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Broekstra R, Maeckelberghe ELM, Aris-Meijer JL, Stolk RP, Otten S. Motives of contributing personal data for health research: (non-)participation in a Dutch biobank. BMC Med Ethics 2020; 21:62. [PMID: 32711531 PMCID: PMC7382031 DOI: 10.1186/s12910-020-00504-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Large-scale, centralized data repositories are playing a critical and unprecedented role in fostering innovative health research, leading to new opportunities as well as dilemmas for the medical sciences. Uncovering the reasons as to why citizens do or do not contribute to such repositories, for example, to population-based biobanks, is therefore crucial. We investigated and compared the views of existing participants and non-participants on contributing to large-scale, centralized health research data repositories with those of ex-participants regarding the decision to end their participation. This comparison could yield new insights into motives of participation and non-participation, in particular the behavioural change of withdrawal. Methods We conducted 36 in-depth interviews with ex-participants, participants, and non-participants of a three-generation, population-based biobank in the Netherlands. The interviews focused on the respondents’ decision-making processes relating to their participation in a large-scale, centralized repository for health research data. Results The decision of participants and non-participants to contribute to the biobank was motivated by a desire to help others. Whereas participants perceived only benefits relating to their participation and were unconcerned about potential risks, non-participants and ex-participants raised concerns about the threat of large-scale, centralized public data repositories and public institutes, such as social exclusion or commercialization. Our analysis of ex-participants’ perceptions suggests that intrapersonal characteristics, such as levels of trust in society, participation conceived as a social norm, and basic societal values account for differences between participants and non-participants. Conclusions Our findings indicate the fluidity of motives centring on helping others in decisions to participate in large-scale, centralized health research data repositories. Efforts to improve participation should focus on enhancing the trustworthiness of such data repositories and developing layered strategies for communication with participants and with the public. Accordingly, personalized approaches for recruiting participants and transmitting information along with appropriate regulatory frameworks are required, which have important implications for current data management and informed consent procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Broekstra
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, PO Box 30.001, FA 40, 9700, RB, Groningen, The Netherlands. .,Department of Social Psychology, Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - E L M Maeckelberghe
- University Medical Center Groningen, Institute for Medical Education, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - J L Aris-Meijer
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, PO Box 30.001, FA 40, 9700, RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - R P Stolk
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, PO Box 30.001, FA 40, 9700, RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - S Otten
- Department of Social Psychology, Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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2
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Brouwer SI, Stolk RP, Bartels M, van Beijsterveld TC, Boomsma DI, Corpeleijn E. Infant Motor Milestones and Childhood Overweight: Trends over Two Decades in A Large Twin Cohort. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:E2366. [PMID: 32244434 PMCID: PMC7178093 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17072366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poor motor skill competence may influence energy balance with childhood overweight as a result. Our aim was to investigate whether the age of motor milestone achievement has changed over the past decades and whether this change may contribute to the increasing trend observed in childhood overweight. METHODS Motor skill competence was assessed in children from the Young Netherlands Twin Register born between 1987 and 2007. Follow-up ranged from 4 up to 10 years. Weight and height were assessed at birth, 6 months, 14 months, and 2, 4, 7, and 10 years. RESULTS Babies born in later cohorts achieved their motor milestones 'crawling', 'standing', and 'walking unassisted' later compared to babies born in earlier cohorts (N = 18,514, p < 0.001). The prevalence of overweight at age 10 was higher in later cohorts (p = 0.033). The increase in overweight at age 10 was not explained by achieving motor milestones at a later age and this persisted after adjusting for gestational age, sex, and socioeconomic status. CONCLUSION Comparing children born in 1987 to those born in 2007, we conclude that children nowadays achieve their motor milestones at a later age. This does not however, explain the increasing trend in childhood overweight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia I. Brouwer
- Institute of Sportstudies, Hanze University of Applied Sciences, Zernikeplein 17, 9747 AS Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemilogy, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands; (R.P.S.); (E.C.)
| | - Ronald P. Stolk
- Department of Epidemilogy, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands; (R.P.S.); (E.C.)
| | - Meike Bartels
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (M.B.); (T.C.E.M.v.B.); (D.I.B.)
| | - Toos C.E.M. van Beijsterveld
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (M.B.); (T.C.E.M.v.B.); (D.I.B.)
| | - Dorret I. Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (M.B.); (T.C.E.M.v.B.); (D.I.B.)
| | - Eva Corpeleijn
- Department of Epidemilogy, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands; (R.P.S.); (E.C.)
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3
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Brouwer SI, Stolk RP, Corpeleijn E. Later achievement of infant motor milestones is related to lower levels of physical activity during childhood: the GECKO Drenthe cohort. BMC Pediatr 2019; 19:388. [PMID: 31656174 PMCID: PMC6816144 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-019-1784-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study is to investigate whether age of infant motor milestone achievement is related to levels of physical activity (PA), weight status and blood pressure at age 4-7 years of age. METHODS In the Dutch GECKO (Groningen Expert Center of Kids with Obesity) Drenthe cohort, the age of achieving the motor milestone 'walking without support' was reported by parents. Weight status and blood pressure were assessed by trained health nurses and PA was measured using the Actigraph GT3X between age 4 and 7 years. RESULTS Adjusted for children's age, sex and the mother's education level, infants who achieved walking without support at a later age, spent more time in sedentary behaviour during childhood and less time in moderate-to-vigorous PA. Later motor milestones achievement was not related to higher BMI Z-score, waist circumference Z-score, diastolic or systolic blood pressure. CONCLUSION The results of this study indicate that a later age of achieving motor milestone within the normal range have a weak relation to lower PA levels at later age. It is not likely that this will have consequences for weight status or blood pressure at 4-7 years of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia I. Brouwer
- Hanze University of Applied Sciences, Institute of Sportstudies, Zernikeplein 17, 9747 AS Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald P. Stolk
- Department of Epidemilogy, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eva Corpeleijn
- Department of Epidemilogy, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
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4
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Abbasi A, Corpeleijn E, Meijer E, Postmus D, Gansevoort RT, Gans ROB, Struck J, Hillege HL, Stolk RP, Navis G, Bakker SJL. Correction to: Sex differences in the association between plasma copeptin and incident type 2 diabetes: the Prevention of Renal and Vascular Endstage Disease (PREVEND) study. Diabetologia 2019; 62:1518-1519. [PMID: 31190157 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-019-4917-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The values given for copeptin levels in men in quartiles 1 and 2 (Table 1) were incorrect, and should have read.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Abbasi
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, the Netherlands.
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - E Corpeleijn
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - E Meijer
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - D Postmus
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - R T Gansevoort
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - R O B Gans
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - J Struck
- Department of Research, BRAHMS GmbH/Thermo Fisher Scientific, Hennigsdorf, Germany
| | - H L Hillege
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - R P Stolk
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - G Navis
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - S J L Bakker
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Child and adolescent obesity is increasingly prevalent, and can be associated with significant short- and long-term health consequences. OBJECTIVES To assess the efficacy of lifestyle, drug and surgical interventions for treating obesity in childhood. SEARCH METHODS We searched CENTRAL on The Cochrane Library Issue 2 2008, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, ISI Web of Science, DARE and NHS EED. Searches were undertaken from 1985 to May 2008. References were checked. No language restrictions were applied. SELECTION CRITERIA We selected randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of lifestyle (i.e. dietary, physical activity and/or behavioural therapy), drug and surgical interventions for treating obesity in children (mean age under 18 years) with or without the support of family members, with a minimum of six months follow up (three months for actual drug therapy). Interventions that specifically dealt with the treatment of eating disorders or type 2 diabetes, or included participants with a secondary or syndromic cause of obesity were excluded. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two reviewers independently assessed trial quality and extracted data following the Cochrane Handbook. Where necessary authors were contacted for additional information. MAIN RESULTS We included 64 RCTs (5230 participants). Lifestyle interventions focused on physical activity and sedentary behaviour in 12 studies, diet in 6 studies, and 36 concentrated on behaviorally orientated treatment programs. Three types of drug interventions (metformin, orlistat and sibutramine) were found in 10 studies. No surgical intervention was eligible for inclusion. The studies included varied greatly in intervention design, outcome measurements and methodological quality.Meta-analyses indicated a reduction in overweight at 6 and 12 months follow up in: i) lifestyle interventions involving children; and ii) lifestyle interventions in adolescents with or without the addition of orlistat or sibutramine. A range of adverse effects was noted in drug RCTs. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS While there is limited quality data to recommend one treatment program to be favoured over another, this review shows that combined behavioural lifestyle interventions compared to standard care or self-help can produce a significant and clinically meaningful reduction in overweight in children and adolescents. In obese adolescents, consideration should be given to the use of either orlistat or sibutramine, as an adjunct to lifestyle interventions, although this approach needs to be carefully weighed up against the potential for adverse effects. Furthermore, high quality research that considers psychosocial determinants for behaviour change, strategies to improve clinician-family interaction, and cost-effective programs for primary and community care is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiltje Oude Luttikhuis
- University Medical Center GroningenBeatrix Children's Hospital and Department of EpidemiologyPO Box 30.001 (CA80)9700RBGroningenNetherlands
| | - Louise Baur
- The University of SydneyDepartment of Paediatrics and Child HealthLocked Bag 4001WestmeadAustraliaNSW 2145
| | - Hanneke Jansen
- University Medical Center UtrechtJulius Center for Health Sciences and Primary CareP.O.Box 85500UtrechtNetherlands3508 AB
| | - Vanessa A Shrewsbury
- The University of SydneyDepartment of Paediatrics and Child HealthLocked Bag 4001WestmeadAustraliaNSW 2145
| | - Claire O'Malley
- Durham University Queen's CampusSchool of Medicine, Pharmacy and HealthDurhamUKTS17 6BH
| | - Ronald P Stolk
- University Medical Center GroningenDepartment of EpidemiologyGroningenNetherlands
| | - Carolyn D Summerbell
- Durham UniversityDepartment of Sport and Exercise Science42 Old ElvetDurhamUKDH13HN
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6
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Cai Y, Hansell AL, Blangiardo M, Burton PR, de Hoogh K, Doiron D, Fortier I, Gulliver J, Hveem K, Mbatchou S, Morley DW, Stolk RP, Zijlema WL, Elliott P, Hodgson S. Long-term exposure to road traffic noise, ambient air pollution, and cardiovascular risk factors in the HUNT and lifelines cohorts. Eur Heart J 2018; 38:2290-2296. [PMID: 28575405 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Blood biochemistry may provide information on associations between road traffic noise, air pollution, and cardiovascular disease risk. We evaluated this in two large European cohorts (HUNT3, Lifelines). Methods and results Road traffic noise exposure was modelled for 2009 using a simplified version of the Common Noise Assessment Methods in Europe (CNOSSOS-EU). Annual ambient air pollution (PM10, NO2) at residence was estimated for 2007 using a Land Use Regression model. The statistical platform DataSHIELD was used to pool data from 144 082 participants aged ≥20 years to enable individual-level analysis. Generalized linear models were fitted to assess cross-sectional associations between pollutants and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), blood lipids and for (Lifelines only) fasting blood glucose, for samples taken during recruitment in 2006-2013. Pooling both cohorts, an inter-quartile range (IQR) higher day-time noise (5.1 dB(A)) was associated with 1.1% [95% confidence interval (95% CI: 0.02-2.2%)] higher hsCRP, 0.7% (95% CI: 0.3-1.1%) higher triglycerides, and 0.5% (95% CI: 0.3-0.7%) higher high-density lipoprotein (HDL); only the association with HDL was robust to adjustment for air pollution. An IQR higher PM10 (2.0 µg/m3) or NO2 (7.4 µg/m3) was associated with higher triglycerides (1.9%, 95% CI: 1.5-2.4% and 2.2%, 95% CI: 1.6-2.7%), independent of adjustment for noise. Additionally for NO2, a significant association with hsCRP (1.9%, 95% CI: 0.5-3.3%) was seen. In Lifelines, an IQR higher noise (4.2 dB(A)) and PM10 (2.4 µg/m3) was associated with 0.2% (95% CI: 0.1-0.3%) and 0.6% (95% CI: 0.4-0.7%) higher fasting glucose respectively, with both remaining robust to adjustment for air/noise pollution. Conclusion Long-term exposures to road traffic noise and ambient air pollution were associated with blood biochemistry, providing a possible link between road traffic noise/air pollution and cardio-metabolic disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Cai
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, W2 1PG, London, UK
| | - Anna L Hansell
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, W2 1PG, London, UK.,Directorate of Public Health and Primary Care, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Marta Blangiardo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, W2 1PG, London, UK
| | - Paul R Burton
- Data to Knowledge (D2K) Research Group, University of Bristol, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK.,Maelstrom Research Program, Public Population Project in Genomics and Society (P G), 740 Dr Penfield Avenue, Suite 5104, H3A 0G1, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Kees de Hoogh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, W2 1PG, London, UK.,Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dany Doiron
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland.,Child Health and Human Development Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, 2155 Guy St, H3H 2L9 Montreal, Canada
| | - Isabel Fortier
- Maelstrom Research Program, Public Population Project in Genomics and Society (P G), 740 Dr Penfield Avenue, Suite 5104, H3A 0G1, Montreal, Canada.,Child Health and Human Development Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, 2155 Guy St, H3H 2L9 Montreal, Canada
| | - John Gulliver
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, W2 1PG, London, UK
| | - Kristian Hveem
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Forskningsvegen 2, 7600 Levanger, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Stéphane Mbatchou
- Child Health and Human Development Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, 2155 Guy St, H3H 2L9 Montreal, Canada
| | - David W Morley
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, W2 1PG, London, UK
| | - Ronald P Stolk
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wilma L Zijlema
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands.,Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paul Elliott
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, W2 1PG, London, UK
| | - Susan Hodgson
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, W2 1PG, London, UK
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7
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de F C Lichtenfels AJ, van der Plaat DA, de Jong K, van Diemen CC, Postma DS, Nedeljkovic I, van Duijn CM, Amin N, la Bastide-van Gemert S, de Vries M, Ward-Caviness CK, Wolf K, Waldenberger M, Peters A, Stolk RP, Brunekreef B, Boezen HM, Vonk JM. Long-term Air Pollution Exposure, Genome-wide DNA Methylation and Lung Function in the LifeLines Cohort Study. Environ Health Perspect 2018; 126:027004. [PMID: 29410382 PMCID: PMC6047358 DOI: 10.1289/ehp2045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term air pollution exposure is negatively associated with lung function, yet the mechanisms underlying this association are not fully clear. Differential DNA methylation may explain this association. OBJECTIVES Our main aim was to study the association between long-term air pollution exposure and DNA methylation. METHODS We performed a genome-wide methylation study using robust linear regression models in 1,017 subjects from the LifeLines cohort study to analyze the association between exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and particulate matter (PM2.5, fine particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm; PM10, particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤10 μm) and PM2.5absorbance, indicator of elemental carbon content (estimated with land-use-regression models) with DNA methylation in whole blood (Illumina® HumanMethylation450K BeadChip). Replication of the top hits was attempted in two independent samples from the population-based Cooperative Health Research in the Region of Augsburg studies (KORA). RESULTS Depending on the p-value threshold used, we found significant associations between NO2 exposure and DNA methylation for seven CpG sites (Bonferroni corrected threshold p<1.19×10-7) or for 4,980 CpG sites (False Discovery Rate<0.05). The top associated CpG site was annotated to the PSMB9 gene (i.e., cg04908668). None of the seven Bonferroni significant CpG-sites were significantly replicated in the two KORA-cohorts. No associations were found for PM exposure. CONCLUSIONS Long-term NO2 exposure was genome-wide significantly associated with DNA methylation in the identification cohort but not in the replication cohort. Future studies are needed to further elucidate the potential mechanisms underlying NO2-exposure-related respiratory disease. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP2045.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Julia de F C Lichtenfels
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Diana A van der Plaat
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Kim de Jong
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Cleo C van Diemen
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Dirkje S Postma
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen, Netherlands
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen , Netherlands
| | - Ivana Nedeljkovic
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Najaf Amin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sacha la Bastide-van Gemert
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Maaike de Vries
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Cavin K Ward-Caviness
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München , Neuherberg, Germany
- Environmental Public Health Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kathrin Wolf
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München , Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München , Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ronald P Stolk
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Bert Brunekreef
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences , Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht , Netherlands
| | - H Marike Boezen
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Judith M Vonk
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen, Netherlands
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8
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Oldenkamp M, Bültmann U, Wittek RPM, Stolk RP, Hagedoorn M, Smidt N. Combining informal care and paid work: The use of work arrangements by working adult-child caregivers in the Netherlands. Health Soc Care Community 2018; 26:e122-e131. [PMID: 28762603 DOI: 10.1111/hsc.12485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
An increasing number of people combine paid work with the provision of informal care for a loved one. This combination of work and care may cause difficulties, necessitating adaptations at work, i.e. work arrangements. The present study explores what types of work arrangements are used by working caregivers, and which caregiver, care and work characteristics are associated with the use of these work arrangements. Within the Lifelines Informal Care Add-on Study (Lifelines ICAS), data on 965 Dutch informal caregivers in the North of the Netherlands were collected between May 2013 and July 2014 (response rate 48%), and data on 333 working adult-child caregivers (aged 26-68 years, 82% female) were used in this study. A small majority (56%) of the working caregivers used one or more work arrangement(s): taking time off (41%), individual agreements with supervisor (30%), formal care leave arrangement (13%), and reduction in paid work hours (6%). Logistic regression analyses showed that long working hours (OR 1.06, 95% CI 1.01-1.08), and the experience of more health problems (OR 2.54, 95% CI 1.56-4.05) or a disrupted schedule due to caregiving (OR 2.50, 95% CI 1.66-3.78) increased the chance to have used one or more work arrangements. Lower educated working caregivers were less likely to have used a formal care leave arrangement (tertiary vs. primary education OR 2.75, 95% CI 1.13-6.67; tertiary vs. secondary education OR 1.27, 95% CI 1.27-5.09). Policy makers should inform working caregivers about the availability of the different work arrangements, with specific attention for low educated working caregivers. Employers need to consider a more caregiver-friendly policy, as almost half of the working adult-child caregivers did not use any work arrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marloes Oldenkamp
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ute Bültmann
- Department of Health Sciences, Community and Occupational Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rafael P M Wittek
- Department of Sociology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald P Stolk
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mariët Hagedoorn
- Department of Health Sciences, Health Psychology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nynke Smidt
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Geriatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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9
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Looijmans A, Stiekema APM, Bruggeman R, van der Meer L, Stolk RP, Schoevers RA, Jörg F, Corpeleijn E. Changing the obesogenic environment to improve cardiometabolic health in residential patients with a severe mental illness: cluster randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry 2017; 211:296-303. [PMID: 28982656 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.117.199315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundFor patients with severe mental illness (SMI) in residential facilities, adopting a healthy lifestyle is hampered by the obesity promoting (obesogenic) environment.AimsTo determine the effectiveness of a 12-month lifestyle intervention addressing the obesogenic environment with respect to diet and physical activity to improve waist circumference and cardiometabolic risk factors v. care as usual (Dutch Trial Registry: NTR2720).MethodIn a multisite cluster randomised controlled pragmatic trial, 29 care teams were randomised into 15 intervention (365 patients) and 14 control teams (371 patients). Intervention staff were trained to improve the obesogenic environment.ResultsWaist circumference decreased 1.51 cm (95% CI -2.99 to -0.04) in the intervention v. control group after 3 months and metabolic syndrome z-score decreased 0.22 s.d. (95% CI -0.38 to -0.06). After 12 months, the decrease in waist circumference was no longer statistically significantly different (-1.28 cm, 95% CI -2.79 to 0.23, P=0.097).ConclusionsTargeting the obesogenic environment of residential patients with SMI has the potential to facilitate reduction of abdominal adiposity and cardiometabolic risk, but maintaining initial reductions over the longer term remains challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Looijmans
- Anne Looijmans, MSc, Department of Epidemiology and Rob Giel Research Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen; Annemarie P. M. Stiekema, PhD, Department of Rehabilitation, Lentis Psychiatric Institute, Zuidlaren; Richard Bruggeman, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry and Rob Giel Research Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen; Lisette van der Meer, PhD, Rob Giel Research Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, and Department of Rehabilitation, Lentis Psychiatric Institute, Zuidlaren; Ronald P. Stolk, MD, PhD, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen; Robert A. Schoevers, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen; Frederike Jörg, PhD, Rob Giel Research Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, and Research Department, Friesland Mental Health Services, Leeuwarden; Eva Corpeleijn, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Rob Giel Research Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie P M Stiekema
- Anne Looijmans, MSc, Department of Epidemiology and Rob Giel Research Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen; Annemarie P. M. Stiekema, PhD, Department of Rehabilitation, Lentis Psychiatric Institute, Zuidlaren; Richard Bruggeman, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry and Rob Giel Research Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen; Lisette van der Meer, PhD, Rob Giel Research Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, and Department of Rehabilitation, Lentis Psychiatric Institute, Zuidlaren; Ronald P. Stolk, MD, PhD, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen; Robert A. Schoevers, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen; Frederike Jörg, PhD, Rob Giel Research Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, and Research Department, Friesland Mental Health Services, Leeuwarden; Eva Corpeleijn, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Rob Giel Research Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard Bruggeman
- Anne Looijmans, MSc, Department of Epidemiology and Rob Giel Research Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen; Annemarie P. M. Stiekema, PhD, Department of Rehabilitation, Lentis Psychiatric Institute, Zuidlaren; Richard Bruggeman, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry and Rob Giel Research Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen; Lisette van der Meer, PhD, Rob Giel Research Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, and Department of Rehabilitation, Lentis Psychiatric Institute, Zuidlaren; Ronald P. Stolk, MD, PhD, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen; Robert A. Schoevers, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen; Frederike Jörg, PhD, Rob Giel Research Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, and Research Department, Friesland Mental Health Services, Leeuwarden; Eva Corpeleijn, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Rob Giel Research Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lisette van der Meer
