to the discoveries of many common variants associated with complex human diseases. There is a growing recognition that identifying "causal" rare variants also requires large-scale meta-analysis. The fact that association tests with rare variants are performed at the gene level rather than at the variant level poses unprecedented challenges in the meta-analysis. First, different studies may adopt different gene-level tests, so the results are not compatible. Second, gene-level tests require multivariate statistics (i.e., components of the test statistic and their covariance matrix), which are difficult to obtain. To overcome these challenges, we propose to perform gene-level tests for rare variants by combining the results of single-variant analysis (i.e., p values of association tests and effect estimates) from participating studies. This simple strategy is possible because of an insight that multivariate statistics can be recovered from single-variant statistics, together with the correlation matrix of the single-variant test statistics, which can be estimated from one of the participating studies or from a publicly available database. We show both theoretically and numerically that the proposed meta-analysis approach provides accurate control of the type I error and is as powerful as joint analysis of individual participant data. This approach accommodates any disease phenotype and any study design and produces all commonly used gene-level tests. An application to the GWAS summary results of the Genetic Investigation of ANthropometric Traits (GIANT) consortium reveals rare and low-frequency variants associated with human height. The relevant software is freely available.
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15
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Berndt SI, Gustafsson S, Mägi R, Ganna A, Wheeler E, Feitosa MF, Justice AE, Monda KL, Croteau-Chonka DC, Day FR, Esko T, Fall T, Ferreira T, Gentilini D, Jackson AU, Luan J, Randall JC, Vedantam S, Willer CJ, Winkler TW, Wood AR, Workalemahu T, Hu YJ, Lee SH, Liang L, Lin DY, Min JL, Neale BM, Thorleifsson G, Yang J, Albrecht E, Amin N, Bragg-Gresham JL, Cadby G, den Heijer M, Eklund N, Fischer K, Goel A, Hottenga JJ, Huffman JE, Jarick I, Johansson Å, Johnson T, Kanoni S, Kleber ME, König IR, Kristiansson K, Kutalik Z, Lamina C, Lecoeur C, Li G, Mangino M, McArdle WL, Medina-Gomez C, Müller-Nurasyid M, Ngwa JS, Nolte IM, Paternoster L, Pechlivanis S, Perola M, Peters MJ, Preuss M, Rose LM, Shi J, Shungin D, Smith AV, Strawbridge RJ, Surakka I, Teumer A, Trip MD, Tyrer J, Van Vliet-Ostaptchouk JV, Vandenput L, Waite LL, Zhao JH, Absher D, Asselbergs FW, Atalay M, Attwood AP, Balmforth AJ, Basart H, Beilby J, Bonnycastle LL, Brambilla P, Bruinenberg M, Campbell H, Chasman DI, Chines PS, Collins FS, Connell JM, Cookson W, de Faire U, de Vegt F, Dei M, Dimitriou M, Edkins S, Estrada K, Evans DM, Farrall M, Ferrario MM, Ferrières J, Franke L, Frau F, Gejman PV, Grallert H, Grönberg H, Gudnason V, Hall AS, Hall P, Hartikainen AL, Hayward C, Heard-Costa NL, Heath AC, Hebebrand J, Homuth G, Hu FB, Hunt SE, Hyppönen E, Iribarren C, Jacobs KB, Jansson JO, Jula A, Kähönen M, Kathiresan S, Kee F, Khaw KT, Kivimaki M, Koenig W, Kraja AT, Kumari M, Kuulasmaa K, Kuusisto J, Laitinen JH, Lakka TA, Langenberg C, Launer LJ, Lind L, Lindström J, Liu J, Liuzzi A, Lokki ML, Lorentzon M, Madden PA, Magnusson PK, Manunta P, Marek D, März W, Mateo Leach I, McKnight B, Medland SE, Mihailov E, Milani L, Montgomery GW, Mooser V, Mühleisen TW, Munroe PB, Musk AW, Narisu N, Navis G, Nicholson G, Nohr EA, Ong KK, Oostra BA, Palmer CN, Palotie A, Peden JF, Pedersen N, Peters A, Polasek O, Pouta A, Pramstaller PP, Prokopenko I, Pütter C, Radhakrishnan A, Raitakari O, Rendon A, Rivadeneira F, Rudan I, Saaristo TE, Sambrook JG, Sanders AR, Sanna S, Saramies J, Schipf S, Schreiber S, Schunkert H, Shin SY, Signorini S, Sinisalo J, Skrobek B, Soranzo N, Stančáková A, Stark K, Stephens JC, Stirrups K, Stolk RP, Stumvoll M, Swift AJ, Theodoraki EV, Thorand B, Tregouet DA, Tremoli E, Van der Klauw MM, van Meurs JB, Vermeulen SH, Viikari J, Virtamo J, Vitart V, Waeber G, Wang Z, Widén E, Wild SH, Willemsen G, Winkelmann BR, Witteman JC, Wolffenbuttel BH, Wong A, Wright AF, Zillikens MC, Amouyel P, Boehm BO, Boerwinkle E, Boomsma DI, Caulfield MJ, Chanock SJ, Cupples LA, Cusi D, Dedoussis GV, Erdmann J, Eriksson JG, Franks PW, Froguel P, Gieger C, Gyllensten U, Hamsten A, Harris TB, Hengstenberg C, Hicks AA, Hingorani A, Hinney A, Hofman A, Hovingh KG, Hveem K, Illig T, Jarvelin MR, Jöckel KH, Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi SM, Kiemeney LA, Kuh D, Laakso M, Lehtimäki T, Levinson DF, Martin NG, Metspalu A, Morris AD, Nieminen MS, Njølstad I, Ohlsson C, Oldehinkel AJ, Ouwehand WH, Palmer LJ, Penninx B, Power C, Province MA, Psaty BM, Qi L, Rauramaa R, Ridker PM, Ripatti S, Salomaa V, Samani NJ, Snieder H, Sørensen TI, Spector TD, Stefansson K, Tönjes A, Tuomilehto J, Uitterlinden AG, Uusitupa M, van der Harst P, Vollenweider P, Wallaschofski H, Wareham NJ, Watkins H, Wichmann HE, Wilson JF, Abecasis GR, Assimes TL, Barroso I, Boehnke M, Borecki IB, Deloukas P, Fox CS, Frayling T, Groop LC, Haritunian T, Heid IM, Hunter D, Kaplan RC, Karpe F, Moffatt M, Mohlke KL, O’Connell JR, Pawitan Y, Schadt EE, Schlessinger D, Steinthorsdottir V, Strachan DP, Thorsteinsdottir U, van Duijn CM, Visscher PM, Di Blasio AM, Hirschhorn JN, Lindgren CM, Morris AP, Meyre D, Scherag A, McCarthy MI, Speliotes EK, North KE, Loos RJ, Ingelsson E. Genome-wide meta-analysis identifies 11 new loci for anthropometric traits and provides insights into genetic architecture. Nat Genet 2013; 45:501-12. [PMID: 23563607 PMCID: PMC3973018 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 436] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Approaches exploiting trait distribution extremes may be used to identify loci associated with common traits, but it is unknown whether these loci are generalizable to the broader population. In a genome-wide search for loci associated with the upper versus the lower 5th percentiles of body mass index, height and waist-to-hip ratio, as well as clinical classes of obesity, including up to 263,407 individuals of European ancestry, we identified 4 new loci (IGFBP4, H6PD, RSRC1 and PPP2R2A) influencing height detected in the distribution tails and 7 new loci (HNF4G, RPTOR, GNAT2, MRPS33P4, ADCY9, HS6ST3 and ZZZ3) for clinical classes of obesity. Further, we find a large overlap in genetic structure and the distribution of variants between traits based on extremes and the general population and little etiological heterogeneity between obesity subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja I. Berndt
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Stefan Gustafsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 50410, Estonia
| | - Andrea Ganna
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eleanor Wheeler
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Mary F. Feitosa
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Anne E. Justice
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, USA
| | - Keri L. Monda
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, USA
- Center for Observational Research, Amgen, Thousands Oaks, CA, 91320
| | | | - Felix R. Day
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 50410, Estonia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Tove Fall
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Teresa Ferreira
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Davide Gentilini
- Molecular Biology Department, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano, Italy
| | - Anne U. Jackson
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Jian’an Luan
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Joshua C. Randall
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Sailaja Vedantam
- Divisions of Genetics and Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Metabolism Initiative and Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Cristen J. Willer
- Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiovascular), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, MI 48109, USA
| | - Thomas W. Winkler
- Public Health and Gender Studies, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Regensburg University Medical Center, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Andrew R. Wood
- Genetics of Complex Traits, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Tsegaselassie Workalemahu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Yi-Juan Hu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Sang Hong Lee
- The Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Liming Liang
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Dan-Yu Lin
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Josine L. Min
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Benjamin M. Neale
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
| | | | - Jian Yang
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane 4029, Australia
| | - Eva Albrecht
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Najaf Amin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GE, The Netherlands
| | - Jennifer L. Bragg-Gresham
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Gemma Cadby
- Genetic Epidemiology and Biostatistics Platform, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research. Toronto, Canada, M5G 1L7
- Prosserman Centre for Health Research, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Toronto, Canada, M5G 1X5
- Centre for Genetic Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Martin den Heijer
- Department of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Niina Eklund
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Unit of Public Health Genomics, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Krista Fischer
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 50410, Estonia
| | - Anuj Goel
- Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jennifer E. Huffman
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Ivonne Jarick
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Åsa Johansson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Sweden
- Uppsala Clinical Research Center, Uppsala university hospital, Sweden
| | - Toby Johnson
- Genome Centre, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
- Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK
| | - Stavroula Kanoni
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Marcus E. Kleber
- LURIC Study nonprofit LLC, Freiburg, Germany
- Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine, Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Inke R. König
- Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik, Universität zu Lübeck, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Kati Kristiansson
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Unit of Public Health Genomics, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Zoltán Kutalik
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Lamina
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Cecile Lecoeur
- University Lille Nord de France, 59000 Lille, France
- CNRS UMR8199-IBL-Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Guo Li
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Wendy L. McArdle
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, UK
| | - Carolina Medina-Gomez
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA)
| | - Martina Müller-Nurasyid
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Epidemiology and Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Julius S. Ngwa
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Ilja M. Nolte
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lavinia Paternoster
- MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Sonali Pechlivanis
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology (IMIBE), University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Markus Perola
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 50410, Estonia
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Unit of Public Health Genomics, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marjolein J. Peters
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA)
| | - Michael Preuss
- Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik, Universität zu Lübeck, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Universität zu Lübeck, Medizinische Klinik II, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Lynda M. Rose
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Jianxin Shi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Dmitry Shungin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Public Health & Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Odontology, Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Albert Vernon Smith
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Department of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Rona J. Strawbridge
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ida Surakka
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Unit of Public Health Genomics, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Mieke D. Trip
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Heart Failure Research Centre, Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jonathan Tyrer
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Jana V. Van Vliet-Ostaptchouk
- Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
- LifeLines Cohort Study, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Liesbeth Vandenput
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lindsay L. Waite
- Hudson Alpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama 35806, USA
| | - Jing Hua Zhao
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Devin Absher
- Hudson Alpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama 35806, USA
| | - Folkert W. Asselbergs
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart & Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mustafa Atalay
- Institute of Biomedicine/Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Finland
| | | | - Anthony J. Balmforth
- Division of Epidemiology, Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre (MCRC), Leeds Institute of Genetics, Health and Therapeutics (LIGHT), University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Hanneke Basart
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John Beilby
- PathWest Laboratory of Western Australia, Department of Molecular Genetics, J Block, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- Department of Surgery and Pathology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia, 6009
| | - Lori L. Bonnycastle
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Paolo Brambilla
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale. Università degli Studi Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Marcel Bruinenberg
- LifeLines Cohort Study, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harry Campbell
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland
| | - Daniel I. Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Peter S. Chines
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Francis S. Collins
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John M. Connell
- British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
- University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital &Medical School, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - William Cookson
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Ulf de Faire
- Division of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Femmie de Vegt
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mariano Dei
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedicadel del CNR, Monserrato, 09042, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maria Dimitriou
- Department of Dietetics-Nutrition, Harokopio University, 70 El. Venizelou Str, Athens, Greece
| | - Sarah Edkins
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Karol Estrada
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA)
| | - David M. Evans
- MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Martin Farrall
- Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Marco M. Ferrario
- Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine Research Center, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Jean Ferrières
- Department of Cardiology, Toulouse University School of Medicine, Rangueil Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Lude Franke
- LifeLines Cohort Study, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Francesca Frau