- Anne Looijmans, MSc, Department of Epidemiology and Rob Giel Research Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen; Annemarie P. M. Stiekema, PhD, Department of Rehabilitation, Lentis Psychiatric Institute, Zuidlaren; Richard Bruggeman, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry and Rob Giel Research Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen; Lisette van der Meer, PhD, Rob Giel Research Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, and Department of Rehabilitation, Lentis Psychiatric Institute, Zuidlaren; Ronald P. Stolk, MD, PhD, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen; Robert A. Schoevers, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen; Frederike Jörg, PhD, Rob Giel Research Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, and Research Department, Friesland Mental Health Services, Leeuwarden; Eva Corpeleijn, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Rob Giel Research Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald P Stolk
- Anne Looijmans, MSc, Department of Epidemiology and Rob Giel Research Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen; Annemarie P. M. Stiekema, PhD, Department of Rehabilitation, Lentis Psychiatric Institute, Zuidlaren; Richard Bruggeman, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry and Rob Giel Research Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen; Lisette van der Meer, PhD, Rob Giel Research Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, and Department of Rehabilitation, Lentis Psychiatric Institute, Zuidlaren; Ronald P. Stolk, MD, PhD, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen; Robert A. Schoevers, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen; Frederike Jörg, PhD, Rob Giel Research Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, and Research Department, Friesland Mental Health Services, Leeuwarden; Eva Corpeleijn, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Rob Giel Research Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert A Schoevers
- Anne Looijmans, MSc, Department of Epidemiology and Rob Giel Research Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen; Annemarie P. M. Stiekema, PhD, Department of Rehabilitation, Lentis Psychiatric Institute, Zuidlaren; Richard Bruggeman, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry and Rob Giel Research Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen; Lisette van der Meer, PhD, Rob Giel Research Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, and Department of Rehabilitation, Lentis Psychiatric Institute, Zuidlaren; Ronald P. Stolk, MD, PhD, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen; Robert A. Schoevers, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen; Frederike Jörg, PhD, Rob Giel Research Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, and Research Department, Friesland Mental Health Services, Leeuwarden; Eva Corpeleijn, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Rob Giel Research Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frederike Jörg
- Anne Looijmans, MSc, Department of Epidemiology and Rob Giel Research Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen; Annemarie P. M. Stiekema, PhD, Department of Rehabilitation, Lentis Psychiatric Institute, Zuidlaren; Richard Bruggeman, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry and Rob Giel Research Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen; Lisette van der Meer, PhD, Rob Giel Research Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, and Department of Rehabilitation, Lentis Psychiatric Institute, Zuidlaren; Ronald P. Stolk, MD, PhD, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen; Robert A. Schoevers, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen; Frederike Jörg, PhD, Rob Giel Research Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, and Research Department, Friesland Mental Health Services, Leeuwarden; Eva Corpeleijn, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Rob Giel Research Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eva Corpeleijn
- Anne Looijmans, MSc, Department of Epidemiology and Rob Giel Research Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen; Annemarie P. M. Stiekema, PhD, Department of Rehabilitation, Lentis Psychiatric Institute, Zuidlaren; Richard Bruggeman, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry and Rob Giel Research Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen; Lisette van der Meer, PhD, Rob Giel Research Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, and Department of Rehabilitation, Lentis Psychiatric Institute, Zuidlaren; Ronald P. Stolk, MD, PhD, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen; Robert A. Schoevers, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen; Frederike Jörg, PhD, Rob Giel Research Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, and Research Department, Friesland Mental Health Services, Leeuwarden; Eva Corpeleijn, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Rob Giel Research Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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10
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Kuiper JS, Oude Voshaar RC, Zuidema SU, Stolk RP, Zuidersma M, Smidt N. The relationship between social functioning and subjective memory complaints in older persons: a population-based longitudinal cohort study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2017; 32:1059-1071. [PMID: 27546724 DOI: 10.1002/gps.4567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Poor social functioning is associated with cognitive decline in older adults. It is unclear whether social functioning is also associated with subjective memory complaints (SMC). We investigated the association between social functioning and incident SMC and SMC recovery. METHODS A population-based sample of 8762 older adults (aged ≥65 years) with good objective cognitive functioning at baseline (MMSE ≥26) from the LifeLines Cohort Study were followed for 1.5 years. Self-reported SMC were measured at baseline and after 1.5 years follow-up. Aspects of social functioning included marital status, household composition, social network size, social activity, quality of social relationships, social support, affection, behavioral confirmation, and status. RESULTS Thirteen percent (513/3963) developed SMC during follow-up (incident SMC). Multivariate logistic regression analyses (adjusted for age, gender, education level, physical activity, alcohol use, smoking status, depression, arrhythmia, myocardial infarction, heart failure, stroke) showed that participants with better feelings of affection, behavioral confirmation and stable good social support had a lower risk of incident SMC. Thirty-four percent (1632/4799) reported recovery. Participants with good social functioning at baseline on all determinants reported more SMC recovery. People who remained stable in a relationship, stable in good quality of social relationships or increased in quality of social relationships more often report SMC recovery. CONCLUSIONS Good social functioning is associated with less incident SMC and more SMC recovery over a follow-up period of 1.5 years. Albeit future confirmative studies are needed, we argue for targeting also social functioning when designing multidomain interventions to prevent or slow down cognitive decline. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisca S Kuiper
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard C Oude Voshaar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sytse U Zuidema
- Department of General Practice, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald P Stolk
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marij Zuidersma
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nynke Smidt
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Geriatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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11
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De Faria Coimbra Lichtenfels AJ, Van Der Plaat D, De Jong K, Van Diemen CC, Nedeljkovic I, Van Duijn CM, Amin N, Stolk RP, Brunekreef B, Boezen M, Vonk JM. A genome-wide SNP-by-NO2 interaction study on lung function in the LifeLines study. Genes Environ 2017. [DOI: 10.1183/1393003.congress-2017.pa4475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Nolte IM, van der Most PJ, Alizadeh BZ, de Bakker PI, Boezen HM, Bruinenberg M, Franke L, van der Harst P, Navis G, Postma DS, Rots MG, Stolk RP, Swertz MA, Wolffenbuttel BH, Wijmenga C, Snieder H. Missing heritability: is the gap closing? An analysis of 32 complex traits in the Lifelines Cohort Study. Eur J Hum Genet 2017; 25:877-885. [PMID: 28401901 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2017.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the recent explosive rise in number of genetic markers for complex disease traits identified in genome-wide association studies, there is still a large gap between the known heritability of these traits and the part explained by these markers. To gauge whether this 'heritability gap' is closing, we first identified genome-wide significant SNPs from the literature and performed replication analyses for 32 highly relevant traits from five broad disease areas in 13 436 subjects of the Lifelines Cohort. Next, we calculated the variance explained by multi-SNP genetic risk scores (GRSs) for each trait, and compared it to their broad- and narrow-sense heritabilities captured by all common SNPs. The majority of all previously-associated SNPs (median=75%) were significantly associated with their respective traits. All GRSs were significant, with unweighted GRSs generally explaining less phenotypic variance than weighted GRSs, for which the explained variance was highest for height (15.5%) and varied between 0.02 and 6.7% for the other traits. Broad-sense common-SNP heritability estimates were significant for all traits, with the additive effect of common SNPs explaining 48.9% of the variance for height and between 5.6 and 39.2% for the other traits. Dominance effects were uniformly small (0-1.5%) and not significant. On average, the variance explained by the weighted GRSs accounted for only 10.7% of the common-SNP heritability of the 32 traits. These results indicate that GRSs may not yet be ready for accurate personalized prediction of complex disease traits limiting widespread adoption in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilja M Nolte
- Unit of Genetic Epidemiology and Bioinformatics, Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J van der Most
- Unit of Genetic Epidemiology and Bioinformatics, Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Behrooz Z Alizadeh
- Unit of Genetic Epidemiology and Bioinformatics, Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Iw de Bakker
- Department of Medical Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - H Marike Boezen
- Unit of Genetic Epidemiology and Bioinformatics, Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Lude Franke
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pim van der Harst
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerjan Navis
- Department of Nephrology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirkje S Postma
- Department of Pulmonology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marianne G Rots
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald P Stolk
- Unit of Genetic Epidemiology and Bioinformatics, Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Morris A Swertz
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bruce Hr Wolffenbuttel
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cisca Wijmenga
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harold Snieder
- Unit of Genetic Epidemiology and Bioinformatics, Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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13
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Lu C, Stolk RP, Sauer PJJ, Sijtsma A, Wiersma R, Huang G, Corpeleijn E. Factors of physical activity among Chinese children and adolescents: a systematic review. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2017; 14:36. [PMID: 28320408 PMCID: PMC5360041 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-017-0486-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lack of physical activity is a growing problem in China, due to the fast economic development and changing living environment over the past two decades. The aim of this review is to summarize the factors related to physical activity in Chinese children and adolescents during this distinct period of development. Methods A systematic search was finished on Jan 10th, 2017, and identified 2200 hits through PubMed and Web of Science. English-language published studies were included if they reported statistical associations between factors and physical activity. Adapted criteria from the Strengthening The Reporting of OBservational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement and evaluation of the quality of prognosis studies in systematic reviews (QUIPS) were used to assess the risk of bias of the included studies. Related factors that were reported in at least three studies were summarized separately for children and adolescents using a semi-quantitative method. Results Forty two papers (published 2002–2016) were included. Most designs were cross-sectional (79%), and most studies used questionnaires to assess physical activity. Sample size was above 1000 in 18 papers (43%). Thirty seven studies (88%) showed acceptable quality by methodological quality assessment. Most studies reported a low level of physical activity. Boys were consistently more active than girls, the parental physical activity was positively associated with children and adolescents’ physical activity, children in suburban/rural regions showed less activity than in urban regions, and, specifically in adolescents, self-efficacy was positively associated with physical activity. Family socioeconomic status and parental education were not associated with physical activity in children and adolescents. Conclusions The studies included in this review were large but mostly of low quality in terms of study design (cross-sectional) and methods (questionnaires). Parental physical activity and self-efficacy are promising targets for future physical activity promotion programmes. The low level of physical activity raises concern, especially in suburban/rural regions. Future research is required to enhance our understanding of other influences, such as the physical environment, especially in early childhood. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12966-017-0486-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congchao Lu
- Department of Epidemiology (HPC FA40), University Medical Centre Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands. .,School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Ronald P Stolk
- Department of Epidemiology (HPC FA40), University Medical Centre Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter J J Sauer
- Department of Epidemiology (HPC FA40), University Medical Centre Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Sijtsma
- Department of Epidemiology (HPC FA40), University Medical Centre Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rikstje Wiersma
- Department of Epidemiology (HPC FA40), University Medical Centre Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Guowei Huang
- School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Eva Corpeleijn
- Department of Epidemiology (HPC FA40), University Medical Centre Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Fortier I, Raina P, Van den Heuvel ER, Griffith LE, Craig C, Saliba M, Doiron D, Stolk RP, Knoppers BM, Ferretti V, Granda P, Burton P. Maelstrom Research guidelines for rigorous retrospective data harmonization. Int J Epidemiol 2017; 46:103-105. [PMID: 27272186 PMCID: PMC5407152 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyw075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is widely accepted and acknowledged that data harmonization is crucial: in its absence, the co-analysis of major tranches of high quality extant data is liable to inefficiency or error. However, despite its widespread practice, no formalized/systematic guidelines exist to ensure high quality retrospective data harmonization. Methods To better understand real-world harmonization practices and facilitate development of formal guidelines, three interrelated initiatives were undertaken between 2006 and 2015. They included a phone survey with 34 major international research initiatives, a series of workshops with experts, and case studies applying the proposed guidelines. Results A wide range of projects use retrospective harmonization to support their research activities but even when appropriate approaches are used, the terminologies, procedures, technologies and methods adopted vary markedly. The generic guidelines outlined in this article delineate the essentials required and describe an interdependent step-by-step approach to harmonization: 0) define the research question, objectives and protocol; 1) assemble pre-existing knowledge and select studies; 2) define targeted variables and evaluate harmonization potential; 3) process data; 4) estimate quality of the harmonized dataset(s) generated; and 5) disseminate and preserve final harmonization products. Conclusions This manuscript provides guidelines aiming to encourage rigorous and effective approaches to harmonization which are comprehensively and transparently documented and straightforward to interpret and implement. This can be seen as a key step towards implementing guiding principles analogous to those that are well recognised as being essential in securing the foundational underpinning of systematic reviews and the meta-analysis of clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Fortier
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Parminder Raina
- McMaster University, Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Edwin R Van den Heuvel
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Lauren E Griffith
- McMaster University, Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Camille Craig
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Matilda Saliba
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Dany Doiron
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ronald P Stolk
- University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Epidemiology, Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bartha M Knoppers
- McGill University, Centre of Genomics and Policy, Montreal, Montrreal, QC, Canada
| | - Vincent Ferretti
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Peter Granda
- University of Michigan, Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR), Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Paul Burton
- University of Bristol, D2K Research Group, School of Social and Community Medicine, Bristol, UK
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15
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Cai Y, Zijlema WL, Doiron D, Blangiardo M, Burton PR, Fortier I, Gaye A, Gulliver J, de Hoogh K, Hveem K, Mbatchou S, Morley DW, Stolk RP, Elliott P, Hansell AL, Hodgson S. Ambient air pollution, traffic noise and adult asthma prevalence: a BioSHaRE approach. Eur Respir J 2017; 49:1502127. [PMID: 27824608 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02127-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of both ambient air pollution and traffic noise on adult asthma prevalence, using harmonised data from three European cohort studies established in 2006-2013 (HUNT3, Lifelines and UK Biobank).Residential exposures to ambient air pollution (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤10 µm (PM10) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2)) were estimated by a pan-European Land Use Regression model for 2007. Traffic noise for 2009 was modelled at home addresses by adapting a standardised noise assessment framework (CNOSSOS-EU). A cross-sectional analysis of 646 731 participants aged ≥20 years was undertaken using DataSHIELD to pool data for individual-level analysis via a "compute to the data" approach. Multivariate logistic regression models were fitted to assess the effects of each exposure on lifetime and current asthma prevalence.PM10 or NO2 higher by 10 µg·m-3 was associated with 12.8% (95% CI 9.5-16.3%) and 1.9% (95% CI 1.1-2.8%) higher lifetime asthma prevalence, respectively, independent of confounders. Effects were larger in those aged ≥50 years, ever-smokers and less educated. Noise exposure was not significantly associated with asthma prevalence.This study suggests that long-term ambient PM10 exposure is associated with asthma prevalence in western European adults. Traffic noise is not associated with asthma prevalence, but its potential to impact on asthma exacerbations needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Cai
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Dept of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Wilma L Zijlema
- Dept of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dany Doiron
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre and Dept of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Marta Blangiardo
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Dept of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Paul R Burton
- Data to Knowledge (D2K) Research Group, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Public Population Project in Genomics and Society (P3G), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Isabel Fortier
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre and Dept of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Amadou Gaye
- Metabolic, Cardiovascular and Inflammatory Disease Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John Gulliver
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Dept of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Kees de Hoogh
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Dept of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kristian Hveem
- Dept of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Stéphane Mbatchou
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre and Dept of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - David W Morley
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Dept of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ronald P Stolk
- Dept of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Elliott
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Dept of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Anna L Hansell
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Dept of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Directorate of Public Health and Primary Care, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Susan Hodgson
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Dept of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
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16
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Wester VL, Koper JW, van den Akker ELT, Franco OH, Stolk RP, van Rossum EFC. Glucocorticoid receptor haplotype and metabolic syndrome: the Lifelines cohort study. Eur J Endocrinol 2016; 175:645-651. [PMID: 27634941 DOI: 10.1530/eje-16-0534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE An excess of glucocorticoids (Cushing's syndrome) is associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS) features. Several single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) gene influence sensitivity to glucocorticoids and have been associated with aspects of MetS. However, results are inconsistent, perhaps due to the heterogeneity of the studied populations and limited samples. Furthermore, the possible association between functional GR SNPs and prevalence of MetS remains unexplored. DESIGN Cross-sectional population-based cohort study. METHODS MetS presence and carriage of functional GR SNPs (BclI, N363S, ER22/23EK, GR-9beta) were determined in 12 552 adult participants from Lifelines, a population-based cohort study in the Netherlands. GR SNPs were used to construct GR haplotypes. RESULTS Five haplotypes accounted for 99.9% of all GR haplotypes found. No main effects of functional GR haplotypes on MetS were found, but the association of GR haplotype 4 (containing N363S) with MetS was influenced by interaction with age, sex and education status (P < 0.05). Stratified analysis revealed that haplotype 4 increased MetS presence in younger men (at or below the median age of 47; odds ratio 1.77, P = 0.005) and in people of low education status (odds ratio 1.48, P = 0.039). CONCLUSIONS A glucocorticoid receptor haplotype that confers increased sensitivity to glucocorticoids appears to increase the risk of metabolic syndrome, but only among younger men and less educated individuals, suggesting gene-environment interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jan W Koper
- Department of Internal Medicine
- Obesity Center CGG
| | | | - Oscar H Franco
- Department of EpidemiologyEramus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald P Stolk
- Department of EpidemiologyUniversity Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth F C van Rossum
- Department of Internal Medicine
- Obesity Center CGG
- Lifelines Cohort StudyGroningen, The Netherlands
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17
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Ried JS, Jeff M. J, Chu AY, Bragg-Gresham JL, van Dongen J, Huffman JE, Ahluwalia TS, Cadby G, Eklund N, Eriksson J, Esko T, Feitosa MF, Goel A, Gorski M, Hayward C, Heard-Costa NL, Jackson AU, Jokinen E, Kanoni S, Kristiansson K, Kutalik Z, Lahti J, Luan J, Mägi R, Mahajan A, Mangino M, Medina-Gomez C, Monda KL, Nolte IM, Pérusse L, Prokopenko I, Qi L, Rose LM, Salvi E, Smith MT, Snieder H, Stančáková A, Ju Sung Y, Tachmazidou I, Teumer A, Thorleifsson G, van der Harst P, Walker RW, Wang SR, Wild SH, Willems SM, Wong A, Zhang W, Albrecht E, Couto Alves A, Bakker SJL, Barlassina C, Bartz TM, Beilby J, Bellis C, Bergman RN, Bergmann S, Blangero J, Blüher M, Boerwinkle E, Bonnycastle LL, Bornstein SR, Bruinenberg M, Campbell H, Chen YDI, Chiang CWK, Chines PS, Collins FS, Cucca F, Cupples LA, D'Avila F, de Geus EJ.C, Dedoussis G, Dimitriou M, Döring A, Eriksson JG, Farmaki AE, Farrall M, Ferreira T, Fischer K, Forouhi NG, Friedrich N, Gjesing AP, Glorioso N, Graff M, Grallert H, Grarup N, Gräßler J, Grewal J, Hamsten A, Harder MN, Hartman CA, Hassinen M, Hastie N, Hattersley AT, Havulinna AS, Heliövaara M, Hillege H, Hofman A, Holmen O, Homuth G, Hottenga JJ, Hui J, Husemoen LL, Hysi PG, Isaacs A, Ittermann T, Jalilzadeh S, James AL, Jørgensen T, Jousilahti P, Jula A, Marie Justesen J, Justice AE, Kähönen M, Karaleftheri M, Tee Khaw K, Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi SM, Kinnunen L, Knekt PB, Koistinen HA, Kolcic I, Kooner IK, Koskinen S, Kovacs P, Kyriakou T, Laitinen T, Langenberg C, Lewin AM, Lichtner P, Lindgren CM, Lindström J, Linneberg A, Lorbeer R, Lorentzon M, Luben R, Lyssenko V, Männistö S, Manunta P, Leach IM, McArdle WL, Mcknight B, Mohlke KL, Mihailov E, Milani L, Mills R, Montasser ME, Morris AP, Müller G, Musk AW, Narisu N, Ong KK, Oostra BA, Osmond C, Palotie A, Pankow JS, Paternoster L, Penninx BW, Pichler I, Pilia MG, Polašek O, Pramstaller PP, Raitakari OT, Rankinen T, Rao DC, Rayner NW, Ribel-Madsen R, Rice TK, Richards M, Ridker PM, Rivadeneira F, Ryan KA, Sanna S, Sarzynski MA, Scholtens S, Scott RA, Sebert S, Southam L, Sparsø TH, Steinthorsdottir V, Stirrups K, Stolk RP, Strauch K, Stringham HM, Swertz MA, Swift AJ, Tönjes A, Tsafantakis E, van der Most PJ, Van Vliet-Ostaptchouk JV, Vandenput L, Vartiainen E, Venturini C, Verweij N, Viikari JS, Vitart V, Vohl MC, Vonk JM, Waeber G, Widén E, Willemsen G, Wilsgaard T, Winkler TW, Wright AF, Yerges-Armstrong LM, Hua Zhao J, Carola Zillikens M, Boomsma DI, Bouchard C, Chambers JC, Chasman DI, Cusi D, Gansevoort RT, Gieger C, Hansen T, Hicks AA, Hu F, Hveem K, Jarvelin MR, Kajantie E, Kooner JS, Kuh D, Kuusisto J, Laakso M, Lakka TA, Lehtimäki T, Metspalu A, Njølstad I, Ohlsson C, Oldehinkel AJ, Palmer LJ, Pedersen O, Perola M, Peters A, Psaty BM, Puolijoki H, Rauramaa R, Rudan I, Salomaa V, Schwarz PEH, Shudiner AR, Smit JH, Sørensen TIA, Spector TD, Stefansson K, Stumvoll M, Tremblay A, Tuomilehto J, Uitterlinden AG, Uusitupa M, Völker U, Vollenweider P, Wareham NJ, Watkins H, Wilson JF, Zeggini E, Abecasis GR, Boehnke M, Borecki IB, Deloukas P, van Duijn CM, Fox C, Groop LC, Heid IM, Hunter DJ, Kaplan RC, McCarthy MI, North KE, O'Connell JR, Schlessinger D, Thorsteinsdottir U, Strachan DP, Frayling T, Hirschhorn JN, Müller-Nurasyid M, Loos RJF. A principal component meta-analysis on multiple anthropometric traits identifies novel loci for body shape. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13357. [PMID: 27876822 PMCID: PMC5114527 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Large consortia have revealed hundreds of genetic loci associated with anthropometric traits, one trait at a time. We examined whether genetic variants affect body shape as a composite phenotype that is represented by a combination of anthropometric traits. We developed an approach that calculates averaged PCs (AvPCs) representing body shape derived from six anthropometric traits (body mass index, height, weight, waist and hip circumference, waist-to-hip ratio). The first four AvPCs explain >99% of the variability, are heritable, and associate with cardiometabolic outcomes. We performed genome-wide association analyses for each body shape composite phenotype across 65 studies and meta-analysed summary statistics. We identify six novel loci: LEMD2 and CD47 for AvPC1, RPS6KA5/C14orf159 and GANAB for AvPC3, and ARL15 and ANP32 for AvPC4. Our findings highlight the value of using multiple traits to define complex phenotypes for discovery, which are not captured by single-trait analyses, and may shed light onto new pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina S. Ried
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Janina Jeff M.