- University of Milan, Department of Health Sciences, Ospedale San Paolo, 20139 Milano, Italy
| | - Pablo V. Gejman
- University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Northshore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois 60201, USA
| | - Harald Grallert
- Research Unit for Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Henrik Grönberg
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Department of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Alistair S. Hall
- Division of Cardiovascular and Neuronal Remodelling, Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, Leeds Institute of Genetics, Health and Therapeutics, University of Leeds, UK
| | - Per Hall
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna-Liisa Hartikainen
- Department of Clinical Sciences/Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Nancy L. Heard-Costa
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Andrew C. Heath
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Johannes Hebebrand
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Frank B. Hu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Sarah E. Hunt
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Elina Hyppönen
- Centre For Paediatric Epidemiolgy and Biostatistics/MRC Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health, University College of London Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Carlos Iribarren
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California 94612, USA
| | - Kevin B. Jacobs
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
- Core Genotyping Facility, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - John-Olov Jansson
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Antti Jula
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Population Studies Unit, 20720 Turku, Finland
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Sekar Kathiresan
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Frank Kee
- UKCRC Centre of Excellence for Public Health (NI) Queens University, Belfast
| | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2SR, UK
| | - Mika Kivimaki
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Wolfgang Koenig
- Department of Internal Medicine II – Cardiology, University of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Aldi T. Kraja
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Meena Kumari
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Kari Kuulasmaa
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Chronic Disease Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, 00271, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Kuusisto
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus and Kuopio University Hospital, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Timo A. Lakka
- Institute of Biomedicine/Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Finland
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Lenore J. Launer
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, Biometry, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Akademiska sjukhuset, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jaana Lindström
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Diabetes Prevention Unit, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Antonio Liuzzi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Verbania, Italy
| | - Marja-Liisa Lokki
- Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mattias Lorentzon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pamela A. Madden
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Patrik K. Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paolo Manunta
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Chair of Nephrology San Raffaele Scientific Institute, OU Nephrology and Dialysis, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Diana Marek
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Winfried März
- Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine, Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- Synlab Academy, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Irene Mateo Leach
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara McKnight
- Departments of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Sarah E. Medland
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane 4029, Australia
| | - Evelin Mihailov
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 50410, Estonia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 50410, Estonia
| | | | - Vincent Mooser
- Genetics Division, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, USA
| | - Thomas W. Mühleisen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Patricia B. Munroe
- Genome Centre, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
- Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK
| | - Arthur W. Musk
- School of Population Health, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands WA 6009, Australia
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Australia, 6009
- Busselton Population Medical Research Foundation Inc., Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Narisu Narisu
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Gerjan Navis
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen
| | - George Nicholson
- MRC Harwell, Harwell, UK
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TG, UK
| | - Ellen A. Nohr
- Department of Public Health, Section of Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Ken K. Ong
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health & Ageing, London, UK
| | - Ben A. Oostra
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA)
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Centre for Medical Systems Biology & Netherlands Consortium on Healthy Aging, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Colin N.A. Palmer
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School. Dundee, DD1 9SY
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Nancy Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Annette Peters
- Research Unit for Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Anneli Pouta
- Department of Clinical Sciences/Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, 90101 Oulu, Finland
| | - Peter P. Pramstaller
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), Bolzano/Bozen, 39100, Italy - Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Neurology, General Central Hospital, Bolzano, Italy
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Inga Prokopenko
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Carolin Pütter
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology (IMIBE), University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Aparna Radhakrishnan
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0PT, UK
- NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0PT, UK
| | - Olli Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
- The Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Augusto Rendon
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0PT, UK
- NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0PT, UK
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, Institute of Public Health, Cambridge, UK
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA)
| | - Igor Rudan
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland
| | - Timo E. Saaristo
- Finnish Diabetes Association, Kirjoniementie 15, 33680, Tampere, Finland
- Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jennifer G. Sambrook
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0PT, UK
- NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0PT, UK
| | - Alan R. Sanders
- University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Northshore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois 60201, USA
| | - Serena Sanna
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedicadel del CNR, Monserrato, 09042, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Jouko Saramies
- South Karelia Central Hospital, 53130 Lappeenranta, Finland
| | - Sabine Schipf
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stefan Schreiber
- Institute for Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Heribert Schunkert
- Universität zu Lübeck, Medizinische Klinik II, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung e. V. (DZHK), Universität zu Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - So-Youn Shin
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | | | - Juha Sinisalo
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Laboratory, Helsinki University Central Hospital, 00029 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Boris Skrobek
- University Lille Nord de France, 59000 Lille, France
- CNRS UMR8199-IBL-Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Nicole Soranzo
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Alena Stančáková
- University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Klaus Stark
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Universitätklinikum Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jonathan C. Stephens
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0PT, UK
- NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0PT, UK
| | | | - Ronald P. Stolk
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
- LifeLines Cohort Study, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Stumvoll
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- University of Leipzig, IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Amy J. Swift
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Eirini V. Theodoraki
- Department of Dietetics-Nutrition, Harokopio University, 70 El. Venizelou Str, Athens, Greece
| | - Barbara Thorand
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Elena Tremoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università di Milano, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Melanie M. Van der Klauw
- Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
- LifeLines Cohort Study, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joyce B.J. van Meurs
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA)
| | - Sita H. Vermeulen
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jorma Viikari
- Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Jarmo Virtamo
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Chronic Disease Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, 00271, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Veronique Vitart
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Gérard Waeber
- Department of Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Zhaoming Wang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
- Core Genotyping Facility, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Elisabeth Widén
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sarah H. Wild
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jacqueline C.M. Witteman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA)
| | - Bruce H.R. Wolffenbuttel
- Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
- LifeLines Cohort Study, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew Wong
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health & Ageing, London, UK
| | - Alan F. Wright
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - M. Carola Zillikens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA)
| | - Philippe Amouyel
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, INSERM U744, Université Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Bernhard O. Boehm
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Dorret I. Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark J. Caulfield
- Genome Centre, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
- Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK
| | - Stephen J. Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - L. Adrienne Cupples
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Daniele Cusi
- University of Milan, Department of Health Sciences, Ospedale San Paolo, 20139 Milano, Italy
- Fondazione Filarete, Milano, Italy
| | - George V. Dedoussis
- Department of Dietetics-Nutrition, Harokopio University, 70 El. Venizelou Str, Athens, Greece
| | - Jeanette Erdmann
- Universität zu Lübeck, Medizinische Klinik II, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung e. V. (DZHK), Universität zu Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Johan G. Eriksson
- Department of General Practice and Primary health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki University Central Hospital, Unit of General Practice, 00280 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paul W. Franks
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Public Health & Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Philippe Froguel
- University Lille Nord de France, 59000 Lille, France
- CNRS UMR8199-IBL-Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, W12 0NN, London, UK
| | - Christian Gieger
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ulf Gyllensten
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Anders Hamsten
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tamara B. Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, Biometry, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Christian Hengstenberg
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Universitätklinikum Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Andrew A. Hicks
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), Bolzano/Bozen, 39100, Italy - Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Aroon Hingorani
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Anke Hinney
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA)
| | - Kees G. Hovingh
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kristian Hveem
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7600 Levanger, Norway
| | - Thomas Illig
- Research Unit for Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Hannover Unified Biobank, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, 90101 Oulu, Finland
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Karl-Heinz Jöckel
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology (IMIBE), University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sirkka M. Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
- Unit of General Practice, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Lambertus A. Kiemeney
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Comprehensive Cancer Center East, 6501 BG Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Diana Kuh
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health & Ageing, London, UK
| | - Markku Laakso
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus and Kuopio University Hospital, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | | | | | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 50410, Estonia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Andrew D. Morris
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School. Dundee, DD1 9SY
| | - Markku S. Nieminen
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Laboratory, Helsinki University Central Hospital, 00029 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Inger Njølstad
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Albertine J. Oldehinkel
- Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Willem H. Ouwehand
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0PT, UK
- NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0PT, UK
| | - Lyle J. Palmer
- Genetic Epidemiology and Biostatistics Platform, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research. Toronto, Canada, M5G 1L7
- Prosserman Centre for Health Research, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Toronto, Canada, M5G 1X5
| | - Brenda Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Centre Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Chris Power
- Centre For Paediatric Epidemiolgy and Biostatistics/MRC Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health, University College of London Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Michael A. Province
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Bruce M. Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
- Departments of Epidemiology, Medicine and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
- Group Health Research Institute, Group Health, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
| | - Lu Qi
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Rainer Rauramaa
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Paul M. Ridker
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Samuli Ripatti