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Audrey Y. Chu
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Bragg-Gresham
- Kidney Epidemiology and Cost Center, Internal Medicine-Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Jenny van Dongen
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, 1081BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jennifer E. Huffman
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, EH4 2XU Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Tarunveer S. Ahluwalia
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center A/S, DK-2820 Gentofte, Denmark
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Ledreborg Allé 34, DK-2820 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gemma Cadby
- Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Niina Eklund
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joel Eriksson
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 2142, USA
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Genetics and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Mary F. Feitosa
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
| | - Anuj Goel
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Mathias Gorski
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, EH4 2XU Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Nancy L. Heard-Costa
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, the Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts 01702, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Anne U. Jackson
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Eero Jokinen
- Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stavroula Kanoni
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Human Genetics, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Kati Kristiansson
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Zoltán Kutalik
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, 1005, Switzerland
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital Lausanne (CHUV), 1010 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jari Lahti
- Folkhälsan Research Centre, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jian'an Luan
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Anubha Mahajan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Carolina Medina-Gomez
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Keri L. Monda
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
- The Center for Observational Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, USA
| | - Ilja M. Nolte
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Louis Pérusse
- Department of Kinesiology, Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada G1V 0A6
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - Inga Prokopenko
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Lu Qi
- Department of Medicine, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Lynda M. Rose
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Erika Salvi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milano at San Paolo Hospital, 20139 Milano, Italy
- Filarete Foundation, Genomic and Bioinformatics Unit, Milano 20139, Italy
| | - Megan T. Smith
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alena Stančáková
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Yun Ju Sung
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Ioanna Tachmazidou
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Human Genetics, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Pim van der Harst
- Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, Interuniversity Cardiology Institute Netherlands-Netherlands Heart Institute, 3501 DG Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Ryan W. Walker
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
- The Department of Preventive Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Sophie R. Wang
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Divisions of Genetics and Endocrinology and Program in Genomics, Boston's Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Sarah H. Wild
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, EH8 9AG Teviot Place, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Sara M. Willems
- Department of Epidemiology, Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew Wong
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health & Ageing at UCL, London WC1B 5JU, UK
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
- Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex UB1 3HW, UK
| | - Eva Albrecht
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Alexessander Couto Alves
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency (HPA) Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Stephan J. L. Bakker
- Department of Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Cristina Barlassina
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milano at San Paolo Hospital, 20139 Milano, Italy
- Filarete Foundation, Genomic and Bioinformatics Unit, Milano 20139, Italy
| | - Traci M. Bartz
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
| | - John Beilby
- Pathwest Laboratory Medicine of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Claire Bellis
- Genomics Research Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
- Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research of Singapore, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Richard N. Bergman
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
| | - Sven Bergmann
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, 1005, Switzerland
| | - John Blangero
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, Texas 78520, USA
| | - Matthias Blüher
- University of Leipzig, IFB Adiposity Diseases, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Lori L. Bonnycastle
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Stefan R. Bornstein
- Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Department of Medicine III, University of Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Marcel Bruinenberg
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The LifeLines Cohort Study, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harry Campbell
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, EH8 9AG Teviot Place, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Yii-Der Ida Chen
- Los Angeles BioMedical Resesarch Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California 90502, USA
| | | | - Peter S. Chines
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Francis S Collins
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | | | - L Adrienne Cupples
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, the Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts 01702, USA
| | - Francesca D'Avila
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milano at San Paolo Hospital, 20139 Milano, Italy
- Filarete Foundation, Genomic and Bioinformatics Unit, Milano 20139, Italy
| | - Eco J .C. de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, 1081BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - George Dedoussis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, 17671 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Dimitriou
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Human Genetics, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, 17671 Athens, Greece
| | - Angela Döring
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Johan G. Eriksson
- Folkhälsan Research Centre, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aliki-Eleni Farmaki
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, 17671 Athens, Greece
| | - Martin Farrall
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Teresa Ferreira
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Krista Fischer
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Nita G. Forouhi
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Nele Friedrich
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Anette Prior Gjesing
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicola Glorioso
- Hypertension and Related Disease Centre, AOU-University of Sassari, 7100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Mariaelisa Graff
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Harald Grallert
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Niels Grarup
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jürgen Gräßler
- Department of Medicine III, Pathobiochemistry, Technische Universitaet, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jagvir Grewal
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
- Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex UB1 3HW, UK
| | - Anders Hamsten
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medicine Solna, Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm 17176, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marie Neergaard Harder
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Catharina A. Hartman
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maija Hassinen
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, 70100 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Nicholas Hastie
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, EH4 2XU Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Andrew Tym Hattersley
- Institue of Biomedical & Clinical Science, University of Exeter, Barrack Road, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Aki S. Havulinna
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markku Heliövaara
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hans Hillege
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Oddgeir Holmen
- Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7489 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, 1081BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jennie Hui
- Pathwest Laboratory Medicine of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Lise Lotte Husemoen
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Glostrup Hospital, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Pirro G. Hysi
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Aaron Isaacs
- Department of Epidemiology, Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Till Ittermann
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Shapour Jalilzadeh
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Alan L. James
- Department of Pulmonary Physiology and Sleep Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Torben Jørgensen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Aalborg, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Capital Region of Denmark, DK2600 Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Pekka Jousilahti
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Jula
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanne Marie Justesen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne E. Justice
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, FI-33521 Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere School of Medicine, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Kay Tee Khaw
- Clinical Gerontology Unit, Box 251, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Sirkka M. Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu F1-90014, Finland
- Unit of General Practice, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu FI-90029, Finland
| | - Leena Kinnunen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paul B. Knekt
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heikki A. Koistinen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medicine and Abdominal Center: Endocrinology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital,, 00029 Helsinki, Finland
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ivana Kolcic
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | | | - Seppo Koskinen
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Peter Kovacs
- University of Leipzig, IFB Adiposity Diseases, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Theodosios Kyriakou
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Tomi Laitinen
- Kuopio University Hospital, 70029 Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, UCL, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Alexandra M. Lewin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency (HPA) Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Peter Lichtner
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Cecilia M. Lindgren
- Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 2142, USA
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- The Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Jaana Lindström
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Allan Linneberg
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Glostrup Hospital, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Rigshospitalet, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Roberto Lorbeer
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Mattias Lorentzon
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Robert Luben
- Strangeways Research Laboratory Wort's Causeway, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Valeriya Lyssenko
- Steno Diabetes Center A/S, DK-2820 Gentofte, Denmark
- Lund University Diabetes Centre and Department of Clinical Science, Diabetes & Endocrinology Unit, Lund University, 221 00 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Satu Männistö
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paolo Manunta
- Chair of Nephrology, Università Vita Salute San Raffaele and Genomics of Renal Diseases and Hypertension Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20139, Italy
| | - Irene Mateo Leach
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Wendy L. McArdle
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS82BN, UK
| | - Barbara Mcknight
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
- Divison of Public Health Sciences, Program in Biostatistics and Biomathematics, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Karen L. Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Evelin Mihailov
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | | | - May E. Montasser
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Andrew P. Morris
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK
| | - Gabriele Müller
- Center for Evidence Based Healthcare, University of Dresden, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - Arthur W. Musk
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, West Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Narisu Narisu
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Ken K. Ong
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health & Ageing at UCL, London WC1B 5JU, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Ben A. Oostra
- Department of Epidemiology, Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Clive Osmond
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Center for Human Genetic Research, Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - James S. Pankow
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0381, USA
| | - Lavinia Paternoster
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, UK
| | - Brenda W. Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, AJ Ernstraat 1887, 1081 HL Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Irene Pichler
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), 39100 Bolzano, Italy
- Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Maria G. Pilia
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, CNR, 9042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Ozren Polašek
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, EH8 9AG Teviot Place, Edinburgh, Scotland
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Peter P. Pramstaller
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), 39100 Bolzano, Italy
- Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Neurology, General Central Hospital, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, FI-20521 Turku, Finland
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Tuomo Rankinen
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808, USA
| | - D. C. Rao
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Nigel W. Rayner
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Human Genetics, Hinxton CB10 1HH, UK
| | - Rasmus Ribel-Madsen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Treva K. Rice
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Marcus Richards
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health & Ageing at UCL, London WC1B 5JU, UK
| | - Paul M. Ridker
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kathy A. Ryan
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Serena Sanna
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, CNR, 9042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Mark A. Sarzynski
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808, USA
| | - Salome Scholtens
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert A. Scott
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Sylvain Sebert
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu FI-90014, Finland
- Center For Life-Course Health Research, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Lorraine Southam
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Human Genetics, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Thomas Hempel Sparsø
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Kathleen Stirrups
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Human Genetics, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Ronald P. Stolk
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Konstantin Strauch
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Heather M. Stringham
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Morris A. Swertz
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Amy J. Swift
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Anke Tönjes
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Peter J. van der Most
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jana V. Van Vliet-Ostaptchouk
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Liesbeth Vandenput
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Erkki Vartiainen
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Cristina Venturini
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Niek Verweij
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jorma S. Viikari
- Department of Medicine, University of Turku, FI-20521 Turku, Finland
- Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Veronique Vitart
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, EH4 2XU Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Marie-Claude Vohl
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada G1V 0A6
- School of Nutrition, Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - Judith M. Vonk
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gérard Waeber
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Lausanne (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth Widén
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, 1081BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Wilsgaard
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Thomas W. Winkler
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Alan F. Wright
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, EH4 2XU Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Laura M. Yerges-Armstrong
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Jing Hua Zhao
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - M. Carola Zillikens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dorret I. Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, 1081BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Claude Bouchard
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808, USA
| | - John C. Chambers
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
- Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex UB1 3HW, UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W12 0HS, UK
| | - Daniel I. Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
| | - Daniele Cusi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milano at San Paolo Hospital, 20139 Milano, Italy
- Filarete Foundation, Genomic and Bioinformatics Unit, Milano 20139, Italy
| | - Ron T. Gansevoort
- Department of Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Christian Gieger
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Torben Hansen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Andrew A. Hicks
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), 39100 Bolzano, Italy
- Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Frank Hu
- Department of Medicine, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Kristian Hveem
- Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7489 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu FI-90014, Finland
- Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, 90029 OYS Oulu, Finland
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC–PHE Centre for Environment & Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London W12 0NN, UK
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Life Course Epidemiology, University of Oulu, P.O.Box 5000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Eero Kajantie
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
- Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, FI-00029 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MRC Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, FI-90029 Oulu, Finland
| | - Jaspal S. Kooner
- Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex UB1 3HW, UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W12 0HS, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Diana Kuh
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health & Ageing at UCL, London WC1B 5JU, UK
| | - Johanna Kuusisto
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Markku Laakso
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Timo A. Lakka
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, 70100 Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Tampere School of Medicine, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Inger Njølstad
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Albertine J. Oldehinkel
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lyle J. Palmer
- School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Markus Perola
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partnersite Munich Heart Alliance, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Bruce M. Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
- Departments of Epidemiology and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
- Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seatte, Washington 98101, USA
| | - Hannu Puolijoki
- South Ostrobothnia Central Hospital, Seinäjoki Fi-60220, Finland
| | - Rainer Rauramaa
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, 70100 Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Igor Rudan
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, EH8 9AG Teviot Place, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Peter E. H. Schwarz
- Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Department of Medicine III, University of Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden, German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Alan R. Shudiner
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
- Geriatric Research and Education Clinical Center, Vetrans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21042, USA
| | - Jan H. Smit
- Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, AJ Ernstraat 1887, 1081 HL Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thorkild I. A. Sørensen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS82BN, UK
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, The Capital Region, 2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Timothy D. Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE Genetics, Amgen inc., 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Michael Stumvoll
- University of Leipzig, IFB Adiposity Diseases, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Angelo Tremblay
- Department of Kinesiology, Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - Jaakko Tuomilehto
- Diabetes Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
- Centre for Vascular Prevention, Danube-University Krems, 3500 Krems, Austria
- Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - André G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matti Uusitupa
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Research Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, 70029 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Uwe Völker
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Peter Vollenweider
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Lausanne (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas J. Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Hugh Watkins
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - James F. Wilson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, EH4 2XU Edinburgh, Scotland
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, EH8 9AG Teviot Place, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Eleftheria Zeggini
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Human Genetics, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Goncalo R. Abecasis
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Ingrid B. Borecki
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
| | - Panos Deloukas
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Human Genetics, Hinxton CB10 1HH, UK
- Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders (PACER-HD), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Cornelia M. van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Center for Medical Systems Biology, 2300 Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline Fox
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, the Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts 01702, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
| | - Leif C. Groop
- Lund University Diabetes Centre and Department of Clinical Science, Diabetes & Endocrinology Unit, Lund University, 221 00 Malmö, Sweden
- Finnish Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM), Helsinki University, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Iris M. Heid
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - David J. Hunter
- Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 2142, USA
- Department of Medicine, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Robert C. Kaplan
- Department of Epidemiology and Popualtion Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | - Mark I. McCarthy
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Kari E. North
- Department of Epidemiology, Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7400, USA
| | - Jeffrey R. O'Connell
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - David Schlessinger
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Unnur Thorsteinsdottir
- deCODE Genetics, Amgen inc., 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - David P. Strachan
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Timothy Frayling
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Joel N. Hirschhorn
- Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 2142, USA
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Genetics and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Divisions of Genetics and Endocrinology and Program in Genomics, Boston's Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Metabolism Initiative, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Martina Müller-Nurasyid
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 81377 Munich, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partnersite Munich Heart Alliance, 80802 Munich, Germany
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Ruth J. F. Loos
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- The Department of Preventive Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
- The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
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18
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van der Ende MY, Hartman MHT, Hagemeijer Y, Meems LMG, de Vries HS, Stolk RP, de Boer RA, Sijtsma A, van der Meer P, Rienstra M, van der Harst P. The LifeLines Cohort Study: Prevalence and treatment of cardiovascular disease and risk factors. Int J Cardiol 2016; 228:495-500. [PMID: 27875724 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.11.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The LifeLines Cohort Study is a large three-generation prospective study and Biobank. Recruitment and data collection started in 2006 and follow-up is planned for 30years. The central aim of LifeLines is to understand healthy ageing in the 21st century. Here, the study design, methods, baseline and major cardiovascular phenotypes of the LifeLines Cohort Study are presented. METHODS AND RESULTS Baseline cardiovascular phenotypes were defined in 9700 juvenile (8-18years) and 152,180 adult (≥18years) participants. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) was defined using ICD-10 criteria. At least one cardiovascular risk factor was present in 73% of the adult participants. The prevalence, adjusted for the Dutch population, was determined for risk factors (hypertension (33%), hypercholesterolemia (19%), diabetes (4%), overweight (56%), and current smoking (19%)) and CVD (myocardial infarction (1.8%), heart failure (1.0%), and atrial fibrillation (1.3%)). Overall CVD prevalence increased with age from 9% in participants<65years to 28% in participants≥65years. Of the participants with hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and diabetes, respectively 75%, 96% and 41% did not receive preventive pharmacotherapy. CONCLUSIONS The contemporary LifeLines Cohort Study provides researchers with unique and novel opportunities to study environmental, phenotypic, and genetic risk factors for CVD and is expected to improve our knowledge on healthy ageing. In this contemporary Western cohort we identified a remarkable high percentage of untreated CVD risk factors suggesting that not all opportunities to reduce the CVD burden are utilised.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yldau van der Ende
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Department of Cardiology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Minke H T Hartman
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Department of Cardiology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yanick Hagemeijer
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Department of Cardiology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Laura M G Meems
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Department of Cardiology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hendrik Sierd de Vries