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Unit of Public Health Genomics, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Chronic Disease Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, 00271, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nilesh J. Samani
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK
- Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Unit in Cardiovascular Disease, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
- LifeLines Cohort Study, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thorkild I.A. Sørensen
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, and Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Timothy D. Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE Genetics, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Anke Tönjes
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- University of Leipzig, IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jaakko Tuomilehto
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Diabetes Prevention Unit, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
- Red RECAVA Grupo RD06/0014/0015, Hospital Universitario La Paz, 28046 Madrid, Spain
- Centre for Vascular Prevention, Danube-University Krems, 3500 Krems, Austria
- South Ostrobothnia Central Hospital, 60220 Seinajoki, Finland
| | - André G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA)
| | - Matti Uusitupa
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Finland
- Research Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pim van der Harst
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Vollenweider
- Department of Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Henri Wallaschofski
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nicholas J. Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Hugh Watkins
- Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - H.-Erich Wichmann
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- Klinikum Grosshadern, Munich, Germany
| | - James F. Wilson
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland
| | - Goncalo R. Abecasis
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Themistocles L. Assimes
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Inês Barroso
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Labs, Institute of Metabolic Science Addenbrooke’s Hospital, CB2 OQQ, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Ingrid B. Borecki
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Panos Deloukas
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Caroline S. Fox
- Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts 01702, USA
| | - Timothy Frayling
- Genetics of Complex Traits, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Leif C. Groop
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, 20502 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Talin Haritunian
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
| | - Iris M. Heid
- Public Health and Gender Studies, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Regensburg University Medical Center, Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - David Hunter
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Robert C. Kaplan
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | - Fredrik Karpe
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK
- Oxford National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Old Road Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Miriam Moffatt
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Karen L. Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Jeffrey R. O’Connell
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Yudi Pawitan
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eric E. Schadt
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1498, New York, NY 10029-6574 USA
- Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1498, New York, NY 10029-6574 USA
| | - David Schlessinger
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
| | | | - David P. Strachan
- Division of Population Health Sciences and Education, St George’s, University of London, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Unnur Thorsteinsdottir
- deCODE Genetics, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Cornelia M. van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA)
- Center of Medical Systems Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Peter M. Visscher
- The Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | | | - Joel N. Hirschhorn
- Divisions of Genetics and Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Metabolism Initiative and Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Cecilia M. Lindgren
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Andrew P. Morris
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - David Meyre
- University Lille Nord de France, 59000 Lille, France
- CNRS UMR8199-IBL-Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMasterUniversity, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - André Scherag
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology (IMIBE), University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Mark I. McCarthy
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK
- Oxford National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Old Road Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Elizabeth K. Speliotes
- Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Kari E. North
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, USA
| | - Ruth J.F. Loos
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- The Charles Bronfman Institute of Personalized Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
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Köttgen A, Albrecht E, Teumer A, Vitart V, Krumsiek J, Hundertmark C, Pistis G, Ruggiero D, O'Seaghdha CM, Haller T, Yang Q, Tanaka T, Johnson AD, Kutalik Z, Smith AV, Shi J, Struchalin M, Middelberg RPS, Brown MJ, Gaffo AL, Pirastu N, Li G, Hayward C, Zemunik T, Huffman J, Yengo L, Zhao JH, Demirkan A, Feitosa MF, Liu X, Malerba G, Lopez LM, van der Harst P, Li X, Kleber ME, Hicks AA, Nolte IM, Johansson A, Murgia F, Wild SH, Bakker SJL, Peden JF, Dehghan A, Steri M, Tenesa A, Lagou V, Salo P, Mangino M, Rose LM, Lehtimäki T, Woodward OM, Okada Y, Tin A, Müller C, Oldmeadow C, Putku M, Czamara D, Kraft P, Frogheri L, Thun GA, Grotevendt A, Gislason GK, Harris TB, Launer LJ, McArdle P, Shuldiner AR, Boerwinkle E, Coresh J, Schmidt H, Schallert M, Martin NG, Montgomery GW, Kubo M, Nakamura Y, Tanaka T, Munroe PB, Samani NJ, Jacobs DR, Liu K, D'Adamo P, Ulivi S, Rotter JI, Psaty BM, Vollenweider P, Waeber G, Campbell S, Devuyst O, Navarro P, Kolcic I, Hastie N, Balkau B, Froguel P, Esko T, Salumets A, Khaw KT, Langenberg C, Wareham NJ, Isaacs A, Kraja A, Zhang Q, Wild PS, Scott RJ, Holliday EG, Org E, Viigimaa M, Bandinelli S, Metter JE, Lupo A, Trabetti E, Sorice R, Döring A, Lattka E, Strauch K, Theis F, Waldenberger M, Wichmann HE, Davies G, Gow AJ, Bruinenberg M, Stolk RP, Kooner JS, Zhang W, Winkelmann BR, Boehm BO, Lucae S, Penninx BW, Smit JH, Curhan G, Mudgal P, Plenge RM, Portas L, Persico I, Kirin M, Wilson JF, Mateo Leach I, van Gilst WH, Goel A, Ongen H, Hofman A, Rivadeneira F, Uitterlinden AG, Imboden M, von Eckardstein A, Cucca F, Nagaraja R, Piras MG, Nauck M, Schurmann C, Budde K, Ernst F, Farrington SM, Theodoratou E, Prokopenko I, Stumvoll M, Jula A, Perola M, Salomaa V, Shin SY, Spector TD, Sala C, Ridker PM, Kähönen M, Viikari J, Hengstenberg C, Nelson CP, Meschia JF, Nalls MA, Sharma P, Singleton AB, Kamatani N, Zeller T, Burnier M, Attia J, Laan M, Klopp N, Hillege HL, Kloiber S, Choi H, Pirastu M, Tore S, Probst-Hensch NM, Völzke H, Gudnason V, Parsa A, Schmidt R, Whitfield JB, Fornage M, Gasparini P, Siscovick DS, Polašek O, Campbell H, Rudan I, Bouatia-Naji N, Metspalu A, Loos RJF, van Duijn CM, Borecki IB, Ferrucci L, Gambaro G, Deary IJ, Wolffenbuttel BHR, Chambers JC, März W, Pramstaller PP, Snieder H, Gyllensten U, Wright AF, Navis G, Watkins H, Witteman JCM, Sanna S, Schipf S, Dunlop MG, Tönjes A, Ripatti S, Soranzo N, Toniolo D, Chasman DI, Raitakari O, Kao WHL, Ciullo M, Fox CS, Caulfield M, Bochud M, Gieger C. Genome-wide association analyses identify 18 new loci associated with serum urate concentrations. Nat Genet 2012; 45:145-54. [PMID: 23263486 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 576] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Elevated serum urate concentrations can cause gout, a prevalent and painful inflammatory arthritis. By combining data from >140,000 individuals of European ancestry within the Global Urate Genetics Consortium (GUGC), we identified and replicated 28 genome-wide significant loci in association with serum urate concentrations (18 new regions in or near TRIM46, INHBB, SFMBT1, TMEM171, VEGFA, BAZ1B, PRKAG2, STC1, HNF4G, A1CF, ATXN2, UBE2Q2, IGF1R, NFAT5, MAF, HLF, ACVR1B-ACVRL1 and B3GNT4). Associations for many of the loci were of similar magnitude in individuals of non-European ancestry. We further characterized these loci for associations with gout, transcript expression and the fractional excretion of urate. Network analyses implicate the inhibins-activins signaling pathways and glucose metabolism in systemic urate control. New candidate genes for serum urate concentration highlight the importance of metabolic control of urate production and excretion, which may have implications for the treatment and prevention of gout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Köttgen
- Renal Division, Freiburg University Hospital, Freiburg, Germany.
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Ali M, Weisbjerg M, Cone J, van Duinkerken G, Blok M, Bruinenberg M, Hendriks W. Postruminal degradation of crude protein, neutral detergent fibre and starch of maize and grass silages in dairy cows. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2012.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Scott RA, Lagou V, Welch RP, Wheeler E, Montasser ME, Luan J, Mägi R, Strawbridge RJ, Rehnberg E, Gustafsson S, Kanoni S, Rasmussen-Torvik LJ, Yengo L, Lecoeur C, Shungin D, Sanna S, Sidore C, Johnson PCD, Jukema JW, Johnson T, Mahajan A, Verweij N, Thorleifsson G, Hottenga JJ, Shah S, Smith AV, Sennblad B, Gieger C, Salo P, Perola M, Timpson NJ, Evans DM, Pourcain BS, Wu Y, Andrews JS, Hui J, Bielak LF, Zhao W, Horikoshi M, Navarro P, Isaacs A, O'Connell JR, Stirrups K, Vitart V, Hayward C, Esko T, Mihailov E, Fraser RM, Fall T, Voight BF, Raychaudhuri S, Chen H, Lindgren CM, Morris AP, Rayner NW, Robertson N, Rybin D, Liu CT, Beckmann JS, Willems SM, Chines PS, Jackson AU, Kang HM, Stringham HM, Song K, Tanaka T, Peden JF, Goel A, Hicks AA, An P, Müller-Nurasyid M, Franco-Cereceda A, Folkersen L, Marullo L, Jansen H, Oldehinkel AJ, Bruinenberg M, Pankow JS, North KE, Forouhi NG, Loos RJF, Edkins S, Varga TV, Hallmans G, Oksa H, Antonella M, Nagaraja R, Trompet S, Ford I, Bakker SJL, Kong A, Kumari M, Gigante B, Herder C, Munroe PB, Caulfield M, Antti J, Mangino M, Small K, Miljkovic I, Liu Y, Atalay M, Kiess W, James AL, Rivadeneira F, Uitterlinden AG, Palmer CNA, Doney ASF, Willemsen G, Smit JH, Campbell S, Polasek O, Bonnycastle LL, Hercberg S, Dimitriou M, Bolton JL, Fowkes GR, Kovacs P, Lindström J, Zemunik T, Bandinelli S, Wild SH, Basart HV, Rathmann W, Grallert H, Maerz W, Kleber ME, Boehm BO, Peters A, Pramstaller PP, Province MA, Borecki IB, Hastie ND, Rudan I, Campbell H, Watkins H, Farrall M, Stumvoll M, Ferrucci L, Waterworth DM, Bergman RN, Collins FS, Tuomilehto J, Watanabe RM, de Geus EJC, Penninx BW, Hofman A, Oostra BA, Psaty BM, Vollenweider P, Wilson JF, Wright AF, Hovingh GK, Metspalu A, Uusitupa M, Magnusson PKE, Kyvik KO, Kaprio J, Price JF, Dedoussis GV, Deloukas P, Meneton P, Lind L, Boehnke M, Shuldiner AR, van Duijn CM, Morris AD, Toenjes A, Peyser PA, Beilby JP, Körner A, Kuusisto J, Laakso M, Bornstein SR, Schwarz PEH, Lakka TA, Rauramaa R, Adair LS, Smith GD, Spector TD, Illig T, de Faire U, Hamsten A, Gudnason V, Kivimaki M, Hingorani A, Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi SM, Saaristo TE, Boomsma DI, Stefansson K, van der Harst P, Dupuis J, Pedersen NL, Sattar N, Harris TB, Cucca F, Ripatti S, Salomaa V, Mohlke KL, Balkau B, Froguel P, Pouta A, Jarvelin MR, Wareham NJ, Bouatia-Naji N, McCarthy MI, Franks PW, Meigs JB, Teslovich TM, Florez JC, Langenberg C, Ingelsson E, Prokopenko I, Barroso I. Large-scale association analyses identify new loci influencing glycemic traits and provide insight into the underlying biological pathways. Nat Genet 2012; 44:991-1005. [PMID: 22885924 PMCID: PMC3433394 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 623] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Through genome-wide association meta-analyses of up to 133,010 individuals of European ancestry without diabetes, including individuals newly genotyped using the Metabochip, we have increased the number of confirmed loci influencing glycemic traits to 53, of which 33 also increase type 2 diabetes risk (q < 0.05). Loci influencing fasting insulin concentration showed association with lipid levels and fat distribution, suggesting impact on insulin resistance. Gene-based analyses identified further biologically plausible loci, suggesting that additional loci beyond those reaching genome-wide significance are likely to represent real associations. This conclusion is supported by an excess of directionally consistent and nominally significant signals between discovery and follow-up studies. Functional analysis of these newly discovered loci will further improve our understanding of glycemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Scott
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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Saxena R, Elbers C, Guo Y, Peter I, Gaunt T, Mega J, Lanktree M, Tare A, Castillo B, Li Y, Johnson T, Bruinenberg M, Gilbert-Diamond D, Rajagopalan R, Voight B, Balasubramanyam A, Barnard J, Bauer F, Baumert J, Bhangale T, Böhm B, Braund P, Burton P, Chandrupatla H, Clarke R, Cooper-DeHoff R, Crook E, Davey-Smith G, Day I, de Boer A, de Groot MC, Drenos F, Ferguson J, Fox C, Furlong C, Gibson Q, Gieger C, Gilhuijs-Pederson L, Glessner J, Goel A, Gong Y, Grant S, Grobbee D, Hastie C, Humphries S, Kim C, Kivimaki M, Kleber M, Meisinger C, Kumari M, Langaee T, Lawlor D, Li M, Lobmeyer M, Maitland-van der Zee AH, Meijs M, Molony C, Morrow D, Murugesan G, Musani S, Nelson C, Newhouse S, O'Connell J, Padmanabhan S, Palmen J, Patel S, Pepine C, Pettinger M, Price T, Rafelt S, Ranchalis J, Rasheed A, Rosenthal E, Ruczinski I, Shah S, Shen H, Silbernagel G, Smith E, Spijkerman A, Stanton A, Steffes M, Thorand B, Trip M, van der Harst P, van der A D, van Iperen E, van Setten J, van Vliet-Ostaptchouk J, Verweij N, Wolffenbuttel B, Young T, Hadi Zafarmand M, Zmuda J, Boehnke M, Altshuler D, McCarthy M, Linda Kao W, Pankow J, Cappola T, Sever P, Poulter N, Caulfield M, Dominiczak A, Shields D, Bhatt D, Zhang L, Curtis S, Danesh J, Casas J, van der Schouw Y, Onland-Moret N, Doevendans P, Dorn G, Farrall M, FitzGerald G, Robert Hegele A, Hingorani A, Hofker M, Huggins G, Illig T, Jarvik G, Johnson J, Klungel O, Knowler W, Koenig W, März W, Meigs J, Melander O, Munroe P, Mitchell B, Bielinski S, Rader D, Reilly M, Rich S, Rotter J, Saleheen D, Samani N, Schadt E, Shuldiner A, Silverstein R, Kottke-Marchant K, Talmud P, Watkins H, Asselbergs F, de Bakker P, McCaffery J, Wijmenga C, Sabatine M, Wilson J, Reiner A, Bowden D, Hakonarson H, Siscovick D, Keating B. Large-Scale Gene-Centric Meta-Analysis across 39 Studies Identifies Type 2 Diabetes Loci. Am J Hum Genet 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Saxena R, Elbers C, Guo Y, Peter I, Gaunt T, Mega J, Lanktree M, Tare A, Castillo B, Li Y, Johnson T, Bruinenberg M, Gilbert-Diamond D, Rajagopalan R, Voight B, Balasubramanyam A, Barnard J, Bauer F, Baumert J, Bhangale T, Böhm B, Braund P, Burton P, Chandrupatla H, Clarke R, Cooper-DeHoff R, Crook E, Davey-Smith G, Day I, de Boer A, de Groot M, Drenos F, Ferguson J, Fox C, Furlong C, Gibson Q, Gieger C, Gilhuijs-Pederson L, Glessner J, Goel A, Gong Y, Grant S, Grobbee D, Hastie C, Humphries S, Kim C, Kivimaki M, Kleber M, Meisinger C, Kumari M, Langaee T, Lawlor D, Li M, Lobmeyer M, Maitland-van der Zee AH, Meijs M, Molony C, Morrow D, Murugesan G, Musani S, Nelson C, Newhouse S, O'Connell J, Padmanabhan S, Palmen J, Patel S, Pepine C, Pettinger M, Price T, Rafelt S, Ranchalis J, Rasheed A, Rosenthal E, Ruczinski I, Shah S, Shen H, Silbernagel G, Smith E, Spijkerman A, Stanton A, Steffes M, Thorand B, Trip M, van der Harst P, van der A D, van Iperen E, van Setten J, van Vliet-Ostaptchouk J, Verweij N, Wolffenbuttel B, Young T, Zafarmand M, Zmuda J, Boehnke M, Altshuler D, McCarthy M, Kao W, Pankow J, Cappola T, Sever P, Poulter N, Caulfield M, Dominiczak A, Shields D, Bhatt DL, Zhang L, Curtis S, Danesh J, Casas J, van der Schouw Y, Onland-Moret N, Doevendans P, Dorn G, Farrall M, FitzGerald G, Hamsten A, Hegele R, Hingorani A, Hofker M, Huggins G, Illig T, Jarvik G, Johnson J, Klungel O, Knowler W, Koenig W, März W, Meigs J, Melander O, Munroe P, Mitchell B, Bielinski S, Rader D, Reilly M, Rich S, Rotter J, Saleheen D, Samani N, Schadt E, Shuldiner A, Silverstein R, Kottke-Marchant K, Talmud P, Watkins H, Asselbergs FW, de Bakker P, McCaffery J, Wijmenga C, Sabatine M, Wilson J, Reiner A, Bowden D, Hakonarson H, Siscovick D, Keating B. Large-scale gene-centric meta-analysis across 39 studies identifies type 2 diabetes loci. Am J Hum Genet 2012; 90:410-25. [PMID: 22325160 PMCID: PMC3309185 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Revised: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
To identify genetic factors contributing to type 2 diabetes (T2D), we performed large-scale meta-analyses by using a custom ∼50,000 SNP genotyping array (the ITMAT-Broad-CARe array) with ∼2000 candidate genes in 39 multiethnic population-based studies, case-control studies, and clinical trials totaling 17,418 cases and 70,298 controls. First, meta-analysis of 25 studies comprising 14,073 cases and 57,489 controls of European descent confirmed eight established T2D loci at genome-wide significance. In silico follow-up analysis of putative association signals found in independent genome-wide association studies (including 8,130 cases and 38,987 controls) performed by the DIAGRAM consortium identified a T2D locus at genome-wide significance (GATAD2A/CILP2/PBX4; p = 5.7 × 10(-9)) and two loci exceeding study-wide significance (SREBF1, and TH/INS; p < 2.4 × 10(-6)). Second, meta-analyses of 1,986 cases and 7,695 controls from eight African-American studies identified study-wide-significant (p = 2.4 × 10(-7)) variants in HMGA2 and replicated variants in TCF7L2 (p = 5.1 × 10(-15)). Third, conditional analysis revealed multiple known and novel independent signals within five T2D-associated genes in samples of European ancestry and within HMGA2 in African-American samples. Fourth, a multiethnic meta-analysis of all 39 studies identified T2D-associated variants in BCL2 (p = 2.1 × 10(-8)). Finally, a composite genetic score of SNPs from new and established T2D signals was significantly associated with increased risk of diabetes in African-American, Hispanic, and Asian populations. In summary, large-scale meta-analysis involving a dense gene-centric approach has uncovered additional loci and variants that contribute to T2D risk and suggests substantial overlap of T2D association signals across multiple ethnic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Saxena
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Clara C. Elbers
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Complex Genetics Section, Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Yiran Guo
- Center for Applied Genomics, Abramson Research Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- BGI Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Inga Peter
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Tom R. Gaunt
- Medical Research Council Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Jessica L. Mega
- Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction Study Group, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 021155 USA
| | - Matthew B. Lanktree
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Archana Tare
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Berta Almoguera Castillo
- Center for Applied Genomics, Abramson Research Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Servicio de Genética Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Avda. Reyes Católicos 228040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yun R. Li
- Center for Applied Genomics, Abramson Research Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Toby Johnson
- Clinical Pharmacology, Barts and the London Genome Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Marcel Bruinenberg
- LifeLines Cohort Study and Biobank, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Diane Gilbert-Diamond
- Children's Environmental Health and Disease Prevention Center at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
- Section of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Community and Family Medicine, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH 03756, USA
| | | | - Benjamin F. Voight
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Ashok Balasubramanyam
- Translational Metabolism Unit, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - John Barnard
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Florianne Bauer
- Complex Genetics Section, Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jens Baumert
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tushar Bhangale
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Bernhard O. Böhm
- Cardiology Group Frankfurt-Sachsenhausen, Frankfurt 60598, Germany
| | - Peter S. Braund
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK
| | - Paul R. Burton
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, University Rd, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Hareesh R. Chandrupatla
- Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Robert Clarke
- Clinical Trial Service Unit, Richard Doll Building, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX37LF, UK
| | - Rhonda M. Cooper-DeHoff
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | | | - George Davey-Smith
- Medical Research Council Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Ian N. Day
- Medical Research Council Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Anthonius de Boer
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mark C.H. de Groot
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Fotios Drenos
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Medicine, University College London, 5 University Street, London, WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Jane Ferguson
- Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Caroline S. Fox
- Framingham Heart Study, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Clement E. Furlong
- Department of Medicine (Medical Genetics), University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Quince Gibson
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Christian Gieger
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Lisa A. Gilhuijs-Pederson
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joseph T. Glessner
- Center for Applied Genomics, Abramson Research Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Anuj Goel
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Yan Gong
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Struan F.A. Grant
- Center for Applied Genomics, Abramson Research Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Diederick E. Grobbee
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Claire Hastie
- British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Division of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, Western Infirmary, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Steve E. Humphries
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Medicine, University College London, 5 University Street, London, WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Cecilia E. Kim
- Center for Applied Genomics, Abramson Research Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mika Kivimaki
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Marcus Kleber
- LURIC Study, Freiburg im Breisgau 79098, Germany
- Synlab Center of Laboratory Diagnostics Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69037, Germany
| | - Christa Meisinger
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Meena Kumari
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Taimour Y. Langaee
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Debbie A. Lawlor
- Medical Research Council Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Mingyao Li
- Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Maximilian T. Lobmeyer
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Anke-Hilse Maitland-van der Zee
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs F.L. Meijs
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cliona M. Molony
- Department of Genetics, Rosetta Inpharmatics, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - David A. Morrow
- Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction Study Group, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 021155 USA
| | - Gurunathan Murugesan
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Solomon K. Musani
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Christopher P. Nelson
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK
| | - Stephen J. Newhouse
- Clinical Pharmacology, Barts and the London Genome Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Jeffery R. O'Connell
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Sandosh Padmanabhan
- British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Division of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, Western Infirmary, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Jutta Palmen
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Medicine, University College London, 5 University Street, London, WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Sanjey R. Patel
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Carl J. Pepine
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Mary Pettinger
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Thomas S. Price
- Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Suzanne Rafelt
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK
| | - Jane Ranchalis
- Department of Medicine (Medical Genetics), University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Asif Rasheed
- Center for Non-Communicable Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Elisabeth Rosenthal
- Department of Medicine (Medical Genetics), University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ingo Ruczinski
- Department of Biostatistics, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Sonia Shah
- University College Genetics Institute, University College London, 5 University St London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Haiqing Shen
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Günther Silbernagel
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Nephrology, Vascular Disease, and Clinical Chemistry, Department of Internal Medicine, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen 72074, Germany
| | | | | | - Alice Stanton
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Michael W. Steffes
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Barbara Thorand
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Mieke Trip
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pim van der Harst
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen and Groningen University, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Daphne L. van der A
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jana V. van Vliet-Ostaptchouk
- Molecular Genetics, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Niek Verweij
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bruce H.R. Wolffenbuttel
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Taylor Young
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - M. Hadi Zafarmand
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joseph M. Zmuda
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 130 DeSoto St, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | | | | | - Michael Boehnke
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - David Altshuler
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mark McCarthy
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - W.H. Linda Kao
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - James S. Pankow
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA
| | - Thomas P. Cappola
- Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Peter Sever
- International Centre for Circulatory Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Neil Poulter
- International Centre for Circulatory Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Mark Caulfield
- Clinical Pharmacology, Barts and the London Genome Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Anna Dominiczak
- British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Division of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, Western Infirmary, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Denis C. Shields
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | | | - Li Zhang
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Sean P. Curtis
- Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - John Danesh
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Juan P. Casas
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Yvonne T. van der Schouw
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - N. Charlotte Onland-Moret
- Complex Genetics Section, Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter A. Doevendans
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gerald W. Dorn
- Washington University Center for Pharmacogenetics, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8220, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Martin Farrall
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Level 6 West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Garret A. FitzGerald
- The Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19146, USA
| | - Anders Hamsten
- Cardiovascular Genetics Group, Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert Hegele
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Aroon D. Hingorani
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Marten H. Hofker
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gordon S. Huggins
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Center for Translational Genomics, Tufts Medical Center and Tufts University, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Thomas Illig
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Hannover Unified Biobank, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Gail P. Jarvik
- Department of Medicine (Medical Genetics), University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Julie A. Johnson
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Olaf H. Klungel
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - William C. Knowler
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ 85104, USA
| | - Wolfgang Koenig
- Department of Internal Medicine II-Cardiology, University of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Winfried März
- Synlab Center of Laboratory Diagnostics Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69037, Germany
- Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg D-68167 Mannheim, Germany
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - James B. Meigs
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- General Medicine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Olle Melander
- Clinical Research Center, Malmö University Hospital, Malmö SE-205 02, Sweden
| | - Patricia B. Munroe
- Clinical Pharmacology, Barts and the London Genome Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Braxton D. Mitchell
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Susan J. Bielinski
- Division of Epidemiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Daniel J. Rader
- Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Muredach P. Reilly
- Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Stephen S. Rich
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22902, USA
| | - Jerome I. Rotter
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Danish Saleheen
- Center for Non-Communicable Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan
- Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Nilesh J. Samani
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK
| | | | - Alan R. Shuldiner
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Roy Silverstein
- Department of Cell Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 9500 Euclid Avenue Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | | | - Philippa J. Talmud
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Medicine, University College London, 5 University Street, London, WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Hugh Watkins
- Washington University Center for Pharmacogenetics, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8220, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Folkert W. Asselbergs