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald P Stolk
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rudolf A de Boer
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Department of Cardiology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Sijtsma
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter van der Meer
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Department of Cardiology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel Rienstra
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Department of Cardiology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pim van der Harst
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Department of Cardiology, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- R Broekstra
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - E L M Maeckelberghe
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - R P Stolk
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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20
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Abbasi A, Kieneker LM, Corpeleijn E, Gansevoort RT, Gans ROB, Struck J, de Boer RA, Hillege HL, Stolk RP, Navis G, Bakker SJL. Plasma N-terminal Prosomatostatin and Risk of Incident Cardiovascular Disease and All-Cause Mortality in a Prospective Observational Cohort: the PREVEND Study. Clin Chem 2016; 63:278-287. [PMID: 28062624 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2016.259275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Somatostatin is a component of the well-known insulin-like growth factor-1/growth hormone (GH) longevity axis. There is observational evidence that increased GH is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). We aimed to investigate the potential association of plasma N-terminal fragment prosomatostatin (NT-proSST) with incident CVD and all-cause mortality in apparently healthy adults. METHODS We studied 8134 participants without history of CVD (aged 28-75 years; women, 52.6%) from the Prevention of Renal and Vascular End-stage Disease (PREVEND) study in Groningen, the Netherlands. Plasma NT-proSST was measured in baseline samples. Outcomes were incidence of CVD and all-cause mortality. RESULTS In cross-sectional analyses, NT-proSST [mean (SD), 384.0 (169.3) pmol/L] was positively associated with male sex and age (both P < 0.001). During a median follow-up of 10.5 (Q1-Q3: 9.9-10.8) years, 708 (8.7%) participants developed CVD and 517 (6.4%) participants died. In univariable analyses, NT-proSST was associated with an increased risk of incident CVD and all-cause mortality (both P < 0.001). In multivariable analyses, these associations were independent of the Framingham risk factors, with hazard ratios (95% CI) per doubling of NT-proSST of 1.17 (1.03-1.34; P = 0.02) for incident CVD and of 1.28 (1.09-1.49; P = 0.002) for all-cause mortality. Addition of NT-proSST to the updated Framingham Risk Score improved reclassification (integrated discrimination improvement (P < 0.001); net reclassification improvement was 2.5% (P = 0.04)). CONCLUSIONS Plasma NT-proSST is positively associated with increased risk of future CVD and all-cause mortality, partly independent of traditional CVD risk factors. Further research is needed to address the nature of associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Abbasi
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; .,Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.,MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, the United Kingdom.,Department of Primary Care & Public Health Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Lyanne M Kieneker
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Eva Corpeleijn
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ron T Gansevoort
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Rijk O B Gans
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Rudolf A de Boer
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hans L Hillege
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.,Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ronald P Stolk
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Gerjan Navis
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Stephan J L Bakker
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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21
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Bocca G, Corpeleijn E, Broens J, Stolk RP, Sauer PJ. Dutch healthcare professionals inadequately perceived if three- and four-year-old preschool children were overweight. Acta Paediatr 2016; 105:1198-203. [PMID: 26676368 DOI: 10.1111/apa.13314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM We studied whether healthcare professionals adequately perceived if preschool children were overweight and whether this was influenced by their own body mass index (BMI). METHODS We sent 716 Dutch healthcare professionals questionnaires containing seven pictures and seven sketches of three- and four-year-old children showing body weights from underweight to morbidly obese. The professionals rated the pictures on a five-point scale from too heavy to too light and chose the sketch that they felt best depicted the child's body shape. They also reported their own height and weight and their BMI was calculated. RESULTS Of the 716 questionnaires, 346 (48.3%) were returned with complete information and analysed. Healthcare professionals mostly chose sketches that showed children as being lighter than they really were. Depending on their own BMI group, the overweight child was perceived as having a normal weight by 74-79% of the healthcare professionals. The obese children were rated correctly by 44-52% of the professionals, but 14-15% said their weight was normal. The morbidly obese child was adequately assessed by 93-98% of the professionals. CONCLUSION Healthcare professionals inadequately perceived whether three- and four-year-old children were overweight and this may have hindered early interventions, leading to overweight children becoming overweight adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianni Bocca
- Department of Paediatrics; Beatrix Children's Hospital; University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Eva Corpeleijn
- Department of Epidemiology; University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Jasper Broens
- Department of Paediatrics; Beatrix Children's Hospital; University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Ronald P. Stolk
- Department of Epidemiology; University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Pieter J. Sauer
- Department of Paediatrics; Beatrix Children's Hospital; University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
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22
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Klijs B, Kibele EUB, Ellwardt L, Zuidersma M, Stolk RP, Wittek RPM, Mendes de Leon CM, Smidt N. Neighborhood income and major depressive disorder in a large Dutch population: results from the LifeLines Cohort study. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:773. [PMID: 27516353 PMCID: PMC4982408 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3332-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies are inconclusive on whether poor socioeconomic conditions in the neighborhood are associated with major depressive disorder. Furthermore, conceptual models that relate neighborhood conditions to depressive disorder have not been evaluated using empirical data. In this study, we investigated whether neighborhood income is associated with major depressive episodes. We evaluated three conceptual models. Conceptual model 1: The association between neighborhood income and major depressive episodes is explained by diseases, lifestyle factors, stress and social participation. Conceptual model 2: A low individual income relative to the mean income in the neighborhood is associated with major depressive episodes. Conceptual model 3: A high income of the neighborhood buffers the effect of a low individual income on major depressive disorder. Methods We used adult baseline data from the LifeLines Cohort Study (N = 71,058) linked with data on the participants’ neighborhoods from Statistics Netherlands. The current presence of a major depressive episode was assessed using the MINI neuropsychiatric interview. The association between neighborhood income and major depressive episodes was assessed using a mixed effect logistic regression model adjusted for age, sex, marital status, education and individual (equalized) income. This regression model was sequentially adjusted for lifestyle factors, chronic diseases, stress, and social participation to evaluate conceptual model 1. To evaluate conceptual models 2 and 3, an interaction term for neighborhood income*individual income was included. Results Multivariate regression analysis showed that a low neighborhood income is associated with major depressive episodes (OR (95 % CI): 0.82 (0.73;0.93)). Adjustment for diseases, lifestyle factors, stress, and social participation attenuated this association (ORs (95 % CI): 0.90 (0.79;1.01)). Low individual income was also associated with major depressive episodes (OR (95 % CI): 0.72 (0.68;0.76)). The interaction of individual income*neighborhood income on major depressive episodes was not significant (p = 0.173). Conclusions Living in a low-income neighborhood is associated with major depressive episodes. Our results suggest that this association is partly explained by chronic diseases, lifestyle factors, stress and poor social participation, and thereby partly confirm conceptual model 1. Our results do not support conceptual model 2 and 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Klijs
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Eva U B Kibele
- Population Research Centre, Faculty of Spatial Sciences, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 800, 9700 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lea Ellwardt
- Institute of Sociology and Social Psychology, University of Cologne, Albert-Magnus-Platz 50923, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marij Zuidersma
- Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald P Stolk
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rafael P M Wittek
- Institute of Sociology and Social Psychology, University of Cologne, Albert-Magnus-Platz 50923, Cologne, Germany
| | - Carlos M Mendes de Leon
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, 48109-2029, MI, USA
| | - Nynke Smidt
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
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de Jong K, Vonk JM, Zijlema WL, Stolk RP, van der Plaat DA, Hoek G, Brunekreef B, Postma DS, Boezen HM. Air pollution exposure is associated with restrictive ventilatory patterns. Eur Respir J 2016; 48:1221-1224. [PMID: 27492831 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00556-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kim de Jong
- Dept of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Judith M Vonk
- Dept of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wilma L Zijlema
- Dept of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald P Stolk
- Dept of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Diana A van der Plaat
- Dept of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard Hoek
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology, University of Utrecht, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bert Brunekreef
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology, University of Utrecht, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht, The Netherlands Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dirkje S Postma
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands Dept of Pulmonary Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - H Marike Boezen
- Dept of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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24
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Zijlema WL, Smidt N, Klijs B, Morley DW, Gulliver J, de Hoogh K, Scholtens S, Rosmalen JGM, Stolk RP. The LifeLines Cohort Study: a resource providing new opportunities for environmental epidemiology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 74:32. [PMID: 27482379 PMCID: PMC4968004 DOI: 10.1186/s13690-016-0144-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lifelines is a prospective population-based cohort study investigating the biological, behavioral and environmental determinants of healthy ageing among 167,729 participants from the North East region of the Netherlands. The collection and geocoding of (history of) home and work addresses allows linkage of individual-level health data to detailed exposure data. We describe the reasons for choosing particular assessments of environmental exposures in LifeLines and consider the implications for future investigations. METHODS Exposure to ambient air pollution and road traffic noise was estimated using harmonized models. Data on noise annoyance, perceived exposure to electromagnetic fields, perceived living environment, and neighborhood characteristics were collected with questionnaires. A comprehensive medical assessment and questionnaires were completed in order to assess determinants of health and well-being. Blood and urine samples were collected from all participants and genome wide association data are available for a subsample of 15,638 participants. RESULTS Mean age was 45 years (standard deviation (SD) 13 years), and 59 % were female. Median levels of NO2 and PM10 were 15.7 (interquartile range (IQR) 4.9) μg/m(3) and 24.0 (IQR 0.6) μg/m(3) respectively. Median levels of daytime road traffic noise were 54.0 (IQR 4.2) dB(A). CONCLUSIONS The combination of harmonized environmental exposures and extensive assessment of health outcomes in LifeLines offers great opportunities for environmental epidemiology. LifeLines aims to be a resource for the international scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilma L Zijlema
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, HPC CC72, University of Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nynke Smidt
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, HPC CC72, University of Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Klijs
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, HPC CC72, University of Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - David W Morley
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - John Gulliver
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Kees de Hoogh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK ; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland ; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Judith G M Rosmalen
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald P Stolk
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, HPC CC72, University of Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands ; LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands
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25
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Winkler TW, Justice AE, Graff M, Barata L, Feitosa MF, Chu S, Czajkowski J, Esko T, Fall T, Kilpeläinen TO, Lu Y, Mägi R, Mihailov E, Pers TH, Rüeger S, Teumer A, Ehret GB, Ferreira T, Heard-Costa NL, Karjalainen J, Lagou V, Mahajan A, Neinast MD, Prokopenko I, Simino J, Teslovich TM, Jansen R, Westra HJ, White CC, Absher D, Ahluwalia TS, Ahmad S, Albrecht E, Alves AC, Bragg-Gresham JL, de Craen AJM, Bis JC, Bonnefond A, Boucher G, Cadby G, Cheng YC, Chiang CWK, Delgado G, Demirkan A, Dueker N, Eklund N, Eiriksdottir G, Eriksson J, Feenstra B, Fischer K, Frau F, Galesloot TE, Geller F, Goel A, Gorski M, Grammer TB, Gustafsson S, Haitjema S, Hottenga JJ, Huffman JE, Jackson AU, Jacobs KB, Johansson Å, Kaakinen M, Kleber ME, Lahti J, Mateo Leach I, Lehne B, Liu Y, Lo KS, Lorentzon M, Luan J, Madden PAF, Mangino M, McKnight B, Medina-Gomez C, Monda KL, Montasser ME, Müller G, Müller-Nurasyid M, Nolte IM, Panoutsopoulou K, Pascoe L, Paternoster L, Rayner NW, Renström F, Rizzi F, Rose LM, Ryan KA, Salo P, Sanna S, Scharnagl H, Shi J, Smith AV, Southam L, Stančáková A, Steinthorsdottir V, Strawbridge RJ, Sung YJ, Tachmazidou I, Tanaka T, Thorleifsson G, Trompet S, Pervjakova N, Tyrer JP, Vandenput L, van der Laan SW, van der Velde N, van Setten J, van Vliet-Ostaptchouk JV, Verweij N, Vlachopoulou E, Waite LL, Wang SR, Wang Z, Wild SH, Willenborg C, Wilson JF, Wong A, Yang J, Yengo L, Yerges-Armstrong LM, Yu L, Zhang W, Zhao JH, Andersson EA, Bakker SJL, Baldassarre D, Banasik K, Barcella M, Barlassina C, Bellis C, Benaglio P, Blangero J, Blüher M, Bonnet F, Bonnycastle LL, Boyd HA, Bruinenberg M, Buchman AS, Campbell H, Chen YDI, Chines PS, Claudi-Boehm S, Cole J, Collins FS, de Geus EJC, de Groot LCPGM, Dimitriou M, Duan J, Enroth S, Eury E, Farmaki AE, Forouhi NG, Friedrich N, Gejman PV, Gigante B, Glorioso N, Go AS, Gottesman O, Gräßler J, Grallert H, Grarup N, Gu YM, Broer L, Ham AC, Hansen T, Harris TB, Hartman CA, Hassinen M, Hastie N, Hattersley AT, Heath AC, Henders AK, Hernandez D, Hillege H, Holmen O, Hovingh KG, Hui J, Husemoen LL, Hutri-Kähönen N, Hysi PG, Illig T, De Jager PL, Jalilzadeh S, Jørgensen T, Jukema JW, Juonala M, Kanoni S, Karaleftheri M, Khaw KT, Kinnunen L, Kittner SJ, Koenig W, Kolcic I, Kovacs P, Krarup NT, Kratzer W, Krüger J, Kuh D, Kumari M, Kyriakou T, Langenberg C, Lannfelt L, Lanzani C, Lotay V, Launer LJ, Leander K, Lindström J, Linneberg A, Liu YP, Lobbens S, Luben R, Lyssenko V, Männistö S, Magnusson PK, McArdle WL, Menni C, Merger S, Milani L, Montgomery GW, Morris AP, Narisu N, Nelis M, Ong KK, Palotie A, Pérusse L, Pichler I, Pilia MG, Pouta A, Rheinberger M, Ribel-Madsen R, Richards M, Rice KM, Rice TK, Rivolta C, Salomaa V, Sanders AR, Sarzynski MA, Scholtens S, Scott RA, Scott WR, Sebert S, Sengupta S, Sennblad B, Seufferlein T, Silveira A, Slagboom PE, Smit JH, Sparsø TH, Stirrups K, Stolk RP, Stringham HM, Swertz MA, Swift AJ, Syvänen AC, Tan ST, Thorand B, Tönjes A, Tremblay A, Tsafantakis E, van der Most PJ, Völker U, Vohl MC, Vonk JM, Waldenberger M, Walker RW, Wennauer R, Widén E, Willemsen G, Wilsgaard T, Wright AF, Zillikens MC, van Dijk SC, van Schoor NM, Asselbergs FW, de Bakker PIW, Beckmann JS, Beilby J, Bennett DA, Bergman RN, Bergmann S, Böger CA, Boehm BO, Boerwinkle E, Boomsma DI, Bornstein SR, Bottinger EP, Bouchard C, Chambers JC, Chanock SJ, Chasman DI, Cucca F, Cusi D, Dedoussis G, Erdmann J, Eriksson JG, Evans DA, de Faire U, Farrall M, Ferrucci L, Ford I, Franke L, Franks PW, Froguel P, Gansevoort RT, Gieger C, Grönberg H, Gudnason V, Gyllensten U, Hall P, Hamsten A, van der Harst P, Hayward C, Heliövaara M, Hengstenberg C, Hicks AA, Hingorani A, Hofman A, Hu F, Huikuri HV, Hveem K, James AL, Jordan JM, Jula A, Kähönen M, Kajantie E, Kathiresan S, Kiemeney LALM, Kivimaki M, Knekt PB, Koistinen HA, Kooner JS, Koskinen S, Kuusisto J, Maerz W, Martin NG, Laakso M, Lakka TA, Lehtimäki T, Lettre G, Levinson DF, Lind L, Lokki ML, Mäntyselkä P, Melbye M, Metspalu A, Mitchell BD, Moll FL, Murray JC, Musk AW, Nieminen MS, Njølstad I, Ohlsson C, Oldehinkel AJ, Oostra BA, Palmer LJ, Pankow JS, Pasterkamp G, Pedersen NL, Pedersen O, Penninx BW, Perola M, Peters A, Polašek O, Pramstaller PP, Psaty BM, Qi L, Quertermous T, Raitakari OT, Rankinen T, Rauramaa R, Ridker PM, Rioux JD, Rivadeneira F, Rotter JI, Rudan I, den Ruijter HM, Saltevo J, Sattar N, Schunkert H, Schwarz PEH, Shuldiner AR, Sinisalo J, Snieder H, Sørensen TIA, Spector TD, Staessen JA, Stefania B, Thorsteinsdottir U, Stumvoll M, Tardif JC, Tremoli E, Tuomilehto J, Uitterlinden AG, Uusitupa M, Verbeek ALM, Vermeulen SH, Viikari JS, Vitart V, Völzke H, Vollenweider P, Waeber G, Walker M, Wallaschofski H, Wareham NJ, Watkins H, Zeggini E, Chakravarti A, Clegg DJ, Cupples LA, Gordon-Larsen P, Jaquish CE, Rao DC, Abecasis GR, Assimes TL, Barroso I, Berndt SI, Boehnke M, Deloukas P, Fox CS, Groop LC, Hunter DJ, Ingelsson E, Kaplan RC, McCarthy MI, Mohlke KL, O'Connell JR, Schlessinger D, Strachan DP, Stefansson K, van Duijn CM, Hirschhorn JN, Lindgren CM, Heid IM, North KE, Borecki IB, Kutalik Z, Loos RJF. Correction: The Influence of Age and Sex on Genetic Associations with Adult Body Size and Shape: A Large-Scale Genome-Wide Interaction Study. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006166. [PMID: 27355579 PMCID: PMC4927064 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005378.].
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Oldenkamp M, Wittek RPM, Hagedoorn M, Stolk RP, Smidt N. Survey nonresponse among informal caregivers: effects on the presence and magnitude of associations with caregiver burden and satisfaction. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:480. [PMID: 27278386 PMCID: PMC4898385 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-2948-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Informal caregiving is becoming more relevant with current trends such as population ageing. However, little is known about nonconsent and nonresponse bias in caregiving research. We investigated nonconsent and nonresponse bias in a sample of informal caregivers who participated in the LifeLines Cohort Study, and were invited for participation in an additional caregiving study. Methods We compared socio-demographic characteristics, caregiver health, caregiving situation, and caregiver outcomes of nonconsent and consent caregivers, and nonresponse and response caregivers, on LifeLines data, by using Chi-square tests, Independent Sample T-tests, and Mann-Whitney tests. Furthermore, we examined the influence of nonconsent and nonresponse on the presence and magnitude of the associations between caregiver characteristics and two commonly used caregiving outcomes (caregiver burden and satisfaction). We conducted multinomial logistic regression analyses, including interaction terms with nonconsent and nonresponse. Results Within a subcohort of 8443 caregivers, aged >18 years, 5095 caregivers (60 %) gave consent for participation in the caregiving study. Within the subgroup of 2002 caregivers who received the questionnaire, 965 (48 %) responded. Caregivers who were highly involved in caregiving (i.e. high time investment, high caregiver burden), gave more commonly consent to participate, and responded more often to the questionnaire. Nonconsent and nonresponse influenced the associations between caregiver characteristics and caregiver burden for only a few characteristics, mainly indicating the level of caregiving involvement (e.g. time investment, caregiving duration). Especially for caregiver burden, these indicators were stronger for consent and response caregivers than for nonconsent and nonresponse caregivers. Conclusions Our findings are important for caregiving research, as they emphasized that participation might not be evenly distributed among caregivers, and that the possibility of nonconsent and nonresponse bias should be considered. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12889-016-2948-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marloes Oldenkamp
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30.001, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands. .,Healthy Ageing, Population and Society, HAPS, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Rafael P M Wittek
- Department of Sociology, University of Groningen, Grote Rozenstraat 31, Groningen, 9712 TG, The Netherlands.,Healthy Ageing, Population and Society, HAPS, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mariët Hagedoorn
- Department of Health Sciences, Health Psychology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30.001, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald P Stolk
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30.001, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands.,Healthy Ageing, Population and Society, HAPS, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nynke Smidt
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30.001, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands.,Healthy Ageing, Population and Society, HAPS, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Kuiper JS, Zuidersma M, Zuidema SU, Burgerhof JG, Stolk RP, Oude Voshaar RC, Smidt N. Social relationships and cognitive decline: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal cohort studies. Int J Epidemiol 2016; 45:1169-1206. [PMID: 27272181 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyw089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although poor social relationships are assumed to contribute to cognitive decline, meta-analytic approaches have not been applied. Individual study results are mixed and difficult to interpret due to heterogeneity in measures of social relationships. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the relation between poor social relationships and cognitive decline. METHODS MEDLINE, Embase and PsycINFO were searched for longitudinal cohort studies examining various aspects of social relationships and cognitive decline in the general population. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled using random effects meta-analysis. Sources of heterogeneity were explored and likelihood of publication bias was assessed. We stratified analyses according to three aspects of social relationships: structural, functional and a combination of these. RESULTS We identified 43 articles. Poor social relationships predicted cognitive decline; for structural (19 studies): pooled OR: 1.08 (95% CI: 1.05-1.11); functional (8 studies): pooled OR: 1.15 (95% CI: 1.00-1.32); and combined measures (7 studies): pooled OR: 1.12 (95% CI: 1.01-1.24). Meta-regression and subgroup analyses showed that the heterogeneity could be explained by the type of social relationship measurement and methodological quality of included studies. CONCLUSIONS Despite heterogeneity in study design and measures, our meta-analyses show that multiple aspects of social relationships are associated with cognitive decline. As evidence for publication bias was found, the association might be overestimated and should therefore be interpreted with caution. Future studies are needed to better define the mechanisms underlying these associations. Potential causality of this prognostic association should be examined in future randomized controlled studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisca S Kuiper
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marij Zuidersma
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sytse U Zuidema
- Department of General Practice, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes Gm Burgerhof
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald P Stolk
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard C Oude Voshaar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nynke Smidt
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands .,Department of Geriatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Zijlema WL, Stolk RP, Rosmalen JGM. Response to "Air pollution and depressed mood: Consistency of association. Air pollution and cardiovascular mortality: Caution for meta-analysis". Int J Hyg Environ Health 2016; 219:478-9. [PMID: 26952848 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W L Zijlema
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Epidemiology, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - R P Stolk
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Epidemiology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - J G M Rosmalen
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), Groningen, The Netherlands
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Dontje ML, Krijnen WP, de Greef MHG, Peeters GGMEE, Stolk RP, van der Schans CP, Brown WJ. Effect of diagnosis with a chronic disease on physical activity behavior in middle-aged women. Prev Med 2016; 83:56-62. [PMID: 26656407 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although regular physical activity is an effective secondary prevention strategy for patients with a chronic disease, it is unclear whether patients change their daily physical activity after being diagnosed. Therefore, the aims of this study were to (1) describe changes in levels of physical activity in middle-aged women before and after diagnosis with a chronic disease (heart disease, diabetes, asthma, breast cancer, arthritis, depression); and to (2) examine whether diagnosis with a chronic disease affects levels of physical activity in these women. METHODS Data from 5 surveys (1998-2010) of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health (ALSWH) were used. Participants (N=4840, born 1946-1951) completed surveys every three years, with questions about diseases and leisure time physical activity. The main outcome measure was physical activity, categorized as: nil/sedentary, low active, moderately active, highly active. RESULTS At each survey approximately half the middle-aged women did not meet the recommended level of physical activity. Between consecutive surveys, 41%-46% of the women did not change, 24%-30% decreased, and 24%-31% increased their physical activity level. These proportions of change were similar directly after diagnosis with a chronic disease, and in the years before or after diagnosis. Generalized estimating equations showed that there was no statistically significant effect of diagnosis with a chronic disease on levels of physical activity in women. CONCLUSION Despite the importance of physical activity for the management of chronic diseases, most women did not increase their physical activity after diagnosis. This illustrates a need for tailored interventions to enhance physical activity in newly diagnosed patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon L Dontje
- Hanze University of Applied Sciences, Healthy Ageing, Allied Health Care and Nursing, Groningen, The Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Epidemiology, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Wim P Krijnen
- Hanze University of Applied Sciences, Healthy Ageing, Allied Health Care and Nursing, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Mathieu H G de Greef
- Hanze University of Applied Sciences, Healthy Ageing, Allied Health Care and Nursing, Groningen, The Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Center for Human Movement Sciences, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Geeske G M E E Peeters
- The University of Queensland, School of Population Health, Brisbane, Australia; The University of Queensland, School of Human Movement Studies, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Ronald P Stolk
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Epidemiology, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Cees P van der Schans
- Hanze University of Applied Sciences, Healthy Ageing, Allied Health Care and Nursing, Groningen, The Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Rehabilitation, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Wendy J Brown
- The University of Queensland, School of Human Movement Studies, Brisbane, Australia.
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Meurs M, Roest AM, Wolffenbuttel BHR, Stolk RP, de Jonge P, Rosmalen JGM. Association of Depressive and Anxiety Disorders With Diagnosed Versus Undiagnosed Diabetes: An Epidemiological Study of 90,686 Participants. Psychosom Med 2016; 78:233-41. [PMID: 26452174 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000000255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the odds of depressive and anxiety disorders for participants with diagnosed diabetes, participants with diabetes but unaware of this, and participants without diabetes. Such knowledge might improve etiological insight into psychopathology in diabetes. METHODS Data of 90,686 participants (mean age = 45 years; 59% female) from the LifeLines cohort was used. Depressive and anxiety disorders were assessed by the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview. The odds of depression and anxiety were assessed for three groups: a) diagnosed diabetes, diabetes medication use and/or self-reported "diabetes"; b) undiagnosed diabetes, fasting blood glucose ≥7.0 mmol/l, but no diabetes medication use and self-reported "no diabetes"; and c) no diabetes, fasting blood glucose <7.0 mmol/l and self-reported "no diabetes." Logistic regression was performed to compare the odds of depression and anxiety in these groups, adjusting for age, sex, diabetes-related diseases, comorbid depressive or anxiety disorders, and glycosylated hemoglobin. RESULTS A total of 3002 (3.3%) participants were diagnosed as having depression and 9018 (9.9%) as having anxiety; 1781 (2.0%) had diagnosed and 786 (0.9%) had undiagnosed diabetes. Both diagnosed (odds ratio [OR] = 1.4:1.1-1.8, p = .006) and undiagnosed (OR = 1.8:1.3-2.6, p = .001) diabetes were independently associated with depression. The odds of depression did not differ between diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes (OR = 0.7, p = .17). Diagnosed diabetes was independently associated with anxiety (OR = 1.4:1.2-1.7, p < .001), but undiagnosed diabetes was not (OR = 0.8:0.6-1.1, p = .20). The odds of anxiety were significantly higher in diagnosed compared with undiagnosed diabetes (1.68:1.23-2.31, p = .001). CONCLUSIONS Depression was more prevalent in participants with diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes, whereas anxiety was more prevalent only in participants who were aware of their diabetes. Longitudinal research is needed to assess the causal pathways of these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike Meurs
- From the Departments of Psychiatry (Meurs, Roest, de Jonge, Rosmalen), Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases (Wolffenbuttel), and Epidemiology (Stolk), Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE), University of Groningen/University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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Zijlema WL, Klijs B, Stolk RP, Rosmalen JGM. (Un)Healthy in the City: Respiratory, Cardiometabolic and Mental Health Associated with Urbanity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143910. [PMID: 26630577 PMCID: PMC4667966 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research has shown that health differences exist between urban and rural areas. Most studies conducted, however, have focused on single health outcomes and have not assessed to what extent the association of urbanity with health is explained by population composition or socioeconomic status of the area. Our aim is to investigate associations of urbanity with four different health outcomes (i.e. lung function, metabolic syndrome, depression and anxiety) and to assess whether these associations are independent of residents' characteristics and area socioeconomic status. METHODS Our study population consisted of 74,733 individuals (42% males, mean age 43.8) who were part of the baseline sample of the LifeLines Cohort Study. Health outcomes were objectively measured with spirometry, a physical examination, laboratory blood analyses, and a psychiatric interview. Using multilevel linear and logistic regression models, associations of urbanity with lung function, and prevalence of metabolic syndrome, major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder were assessed. All models were sequentially adjusted for age, sex, highest education, household equivalent income, smoking, physical activity, and mean neighborhood income. RESULTS As compared with individuals living in rural areas, those in semi-urban or urban areas had a poorer lung function (β -1.62, 95% CI -2.07;-1.16), and higher prevalence of major depressive disorder (OR 1.65, 95% CI 1.35;2.00), and generalized anxiety disorder (OR 1.58, 95% CI 1.35;1.84). Prevalence of metabolic syndrome, however, was lower in urban areas (OR 0.51, 95% CI 0.44;0.59). These associations were only partly explained by differences in residents' demographic, socioeconomic and lifestyle characteristics and socioeconomic status of the areas. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest a differential health impact of urbanity according to type of disease. Living in an urban environment appears to be beneficial for cardiometabolic health but to have a detrimental impact on respiratory function and mental health. Future research should investigate which underlying mechanisms explain the differential health impact of urbanity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilma L. Zijlema
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Epidemiology, Groningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Bart Klijs
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Epidemiology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald P. Stolk
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Epidemiology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Judith G. M. Rosmalen
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Winkler TW, Justice AE, Graff M, Barata L, Feitosa MF, Chu S, Czajkowski J, Esko T, Fall T, Kilpeläinen TO, Lu Y, Mägi R, Mihailov E, Pers TH, Rüeger S, Teumer A, Ehret GB, Ferreira T, Heard-Costa NL, Karjalainen J, Lagou V, Mahajan A, Neinast MD, Prokopenko I, Simino J, Teslovich TM, Jansen R, Westra HJ, White CC, Absher D, Ahluwalia TS, Ahmad S, Albrecht E, Alves AC, Bragg-Gresham JL, de Craen AJM, Bis JC, Bonnefond A, Boucher G, Cadby G, Cheng YC, Chiang CWK, Delgado G, Demirkan A, Dueker N, Eklund N, Eiriksdottir G, Eriksson J, Feenstra B, Fischer K, Frau F, Galesloot TE, Geller F, Goel A, Gorski M, Grammer TB, Gustafsson S, Haitjema S, Hottenga JJ, Huffman JE, Jackson AU, Jacobs KB, Johansson Å, Kaakinen M, Kleber ME, Lahti J, Leach IM, Lehne B, Liu Y, Lo KS, Lorentzon M, Luan J, Madden PAF, Mangino M, McKnight B, Medina-Gomez C, Monda KL, Montasser ME, Müller G, Müller-Nurasyid M, Nolte IM, Panoutsopoulou K, Pascoe L, Paternoster L, Rayner NW, Renström F, Rizzi F, Rose LM, Ryan KA, Salo P, Sanna S, Scharnagl H, Shi J, Smith AV, Southam L, Stančáková A, Steinthorsdottir V, Strawbridge RJ, Sung YJ, Tachmazidou I, Tanaka T, Thorleifsson G, Trompet S, Pervjakova N, Tyrer JP, Vandenput L, van der Laan SW, van der Velde N, van Setten J, van Vliet-Ostaptchouk JV, Verweij N, Vlachopoulou E, Waite LL, Wang SR, Wang Z, Wild SH, Willenborg C, Wilson JF, Wong A, Yang J, Yengo L, Yerges-Armstrong LM, Yu L, Zhang W, Zhao JH, Andersson EA, Bakker SJL, Baldassarre D, Banasik K, Barcella M, Barlassina C, Bellis C, Benaglio P, Blangero J, Blüher M, Bonnet F, Bonnycastle LL, Boyd HA, Bruinenberg M, Buchman AS, Campbell H, Chen YDI, Chines PS, Claudi-Boehm S, Cole J, Collins FS, de Geus EJC, de Groot LCPGM, Dimitriou M, Duan J, Enroth S, Eury E, Farmaki AE, Forouhi NG, Friedrich N, Gejman PV, Gigante B, Glorioso N, Go AS, Gottesman O, Gräßler J, Grallert H, Grarup N, Gu YM, Broer L, Ham AC, Hansen T, Harris TB, Hartman CA, Hassinen M, Hastie N, Hattersley AT, Heath AC, Henders AK, Hernandez D, Hillege H, Holmen O, Hovingh KG, Hui J, Husemoen LL, Hutri-Kähönen N, Hysi PG, Illig T, De Jager PL, Jalilzadeh S, Jørgensen T, Jukema JW, Juonala M, Kanoni S, Karaleftheri M, Khaw KT, Kinnunen L, Kittner SJ, Koenig W, Kolcic I, Kovacs P, Krarup NT, Kratzer W, Krüger J, Kuh D, Kumari M, Kyriakou T, Langenberg C, Lannfelt L, Lanzani C, Lotay V, Launer LJ, Leander K, Lindström J, Linneberg A, Liu YP, Lobbens S, Luben R, Lyssenko V, Männistö S, Magnusson PK, McArdle WL, Menni C, Merger S, Milani L, Montgomery GW, Morris AP, Narisu N, Nelis M, Ong KK, Palotie A, Pérusse L, Pichler I, Pilia MG, Pouta A, Rheinberger M, Ribel-Madsen R, Richards M, Rice KM, Rice TK, Rivolta C, Salomaa V, Sanders AR, Sarzynski MA, Scholtens S, Scott RA, Scott WR, Sebert S, Sengupta S, Sennblad B, Seufferlein T, Silveira A, Slagboom PE, Smit JH, Sparsø TH, Stirrups K, Stolk RP, Stringham HM, Swertz MA, Swift AJ, Syvänen AC, Tan ST, Thorand B, Tönjes A, Tremblay A, Tsafantakis E, van der Most PJ, 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Stefansson K, van Duijn CM, Hirschhorn JN, Lindgren CM, Heid IM, North KE, Borecki IB, Kutalik Z, Loos RJF. The Influence of Age and Sex on Genetic Associations with Adult Body Size and Shape: A Large-Scale Genome-Wide Interaction Study. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005378. [PMID: 26426971 PMCID: PMC4591371 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified more than 100 genetic variants contributing to BMI, a measure of body size, or waist-to-hip ratio (adjusted for BMI, WHRadjBMI), a measure of body shape. Body size and shape change as people grow older and these changes differ substantially between men and women. To systematically screen for age- and/or sex-specific effects of genetic variants on BMI and WHRadjBMI, we performed meta-analyses of 114 studies (up to 320,485 individuals of European descent) with genome-wide chip and/or Metabochip data by the Genetic Investigation of Anthropometric Traits (GIANT) Consortium. Each study tested the association of up to ~2.8M SNPs with BMI and WHRadjBMI in four strata (men ≤50y, men >50y, women ≤50y, women >50y) and summary statistics were combined in stratum-specific meta-analyses. We then screened for variants that showed age-specific effects (G x AGE), sex-specific effects (G x SEX) or age-specific effects that differed between men and women (G x AGE x SEX). For BMI, we identified 15 loci (11 previously established for main effects, four novel) that showed significant (FDR<5%) age-specific effects, of which 11 had larger effects in younger (<50y) than in older adults (≥50y). No sex-dependent effects were identified for BMI. For WHRadjBMI, we identified 44 loci (27 previously established for main effects, 17 novel) with sex-specific effects, of which 28 showed larger effects in women than in men, five showed larger effects in men than in women, and 11 showed opposite effects between sexes. No age-dependent effects were identified for WHRadjBMI. This is the first genome-wide interaction meta-analysis to report convincing evidence of age-dependent genetic effects on BMI. In addition, we confirm the sex-specificity of genetic effects on WHRadjBMI. These results may provide further insights into the biology that underlies weight change with age or the sexually dimorphism of body shape. Adult body size and body shape differ substantially between men and women and change over time. More than 100 genetic variants that influence body mass index (measure of body size) or waist-to-hip ratio (measure of body shape) have been identified. While there is evidence that some genetic loci affect body shape differently in men than in women, little is known about whether genetic effects differ in older compared to younger adults, and whether such changes differ between men and women. Therefore, we conducted a systematic genome-wide search, including 114 studies (>320,000 individuals), to specifically identify genetic loci with age- and or sex-dependent effects on body size and shape. We identified 15 loci of which the effect on BMI was different in older compared to younger adults, whereas we found no evidence for loci with different effects in men compared to women. The opposite was seen for body shape as we identified 44 loci of which the effect on waist-to-hip ratio differed between men and women, but no difference between younger and older adults were observed. Our observations may provide new insights into the biology that underlies weight change with age or the sexual dimorphism of body shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W. Winkler
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Anne E. Justice
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Mariaelisa Graff
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Llilda Barata
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Mary F. Feitosa
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Su Chu
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jacek Czajkowski
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Genetics and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Estonian Genome Center, Univeristy of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tove Fall
- Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tuomas O. Kilpeläinen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Yingchang Lu
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- The Department of Preventive Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Center, Univeristy of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Tune H. Pers
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Genetics and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Medical and Population Genetics Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sina Rüeger
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Georg B. Ehret
- Department of Specialties of Internal Medicine, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
- Center for Complex Disease Genomics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Teresa Ferreira
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nancy L. Heard-Costa
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, the Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Juha Karjalainen
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vasiliki Lagou
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anubha Mahajan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michael D. Neinast
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Inga Prokopenko
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Genomics of Common Diseases, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jeannette Simino
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Tanya M. Teslovich
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Rick Jansen
- Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Harm-Jan Westra
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Divisions of Genetics and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Partners Center for Personalized Genetic Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Charles C. White
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Devin Absher
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Tarunveer S. Ahluwalia
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center A/S, Gentofte, Denmark
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Shafqat Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Eva Albrecht
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Alexessander Couto Alves
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency (HPA) Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer L. Bragg-Gresham
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Anton J. M. de Craen
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Joshua C. Bis
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Amélie Bonnefond
- CNRS UMR 8199, Lille, France
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France
- Université de Lille 2, Lille, France
| | | | - Gemma Cadby
- Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Yu-Ching Cheng
- VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Charleston W. K. Chiang
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Graciela Delgado
- Vth Department of Medicine, Mannheim Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ayse Demirkan
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole Dueker
- Universiy of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Niina Eklund
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Public Health Genomics Unit, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Joel Eriksson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bjarke Feenstra
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Krista Fischer
- Estonian Genome Center, Univeristy of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Francesca Frau
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Filarete Foundation, Genomic and Bioinformatics Unit, Milano, Italy
| | - Tessel E. Galesloot
- Radboud university medical center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department for Health Evidence, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Geller
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anuj Goel
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Division of Cardiovacular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mathias Gorski
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tanja B. Grammer
- Vth Department of Medicine, Mannheim Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Stefan Gustafsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Saskia Haitjema
- Experimental Cardiology and laboratory of clinical chemistry, UMCU, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jennifer E. Huffman
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, the Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Anne U. Jackson
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Kevin B. Jacobs
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Core Genotyping Facility, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Åsa Johansson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marika Kaakinen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency (HPA) Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Marcus E. Kleber
- Vth Department of Medicine, Mannheim Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jari Lahti
- Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Irene Mateo Leach
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Cardiology, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Lehne
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Youfang Liu
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chaper Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ken Sin Lo
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Mattias Lorentzon
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jian'an Luan
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Pamela A. F. Madden
- Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara McKnight
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Program in Biostatistics and Biomathematics, Divison of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Carolina Medina-Gomez
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Keri L. Monda
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- The Center for Observational Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, United States of America
| | - May E. Montasser
- Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Nutrition, Dept of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gabriele Müller
- Center for Evidence Based Healthcare, University of Dresden, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - Martina Müller-Nurasyid
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partnersite Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Ilja M. Nolte
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Epidemiology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Laura Pascoe
- Institute of Cell & Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Lavinia Paternoster
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel W. Rayner
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Human Genetics, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Frida Renström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Federica Rizzi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Filarete Foundation, Genomic and Bioinformatics Unit, Milano, Italy
| | - Lynda M. Rose
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kathy A. Ryan
- Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Nutrition, Dept of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Perttu Salo
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Public Health Genomics Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Serena Sanna
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, CNR, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Hubert Scharnagl
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Jianxin Shi
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Albert Vernon Smith
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Lorraine Southam
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Human Genetics, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alena Stančáková
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Rona J. Strawbridge
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yun Ju Sung
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Ioanna Tachmazidou
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Human Genetics, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Toshiko Tanaka
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Stella Trompet
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Natalia Pervjakova
- Estonian Genome Center, Univeristy of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Public Health Genomics Unit, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jonathan P. Tyrer
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Liesbeth Vandenput
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sander W van der Laan
- Experimental Cardiology and laboratory of clinical chemistry, UMCU, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nathalie van der Velde
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Geriatric Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jessica van Setten
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jana V. van Vliet-Ostaptchouk
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Endocrinology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Niek Verweij
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Cardiology, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Efthymia Vlachopoulou
- Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lindsay L. Waite
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Sophie R. Wang
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Divisions of Genetics and Endocrinology and Program in Genomics, Boston's Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Zhaoming Wang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Core Genotyping Facility, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sarah H. Wild
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Christina Willenborg
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Institut für Integrative und Experimentelle Genomik, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - James F. Wilson
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Andrew Wong
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health & Ageing at UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jian Yang
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Loïc Yengo
- CNRS UMR 8199, Lille, France
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France
- Université de Lille 2, Lille, France
| | - Laura M. Yerges-Armstrong
- Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Nutrition, Dept of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lei Yu
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex, United Kingdom
| | - Jing Hua Zhao
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ehm A. Andersson
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stephan J. L. Bakker
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Medicine, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Damiano Baldassarre
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Karina Banasik
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matteo Barcella
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Claire Bellis
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Genomics Research Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paola Benaglio
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - John Blangero
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Matthias Blüher
- University of Leipzig, IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig, Germany
- University of Leipzig, Department of Medicine, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Lori L. Bonnycastle
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Heather A. Boyd
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marcel Bruinenberg
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Aron S Buchman
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Harry Campbell
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Yii-Der Ida Chen
- Los Angeles BioMedical Resesarch Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Peter S. Chines
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Simone Claudi-Boehm
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
| | - John Cole
- VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Universiy of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Francis S. Collins
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Eco J. C. de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Maria Dimitriou
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Human Genetics, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Dietetics-Nutrition, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Jubao Duan
- NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
- University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Stefan Enroth
- Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Elodie Eury
- CNRS UMR 8199, Lille, France
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France
- Université de Lille 2, Lille, France
| | - Aliki-Eleni Farmaki
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Nita G. Forouhi
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nele Friedrich
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Pablo V. Gejman
- NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
- University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Bruna Gigante
- Division of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicola Glorioso
- Hypertension and Related Disease Centre, AOU-University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Alan S. Go
- Kaiser Permanente, Division of Research, Oakland, California, United States of America
| | - Omri Gottesman
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- The Department of Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jürgen Gräßler
- Department of Medicine III, Pathobiochemistry, University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Harald Grallert
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Niels Grarup
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yu-Mei Gu
- Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Linda Broer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annelies C. Ham
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Torben Hansen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Tamara B. Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Catharina A. Hartman
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maija Hassinen
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Nicholas Hastie
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Andrew T. Hattersley
- Institue of Biomedical & Clinical Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew C. Heath
- Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Anjali K. Henders
- QIMR Bergofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dena Hernandez
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hans Hillege
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Cardiology, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Oddgeir Holmen
- Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kees G Hovingh
- Department Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jennie Hui
- Pathwest Laboratory Medicine of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia,Australia
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Lise L. Husemoen
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Glostrup Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Nina Hutri-Kähönen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Pediatrics,Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Pirro G. Hysi
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Illig
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Hannover Unified Biobank, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Philip L. De Jager
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,United States of America
- Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,United States of America
| | - Shapour Jalilzadeh
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Division of Cardiovacular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Torben Jørgensen
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Glostrup Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Aalborg, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - J. Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Markus Juonala
- Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Stavroula Kanoni
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Human Genetics, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Kay Tee Khaw
- Clinical Gerontology Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Leena Kinnunen
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Steven J. Kittner
- VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Universiy of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Wolfgang Koenig
- Department of Internal Medicine II—Cardiology, University of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ivana Kolcic
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Peter Kovacs
- University of Leipzig, IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nikolaj T. Krarup
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Wolfgang Kratzer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
| | - Janine Krüger
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Diana Kuh
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health & Ageing at UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Meena Kumari
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Theodosios Kyriakou
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Division of Cardiovacular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lars Lannfelt
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Chiara Lanzani
- Chair of Nephrology, Università Vita Salute San Raffaele, Segrate (Milan), Italy
- Genomics of Renal Disease and Hypertension Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Segrate (Milan), Italy
| | - Vaneet Lotay
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Lenore J. Launer
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Karin Leander
- Division of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jaana Lindström
- Diabetes Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Allan Linneberg
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Glostrup Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Yan-Ping Liu
- Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stéphane Lobbens
- CNRS UMR 8199, Lille, France
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France
- Université de Lille 2, Lille, France
| | - Robert Luben
- Strangeways Research Laboratory Wort's Causeway, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Valeriya Lyssenko
- Steno Diabetes Center A/S, Gentofte, Denmark
- Lund University Diabetes Centre and Department of Clinical Science, Diabetes & Endocrinology Unit, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Satu Männistö
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Patrik K. Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wendy L. McArdle
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Cristina Menni
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sigrun Merger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Center, Univeristy of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Andrew P. Morris
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Narisu Narisu
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mari Nelis
- Estonian Genome Center, Univeristy of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ken K. Ong
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health & Ageing at UCL, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Human Genetics, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Center for Human Genetic Research, Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Louis Pérusse
- Department of Kinesiology, Laval University, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Irene Pichler
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), Bolzano, Italy, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Maria G. Pilia
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, CNR, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Anneli Pouta
- Department of Children, Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Myriam Rheinberger
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Rasmus Ribel-Madsen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marcus Richards
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health & Ageing at UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth M. Rice
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Treva K. Rice
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Carlo Rivolta
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alan R. Sanders
- NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
- University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Mark A. Sarzynski
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Salome Scholtens
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Epidemiology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert A. Scott
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - William R. Scott
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvain Sebert
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sebanti Sengupta
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Bengt Sennblad
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Seufferlein
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
| | - Angela Silveira
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - P. Eline Slagboom
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jan H. Smit
- Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas H. Sparsø
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kathleen Stirrups
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Human Genetics, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ronald P. Stolk
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Epidemiology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Heather M. Stringham
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Morris A Swertz
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Amy J. Swift
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ann-Christine Syvänen
- Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sian-Tsung Tan
- Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex, United Kingdom
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Thorand
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anke Tönjes
- University of Leipzig, Department of Medicine, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Angelo Tremblay
- Department of Kinesiology, Laval University, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Peter J. van der Most
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Epidemiology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Uwe Völker
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Marie-Claude Vohl
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- School of Nutrition, Laval University, Québec City, Québec,Canada
| | - Judith M. Vonk
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Epidemiology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Melanie Waldenberger
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partnersite Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ryan W. Walker
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- The Department of Preventive Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Roman Wennauer
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Widén
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Wilsgaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Alan F. Wright
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - M. Carola Zillikens
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne C. van Dijk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Natasja M. van Schoor
- EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- VUMC, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Folkert W. Asselbergs
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, Interuniversity Cardiology Institute Netherlands-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul I. W. de Bakker
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - John Beilby
- Pathwest Laboratory Medicine of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia,Australia
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - David A. Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Richard N. Bergman
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Sven Bergmann
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Carsten A. Böger
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard O. Boehm
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
- Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Singapore, Singapore
- Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Dorret I. Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan R. Bornstein
- Department of Medicine III, University of Dresden, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - Erwin P. Bottinger
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- The Department of Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Claude Bouchard
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - John C. Chambers
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex, United Kingdom
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J. Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Program in Biostatistics and Biomathematics, Divison of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Daniel I. Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,United States of America
| | - Francesco Cucca
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, CNR, Monserrato, Italy
- University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Daniele Cusi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Institute of Research, Segrate-Milano, Italy
| | - George Dedoussis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Jeanette Erdmann
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Institut für Integrative und Experimentelle Genomik, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Johan G. Eriksson
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Denis A. Evans
- Rush Institute for Healthy Aging and Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ulf de Faire
- Division of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Farrall
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Division of Cardiovacular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ian Ford
- Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Lude Franke
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen, The Netherlands
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Cardiology, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Paul W. Franks
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Public Health & Clinical Medicine, Umeå University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Philippe Froguel
- CNRS UMR 8199, Lille, France
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France
- Université de Lille 2, Lille, France
| | - Ron T. Gansevoort
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Medicine, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Christian Gieger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Henrik Grönberg
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Ulf Gyllensten
- Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per Hall
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Hamsten
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pim van der Harst
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen, The Netherlands
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Cardiology, Groningen, Netherlands
- Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, Interuniversity Cardiology Institute Netherlands-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Markku Heliövaara
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Christian Hengstenberg
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partnersite Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Andrew A Hicks
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), Bolzano, Italy, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Aroon Hingorani
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Albert Hofman
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Hu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Heikki V. Huikuri
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Kristian Hveem
- Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Alan L. James
- Department of Pulmonary Physiology and Sleep Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Joanne M. Jordan
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chaper Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Antti Jula
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
| | - Eero Kajantie
- Diabetes Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sekar Kathiresan
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Human Genetics Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lambertus A. L. M. Kiemeney
- Radboud university medical center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department for Health Evidence, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud university medical center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Urology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mika Kivimaki
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul B. Knekt
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heikki A. Koistinen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Department of Medicine and Abdominal Center: Endocrinology, Helsinki, Finland
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaspal S. Kooner
- Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex, United Kingdom
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Seppo Koskinen
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Kuusisto
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Winfried Maerz
- Vth Department of Medicine, Mannheim Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- QIMR Bergofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Markku Laakso
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Timo A. Lakka
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Guillaume Lettre
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marja-Liisa Lokki
- Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pekka Mäntyselkä
- Primary Health Care Unit, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Primary Health Care Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mads Melbye
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | | | - Braxton D. Mitchell
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Geriatrics Research and Education Clinical Center, Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Frans L. Moll
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey C. Murray
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Arthur W. Musk
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Markku S. Nieminen
- HUCH Heart and Lung Center, Division of Cardiology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Inger Njølstad
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Albertine J. Oldehinkel
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ben A. Oostra
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lyle J Palmer
- School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - James S. Pankow
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Gerard Pasterkamp
- Experimental Cardiology and laboratory of clinical chemistry, UMCU, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nancy L. Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Brenda W. Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Markus Perola
- Estonian Genome Center, Univeristy of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Annette Peters
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partnersite Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ozren Polašek
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Peter P. Pramstaller
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), Bolzano, Italy, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Neurology, General Central Hospital, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Bruce M. Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Departments of Epidemiology and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seatte, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lu Qi
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Thomas Quertermous
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Olli T. Raitakari
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Tuomo Rankinen
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Rainer Rauramaa
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Paul M. Ridker
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,United States of America
| | - John D. Rioux
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jerome I. Rotter
- Los Angeles BioMedical Resesarch Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Igor Rudan
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Hester M. den Ruijter
- Experimental Cardiology and laboratory of clinical chemistry, UMCU, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Juha Saltevo
- Department of Medicine, Central Finland Central Hospital, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Naveed Sattar
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Heribert Schunkert
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partnersite Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Peter E. H. Schwarz
- Department of Medicine III, University of Dresden, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alan R. Shuldiner
- Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Nutrition, Dept of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Geriatric Research and Education Clinical Center, Vetrans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Juha Sinisalo
- HUCH Heart and Lung Center, Division of Cardiology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Harold Snieder
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Epidemiology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thorkild I. A. Sørensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, The Capital Region, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Tim D. Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jan A. Staessen
- Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- R & D VitaK Group, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Unnur Thorsteinsdottir
- deCODE Genetics, Amgen inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Michael Stumvoll
- University of Leipzig, IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig, Germany
- University of Leipzig, Department of Medicine, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jean-Claude Tardif
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Elena Tremoli
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Jaakko Tuomilehto
- Diabetes Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Centre for Vascular Prevention, Danube-University Krems, Krems, Austria
- Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
- Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - André G. Uitterlinden
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matti Uusitupa
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Finland
- Research Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - André L. M. Verbeek
- Radboud university medical center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department for Health Evidence, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sita H. Vermeulen
- Radboud university medical center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department for Health Evidence, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Veronique Vitart
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Peter Vollenweider
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Lausanne (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gérard Waeber
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Lausanne (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mark Walker
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Henri Wallaschofski
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nicholas J. Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Hugh Watkins
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Division of Cardiovacular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Eleftheria Zeggini
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Human Genetics, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - CHARGE Consortium
- The Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology Consortium
| | | | | | | | | | - MAGIC Consortium
- The Meta-Analyses of Glucose and Insulin-related traits Consortium
| | - Aravinda Chakravarti
- Center for Complex Disease Genomics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Deborah J. Clegg
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - L. Adrienne Cupples
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, the Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Penny Gordon-Larsen
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Cashell E. Jaquish
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - D. C. Rao
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Goncalo R. Abecasis
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Themistocles L. Assimes
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Inês Barroso
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Human Genetics, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sonja I. Berndt
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Panos Deloukas
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Human Genetics, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders (PACER-HD), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Caroline S. Fox
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, the Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,United States of America
| | - Leif C. Groop
- Lund University Diabetes Centre and Department of Clinical Science, Diabetes & Endocrinology Unit, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Finnish Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM), Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland
| | - David J. Hunter
- Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Robert C. Kaplan
- Department of Epidemiology and Popualtion Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Mark I. McCarthy
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Karen L. Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey R. O'Connell
- Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Nutrition, Dept of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David Schlessinger
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David P. Strachan
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE Genetics, Amgen inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Cornelia M. van Duijn
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), The Netherlands
- Center for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Joel N. Hirschhorn
- Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Genetics and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Cecilia M. Lindgren
- Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Iris M. Heid
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- * E-mail: (IMH); (KEN); (IBB); (ZK); (RJFL)
| | - Kari E. North
- Carolina Center for Genome Sciences and Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (IMH); (KEN); (IBB); (ZK); (RJFL)
| | - Ingrid B. Borecki
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail: (IMH); (KEN); (IBB); (ZK); (RJFL)
| | - Zoltán Kutalik
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (IMH); (KEN); (IBB); (ZK); (RJFL)
| | - Ruth J. F. Loos
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- The Department of Preventive Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (IMH); (KEN); (IBB); (ZK); (RJFL)
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Abstract
BACKGROUND LifeLines is a large prospective population-based three generation cohort study in the north of the Netherlands. Different recruitment strategies were adopted: recruitment of an index population via general practitioners, subsequent inclusion of their family members, and online self-registration. Our aim was to investigate the representativeness of the adult study population at baseline and to evaluate differences in the study population according to recruitment strategy. METHODS Demographic characteristics of the LifeLines study population, recruited between 2006-2013, were compared with the total adult population in the north of the Netherlands as registered in the Dutch population register. Socioeconomic characteristics, lifestyle, chronic diseases, and general health were further compared with participants of the Permanent Survey of Living Conditions within the region (2005-2011, N = 6,093). Differences according to recruitment strategy were assessed. RESULTS Compared with the population of the north of the Netherlands, LifeLines participants were more often female, middle aged, married, living in a semi-urban place and Dutch native. Adjusted for differences in demographic composition, in LifeLines a smaller proportion had a low educational attainment (5% versus 14%) or had ever smoked (54% versus 66%). Differences in the prevalence of various chronic diseases and low general health scores were mostly smaller than 3%. The age profiles of the three recruitment groups differed due to age related inclusion criteria of the recruitment groups. Other differences according to recruitment strategy were small. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that, adjusted for differences in demographic composition, the LifeLines adult study population is broadly representative for the adult population of the north of the Netherlands. The recruitment strategy had a minor effect on the level of representativeness. These findings indicate that the risk of selection bias is low and that risk estimates in LifeLines can be generalized to the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Klijs
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Jornt J. Mandemakers
- Sociology of Consumption and Households, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ronald P. Stolk
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- LifeLines Cohort Study and Biobank, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Nynke Smidt
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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Tigchelaar EF, Zhernakova A, Dekens JAM, Hermes G, Baranska A, Mujagic Z, Swertz MA, Muñoz AM, Deelen P, Cénit MC, Franke L, Scholtens S, Stolk RP, Wijmenga C, Feskens EJM. Cohort profile: LifeLines DEEP, a prospective, general population cohort study in the northern Netherlands: study design and baseline characteristics. BMJ Open 2015; 5:e006772. [PMID: 26319774 PMCID: PMC4554905 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE There is a critical need for population-based prospective cohort studies because they follow individuals before the onset of disease, allowing for studies that can identify biomarkers and disease-modifying effects, and thereby contributing to systems epidemiology. PARTICIPANTS This paper describes the design and baseline characteristics of an intensively examined subpopulation of the LifeLines cohort in the Netherlands. In this unique subcohort, LifeLines DEEP, we included 1539 participants aged 18 years and older. FINDINGS TO DATE We collected additional blood (n = 1387), exhaled air (n = 1425) and faecal samples (n = 1248), and elicited responses to gastrointestinal health questionnaires (n = 1176) for analysis of the genome, epigenome, transcriptome, microbiome, metabolome and other biological levels. Here, we provide an overview of the different data layers in LifeLines DEEP and present baseline characteristics of the study population including food intake and quality of life. We also describe how the LifeLines DEEP cohort allows for the detailed investigation of genetic, genomic and metabolic variation for a wide range of phenotypic outcomes. Finally, we examine the determinants of gastrointestinal health, an area of particular interest to us that can be addressed by LifeLines DEEP. FUTURE PLANS We have established a cohort of which multiple data levels allow for the integrative analysis of populations for translation of this information into biomarkers for disease, and which will offer new insights into disease mechanisms and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ettje F Tigchelaar
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alexandra Zhernakova
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jackie A M Dekens
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerben Hermes
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Agnieszka Baranska
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Toxicology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Zlatan Mujagic
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Morris A Swertz
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Genomics Coordination Center, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Angélica M Muñoz
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Research Group in Food and Human Nutrition, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Patrick Deelen
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Genomics Coordination Center, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maria C Cénit
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lude Franke
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Salome Scholtens
- LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald P Stolk
- LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cisca Wijmenga
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Edith J M Feskens
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Division of Human Nutrition, Section Nutrition and Epidemiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Küpers LK, L'Abée C, Bocca G, Stolk RP, Sauer PJJ, Corpeleijn E. Determinants of Weight Gain during the First Two Years of Life--The GECKO Drenthe Birth Cohort. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133326. [PMID: 26192417 PMCID: PMC4507980 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives To explain weight gain patterns in the first two years of life, we compared the predictive values of potential risk factors individually and within four different domains: prenatal, nutrition, lifestyle and socioeconomic factors. Methods In a Dutch population-based birth cohort, length and weight were measured in 2475 infants at 1, 6, 12 and 24 months. Factors that might influence weight gain (e.g. birth weight, parental BMI, breastfeeding, hours of sleep and maternal education) were retrieved from health care files and parental questionnaires. Factors were compared with linear regression to best explain differences in weight gain, defined as changes in Z-score of weight-for-age and weight-for-length over 1–6, 6–12 and 12–24 months. In a two-step approach, factors were first studied individually for their association with growth velocity, followed by a comparison of the explained variance of the four domains. Results Birth weight and type of feeding were most importantly related to weight gain in the first six months. Breastfeeding versus formula feeding showed distinct growth patterns in the first six months, but not thereafter. From six months onwards, the ability to explain differences in weight gain decreased substantially (from R2total = 38.7% to R2total<7%). Conclusion Birth weight and breast feeding were most important to explain early weight gain, especially in the first six months of life. After the first six months of life other yet undetermined factors start to play a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne K Küpers
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Carianne L'Abée
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Gianni Bocca
- Department of Pediatrics, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ronald P Stolk
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Pieter J J Sauer
- Department of Pediatrics, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Eva Corpeleijn
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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Zijlema WL, Morley DW, Stolk RP, Rosmalen JGM. Noise and somatic symptoms: A role for personality traits? Int J Hyg Environ Health 2015; 218:543-9. [PMID: 26003940 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We investigated the role of a stress-sensitive personality on relations between noise, noise annoyance and somatic symptom reporting. First, we investigated the cross-sectional association of road traffic noise exposure and somatic symptoms, and its modification by hostility and vulnerability to stress. Second, we investigated the cross-sectional association of noise annoyance from eight sources (e.g. road traffic, aircraft, neighbours) and somatic symptoms, and it's confounding by hostility and vulnerability to stress. METHODS Data were obtained from LifeLines, a general population cohort from the Netherlands. Road traffic noise was estimated using the Common Noise Assessment Methods in Europe (CNOSSOS-EU) noise model. Noise annoyance, hostility, vulnerability to stress, and somatic symptoms were assessed with validated questionnaires. RESULTS Poisson regression models adjusted for demographic and socioeconomic variables indicated no association of noise exposure and somatic symptoms (incidence rate ratio (IRR) 1.001; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.000-1.001; n=56,937). Interactions of noise exposure and hostility and vulnerability to stress were not statistically significant. Small positive associations were found for noise annoyance from each of the eight sources and somatic symptoms, when adjusted for demographic and socioeconomic variables (e.g. for road traffic noise annoyance IRR 1.014, 95% CI 1.011-1.018; n=6177). Additional adjustment for hostility and vulnerability to stress resulted in small decreases of the IRRs for noise annoyance from each of the eight sources, but the associations remained statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Personality facets hostility and vulnerability to stress did not modify the relation between road traffic noise exposure and somatic symptom reporting, or confound relations between noise annoyance and symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L Zijlema
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Epidemiology, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - D W Morley
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - R P Stolk
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Epidemiology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - J G M Rosmalen
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), Groningen, The Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Internal Medicine, Groningen, The Netherlands
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37
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Cornelis MC, Byrne EM, Esko T, Nalls MA, Ganna A, Paynter N, Monda KL, Amin N, Fischer K, Renstrom F, Ngwa JS, Huikari V, Cavadino A, Nolte IM, Teumer A, Yu K, Marques-Vidal P, Rawal R, Manichaikul A, Wojczynski MK, Vink JM, Zhao JH, Burlutsky G, Lahti J, Mikkilä V, Lemaitre RN, Eriksson J, Musani SK, Tanaka T, Geller F, Luan J, Hui J, Mägi R, Dimitriou M, Garcia ME, Ho WK, Wright MJ, Rose LM, Magnusson PKE, Pedersen NL, Couper D, Oostra BA, Hofman A, Ikram MA, Tiemeier HW, Uitterlinden AG, van Rooij FJA, Barroso I, Johansson I, Xue L, Kaakinen M, Milani L, Power C, Snieder H, Stolk RP, Baumeister SE, Biffar R, Gu F, Bastardot F, Kutalik Z, Jacobs DR, Forouhi NG, Mihailov E, Lind L, Lindgren C, Michaëlsson K, Morris A, Jensen M, Khaw KT, Luben RN, Wang JJ, Männistö S, Perälä MM, Kähönen M, Lehtimäki T, Viikari J, Mozaffarian D, Mukamal K, Psaty BM, Döring A, Heath AC, Montgomery GW, Dahmen N, Carithers T, Tucker KL, Ferrucci L, Boyd HA, Melbye M, Treur JL, Mellström D, Hottenga JJ, Prokopenko I, Tönjes A, Deloukas P, Kanoni S, Lorentzon M, Houston DK, Liu Y, Danesh J, Rasheed A, Mason MA, Zonderman AB, Franke L, Kristal BS, Karjalainen J, Reed DR, Westra HJ, Evans MK, Saleheen D, Harris TB, Dedoussis G, Curhan G, Stumvoll M, Beilby J, Pasquale LR, Feenstra B, Bandinelli S, Ordovas JM, Chan AT, Peters U, Ohlsson C, Gieger C, Martin NG, Waldenberger M, Siscovick DS, Raitakari O, Eriksson JG, Mitchell P, Hunter DJ, Kraft P, Rimm EB, Boomsma DI, Borecki IB, Loos RJF, Wareham NJ, Vollenweider P, Caporaso N, Grabe HJ, Neuhouser ML, Wolffenbuttel BHR, Hu FB, Hyppönen E, Järvelin MR, Cupples LA, Franks PW, Ridker PM, van Duijn CM, Heiss G, Metspalu A, North KE, Ingelsson E, Nettleton JA, van Dam RM, Chasman DI. Genome-wide meta-analysis identifies six novel loci associated with habitual coffee consumption. Mol Psychiatry 2015; 20:647-656. [PMID: 25288136 PMCID: PMC4388784 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2014.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Coffee, a major dietary source of caffeine, is among the most widely consumed beverages in the world and has received considerable attention regarding health risks and benefits. We conducted a genome-wide (GW) meta-analysis of predominately regular-type coffee consumption (cups per day) among up to 91,462 coffee consumers of European ancestry with top single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) followed-up in ~30 062 and 7964 coffee consumers of European and African-American ancestry, respectively. Studies from both stages were combined in a trans-ethnic meta-analysis. Confirmed loci were examined for putative functional and biological relevance. Eight loci, including six novel loci, met GW significance (log10Bayes factor (BF)>5.64) with per-allele effect sizes of 0.03-0.14 cups per day. Six are located in or near genes potentially involved in pharmacokinetics (ABCG2, AHR, POR and CYP1A2) and pharmacodynamics (BDNF and SLC6A4) of caffeine. Two map to GCKR and MLXIPL genes related to metabolic traits but lacking known roles in coffee consumption. Enhancer and promoter histone marks populate the regions of many confirmed loci and several potential regulatory SNPs are highly correlated with the lead SNP of each. SNP alleles near GCKR, MLXIPL, BDNF and CYP1A2 that were associated with higher coffee consumption have previously been associated with smoking initiation, higher adiposity and fasting insulin and glucose but lower blood pressure and favorable lipid, inflammatory and liver enzyme profiles (P<5 × 10(-8)).Our genetic findings among European and African-American adults reinforce the role of caffeine in mediating habitual coffee consumption and may point to molecular mechanisms underlying inter-individual variability in pharmacological and health effects of coffee.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marilyn C Cornelis
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
,Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Enda M Byrne
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
,Division of Endocrinology, Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael A Nalls
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrea Ganna
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska, Sweden
| | - Nina Paynter
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Keri L Monda
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Najaf Amin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Krista Fischer
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Frida Renstrom
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Julius S Ngwa
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ville Huikari
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Alana Cavadino
- Centre for Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Ilja M Nolte
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - Kai Yu
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Pedro Marques-Vidal
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rajesh Rawal
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum-München, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ani Manichaikul
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Mary K Wojczynski
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Division of Statistical Genomics, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Vink
- Department of Biological Psychology / Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jing Hua Zhao
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - George Burlutsky
- Centre for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and the Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jari Lahti
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
,Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vera Mikkilä
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
,Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Rozenn N Lemaitre
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Joel Eriksson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Solomon K Musani
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Toshiko Tanaka
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Frank Geller
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Epidemiology Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jian’an Luan
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jennie Hui
- Busselton Population Medical Research Foundation Inc., Busselton, Australia
,PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Nedlands, Western Australia
,School of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia
,School of Population Health, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Melissa E Garcia
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Weang-Kee Ho
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Lynda M Rose
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Patrik KE Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska, Sweden
| | - Nancy L Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska, Sweden
| | - David Couper
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ben A Oostra
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mohammad Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
,Department of Radiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
,Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henning W Tiemeier
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
,Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andre G Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
,Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank JA van Rooij
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Inês Barroso
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
,University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Luting Xue
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marika Kaakinen
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
,Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency (HPE) Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Chris Power
- Centre for Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald P Stolk
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Reiner Biffar
- Department of Prosthodontics, Gerodontology and Biomaterials, Center of Oral Health, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - Fangyi Gu
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - François Bastardot
- Department of Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Zoltán Kutalik
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
,Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David R Jacobs
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Nita G Forouhi
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Lindgren
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Karl Michaëlsson
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Andrew Morris
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Majken Jensen
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Robert N Luben
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jie Jin Wang
- Centre for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and the Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Satu Männistö
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mia-Maria Perälä
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital and School of Medicine University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jorma Viikari
- Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Dariush Mozaffarian
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
,Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kenneth Mukamal
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bruce M Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
,Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
,Department of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
,Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Angela Döring
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum-München, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andrew C Heath
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St.Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Norbert Dahmen
- Department for Psychiatry, Johannes-Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Teresa Carithers
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi, USA
| | - Katherine L Tucker
- Clinical Laboratory & Nutritional Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Heather A Boyd
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Epidemiology Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mads Melbye
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Epidemiology Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jorien L Treur
- Department of Biological Psychology / Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dan Mellström
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jouke Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology / Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Inga Prokopenko
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
,Department of Genomics of Common Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Anke Tönjes
- Medical Department, University of Leipzig, Germany
,IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Panos Deloukas
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
,William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
,King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Stavroula Kanoni
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Mattias Lorentzon
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Denise K Houston
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yongmei Liu
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - John Danesh
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Marc A Mason
- Health Disparities Research Section, Clinical Research Branch, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alan B Zonderman
- Laboratory of Personality and Cognition, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lude Franke
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bruce S Kristal
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | - Juha Karjalainen
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Danielle R Reed
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Harm-Jan Westra
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michele K Evans
- Health Disparities Research Section, Clinical Research Branch, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Danish Saleheen
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
,Center for Non-Communicable Diseases, Pakistan
| | - Tamara B Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Gary Curhan
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael Stumvoll
- Medical Department, University of Leipzig, Germany
,IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - John Beilby
- Busselton Population Medical Research Foundation Inc., Busselton, Australia
,PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Nedlands, Western Australia
,School of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia
| | - Louis R Pasquale
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
,Mass Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bjarke Feenstra
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Epidemiology Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Jose M Ordovas
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ulrike Peters
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Christian Gieger
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum-München, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Melanie Waldenberger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum-München, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - David S Siscovick
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
,Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Olli Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
,Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Johan G Eriksson
- Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland
,Department of General Practice and Primary health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
,Helsinki University Central Hospital, Unit of General Practice, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paul Mitchell
- Centre for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and the Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David J Hunter
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
,Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Peter Kraft
- Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eric B Rimm
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
,Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology / Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid B Borecki
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Division of Statistical Genomics, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ruth JF Loos
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
,The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
,The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Peter Vollenweider
- Department of Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Neil Caporaso
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hans Jörgen Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, HELIOS Hospital Stralsund, Germany
| | | | - Bruce HR Wolffenbuttel
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank B Hu
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
,Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elina Hyppönen
- Centre for Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, UK
,School of Population Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Marjo-Riitta Järvelin
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
,Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency (HPE) Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK
,Department of Children and Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland
,Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - L Adrienne Cupples
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
,The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Paul W Franks
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
,Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
,Department of Public Health & Clinical Medicine, Section for Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Paul M Ridker
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
,Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing and National Genomics Initiative, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gerardo Heiss
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Kari E North
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
,Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jennifer A Nettleton
- Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Rob M van Dam
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health and Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Daniel I Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Abbasi A, Deetman PE, Corpeleijn E, Gansevoort RT, Gans ROB, Hillege HL, van der Harst P, Stolk RP, Navis G, Alizadeh BZ, Bakker SJL. Bilirubin as a potential causal factor in type 2 diabetes risk: a Mendelian randomization study. Diabetes 2015; 64:1459-69. [PMID: 25368098 PMCID: PMC4346199 DOI: 10.2337/db14-0228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Circulating bilirubin, a natural antioxidant, is associated with decreased risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D), but the nature of the relationship remains unknown. We performed Mendelian randomization in a prospective cohort of 3,381 participants free of diabetes at baseline (age 28-75 years; women 52.6%). We used rs6742078 located in the uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase locus as an instrumental variable (IV) to study a potential causal effect of serum total bilirubin level on T2D risk. T2D developed in a total of 210 participants (6.2%) during a median follow-up period of 7.8 years. In adjusted analyses, rs6742078, which explained 19.5% of bilirubin variation, was strongly associated with total bilirubin (a 0.68-SD increase in bilirubin levels per T allele; P < 1 × 10(-122)) and was also associated with T2D risk (odds ratio [OR] 0.69 [95% CI 0.54-0.90]; P = 0.006). Per 1-SD increase in log-transformed bilirubin levels, we observed a 25% (OR 0.75 [95% CI 0.62-0.92]; P = 0.004) lower risk of T2D. In Mendelian randomization analysis, the causal risk reduction for T2D was estimated to be 42% (causal OR for IV estimation per 1-SD increase in log-transformed bilirubin 0.58 [95% CI 0.39-0.84]; P = 0.005), which was comparable to the observational estimate (Durbin-Wu-Hausman χ(2) test, P for difference = 0.19). These novel results provide evidence that an elevated bilirubin level is causally associated with the risk of T2D and support its role as a protective determinant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Abbasi
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, U.K.
| | - Petronella E Deetman
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Eva Corpeleijn
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ron T Gansevoort
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Rijk O B Gans
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hans L Hillege
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Pim van der Harst
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ronald P Stolk
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Gerjan Navis
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Behrooz Z Alizadeh
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Stephan J L Bakker
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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de Vries AGM, Huiting HG, van den Heuvel ER, L'Abée C, Corpeleijn E, Stolk RP. An activity stimulation programme during a child's first year reduces some indicators of adiposity at the age of two-and-a-half. Acta Paediatr 2015; 104:414-21. [PMID: 25425024 DOI: 10.1111/apa.12880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Revised: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIM Obesity tracks from childhood into adulthood. We evaluated the effect of early stimulation of physical activity on growth, body composition, motor activity and motor development in toddlers. METHODS We performed a cluster randomised controlled single-blinded trial in Dutch Well Baby Clinics, with seven nurses and 96 children (40% girls) randomised to the intervention group and six nurses and 65 children (57% girls) to the control group. Intervention nurses advised parents on stimulating motor development and physical activity during regular visits at 2 weeks and two, four, eight and 11 months. Baseline characteristics such as birthweight and mode of feeding were comparable. Outcomes at two-and-a-half years included anthropometry, skinfold thicknesses, bioelectrical impedance analyses, motor development and daily physical activity. We used linear mixed models with nurses as cluster. RESULTS We evaluated 143 children (89 intervention, 54 control) as 18 dropped out. Skinfolds were significantly lower in intervention children (29.6 ± 4.7 mm) than controls (32.4 ± 6.0 mm), without differences in motor development or daily physical activity. Female interventions showed lower weight, skinfolds, waist and hip circumference. CONCLUSION An activity stimulating programme during the child's first year improved indicators of adiposity when they were toddlers, especially in girls. Further research should determine whether these effects persist.