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul I.W. de Bakker
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Complex Genetics Section, Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jeanne McCaffery
- Weight Control and Diabetes Research Center, The Miriam Hospital and Warren Alpert School of Medicine at Brown University, Providence, RI 02906, USA
| | - Cisca Wijmenga
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen and Groningen University, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marc S. Sabatine
- Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction Study Group, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 021155 USA
| | - James G. Wilson
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Alex Reiner
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Donald W. Bowden
- Center for Human Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27106, USA
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, Abramson Research Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Division of Human Genetics, Abramson Research Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David S. Siscovick
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Brendan J. Keating
- Center for Applied Genomics, Abramson Research Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Division of Human Genetics, Abramson Research Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Szalowska E, Dijkstra M, Elferink MGL, Weening D, de Vries M, Bruinenberg M, Hoek A, Roelofsen H, Groothuis GMM, Vonk RJ. Comparative analysis of the human hepatic and adipose tissue transcriptomes during LPS-induced inflammation leads to the identification of differential biological pathways and candidate biomarkers. BMC Med Genomics 2011; 4:71. [PMID: 21978410 PMCID: PMC3196688 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-4-71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulin resistance (IR) is accompanied by chronic low grade systemic inflammation, obesity, and deregulation of total body energy homeostasis. We induced inflammation in adipose and liver tissues in vitro in order to mimic inflammation in vivo with the aim to identify tissue-specific processes implicated in IR and to find biomarkers indicative for tissue-specific IR. METHODS Human adipose and liver tissues were cultured in the absence or presence of LPS and DNA Microarray Technology was applied for their transcriptome analysis. Gene Ontology (GO), gene functional analysis, and prediction of genes encoding for secretome were performed using publicly available bioinformatics tools (DAVID, STRING, SecretomeP). The transcriptome data were validated by proteomics analysis of the inflamed adipose tissue secretome. RESULTS LPS treatment significantly affected 667 and 483 genes in adipose and liver tissues respectively. The GO analysis revealed that during inflammation adipose tissue, compared to liver tissue, had more significantly upregulated genes, GO terms, and functional clusters related to inflammation and angiogenesis. The secretome prediction led to identification of 399 and 236 genes in adipose and liver tissue respectively. The secretomes of both tissues shared 66 genes and the remaining genes were the differential candidate biomarkers indicative for inflamed adipose or liver tissue. The transcriptome data of the inflamed adipose tissue secretome showed excellent correlation with the proteomics data. CONCLUSIONS The higher number of altered proinflammatory genes, GO processes, and genes encoding for secretome during inflammation in adipose tissue compared to liver tissue, suggests that adipose tissue is the major organ contributing to the development of systemic inflammation observed in IR. The identified tissue-specific functional clusters and biomarkers might be used in a strategy for the development of tissue-targeted treatment of insulin resistance in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Szalowska
- Centre for Medical Biomics, University Medical Centre Groningen (UMCG), University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
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22
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Niedoszytko M, Bruinenberg M, van Doormaal JJ, de Monchy JGR, Nedoszytko B, Koppelman GH, Nawijn MC, Wijmenga C, Jassem E, Elberink JNGO. Gene expression analysis predicts insect venom anaphylaxis in indolent systemic mastocytosis. Allergy 2011; 66:648-57. [PMID: 21143240 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2010.02521.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anaphylaxis to insect venom (Hymenoptera) is most severe in patients with mastocytosis and may even lead to death. However, not all patients with mastocytosis suffer from anaphylaxis. The aim of the study was to analyze differences in gene expression between patients with indolent systemic mastocytosis (ISM) and a history of insect venom anaphylaxis (IVA) compared to those patients without a history of anaphylaxis, and to determine the predictive use of gene expression profiling. METHODS Whole-genome gene expression analysis was performed in peripheral blood cells. RESULTS Twenty-two adults with ISM were included: 12 with a history of IVA and 10 without a history of anaphylaxis of any kind. Significant differences in single gene expression corrected for multiple testing were found for 104 transcripts (P < 0.05). Gene ontology analysis revealed that the differentially expressed genes were involved in pathways responsible for the development of cancer and focal and cell adhesion suggesting that the expression of genes related to the differentiation state of cells is higher in patients with a history of anaphylaxis. Based on the gene expression profiles, a naïve Bayes prediction model was built identifying patients with IVA. CONCLUSIONS In ISM, gene expression profiles are different between patients with a history of IVA and those without. These findings might reflect a more pronounced mast cells dysfunction in patients without a history of anaphylaxis. Gene expression profiling might be a useful tool to predict the risk of anaphylaxis on insect venom in patients with ISM. Prospective studies are needed to substantiate any conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Niedoszytko
- Department of Allergology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.
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23
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Dijkstra A, Postma DS, Bruinenberg M, van Diemen CC, Boezen HM, Koppelman GH, Timens W, Vonk JM. SERPINE1 -675 4G/5G polymorphism is associated with asthma severity and inhaled corticosteroid response. Eur Respir J 2011; 38:1036-43. [PMID: 21478212 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00182410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is characterised by chronic airway inflammation and remodelling, which can be (partially) suppressed by inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs). Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, encoded by the SERPINE1 gene, is the key inhibitor of the plasminogen activator system, which affects tissue repair and remodelling. We studied associations between a functional SERPINE1 -675 4G/5G promoter polymorphism and asthma development, severity and response to ICSs. Longitudinal cohorts of 281 asthmatics and their nonasthmatic spouses, and the general population (n=1,390) were studied. No significant associations were found with asthma development and immunoglobulin (Ig)E levels, or with forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV₁) in nonasthmatic controls. Asthmatic subjects carrying the SERPINE1 5G allele had higher IgE and lower lung function levels at follow-up, lower maximally attained lung function levels, and faster lung function decline compared with individuals with the 4G/4G genotype. ICS treatment showed an immediate improvement in FEV₁ in asthmatics carrying the 5G allele. However, these asthmatics still had the fastest rate of FEV₁ decline after initiating ICS treatment. Finally, the 5G allele was associated with a lower prevalence of complete asthma remission at follow-up. These findings suggest that SERPINE1 is not an asthma susceptibility gene, but rather affects the severity, progression and long-term ICS response in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dijkstra
- Dept of Pulmonology, Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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24
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Meijer K, de Vries M, Al-Lahham S, Bruinenberg M, Weening D, Dijkstra M, Kloosterhuis N, van der Leij RJ, van der Want H, Kroesen BJ, Vonk R, Rezaee F. Human primary adipocytes exhibit immune cell function: adipocytes prime inflammation independent of macrophages. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17154. [PMID: 21448265 PMCID: PMC3063154 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity promotes inflammation in adipose tissue (AT) and this is implicated in pathophysiological complications such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Although based on the classical hypothesis, necrotic AT adipocytes (ATA) in obese state activate AT macrophages (ATM) that then lead to a sustained chronic inflammation in AT, the link between human adipocytes and the source of inflammation in AT has not been in-depth and systematically studied. So we decided as a new hypothesis to investigate human primary adipocytes alone to see whether they are able to prime inflammation in AT. Methods and Results Using mRNA expression, human preadipocytes and adipocytes express the cytokines/chemokines and their receptors, MHC II molecule genes and 14 acute phase reactants including C-reactive protein. Using multiplex ELISA revealed the expression of 50 cytokine/chemokine proteins by human adipocytes. Upon lipopolysaccharide stimulation, most of these adipocyte-associated cytokines/chemokines and immune cell modulating receptors were up-regulated and a few down-regulated such as (ICAM-1, VCAM-1, MCP-1, IP-10, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α and TNF-β highly up-regulated and IL-2, IL-7, IL-10, IL-13 and VEGF down-regulated. In migration assay, human adipocyte-derived chemokines attracted significantly more CD4+ T cells than controls and the number of migrated CD4+ cells was doubled after treating the adipocytes with LPS. Neutralizing MCP-1 effect produced by adipocytes reduced CD4+ migration by approximately 30%. Conclusion Human adipocytes express many cytokines/chemokines that are biologically functional. They are able to induce inflammation and activate CD4+ cells independent of macrophages. This suggests that the primary event in the sequence leading to chronic inflammation in AT is metabolic dysfunction in adipocytes, followed by production of immunological mediators by these adipocytes, which is then exacerbated by activated ATM, activation and recruitment of immune cells. This study provides novel knowledge about the prime of inflammation in human obese adipose tissue, opening a new avenue of investigations towards obesity-associated type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kees Meijer
- Center for Medical Biomics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel de Vries
- Center for Medical Biomics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Saad Al-Lahham
- Center for Medical Biomics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Bruinenberg
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Desirée Weening
- Center for Medical Biomics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Dijkstra
- Center for Medical Biomics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Niels Kloosterhuis
- Center for Medical Biomics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Roelof Jan van der Leij
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Han van der Want
- Cell Biology, Center for Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart-Jan Kroesen
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Roel Vonk
- Center for Medical Biomics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Farhad Rezaee
- Center for Medical Biomics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Niedoszytko M, Bruinenberg M, de Monchy J, Weersma RK, Wijmenga C, Jassem E, Elberink JNGO. Changes in gene expression caused by insect venom immunotherapy responsible for the long-term protection of insect venom-allergic patients. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2011; 106:502-10. [PMID: 21624750 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2011.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Revised: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insect venom immunotherapy (VIT) is the only causative treatment of insect venom allergy (IVA). The immunological mechanism(s) responsible for long-term protection achieved by VIT are largely unknown. A better understanding is relevant for improving the diagnosis, prediction of anaphylaxis, and monitoring and simplifying treatment of IVA. OBJECTIVE To find genes that are differentially expressed during the maintenance phase of VIT and after stopping, to get clues about the pathways involved in the long-term protective effect of immunotherapy. METHODS Whole genome gene expression analysis was performed on RNA samples from 50 patients treated with VIT and 43 healthy controls. Patients were divided into three groups: (1) before the start of VIT; (2) on maintenance phase of VIT for at least 3 years still receiving injections; and (3) after VIT. RESULTS Of all 48,804 probes present in the array, 48,773 transcripts had sufficient data for further analysis. The list of genes that were differentially expressed (at least log2 FC > 2; P < .05 corrected for multiple testing) during the maintenance phase of VIT as well as after successful VIT contains 89 entities. The function of these genes affects cell signaling, cell differentiation, and ion transport. CONCLUSION This study shows that a group of genes is differentially expressed both during and after VIT in comparison with gene expression in patients before VIT. Although the results of this study should be confirmed prospectively, the relevance of these findings is supported by the fact that they are related to putative mechanisms of immunotherapy.
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Niedoszytko M, Oude Elberink JNG, Bruinenberg M, Nedoszytko B, de Monchy JGR, te Meerman GJ, Weersma RK, Mulder AB, Jassem E, van Doormaal JJ. Gene expression profile, pathways, and transcriptional system regulation in indolent systemic mastocytosis. Allergy 2011; 66:229-37. [PMID: 21208217 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2010.02477.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mastocytosis is an uncommon disease resulting from proliferation of abnormal mast cells infiltrating skin, bone marrow, liver, and other tissues. The aim of this study was to find differences in gene expression in peripheral blood cells of patients with indolent systemic mastocytosis compared to healthy controls. The second aim was to define a specific gene expression profile in patients with mastocytosis. METHODS Twenty-two patients with indolent systemic mastocytosis and 43 healthy controls were studied. Whole genome gene expression analysis was performed on RNA samples isolated from the peripheral blood. For amplification and labelling of the RNA, the Illumina TotalPrep 96 RNA Amplification Kit was used. Human HT-12_V3_expression arrays were processed. Data analysis was performed using GeneSpring, Genecodis, and Transcriptional System Regulators. RESULTS Comparison of gene expression between patients and controls revealed a significant difference (P < 0.05 corrected for multiple testing) and the fold change difference >2 in gene expression in 2303 of the 48.794 analysed transcripts. Functional annotation indicated that the main pathways in which the differently expressed genes were involved are ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, MAPK signalling pathway, pathways in cancer, and Jak-STAT signalling. The expression distributions for both groups did not overlap at all, indicating that many genes are highly differentially expressed in both groups. CONCLUSION We were able to find abnormalities in gene expression in peripheral blood cells of patients with indolent systemic mastocytosis and to construct a gene expression profile which may be useful in clinical practice to predict the presence of mastocytosis and in further research of novel drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Niedoszytko
- Department of Allergology Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 7, Gdansk, Poland.
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Geremek M, Bruinenberg M, Ziętkiewicz E, Pogorzelski A, Witt M, Wijmenga C. Gene expression studies in cells from primary ciliary dyskinesia patients identify 208 potential ciliary genes. Hum Genet 2010; 129:283-93. [PMID: 21136274 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-010-0922-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cilia are small cellular projections that either act as sensors (primary cilia) or propel fluid over the epithelia of various organs (motile cilia). The organellum has gained much attention lately because of its involvement in a group of human diseases called ciliopathies. Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is an autosomal recessive ciliopathy caused by mutations in cilia motility genes. The disease is characterized by recurrent respiratory tract infections due to the lack of an efficient mucociliary clearance. We performed whole-genome gene expression profiling in bronchial biopsies from PCD patients. We used the quality threshold clustering algorithm to identify groups of genes that revealed highly correlated RNA expression patterns in the biopsies. The largest cluster contained 372 genes and was significantly enriched for genes related to cilia. The database and literature search showed that 164 genes in this cluster were known cilia genes, strongly indicating that the remaining 208 genes were likely to be new cilia genes. The tissue expression pattern of the 208 new cilia genes and the 164 known genes was consistent with the presence of motile cilia in a given tissue. The analysis of the upstream promotor sequences revealed evidence for RFX transcription factors binding site motif in both subgroups. Based on the correlated expression patterns in PCD-affected tissues, we identified 208 genes that we predict to be involved in cilia biology. Our predictions are based directly on the human material and not on model organisms. This list of genes provides candidate genes for PCD and other ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Geremek
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland.
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Wolfs MGM, Rensen SS, Bruin-Van Dijk EJ, Verdam FJ, Greve JW, Sanjabi B, Bruinenberg M, Wijmenga C, van Haeften TW, Buurman WA, Franke L, Hofker MH. Co-expressed immune and metabolic genes in visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue from severely obese individuals are associated with plasma HDL and glucose levels: a microarray study. BMC Med Genomics 2010; 3:34. [PMID: 20687939 PMCID: PMC2925326 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-3-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Accepted: 08/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Excessive accumulation of body fat, in particular in the visceral fat depot, is a major risk factor to develop a variety of diseases such as type 2 diabetes. The mechanisms underlying the increased risk of obese individuals to develop co-morbid diseases are largely unclear. We aimed to identify genes expressed in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) that are related to blood parameters involved in obesity co-morbidity, such as plasma lipid and glucose levels, and to compare gene expression between the fat depots. Methods Whole-transcriptome SAT and VAT gene expression levels were determined in 75 individuals with a BMI >35 kg/m2. Modules of co-expressed genes likely to be functionally related were identified and correlated with BMI, plasma levels of glucose, insulin, HbA1c, triglycerides, non-esterified fatty acids, ALAT, ASAT, C-reactive protein, and LDL- and HDL cholesterol. Results Of the approximately 70 modules identified in SAT and VAT, three SAT modules were inversely associated with plasma HDL-cholesterol levels, and a fourth module was inversely associated with both plasma glucose and plasma triglyceride levels (p < 5.33 × 10-5). These modules were markedly enriched in immune and metabolic genes. In VAT, one module was associated with both BMI and insulin, and another with plasma glucose (p < 4.64 × 10-5). This module was also enriched in inflammatory genes and showed a marked overlap in gene content with the SAT modules related to HDL. Several genes differentially expressed in SAT and VAT were identified. Conclusions In obese subjects, groups of co-expressed genes were identified that correlated with lipid and glucose metabolism parameters; they were enriched with immune genes. A number of genes were identified of which the expression in SAT correlated with plasma HDL cholesterol, while their expression in VAT correlated with plasma glucose. This underlines both the singular importance of these genes for lipid and glucose metabolism and the specific roles of these two fat depots in this respect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel G M Wolfs
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Medical Biology Section, Molecular Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, PO Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
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Niedoszytko M, Bruinenberg M, de Monchy J, Wijmenga C, Platteel M, Jassem E, Oude Elberink JN. Gene expression analysis in predicting the effectiveness of insect venom immunotherapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 125:1092-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2009] [Revised: 12/29/2009] [Accepted: 01/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Koppelman GH, Meyers DA, Howard TD, Zheng SL, Hawkins GA, Ampleford EJ, Xu J, Koning H, Bruinenberg M, Nolte IM, van Diemen CC, Boezen HM, Timens W, Whittaker PA, Stine OC, Barton SJ, Holloway JW, Holgate ST, Graves PE, Martinez FD, van Oosterhout AJ, Bleecker ER, Postma DS. Identification of PCDH1 as a novel susceptibility gene for bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009; 180:929-35. [PMID: 19729670 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200810-1621oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease that affects more than 300 million individuals worldwide. Asthma is caused by interaction of genetic and environmental factors. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) is a hallmark of asthma and results from increased sensitivity of the airways to physical or chemical stimulants. BHR and asthma are linked to chromosome 5q31-q33. OBJECTIVES To identify a gene for BHR on chromosome 5q31-q33. METHODS In 200 Dutch families with asthma, linkage analysis and fine mapping were performed, and the Protocadherin 1 gene (PCDH1) was identified. PCDH1 was resequenced in 96 subjects from ethnically diverse populations to identify novel sequence variants. Subsequent replication studies were undertaken in seven populations from The Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the United States, including two general population samples, two family samples, and three case-control samples. PCDH1 mRNA and protein expression was investigated using polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS In seven out of eight populations (n = 6,168) from The Netherlands, United Kingdom, and United States, PCHD1 gene variants were significantly associated with BHR (P values, 0.005-0.05) This association was present in both families with asthma and general populations. PCDH1 mRNA and protein were expressed in airway epithelial cells and in macrophages. CONCLUSIONS PCDH1 is a novel gene for BHR in adults and children. The identification of PCDH1 as a BHR susceptibility gene may suggest that a structural defect in the integrity of the airway epithelium, the first line of defense against inhaled substances, contributes to the development of BHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard H Koppelman
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Pediatric Allergology, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Trynka G, Zhernakova A, Romanos J, Franke L, Hunt KA, Turner G, Bruinenberg M, Heap GA, Platteel M, Ryan AW, de Kovel C, Holmes GKT, Howdle PD, Walters JRF, Sanders DS, Mulder CJJ, Mearin ML, Verbeek WHM, Trimble V, Stevens FM, Kelleher D, Barisani D, Bardella MT, McManus R, van Heel DA, Wijmenga C. Coeliac disease-associated risk variants in TNFAIP3 and REL implicate altered NF-kappaB signalling. Gut 2009; 58:1078-83. [PMID: 19240061 DOI: 10.1136/gut.2008.169052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our previous coeliac disease genome-wide association study (GWAS) implicated risk variants in the human leucocyte antigen (HLA) region and eight novel risk regions. To identify more coeliac disease loci, we selected 458 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that showed more modest association in the GWAS for genotyping and analysis in four independent cohorts. DESIGN 458 SNPs were assayed in 1682 cases and 3258 controls from three populations (UK, Irish and Dutch). We combined the results with the original GWAS cohort (767 UK cases and 1422 controls); six SNPs showed association with p<1 x 10(-04) and were then genotyped in an independent Italian coeliac cohort (538 cases and 593 controls). RESULTS We identified two novel coeliac disease risk regions: 6q23.3 (OLIG3-TNFAIP3) and 2p16.1 (REL), both of which reached genome-wide significance in the combined analysis of all 2987 cases and 5273 controls (rs2327832 p = 1.3 x 10(-08), and rs842647 p = 5.2 x 10(-07)). We investigated the expression of these genes in the RNA isolated from biopsies and from whole blood RNA. We did not observe any changes in gene expression, nor in the correlation of genotype with gene expression. CONCLUSIONS Both TNFAIP3 (A20, at the protein level) and REL are key mediators in the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) inflammatory signalling pathway. For the first time, a role for primary heritable variation in this important biological pathway predisposing to coeliac disease has been identified. Currently, the HLA risk factors and the 10 established non-HLA risk factors explain approximately 40% of the heritability of coeliac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Trynka
- Genetics Department, University Medical Centre, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Heap GA, Trynka G, Jansen RC, Bruinenberg M, Swertz MA, Dinesen LC, Hunt KA, Wijmenga C, Vanheel DA, Franke L. Complex nature of SNP genotype effects on gene expression in primary human leucocytes. BMC Med Genomics 2009; 2:1. [PMID: 19128478 PMCID: PMC2628677 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-2-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2008] [Accepted: 01/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genome wide association studies have been hugely successful in identifying disease risk variants, yet most variants do not lead to coding changes and how variants influence biological function is usually unknown. Methods We correlated gene expression and genetic variation in untouched primary leucocytes (n = 110) from individuals with celiac disease – a common condition with multiple risk variants identified. We compared our observations with an EBV-transformed HapMap B cell line dataset (n = 90), and performed a meta-analysis to increase power to detect non-tissue specific effects. Results In celiac peripheral blood, 2,315 SNP variants influenced gene expression at 765 different transcripts (< 250 kb from SNP, at FDR = 0.05, cis expression quantitative trait loci, eQTLs). 135 of the detected SNP-probe effects (reflecting 51 unique probes) were also detected in a HapMap B cell line published dataset, all with effects in the same allelic direction. Overall gene expression differences within the two datasets predominantly explain the limited overlap in observed cis-eQTLs. Celiac associated risk variants from two regions, containing genes IL18RAP and CCR3, showed significant cis genotype-expression correlations in the peripheral blood but not in the B cell line datasets. We identified 14 genes where a SNP affected the expression of different probes within the same gene, but in opposite allelic directions. By incorporating genetic variation in co-expression analyses, functional relationships between genes can be more significantly detected. Conclusion In conclusion, the complex nature of genotypic effects in human populations makes the use of a relevant tissue, large datasets, and analysis of different exons essential to enable the identification of the function for many genetic risk variants in common diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham A Heap
- Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, E1 2AT, UK.
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van Diemen C, Postma D, Vonk J, Bruinenberg M, Schouten J, Marike Boezen H. A Disintegrin and Metalloprotease 33 polymorphisms and lung function decline in the general population. Eur Respir Rev 2006. [DOI: 10.1183/09059180.00010121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Wijpkema JS, van Haelst PL, Monraats PS, Bruinenberg M, Zwinderman AH, Zijlstra F, van der Steege G, de Winter RJ, Doevendans PAFM, Waltenberger J, Jukema JW, Tio RA. Restenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention is associated with the angiotensin-II type-1 receptor 1166A/C polymorphism but not with polymorphisms of angiotensin-converting enzyme, angiotensin-II receptor, angiotensinogen or heme oxygenase-1. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2006; 16:331-7. [PMID: 16609364 DOI: 10.1097/01.fpc.0000205001.07054.fa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is thought to play a major role in the pathophysiology of de-novo restenotic lesions and in-stent restenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), is thought to beneficially influence these processes. We examined the effect of pharmacologic as well as genetic RAS interactions on restenosis in a large population of consecutive patients undergoing PCI, and evaluated possible gene-gene interactions in both systems. METHODS The GENDER project is a multicenter prospective follow-up study, including 3146 patients after successful PCI. Genotyping in these patients was performed for the ACE gene insertion/deletion, the angiotensinogen 235Met/Thr, T174M and A(-6)G, the angiotensin-II type 1 receptor (AT1R) 1166A/C and T810A, the angiotensin-II type 2 receptor (AT2R) 1675G/A and 3123A polymorphisms and the length polymorphism in the HO-1 promoter region. RESULTS A total of 3104 patients were followed for 10 months. In 2975 patients at least one of the nine genotypes could be determined. The AT1R 1166 CC genotype showed a significant association with TVR; the other polymorphisms did not. RAS-inhibitory drugs were not associated with the incidence of TVR, nor did they interact with any of the investigated polymorphisms. Patients with the ACE I/I polymorphism showed a trend towards a better outcome if they had a short number of repeats in the HO-1 promoter. This relationship was inversely present in carriers of the ACE D/D polymorphism. CONCLUSION We could only establish a role for the AT1R 1166A/C polymorphism in restenosis after PCI. However, significant gene-gene interaction was suggested for the ACE gene and the HO-1 promotor. The RAS and HO-1 relation in restenosis merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper S Wijpkema
- Thoraxcenter, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
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van Diemen CC, Postma DS, Vonk JM, Bruinenberg M, Nolte IM, Boezen HM. Decorin and TGF-beta1 polymorphisms and development of COPD in a general population. Respir Res 2006; 7:89. [PMID: 16780585 PMCID: PMC1539000 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-7-89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2005] [Accepted: 06/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Decorin, an extracellular matrix (ECM) proteoglycan, and TGF-β1 are both involved in lung ECM turnover. Decorin and TGF-β1 expression are decreased respectively increased in COPD lung tissue. Interestingly, they act as each other's feedback regulator. We investigated whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in decorin and TGF-β1 underlie accelerated decline in FEV1 and development of COPD in the general population. Methods We genotyped 1390 subjects from the Vlagtwedde/Vlaardingen cohort. Lung function was measured every 3 years for a period of 25 years. We tested whether five SNPs in decorin (3'UTR and four intron SNPs) and three SNPs in TGF-β1 (3'UTR rs6957, C-509T rs1800469 and Leu10Pro rs1982073), and their haplotypes, were associated with COPD (last survey GOLD stage = II). Linear mixed effects models were used to analyze genotype associations with FEV1 decline. Results We found a significantly higher prevalence of carriers of the minor allele of the TGF-β1 rs6957 SNP (p = 0.001) in subjects with COPD. Additionally, we found a significantly lower prevalence of the haplotype with the major allele of rs6957 and minor alleles for rs1800469 and rs1982073 SNPs in TGF-β1 in subjects with COPD (p = 0.030), indicating that this association is due to the rs6957 SNP. TGF-β1 SNPs were not associated with FEV1 decline. SNPs in decorin, and haplotypes constructed of both TGF-β1 and decorin SNPs were not associated with development of COPD or with FEV1 decline. Conclusion Our study shows for the first time that SNPs in decorin on its own or in interaction with SNPs in TGF-β1 do not underlie the disturbed balance in expression between these genes in COPD. TGF-β1 SNPs are associated with COPD, yet not with accelerated FEV1 decline in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleo C van Diemen
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirkje S Postma
- Department of Pulmonology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Judith M Vonk
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Bruinenberg
- Department of Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ilja M Nolte
- Department of Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - H Marike Boezen
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Reijmerink NE, Hylkema MN, Postma DS, Bruinenberg M, Kauffman HF, Koppelman GH. Confounding effect of atopy on functional effects of the CD14/-159 promoter polymorphism. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006; 117:219; author reply 220. [PMID: 16387612 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2005.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2005] [Accepted: 08/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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de Jong MM, Nolte IM, Te Meerman GJ, van der Graaf WTA, Oosterom E, Bruinenberg M, Steege GVD, Oosterwijk JC, van der Hout AH, Boezen HM, Schaapveld M, Kleibeuker JH, de Vries EGE. No increased susceptibility to breast cancer from combined CHEK2 1100delC genotype and the HLA class III region risk factors. Eur J Cancer 2005; 41:1819-23. [PMID: 16043347 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2005.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2005] [Accepted: 04/08/2005] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
CHEK2 is low-penetrance breast cancer susceptibility gene. The 1100delC mutation may interact with variants/mutations in other breast cancer susceptibility loci. We identified a risk haplotype in the HLA class III region in breast cancer patients [de Jong MM, Nolte IM, de Vries EGE, et al. The HLA class III subregion is responsible for an increased breast cancer risk. Hum Mol Genet 2003, 12, 2311-2319] and tested whether it interacted with 1100delC mutation. The CHEK2 1100delC mutation was analysed in the same series of patients and controls as in the HLA breast cancer study. In 962 unselected breast cancer patients, the 1100delC mutation was observed in 2.9% and in 367 controls in 1.4% (NS). The highest 1100delC frequency occurred in high-risk (4.4%), followed by moderate-risk (3.8%), and lowest in low genetic risk patients (2.4%, P(trend) 0.029). In HLA risk haplotype carriers no increased breast cancer risk was observed in the presence of 1100delC mutation. Patients more often had one than both genetic risk factors. The 1100delC mutation and the HLA risk haplotype confer increased breast cancer risks, but an interactive effect on breast cancer between both factors is unlikely. In contrast, the effect of 1100delC mutation on breast cancer risk was limited to individuals without HLA risk haplotype, suggesting a mutual excluding effect between these risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam M de Jong
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Centre Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
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Lutke Holzik MF, Nolte IM, Sijmons RH, van der Steege G, Sleijfer DT, Bruinenberg M, Hoekstra HJ. Association analysis fails to confirm Xq27 as candidate region for a testicular germ cell tumour susceptibility gene. J Clin Oncol 2005. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2005.23.16_suppl.4579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - I. M. Nolte
- Groningen Univ Medcl Ctr, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - R. H. Sijmons
- Groningen Univ Medcl Ctr, Groningen, The Netherlands
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van Diemen CC, Postma DS, Vonk JM, Bruinenberg M, Schouten JP, Boezen HM. A disintegrin and metalloprotease 33 polymorphisms and lung function decline in the general population. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 172:329-33. [PMID: 15879414 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200411-1486oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE A disintegrin and metalloprotease 33 (ADAM33) has been identified as a susceptibility gene for asthma and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in this gene have been associated with excessive decline of lung function in individuals with asthma. OBJECTIVES To assess whether SNPs in ADAM33 are associated with accelerated lung function loss in the general population and with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). METHODS DNA was collected from subjects of the Vlagtwedde-Vlaardingen cohort participating in the last survey in 1989-1990 after a follow-up of 25 years. Information was collected every 3 years, including lung function measurements. We defined COPD as GOLD stage 2 or higher at the last survey. A total of 1,390 subjects from the cohort was genotyped for the following SNPs in ADAM33: F+1, Q-1, S_1, S_2, T_1, T_2, V_4, and ST+5. Differences in prevalence of SNPs were analyzed with chi(2) tests. Linear mixed effects models were used to analyze FEV(1) decline according to genotype. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS In the whole population, mean adjusted decline was 18.7 and 12.7 ml/year in females and males, respectively. Individuals homozygous for minor alleles of SNPs S_2 and Q-1 and heterozygous for SNP S_1 had a significantly accelerated decline in FEV(1) of, respectively, 4.9, 9.6, and 3.6 ml/year compared with wild type. We found a significantly higher prevalence of SNPs F+1, S_1, S_2, and T_2 in subjects with COPD. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that SNPs in ADAM33 are associated with accelerated lung function decline in the general population. These SNPs are also risk factors for COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleo C van Diemen
- Department of Epidemiology and Bioinformatics, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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Jongepier H, Koppelman GH, Nolte IM, Bruinenberg M, Bleecker ER, Meyers DA, te Meerman GJ, Postma DS. Polymorphisms in SPINK5 are not associated with asthma in a Dutch population. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 115:486-92. [PMID: 15753894 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2004.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma and allergic phenotypes are complex genetic diseases with known linkage to chromosome 5q. This region has many candidate genes, including serine protease inhibitor Kazal type 5 (SPINK5), which has been associated with asthma and atopic dermatitis in family-based studies of children with atopic dermatitis. OBJECTIVE We sought to investigate whether single nucleotide polymorphisms in SPINK5 are associated with asthma, atopic phenotypes, and atopic dermatitis. METHODS We investigated whether single nucleotide polymorphisms in SPINK5 (ie, -785 A/G, Asn368Ser, and Lys420Glu) are associated with asthma, atopic phenotypes, and atopic dermatitis in 200 families ascertained by a proband with asthma (nonaffected spouses served as a matched control population) and an independent set of 252 trios with asthma. RESULTS We found no association with asthma, atopic phenotypes, and atopic dermatitis after correction for multiple testing. CONCLUSION The negative results in this study suggest that SPINK5 is not associated with asthma or atopic phenotypes in individuals ascertained by a proband with asthma. This is consistent with the finding that SPINK5 is not expressed in the lung. Because our patients were ascertained for asthma, a role of SPINK5 in atopic dermatitis cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajo Jongepier
- Department of Pulmonary Rehabilitation, Beatrixoord, The Netherlands
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41
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Foerster J, Nolte I, Junge J, Bruinenberg M, Schweiger S, Spaar K, van der Steege G, Ehlert C, Mulder M, Kalscheuer V, Blumenthal-Barby E, Winter J, Seeman P, Ständer M, Sterry W, Te Meerman G. Haplotype sharing analysis identifies a retroviral dUTPase as candidate susceptibility gene for psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol 2005; 124:99-102. [PMID: 15654959 DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-202x.2004.23504.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The psoriasis susceptibility locus 1 (PSORS1) mutation is assumed to reside within a region around human leukocyte antigen-C spanning 250 kb, termed risk haplotype (RH) 1/2. By re-analyzing a published data set with a previously developed method, the haplotype sharing statistic, we confirm localization of PSORS1 to the RH1 region and refine its location to marker M6S168. We replicate this result in an independent patient sample. The target region harbors fragments of a human endogenous retrovirus K (HERV-K) endogenous retrovirus. Two single-nucleotide polymorphisms with alleles differing between high- and low-risk haplotypes are located within the HERV-K dUTPase. One of these encodes a predicted non-conserved Glu-Arg exchange. The HERV-K dUTPase is expressed in peripheral blood and in normal as well as lesional psoriatic skin. Our results indicate that an endogenous retroviral dUTPase constitutes a candidate gene for the PSORS1 mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Foerster
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Charité, Schumannstr., Berlin, Germany.
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42
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de Jong MM, Niens M, Nolte IM, te Meerman GJ, van der Graaf WTA, Mulder MJ, van der Steege G, Bruinenberg M, Schaapveld M, Sijmons RH, Hofstra RMW, de Vries EGE, Kleibeuker JH. The human leukocyte antigen region and colorectal cancer risk. Dis Colon Rectum 2005; 48:303-6. [PMID: 15714243 DOI: 10.1007/s10350-004-0801-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recently, we found a certain haplotype in the human leukocyte antigen Class III subregion to be associated with breast cancer. Epidemiologic studies have shown that breast cancer and colorectal cancer have several risk factors in common. In view of these studies and because polymorphisms located in the human leukocyte antigen III region have been found to be associated with colorectal cancer, we wondered whether the same region also is involved in colorectal cancer susceptibility. METHODS The human leukocyte antigen region was genotyped with 14 microsatellite markers in germline DNA from 643 colorectal cancer patients and 841 family-based controls. Association analyses and the Haplotype Sharing Statistic were used to search for differences between patients and controls. Subgroup analyses were performed for gender, age at diagnosis, and localization of the tumor. RESULTS The Haplotype Sharing Statistic analysis revealed neither a difference in mean haplotype sharing between all patients and controls, nor in any of the subgroups. The single allele, genotype, and two-locus association analyses for all patients and for the different subgroups did not show an association with colorectal cancer for the 14 microsatellite markers. Also, no association was observed between the tumor necrosis factor-beta polymorphism and colorectal cancer. CONCLUSIONS No association was observed between commonly occurring haplotypes and alleles in the human leukocyte antigen region and colorectal cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam M de Jong
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
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Spijker GT, Bruinenberg M, te Meerman GJ. Efficiency Control in Large-Scale Genotyping Using Analysis of Variance. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2005; 120:29-36. [PMID: 15640555 DOI: 10.1385/abab:120:1:29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2003] [Revised: 08/09/2004] [Accepted: 08/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The efficiency of the genotyping process is determined by many simultaneous factors. In actual genotyping, a production run is often preceded by small-scale experiments to find optimal conditions. We propose to use statistical analysis of production run data as well, to gain insight into factors important for the outcome of genotyping. As an example, we show that analysis of variance (ANOVA) applied to the first-pass results of a genetic study reveals important determinants of genotyping success. The largest factor limiting genotyping appeared to be interindividual variation among DNA samples, explaining 20% of the variance, and a smaller reaction volume, sizing failure, and differences among markers all explained approximately 10%. Other potentially important factors, such as sample position within the plate and reusing electrophoresis matrix, appeared to be of minor influence. About 55% of the total variance could be explained by systematic factors. These results show that ANOVA can provide valuable feedback to improve genotyping efficiency. We propose to adjust genotype production runs using principles of experimental design in order to maximize genotyping efficiency at little additional cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geert T Spijker
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 4, 9713 AW Groningen, the Netherlands
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44
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de Jong MM, Nolte IM, Te Meerman GJ, van der Graaf WTA, Mulder MJ, van der Steege G, Bruinenberg M, Schaapveld M, Niessen RC, Berends MJW, Sijmons RH, Hofstra RMW, de Vries EGE, Kleibeuker JH. Colorectal cancer and theCHEK2 1100delC mutation. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2005; 43:377-82. [PMID: 15852425 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The CHEK2 1100delC mutation was recently identified as a low-penetrance breast cancer susceptibility allele. The mutation occurred more frequently in families with clustering of breast and colorectal cancers (CRCs) than in families with clustering of breast cancer only. Hence, the 1100delC mutation could also be a low-penetrance CRC susceptibility allele. To test this hypothesis, we examined the mutation in 629 unselected CRC cases, 230 controls, and 105 selected CRCs diagnosed in patients before age 50. The mutation was observed in 1.6% of unselected patients and in 0.3% of controls (Not significant (NS)). After stratifying unselected patients according to defined genetic risk (on the basis of age at diagnosis and family history of colorectal and endometrial cancer), the highest frequency was observed in high-risk patients (12.5%), followed by moderate-risk patients (3.3%), and was lowest in low-risk patients (1.0%, P(trend) 0.014). In selected patients, 1.6% carried the mutation (NS). Subgroup analyses for tumor localization, gender, and age at diagnosis did not reveal an association with the 1100delC genotype. In addition, a pooled analysis, combining data of one published study in unselected CRC cases and our study, also did not reveal an association. In conclusion, the frequency of the 1100delC genotype was neither significantly increased in unselected CRC patients nor in selected CRC patients diagnosed before age 50. However, after stratifying unselected CRC patients according to defined genetic risk, a significant trend of increasing frequency was observed. Together, the results are consistent with a low-penetrance effect (OR 1.5-2.0) of the CHEK2 1100delC on CRC risk. Large case-control studies are required to clarify the exact role of the CHEK2 1100delC mutation in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam M de Jong
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Groningen Medical Center, The Netherlands
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de Jong MM, te Meerman GJ, van der Graaf WTA, de Vries EGE, Nolte IM, Mulder MJ, Bruinenberg M, van der Steege G, Schaapveld M, Sijmons RH, Hofstra RMW, Kleibeuker JH. No association between the Arg201Gly polymorphism of the DCC gene and colorectal cancer. Dig Liver Dis 2004; 36:821-3. [PMID: 15646429 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2004.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In one small study, the DCC Arg201Gly polymorphism has been observed more frequently in colorectal cancer cases compared with controls. We wondered whether these results could be replicated in a much larger study. METHODOLOGY The DCC Arg201 Gly polymorphism was genotyped in 625 unselected Caucasian colorectal cancer patients and 220 controls. Association analysis was used to search for a difference between patients and controls. Subgroup analyses were performed for site of tumour, gender, age at diagnosis, family history of colorectal cancer and modified Dukes classification. RESULTS The association analyses revealed no difference in Arg201Gly genotype frequency between patients and controls, neither overall nor for different subgroups according to site of tumour, gender, age at diagnosis, family history of colorectal cancer and modified Dukes classification. CONCLUSION No association was observed between the Arg201Gly polymorphism of DCC and colorectal cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M de Jong
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands
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Vlaeminck B, Lourenço M, Bruinenberg M, Demeyer D, Fievez V. Odd and branched chain fatty acids in rumen contents and milk of dairy cows fed forages from semi-natural grasslands. Commun Agric Appl Biol Sci 2004; 69:337-40. [PMID: 15560255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B Vlaeminck
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Ghent University, Belgium
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Foerster J, Nolte I, Schweiger S, Ehlert C, Bruinenberg M, Spaar K, van der Steege G, Mulder M, Kalscheuer V, Moser B, Kijas Z, Seeman P, Ständer M, Sterry W, te Meerman G. Evaluation of the IRF-2 Gene as a Candidate for PSORS3. J Invest Dermatol 2004; 122:61-4. [PMID: 14962090 DOI: 10.1046/j.0022-202x.2003.22104.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 interferon can trigger flares of psoriasis. Hypersensitivity to type 1 interferon signaling causes a psoriasis-like skin disease in mice deficient for the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 2 (IRF2). The human IRF2 gene is located at a previously identified candidate psoriasis susceptibility locus on chromosome 4q (PSORS3 at D4S1535). Therefore, we tested association of psoriasis with IRF2. We generated a sample consisting of 157 families with a total of 521 individuals. Five novel microsatellite markers were developed and typed, and complemented with three known markers to yield a set of eight markers spaced within 600 kb around the IRF2 gene, three of which are located in the gene. We detected association of IRF2 with type 1 psoriasis at two markers in the IRF2 gene. Haplotype sharing analysis confirmed association of IRF2 with type 1 psoriasis (p=0.0017; pcorr=0.03). The 921G/A SNP in exon 9 was found to obliterate a predicted exon splice enhancer in an allele-specific manner. There was a suggestive increase of homozygosity for the splicing-deficient allele in type 1 psoriasis patients. Our data identify IRF2 as a potential susceptibility gene for psoriasis.
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de Jong MM, Nolte IM, de Vries EGE, Schaapveld M, Kleibeuker JH, Oosterom E, Oosterwijk JC, van der Hout AH, van der Steege G, Bruinenberg M, Boezen HM, Te Meerman GJ, van der Graaf WTA. The HLA class III subregion is responsible for an increased breast cancer risk. Hum Mol Genet 2003; 12:2311-9. [PMID: 12915440 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddg245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BRCA1 and BRCA2 germline mutations account for <5% of breast cancer cases. Less penetrant breast cancer susceptibility genes are likely to exist. Earlier studies have suggested involvement of the HLA region. The HLA region was genotyped with 24 microsatellite markers and markers for two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in TNFalpha and TNFbeta, in germline DNA from 956 breast cancer patients and 1271 family-based controls. Association analyses and the haplotype sharing statistic (HSS) were used to search for differences in haplotype sharing between patients and controls. Based on criteria known to influence genetic breast cancer risk, patients were divided into groups of high, moderate and low risk. The HSS revealed a significant difference in mean haplotype sharing between patients and controls for four consecutive markers (D6S2671, TNFa, D6S2672 and MICA), the highest being at D6S2671 (P=0.017). Subgroup analyses showed that moderate-risk patients were responsible for this difference, with the strongest association for D6S2672 (P=0.0009). A single haplotype was more frequent and longer in moderate-risk patients than in controls. The results were confirmed with association analyses. Individuals homozygous for haplotype 110-184 (D6S2672-MICA) were observed in 9.0% of moderate-risk patients and 1.5% of controls [odds ratio (OR)=7.14], while heterozygotes were at a lower risk (OR=1.41), suggesting a recessive effect. No association was observed between the two SNPs in TNFalpha (-308) and TNFbeta (intron 1) and breast cancer risk. The results reveal a potential role of the HLA class III subregion in susceptibility to breast cancer in patients at moderate familial risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam M de Jong
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
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Sonneveld DJA, Lutke Holzik MF, Nolte IM, Sleijfer DT, van der Graaf WTA, Bruinenberg M, Sijmons RH, Hoekstra HJ, Te Meerman GJ. Testicular carcinoma and HLA Class II genes. Cancer 2002; 95:1857-63. [PMID: 12404278 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.10903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association with histocompatibility antigens (HLA), in particular Class II genes (DQB1, DRB1), has recently been suggested to be one of the genetic factors involved in testicular germ cell tumor (TGCT) development. The current study, which uses genotyping of microsatellite markers, was designed to replicate previous associations. METHODS In 151 patients, along with controls comprising parents or spouses, the HLA region (particularly Class II) on chromosome 6p21 was genotyped for a set of 15 closely linked microsatellite markers. RESULTS In both patients and controls, strong linkage disequilibrium was observed in the genotyped region, indicating that similar haplotypes are likely to be identical by descent. However, association analysis and the transmission disequilibrium test did not show significant results. Haplotype sharing statistics, a haplotype method that derives extra information from phase and single marker tests, did not show differences in haplotype sharing between patients and controls. CONCLUSION The current genotyping study did not confirm the previously reported association between HLA Class II genes and TGCT. As the HLA alleles for which associations were reported are also prevalent in the Dutch populations, these associations are likely to be nonexistent or much weaker than previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk J A Sonneveld
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Boon M, Nolte IM, Bruinenberg M, Spijker GT, Terpstra P, Raelson J, De Keyser J, Zwanikken CP, Hulsbeek M, Hofstra RM, Buys CH, te Meerman GJ. Mapping of a susceptibility gene for multiple sclerosis to the 51 kb interval between G511525 and D6S1666 using a new method of haplotype sharing analysis. Neurogenetics 2001; 3:221-30. [PMID: 11714103 DOI: 10.1007/s100480100121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex disease that is partly genetic in origin. Although an association of MS with specific human leukocyte antigen (HLA) types has been known for almost 30 years, the nature of this relationship has remained unclear. Furthermore, genetic resolution sufficient to implicate a specific gene in the HLA region has not been achieved. Many loci in the HLA region have been found to be significantly associated with MS, which is largely explained by the extended haplotype sharing and varying marker informativity of the region. We have determined 248 haplotypes of MS patients from the population of the northern Netherlands and 226 haplotypes of their relatives as controls using a set of 22 microsatellite markers covering the HLA region. The data were analyzed using standard association methods and a new statistical method, haplotype sharing statistics (HSS). Haplotype sharing statistics determines the extent of haplotype sharing for all pairs of haplotypes of patients and of controls and calculates the difference in mean haplotype sharing between patients and controls. Haplotype sharing was found to be significantly greater among patients than among controls in a region of 1.1 Mb between markers G511525 and TNFalpha. The involvement of this region is also supported by association analysis and the transmission/disequilibrium test (TDT). Within this region, HSS, which is largely independent of association and TDT, indicated the interval of 51 kb between G511525 and D6S1666 as that most likely to contain a susceptibility gene for MS. As DQB1 is the sole gene known in this interval at present, the results of our analysis suggest that this gene plays a role in the pathogenesis of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Boon
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Groningen, The Netherlands
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