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Affiliation(s)
- AGM de Vries
- Department of Paediatrics; Beatrix Children's Hospital; University Medical Centre Groningen; University of Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - HG Huiting
- Department of Paediatrics; Beatrix Children's Hospital; University Medical Centre Groningen; University of Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology; University Medical Centre Groningen; University of Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - ER van den Heuvel
- Department of Epidemiology; University Medical Centre Groningen; University of Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - C L'Abée
- Department of Paediatrics; Beatrix Children's Hospital; University Medical Centre Groningen; University of Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology; University Medical Centre Groningen; University of Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - E Corpeleijn
- Department of Epidemiology; University Medical Centre Groningen; University of Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - RP Stolk
- Department of Epidemiology; University Medical Centre Groningen; University of Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
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40
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Shungin D, Winkler TW, Croteau-Chonka DC, Ferreira T, Locke AE, Mägi R, Strawbridge RJ, Pers TH, Fischer K, Justice AE, Workalemahu T, Wu JMW, Buchkovich ML, Heard-Costa NL, Roman TS, Drong AW, Song C, Gustafsson S, Day FR, Esko T, Fall T, Kutalik Z, Luan J, Randall JC, Scherag A, Vedantam S, Wood AR, Chen J, Fehrmann R, Karjalainen J, Kahali B, Liu CT, Schmidt EM, Absher D, Amin N, Anderson D, Beekman M, Bragg-Gresham JL, Buyske S, Demirkan A, Ehret GB, Feitosa MF, Goel A, Jackson AU, Johnson T, Kleber ME, Kristiansson K, Mangino M, Mateo Leach I, Medina-Gomez C, Palmer CD, Pasko D, Pechlivanis S, Peters MJ, Prokopenko I, Stančáková A, Ju Sung Y, Tanaka T, Teumer A, Van Vliet-Ostaptchouk JV, Yengo L, Zhang W, Albrecht E, Ärnlöv J, Arscott GM, Bandinelli S, Barrett A, Bellis C, Bennett AJ, Berne C, Blüher M, Böhringer S, Bonnet F, Böttcher Y, Bruinenberg M, Carba DB, Caspersen IH, Clarke R, Warwick Daw E, Deelen J, Deelman E, Delgado G, Doney ASF, Eklund N, Erdos MR, Estrada K, Eury E, Friedrich N, Garcia ME, Giedraitis V, Gigante B, Go AS, Golay A, Grallert H, Grammer TB, Gräßler J, Grewal J, Groves CJ, Haller T, Hallmans G, Hartman CA, Hassinen M, Hayward C, Heikkilä K, Herzig KH, Helmer Q, Hillege HL, Holmen O, Hunt SC, Isaacs A, Ittermann T, James AL, Johansson I, Juliusdottir T, Kalafati IP, Kinnunen L, Koenig W, Kooner IK, Kratzer W, Lamina C, Leander K, Lee NR, Lichtner P, Lind L, Lindström J, Lobbens S, Lorentzon M, Mach F, Magnusson PKE, Mahajan A, McArdle WL, Menni C, Merger S, Mihailov E, Milani L, Mills R, Moayyeri A, Monda KL, Mooijaart SP, Mühleisen TW, Mulas A, Müller G, Müller-Nurasyid M, Nagaraja R, Nalls MA, Narisu N, Glorioso N, Nolte IM, Olden M, Rayner NW, Renstrom F, Ried JS, Robertson NR, Rose LM, Sanna S, Scharnagl H, Scholtens S, Sennblad B, Seufferlein T, Sitlani CM, Vernon Smith A, Stirrups K, Stringham HM, Sundström J, Swertz MA, Swift AJ, Syvänen AC, Tayo BO, Thorand B, Thorleifsson G, Tomaschitz A, Troffa C, van Oort FVA, Verweij N, Vonk JM, Waite LL, Wennauer R, Wilsgaard T, Wojczynski MK, Wong A, Zhang Q, Hua Zhao J, Brennan EP, Choi M, Eriksson P, Folkersen L, Franco-Cereceda A, Gharavi AG, Hedman ÅK, Hivert MF, Huang J, Kanoni S, Karpe F, Keildson S, Kiryluk K, Liang L, Lifton RP, Ma B, McKnight AJ, McPherson R, Metspalu A, Min JL, Moffatt MF, Montgomery GW, Murabito JM, Nicholson G, Nyholt DR, Olsson C, Perry JRB, Reinmaa E, Salem RM, Sandholm N, Schadt EE, Scott RA, Stolk L, Vallejo EE, Westra HJ, Zondervan KT, Amouyel P, Arveiler D, Bakker SJL, Beilby J, Bergman RN, Blangero J, Brown MJ, Burnier M, Campbell H, Chakravarti A, Chines PS, Claudi-Boehm S, Collins FS, Crawford DC, Danesh J, de Faire U, de Geus EJC, Dörr M, Erbel R, Eriksson JG, Farrall M, Ferrannini E, Ferrières J, Forouhi NG, Forrester T, Franco OH, Gansevoort RT, Gieger C, Gudnason V, Haiman CA, Harris TB, Hattersley AT, Heliövaara M, Hicks AA, Hingorani AD, Hoffmann W, Hofman A, Homuth G, Humphries SE, Hyppönen E, Illig T, Jarvelin MR, Johansen B, Jousilahti P, Jula AM, Kaprio J, Kee F, Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi SM, Kooner JS, Kooperberg C, Kovacs P, Kraja AT, Kumari M, Kuulasmaa K, Kuusisto J, Lakka TA, Langenberg C, Le Marchand L, Lehtimäki T, Lyssenko V, Männistö S, Marette A, Matise TC, McKenzie CA, McKnight B, Musk AW, Möhlenkamp S, Morris AD, Nelis M, Ohlsson C, Oldehinkel AJ, Ong KK, Palmer LJ, Penninx BW, Peters A, Pramstaller PP, Raitakari OT, Rankinen T, Rao DC, Rice TK, Ridker PM, Ritchie MD, Rudan I, Salomaa V, Samani NJ, Saramies J, Sarzynski MA, Schwarz PEH, Shuldiner AR, Staessen JA, Steinthorsdottir V, Stolk RP, Strauch K, Tönjes A, Tremblay A, Tremoli E, Vohl MC, Völker U, Vollenweider P, Wilson JF, Witteman JC, Adair LS, Bochud M, Boehm BO, Bornstein SR, Bouchard C, Cauchi S, Caulfield MJ, Chambers JC, Chasman DI, Cooper RS, Dedoussis G, Ferrucci L, Froguel P, Grabe HJ, Hamsten A, Hui J, Hveem K, Jöckel KH, Kivimaki M, Kuh D, Laakso M, Liu Y, März W, Munroe PB, Njølstad I, Oostra BA, Palmer CNA, Pedersen NL, Perola M, Pérusse L, Peters U, Power C, Quertermous T, Rauramaa R, Rivadeneira F, Saaristo TE, Saleheen D, Sinisalo J, Eline Slagboom P, Snieder H, Spector TD, Thorsteinsdottir U, Stumvoll M, Tuomilehto J, Uitterlinden AG, Uusitupa M, van der Harst P, Veronesi G, Walker M, Wareham NJ, Watkins H, Wichmann HE, Abecasis GR, Assimes TL, Berndt SI, Boehnke M, Borecki IB, Deloukas P, Franke L, Frayling TM, Groop LC, Hunter DJ, Kaplan RC, O’Connell JR, Qi L, Schlessinger D, Strachan DP, Stefansson K, van Duijn CM, Willer CJ, Visscher PM, Yang J, Hirschhorn JN, Carola Zillikens M, McCarthy MI, Speliotes EK, North KE, Fox CS, Barroso I, Franks PW, Ingelsson E, Heid IM, Loos RJF, Cupples LA, Morris AP, Lindgren CM, Mohlke KL. New genetic loci link adipose and insulin biology to body fat distribution. Nature 2015; 518:187-196. [PMID: 25673412 PMCID: PMC4338562 DOI: 10.1038/nature14132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1046] [Impact Index Per Article: 116.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Body fat distribution is a heritable trait and a well-established predictor of adverse metabolic outcomes, independent of overall adiposity. To increase our understanding of the genetic basis of body fat distribution and its molecular links to cardiometabolic traits, we conducted genome-wide association meta-analyses of waist and hip circumference-related traits in up to 224,459 individuals. We identified 49 loci (33 new) associated with waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for body mass index (WHRadjBMI) and an additional 19 loci newly associated with related waist and hip circumference measures (P<5×10−8). Twenty of the 49 WHRadjBMI loci showed significant sexual dimorphism, 19 of which displayed a stronger effect in women. The identified loci were enriched for genes expressed in adipose tissue and for putative regulatory elements in adipocytes. Pathway analyses implicated adipogenesis, angiogenesis, transcriptional regulation, and insulin resistance as processes affecting fat distribution, providing insight into potential pathophysiological mechanisms.
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Meems LMG, de Borst MH, Postma DS, Vonk JM, Kremer HPH, Schuttelaar MLA, Rosmalen JGM, Weersma RK, Wolffenbuttel BHR, Scholtens S, Stolk RP, Kema IP, Navis G, Khan MAF, van der Harst P, de Boer RA. Low levels of vitamin D are associated with multimorbidity: results from the LifeLines Cohort Study. Ann Med 2015; 47:474-81. [PMID: 26340085 DOI: 10.3109/07853890.2015.1073347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of multimorbidity (≥ 1 disease within an individual) is rapidly increasing. So far, studies on the relationship between vitamin D and morbidity are mainly focusing on effects on single disease domains only, while vitamin D biology is associated with several diseases throughout the human body. METHODS We studied 8,726 participants from the LifeLines Cohort Study (a cross-sectional, population-based cohort study) and used the self-developed composite morbidity score to study the association between vitamin D levels and multimorbidity. RESULTS Study participants (mean age 45 ± 13 years, 73% females) had a mean plasma vitamin D level of 59 ± 22 nmol/L. In participants aged between 50 and 60 years, 58% had ≥ 2 affected disease domains, while morbidity score increased with age (70-80 years: 82% morbidity score > 1; > 80 years: 89% morbidity score > 1). Each incremental reduction by 1 standard deviation (SD) of vitamin D level was associated with an 8% higher morbidity score (full model OR 0.92, 95% CI 0.88-0.97, P = 0.001). Participants with vitamin D levels < 25 nmol/L were at highest risk for increasing morbidity prevalence (versus > 80 nmol/L, OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.07-1.67, P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Low levels of vitamin D are associated with higher prevalence of multimorbidity, especially in participants with vitamin D levels < 25 nmol/L. Collectively, our results favor a general, rather than an organ-specific, approach when assessing the impact of vitamin D deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M G Meems
- a Department of Cardiology , University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , the Netherlands
| | - Martin H de Borst
- b Department of Internal Medicine , University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , the Netherlands
| | - Dirkje S Postma
- c Department of Pulmonology , Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , the Netherlands
| | - Judith M Vonk
- c Department of Pulmonology , Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , the Netherlands
| | - Hubertus P H Kremer
- d Department of Neurology , University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , the Netherlands
| | - Marie-Louise A Schuttelaar
- e Department of Dermatology , University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , the Netherlands
| | - Judith G M Rosmalen
- b Department of Internal Medicine , University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , the Netherlands.,f Department of Psychiatry , Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , the Netherlands
| | - Rinse K Weersma
- g Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , the Netherlands
| | - Bruce H R Wolffenbuttel
- h Department of Endocrinology , University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , the Netherlands
| | - Salome Scholtens
- i Department of LifeLines Cohort Study & Biobank , University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , the Netherlands
| | - Ronald P Stolk
- i Department of LifeLines Cohort Study & Biobank , University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , the Netherlands
| | - Ido P Kema
- j Department of Laboratory Medicine , University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , the Netherlands
| | - Gerjan Navis
- b Department of Internal Medicine , University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , the Netherlands
| | - Mohsin A F Khan
- a Department of Cardiology , University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , the Netherlands
| | - Pim van der Harst
- a Department of Cardiology , University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , the Netherlands
| | - Rudolf A de Boer
- a Department of Cardiology , University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , the Netherlands
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Bernardes TP, Mol BW, Ravelli AC, van den Berg PP, Stolk RP, Groen H. [46-OR]. Pregnancy Hypertens 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preghy.2014.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Burger H, Bockting CLH, Beijers C, Verbeek T, Stant AD, Ormel J, Stolk RP, de Jonge P, van Pampus MG, Meijer J. Pregnancy Outcomes After a Maternity Intervention for Stressful Emotions (PROMISES): A Randomised Controlled Trial. Adv Neurobiol 2015; 10:443-459. [PMID: 25287553 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1372-5_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED There is ample evidence from observational prospective studies that maternal depression or anxiety during pregnancy is a risk factor for adverse psychosocial outcomes in the offspring. However, to date no previous study has demonstrated that treatment of depressive or anxious symptoms in pregnancy actually could prevent psychosocial problems in children. Preventing psychosocial problems in children will eventually bring down the huge public health burden of mental disease. The main objective of this study is to assess the effects of cognitive behavioural therapy in pregnant women with symptoms of anxiety or depression on the child's development as well as behavioural and emotional problems. In addition, we aim to study its effects on the child's development, maternal mental health, and neonatal outcomes, as well as the cost-effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy relative to usual care.We will include 300 women with at least moderate levels of anxiety or depression at the end of the first trimester of pregnancy. By including 300 women, we will be able to demonstrate effect sizes of 0.35 or more on the total problems scale of the Child Behaviour Checklist 1.5-5 with alpha 5 % and power (1-beta) 80 %.Women in the intervention arm are offered 10-14 individual cognitive behavioural therapy sessions, 6-10 sessions during pregnancy and 4-8 sessions after delivery (once a week). Women in the control group receive care as usual.Primary outcome is behavioural/emotional problems at 1.5 years of age as assessed by the total problems scale of the Child Behaviour Checklist 1.5-5 years.Secondary outcomes are mental, psychomotor and behavioural development of the child at age 18 months according to the Bayley scales; maternal anxiety and depression during pregnancy and postpartum; and neonatal outcomes such as birth weight, gestational age and Apgar score, health-care consumption and general health status (economic evaluation). TRIAL REGISTRATION NTR2242.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huibert Burger
- Department of General Practice, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands,
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Scholtens S, Smidt N, Swertz MA, Bakker SJL, Dotinga A, Vonk JM, van Dijk F, van Zon SKR, Wijmenga C, Wolffenbuttel BHR, Stolk RP. Cohort Profile: LifeLines, a three-generation cohort study and biobank. Int J Epidemiol 2014; 44:1172-80. [PMID: 25502107 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyu229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 492] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nynke Smidt
- LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Epidemiology
| | | | | | | | - Judith M Vonk
- LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Epidemiology
| | | | | | | | - Bruce H R Wolffenbuttel
- Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald P Stolk
- LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Epidemiology
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Looijmans A, Jörg F, Schoevers RA, Bruggeman R, Stolk RP, Corpeleijn E. Changing the obesogenic environment of severe mentally ill residential patients: ELIPS, a cluster randomised study design. BMC Psychiatry 2014; 14:293. [PMID: 25422085 PMCID: PMC4248468 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-014-0293-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe mentally ill (SMI) patients have a reduced life expectancy of 13-30 years compared to the general population, largely due to an increased risk of cardiovascular mortality. Unhealthy lifestyle behaviours in SMI patients contribute to this increased risk. The obesogenic living environment of patients in residential facilities may even pose an extra risk. Although several studies have shown positive effects of lifestyle interventions on SMI patients' weight status, studies including residential patients and their obesogenic environment are scarce. This paper describes the Effectiveness of Lifestyle Interventions in PSychiatry trial (ELIPS). The goal of this trial is to improve cardiometabolic health in severe mentally ill residential patients by addressing the obesogenic environment. METHODS/DESIGN The ELIPS study is a multi-site cluster randomised controlled trial (RCT) based on the principles of a pragmatic RCT. All residential and long-term clinical care teams of two large mental health care organisations in the North of the Netherlands serving SMI patients are invited to participate. The intervention is aimed at team level. Lifestyle coaches first develop a team specific lifestyle plan that tailors the ELIPS goals and protocol and then train teams on how to create a healthy environment and stimulate healthy behaviours in patients. After three months, teams take over the intervention after they have set out goals to achieve in the following nine months. In this phase, adherence to the lifestyle plan and pre-set goals is monitored. Patients in the control arm receive care as usual. Primary outcome measure is waist circumference at three and 12 months after baseline. DISCUSSION ELIPS is different from previously published lifestyle intervention studies in three ways. First, it follows the principles of a pragmatic design, which enables the examination of effects in everyday practice. Second, by implementing the intervention at team level, we expect lifestyle activities to be maintained when interventionists leave. Last, by targeting the obesogenic environment we create a prerequisite for any sustainable health improvement, as patients can only make healthy choices in a healthy living environment. TRIAL REGISTRATION Nederlands Trialregister NTR2720 (Dutch Trial Register, www.trialregister.nl). Registered 27 January 2011.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Looijmans
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, FA 40, PO box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frederike Jörg
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands ,Research Department, Friesland Mental Health Services, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Robert A Schoevers
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard Bruggeman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald P Stolk
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, FA 40, PO box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eva Corpeleijn
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, FA 40, PO box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
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Wood AR, Esko T, Yang J, Vedantam S, Pers TH, Gustafsson S, Chu AY, Estrada K, Luan J, Kutalik Z, Amin N, Buchkovich ML, Croteau-Chonka DC, Day FR, Duan Y, Fall T, Fehrmann R, Ferreira T, Jackson AU, Karjalainen J, Lo KS, Locke AE, Mägi R, Mihailov E, Porcu E, Randall JC, Scherag A, Vinkhuyzen AAE, Westra HJ, Winkler TW, Workalemahu T, Zhao JH, Absher D, Albrecht E, Anderson D, Baron J, Beekman M, Demirkan A, Ehret GB, Feenstra B, Feitosa MF, Fischer K, Fraser RM, Goel A, Gong J, Justice AE, Kanoni S, Kleber ME, Kristiansson K, Lim U, Lotay V, Lui JC, Mangino M, Mateo Leach I, Medina-Gomez C, Nalls MA, Nyholt DR, Palmer CD, Pasko D, Pechlivanis S, Prokopenko I, Ried JS, Ripke S, Shungin D, Stancáková A, Strawbridge RJ, Sung YJ, Tanaka T, Teumer A, Trompet S, van der Laan SW, van Setten J, Van Vliet-Ostaptchouk JV, Wang Z, Yengo L, Zhang W, Afzal U, Arnlöv J, Arscott GM, Bandinelli S, Barrett A, Bellis C, Bennett AJ, Berne C, Blüher M, Bolton JL, Böttcher Y, Boyd HA, Bruinenberg M, Buckley BM, Buyske S, Caspersen IH, Chines PS, Clarke R, Claudi-Boehm S, Cooper M, Daw EW, De Jong PA, Deelen J, Delgado G, Denny JC, Dhonukshe-Rutten R, Dimitriou M, Doney ASF, Dörr M, Eklund N, Eury E, Folkersen L, Garcia ME, Geller F, Giedraitis V, Go AS, Grallert H, Grammer TB, Gräßler J, Grönberg H, de Groot LCPGM, Groves CJ, Haessler J, Hall P, Haller T, Hallmans G, Hannemann A, Hartman CA, Hassinen M, Hayward C, Heard-Costa NL, Helmer Q, Hemani G, Henders AK, Hillege HL, Hlatky MA, Hoffmann W, Hoffmann P, Holmen O, Houwing-Duistermaat JJ, Illig T, Isaacs A, James AL, Jeff J, Johansen B, Johansson Å, Jolley J, Juliusdottir T, Junttila J, Kho AN, Kinnunen L, Klopp N, Kocher T, Kratzer W, Lichtner P, Lind L, Lindström J, Lobbens S, Lorentzon M, Lu Y, Lyssenko V, Magnusson PKE, Mahajan A, Maillard M, McArdle WL, McKenzie CA, McLachlan S, McLaren PJ, Menni C, Merger S, Milani L, Moayyeri A, Monda KL, Morken MA, Müller G, Müller-Nurasyid M, Musk AW, Narisu N, Nauck M, Nolte IM, Nöthen MM, Oozageer L, Pilz S, Rayner NW, Renstrom F, Robertson NR, Rose LM, Roussel R, Sanna S, Scharnagl H, Scholtens S, Schumacher FR, Schunkert H, Scott RA, Sehmi J, Seufferlein T, Shi J, Silventoinen K, Smit JH, Smith AV, Smolonska J, Stanton AV, Stirrups K, Stott DJ, Stringham HM, Sundström J, Swertz MA, Syvänen AC, Tayo BO, Thorleifsson G, Tyrer JP, van Dijk S, van Schoor NM, van der Velde N, van Heemst D, van Oort FVA, Vermeulen SH, Verweij N, Vonk JM, Waite LL, Waldenberger M, Wennauer R, Wilkens LR, Willenborg C, Wilsgaard T, Wojczynski MK, Wong A, Wright AF, Zhang Q, Arveiler D, Bakker SJL, Beilby J, Bergman RN, Bergmann S, Biffar R, Blangero J, Boomsma DI, Bornstein SR, Bovet P, Brambilla P, Brown MJ, Campbell H, Caulfield MJ, Chakravarti A, Collins R, Collins FS, Crawford DC, Cupples LA, Danesh J, de Faire U, den Ruijter HM, Erbel R, Erdmann J, Eriksson JG, Farrall M, Ferrannini E, Ferrières J, Ford I, Forouhi NG, Forrester T, Gansevoort RT, Gejman PV, Gieger C, Golay A, Gottesman O, Gudnason V, Gyllensten U, Haas DW, Hall AS, Harris TB, Hattersley AT, Heath AC, Hengstenberg C, Hicks AA, Hindorff LA, Hingorani AD, Hofman A, Hovingh GK, Humphries SE, Hunt SC, Hypponen E, Jacobs KB, Jarvelin MR, Jousilahti P, Jula AM, Kaprio J, Kastelein JJP, Kayser M, Kee F, Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi SM, Kiemeney LA, Kooner JS, Kooperberg C, Koskinen S, Kovacs P, Kraja AT, Kumari M, Kuusisto J, Lakka TA, Langenberg C, Le Marchand L, Lehtimäki T, Lupoli S, Madden PAF, Männistö S, Manunta P, Marette A, Matise TC, McKnight B, Meitinger T, Moll FL, Montgomery GW, Morris AD, Morris AP, Murray JC, Nelis M, Ohlsson C, Oldehinkel AJ, Ong KK, Ouwehand WH, Pasterkamp G, Peters A, Pramstaller PP, Price JF, Qi L, Raitakari OT, Rankinen T, Rao DC, Rice TK, Ritchie M, Rudan I, Salomaa V, Samani NJ, Saramies J, Sarzynski MA, Schwarz PEH, Sebert S, Sever P, Shuldiner AR, Sinisalo J, Steinthorsdottir V, Stolk RP, Tardif JC, Tönjes A, Tremblay A, Tremoli E, Virtamo J, Vohl MC, Amouyel P, Asselbergs FW, Assimes TL, Bochud M, Boehm BO, Boerwinkle E, Bottinger EP, Bouchard C, Cauchi S, Chambers JC, Chanock SJ, Cooper RS, de Bakker PIW, Dedoussis G, Ferrucci L, Franks PW, Froguel P, Groop LC, Haiman CA, Hamsten A, Hayes MG, Hui J, Hunter DJ, Hveem K, Jukema JW, Kaplan RC, Kivimaki M, Kuh D, Laakso M, Liu Y, Martin NG, März W, Melbye M, Moebus S, Munroe PB, Njølstad I, Oostra BA, Palmer CNA, Pedersen NL, Perola M, Pérusse L, Peters U, Powell JE, Power C, Quertermous T, Rauramaa R, Reinmaa E, Ridker PM, Rivadeneira F, Rotter JI, Saaristo TE, Saleheen D, Schlessinger D, Slagboom PE, Snieder H, Spector TD, Strauch K, Stumvoll M, Tuomilehto J, Uusitupa M, van der Harst P, Völzke H, Walker M, Wareham NJ, Watkins H, Wichmann HE, Wilson JF, Zanen P, Deloukas P, Heid IM, Lindgren CM, Mohlke KL, Speliotes EK, Thorsteinsdottir U, Barroso I, Fox CS, North KE, Strachan DP, Beckmann JS, Berndt SI, Boehnke M, Borecki IB, McCarthy MI, Metspalu A, Stefansson K, Uitterlinden AG, van Duijn CM, Franke L, Willer CJ, Price AL, Lettre G, Loos RJF, Weedon MN, Ingelsson E, O'Connell JR, Abecasis GR, Chasman DI, Goddard ME, Visscher PM, Hirschhorn JN, Frayling TM. Defining the role of common variation in the genomic and biological architecture of adult human height. Nat Genet 2014; 46:1173-86. [PMID: 25282103 PMCID: PMC4250049 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1192] [Impact Index Per Article: 119.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Using genome-wide data from 253,288 individuals, we identified 697 variants at genome-wide significance that together explained one-fifth of the heritability for adult height. By testing different numbers of variants in independent studies, we show that the most strongly associated ∼2,000, ∼3,700 and ∼9,500 SNPs explained ∼21%, ∼24% and ∼29% of phenotypic variance. Furthermore, all common variants together captured 60% of heritability. The 697 variants clustered in 423 loci were enriched for genes, pathways and tissue types known to be involved in growth and together implicated genes and pathways not highlighted in earlier efforts, such as signaling by fibroblast growth factors, WNT/β-catenin and chondroitin sulfate-related genes. We identified several genes and pathways not previously connected with human skeletal growth, including mTOR, osteoglycin and binding of hyaluronic acid. Our results indicate a genetic architecture for human height that is characterized by a very large but finite number (thousands) of causal variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Wood
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Tonu Esko
- 1] Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia. [2] Division of Endocrinology, Genetics and Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [4] Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jian Yang
- 1] Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. [2] University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translation Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sailaja Vedantam
- 1] Division of Endocrinology, Genetics and Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tune H Pers
- 1] Division of Endocrinology, Genetics and Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [4] Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Stefan Gustafsson
- 1] Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. [2] Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Audrey Y Chu
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Karol Estrada
- 1] Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [3] Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jian'an Luan
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Zoltán Kutalik
- 1] Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland. [2] Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland. [3] Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Najaf Amin
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martin L Buchkovich
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Damien C Croteau-Chonka
- 1] Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA. [2] Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Felix R Day
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yanan Duan
- Department of Genetics, Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Tove Fall
- 1] Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. [2] Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. [3] Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rudolf Fehrmann
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Teresa Ferreira
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Anne U Jackson
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Juha Karjalainen
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ken Sin Lo
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Adam E Locke
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Reedik Mägi
- 1] Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia. [2] Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Evelin Mihailov
- 1] Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia. [2] Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Eleonora Porcu
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Joshua C Randall
- 1] Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. [2] Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - André Scherag
- 1] Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology (IMIBE), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany. [2] Clinical Epidemiology, Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Anna A E Vinkhuyzen
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Harm-Jan Westra
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas W Winkler
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tsegaselassie Workalemahu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jing Hua Zhao
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Devin Absher
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, USA
| | - Eva Albrecht
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Denise Anderson
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Baron
- Section on Growth and Development, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Marian Beekman
- 1] Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ayse Demirkan
- 1] Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Georg B Ehret
- 1] Center for Complex Disease Genomics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. [2] Department of Specialties of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Bjarke Feenstra
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mary F Feitosa
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Krista Fischer
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ross M Fraser
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Anuj Goel
- 1] Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. [2] Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jian Gong
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Anne E Justice
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Stavroula Kanoni
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Marcus E Kleber
- 1] Vth Department of Medicine (Nephrology, Hypertensiology, Endocrinology, Diabetology, Rheumatology), Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. [2] Department of Internal Medicine II, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Unhee Lim
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Vaneet Lotay
- Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Julian C Lui
- Section on Growth and Development, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Irene Mateo Leach
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Carolina Medina-Gomez
- 1] Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [2] Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [3] Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Michael A Nalls
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dale R Nyholt
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Cameron D Palmer
- 1] Division of Endocrinology, Genetics and Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dorota Pasko
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Sonali Pechlivanis
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology (IMIBE), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Inga Prokopenko
- 1] Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. [2] Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. [3] Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Janina S Ried
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Ripke
- 1] Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dmitry Shungin
- 1] Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University Diabetes Center, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden. [2] Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Unit of Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden. [3] Department of Odontology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Alena Stancáková
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Rona J Strawbridge
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yun Ju Sung
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Toshiko Tanaka
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stella Trompet
- 1] Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Sander W van der Laan
- Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jessica van Setten
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jana V Van Vliet-Ostaptchouk
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Zhaoming Wang
- 1] DZHK (Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung-German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany. [2] Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany. [3] Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. [4] Core Genotyping Facility, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Loïc Yengo
- 1] CNRS UMR 8199, Lille, France. [2] European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France. [3] Université de Lille 2, Lille, France
| | - Weihua Zhang
- 1] Ealing Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Middlesex, UK. [2] Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Uzma Afzal
- 1] Ealing Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Middlesex, UK. [2] Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Johan Arnlöv
- 1] Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. [2] Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. [3] School of Health and Social Studies, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden
| | - Gillian M Arscott
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Amy Barrett
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Claire Bellis
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Amanda J Bennett
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christian Berne
- Department of Medical Sciences, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Matthias Blüher
- 1] Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany. [2] Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jennifer L Bolton
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Yvonne Böttcher
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Heather A Boyd
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marcel Bruinenberg
- LifeLines, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Brendan M Buckley
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Steven Buyske
- 1] Department of Statistics and Biostatistics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersy, USA. [2] Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Ida H Caspersen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Peter S Chines
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert Clarke
- Clinical Trial Service Unit, Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Simone Claudi-Boehm
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
| | - Matthew Cooper
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - E Warwick Daw
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Pim A De Jong
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Joris Deelen
- 1] Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Graciela Delgado
- Vth Department of Medicine (Nephrology, Hypertensiology, Endocrinology, Diabetology, Rheumatology), Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Josh C Denny
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Maria Dimitriou
- Department of Dietetics-Nutrition, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Alex S F Doney
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Marcus Dörr
- 1] DZHK (Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung-German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany. [2] Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Niina Eklund
- 1] National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland. [2] Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elodie Eury
- 1] CNRS UMR 8199, Lille, France. [2] European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France. [3] Université de Lille 2, Lille, France
| | - Lasse Folkersen
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Melissa E Garcia
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Frank Geller
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vilmantas Giedraitis
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alan S Go
- Kaiser Permanente, Division of Research, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Harald Grallert
- 1] Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. [2] Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. [3] German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tanja B Grammer
- Vth Department of Medicine (Nephrology, Hypertensiology, Endocrinology, Diabetology, Rheumatology), Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Gräßler
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Henrik Grönberg
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Christopher J Groves
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jeffrey Haessler
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Per Hall
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Toomas Haller
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Goran Hallmans
- Unit of Nutritional Research, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anke Hannemann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Catharina A Hartman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Maija Hassinen
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nancy L Heard-Costa
- 1] National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Quinta Helmer
- 1] Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Medical Statistics and Bioinformatics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands. [3] Faculty of Psychology and Education, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gibran Hemani
- 1] Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. [2] University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translation Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anjali K Henders
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hans L Hillege
- 1] Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Mark A Hlatky
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Wolfgang Hoffmann
- 1] DZHK (Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung-German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany. [2] Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Per Hoffmann
- 1] Department of Biomedicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland. [2] Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany. [3] Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Oddgeir Holmen
- Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jeanine J Houwing-Duistermaat
- 1] Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Medical Statistics and Bioinformatics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Illig
- 1] Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. [2] Hannover Unified Biobank, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Aaron Isaacs
- 1] Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [2] Center for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Alan L James
- 1] Department of Pulmonary Physiology and Sleep Medicine, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia. [2] School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Janina Jeff
- Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Berit Johansen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Åsa Johansson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, SciLifeLab, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jennifer Jolley
- 1] Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. [2] NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Abel N Kho
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Leena Kinnunen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Norman Klopp
- 1] Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. [2] Hannover Unified Biobank, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Kocher
- Unit of Periodontology, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Periodontology and Endodontology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kratzer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
| | - Peter Lichtner
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jaana Lindström
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stéphane Lobbens
- 1] CNRS UMR 8199, Lille, France. [2] European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France. [3] Université de Lille 2, Lille, France
| | - Mattias Lorentzon
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yingchang Lu
- 1] Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA. [2] Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Patrik K E Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anubha Mahajan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Marc Maillard
- Service of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Wendy L McArdle
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Colin A McKenzie
- Tropical Metabolism Research Unit, Tropical Medicine Research Institute, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Stela McLachlan
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Paul J McLaren
- 1] Global Health Institute, Department of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland. [2] Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Menni
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sigrun Merger
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Alireza Moayyeri
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Keri L Monda
- 1] Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA. [2] Center for Observational Research, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Mario A Morken
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Gabriele Müller
- Center for Evidence-Based Healthcare, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Martina Müller-Nurasyid
- 1] Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. [2] Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Großhadern, Ludwig Maximilians Universität, Munich, Germany. [3] Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ludwig Maximilians Universität, Neuherberg, Germany. [4] DZHK (Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Herz-Kreislauferkrankungen-German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Arthur W Musk
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Narisu Narisu
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Matthias Nauck
- 1] DZHK (Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung-German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany. [2] Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ilja M Nolte
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Markus M Nöthen
- 1] Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany. [2] Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Laticia Oozageer
- Ealing Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Middlesex, UK
| | - Stefan Pilz
- 1] Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute for Research in Extramural Medicine (EMGO) Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Nigel W Rayner
- 1] Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. [2] Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK. [3] Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Frida Renstrom
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University Diabetes Center, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Neil R Robertson
- 1] Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. [2] Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lynda M Rose
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ronan Roussel
- 1] Diabetology-Endocrinology-Nutrition, Public Hospital System of the City of Paris (AP-HP), Bichat Hospital, Paris, France. [2] INSERM U872, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France. [3] Paris Diderot University, Paris, France
| | - Serena Sanna
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Hubert Scharnagl
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Salome Scholtens
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Fredrick R Schumacher
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Heribert Schunkert
- 1] DZHK (Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Herz-Kreislauferkrankungen-German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany. [2] Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Robert A Scott
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Joban Sehmi
- 1] Ealing Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Middlesex, UK. [2] Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas Seufferlein
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jianxin Shi
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Johannes H Smit
- 1] EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Campus, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Albert Vernon Smith
- 1] Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland. [2] University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Joanna Smolonska
- 1] Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Alice V Stanton
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kathleen Stirrups
- 1] Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK. [2] William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - David J Stott
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Heather M Stringham
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Johan Sundström
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Morris A Swertz
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ann-Christine Syvänen
- 1] Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. [2] Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bamidele O Tayo
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University of Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | | | | | - Suzanne van Dijk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Natasja M van Schoor
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute for Research in Extramural Medicine (EMGO) Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nathalie van der Velde
- 1] Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [2] Section of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Diana van Heemst
- 1] Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Floor V A van Oort
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sita H Vermeulen
- 1] Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Niek Verweij
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Judith M Vonk
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Lindsay L Waite
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, USA
| | - Melanie Waldenberger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Roman Wennauer
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lynne R Wilkens
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Christina Willenborg
- 1] DZHK (Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Herz-Kreislauferkrankungen-German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg-Lubeck-Kiel, Lubeck, Germany. [2] Institut für Integrative und Experimentelle Genomik, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Tom Wilsgaard
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Mary K Wojczynski
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Andrew Wong
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at University College London, London, UK
| | - Alan F Wright
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Qunyuan Zhang
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Dominique Arveiler
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Strasbourg, Faculty of Medicine, Strasbourg, France
| | - Stephan J L Bakker
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - John Beilby
- 1] PathWest Laboratory Medicine of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia. [2] Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Richard N Bergman
- Cedars-Sinai Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sven Bergmann
- 1] Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland. [2] Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Reiner Biffar
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Gerostomatology and Dental Materials, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - John Blangero
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stefan R Bornstein
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Pascal Bovet
- 1] Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland. [2] Ministry of Health, Victoria, Republic of Seychelles
| | - Paolo Brambilla
- Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of Desio, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milano, Bicocca, Italy
| | - Morris J Brown
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Harry Campbell
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mark J Caulfield
- 1] Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK. [2] Barts and The London Genome Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Aravinda Chakravarti
- Center for Complex Disease Genomics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rory Collins
- Clinical Trial Service Unit, Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Francis S Collins
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dana C Crawford
- 1] Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - L Adrienne Cupples
- 1] National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John Danesh
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ulf de Faire
- Division of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hester M den Ruijter
- 1] Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands. [2] Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Raimund Erbel
- Clinic of Cardiology, West German Heart Centre, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jeanette Erdmann
- 1] DZHK (Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Herz-Kreislauferkrankungen-German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg-Lubeck-Kiel, Lubeck, Germany. [2] Institut für Integrative und Experimentelle Genomik, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Johan G Eriksson
- 1] National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland. [2] Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. [3] Unit of General Practice, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Martin Farrall
- 1] Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. [2] Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ele Ferrannini
- 1] Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy. [2] National Research Council (CNR) Institute of Clinical Physiology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Jean Ferrières
- Department of Cardiology, Toulouse University School of Medicine, Rangueil Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Ian Ford
- Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Nita G Forouhi
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Terrence Forrester
- Tropical Metabolism Research Unit, Tropical Medicine Research Institute, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Ron T Gansevoort
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Pablo V Gejman
- NorthShore University HealthSystem, University of Chicago, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Christian Gieger
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Alain Golay
- Service of Therapeutic Education for Diabetes, Obesity and Chronic Diseases, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Omri Gottesman
- Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- 1] Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland. [2] University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Ulf Gyllensten
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, SciLifeLab, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - David W Haas
- Department of Medicine, Pharmacology, Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Alistair S Hall
- Leeds MRC Medical Bioinformatics Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Tamara B Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew T Hattersley
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Andrew C Heath
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Christian Hengstenberg
- 1] DZHK (Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Herz-Kreislauferkrankungen-German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany. [2] Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrew A Hicks
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen, Bolzano (EURAC), Bolzano, Italy (affiliated institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany)
| | - Lucia A Hindorff
- Division of Genomic Medicine, National Human Genome Research Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Aroon D Hingorani
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Albert Hofman
- 1] Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - G Kees Hovingh
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Steve E Humphries
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Steven C Hunt
- Cardiovascular Genetics Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Elina Hypponen
- 1] School of Population Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. [2] Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. [3] South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. [4] Centre for Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Kevin B Jacobs
- 1] Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. [2] Core Genotyping Facility, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin
- 1] Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK. [2] National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland. [3] MRC Health Protection Agency (HPA) Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK. [4] Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland. [5] Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland. [6] Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Antti M Jula
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- 1] National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland. [2] Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. [3] Hjelt Institute Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - John J P Kastelein
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Manfred Kayser
- 1] Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Forensic Molecular Biology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frank Kee
- UK Clinical Research Collaboration Centre of Excellence for Public Health (Northern Ireland), Queens University of Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Sirkka M Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi
- 1] Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland. [2] Unit of General Practice, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Lambertus A Kiemeney
- 1] Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Urology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jaspal S Kooner
- 1] Ealing Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Middlesex, UK. [2] Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK. [3] National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Charles Kooperberg
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Seppo Koskinen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Peter Kovacs
- 1] Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany. [2] Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Aldi T Kraja
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Meena Kumari
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Johanna Kuusisto
- Department of Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Timo A Lakka
- 1] Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland. [2] Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Kuopio, Finland. [3] Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- 1] Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK. [2] Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Loic Le Marchand
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Sara Lupoli
- 1] Department of Health Sciences, University of Milano, Milan, Italy. [2] Fondazione Filarete, Milan, Italy
| | - Pamela A F Madden
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Satu Männistö
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paolo Manunta
- 1] Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy. [2] Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - André Marette
- 1] Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. [2] Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tara C Matise
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Barbara McKnight
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- DZHK (Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Herz-Kreislauferkrankungen-German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Frans L Moll
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Grant W Montgomery
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew D Morris
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Andrew P Morris
- 1] Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia. [2] Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. [3] Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jeffrey C Murray
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Mari Nelis
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Albertine J Oldehinkel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ken K Ong
- 1] Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK. [2] MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at University College London, London, UK
| | - Willem H Ouwehand
- 1] Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. [2] NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gerard Pasterkamp
- Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Annette Peters
- 1] Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. [2] DZHK (Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Herz-Kreislauferkrankungen-German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany. [3] Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Peter P Pramstaller
- 1] Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen, Bolzano (EURAC), Bolzano, Italy (affiliated institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany). [2] Department of Neurology, General Central Hospital, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Jackie F Price
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lu Qi
- 1] Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- 1] Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland. [2] Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Tuomo Rankinen
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - D C Rao
- 1] Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA. [2] Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA. [3] Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Treva K Rice
- 1] Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA. [2] Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Marylyn Ritchie
- Center for Systems Genomics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Igor Rudan
- 1] Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. [2] Croatian Centre for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nilesh J Samani
- 1] Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK. [2] National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | | | - Mark A Sarzynski
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Peter E H Schwarz
- 1] Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany. [2] Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden, German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Dresden, Germany
| | - Sylvain Sebert
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Peter Sever
- International Centre for Circulatory Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alan R Shuldiner
- 1] Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. [2] Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. [3] Geriatric Research and Education Clinical Center, Vetrans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Juha Sinisalo
- Helsinki University Central Hospital Heart and Lung Center, Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Ronald P Stolk
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jean-Claude Tardif
- 1] Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. [2] Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anke Tönjes
- 1] Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany. [2] Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Angelo Tremblay
- Department of Kinesiology, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Elena Tremoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università di Milano and Centro Cardiologico Monzino, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy
| | - Jarmo Virtamo
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marie-Claude Vohl
- 1] Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. [2] Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Philippe Amouyel
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, INSERM U744, Université de Lille 2, Lille, France
| | - Folkert W Asselbergs
- 1] Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK. [2] Department of Cardiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands. [3] Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, Interuniversity Cardiology Institute Netherlands-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Themistocles L Assimes
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Murielle Bochud
- 1] Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland. [2] Ministry of Health, Victoria, Republic of Seychelles
| | - Bernhard O Boehm
- 1] Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany. [2] Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Imperial College London and Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Health Science Center at Houston, University of Texas, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Erwin P Bottinger
- Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Claude Bouchard
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Stéphane Cauchi
- 1] CNRS UMR 8199, Lille, France. [2] European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France. [3] Université de Lille 2, Lille, France
| | - John C Chambers
- 1] Ealing Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Middlesex, UK. [2] Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK. [3] Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Stephen J Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard S Cooper
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University of Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Paul I W de Bakker
- 1] Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands. [2] Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - George Dedoussis
- Department of Dietetics-Nutrition, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Paul W Franks
- 1] Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University Diabetes Center, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden. [3] Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Unit of Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Philippe Froguel
- 1] Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK. [2] CNRS UMR 8199, Lille, France. [3] European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France. [4] Université de Lille 2, Lille, France
| | - Leif C Groop
- 1] Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. [2] Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden. [3] Diabetes and Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical Science, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Christopher A Haiman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Anders Hamsten
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Geoffrey Hayes
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jennie Hui
- 1] PathWest Laboratory Medicine of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia. [2] Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia. [3] School of Population Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. [4] Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - David J Hunter
- 1] Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kristian Hveem
- Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - J Wouter Jukema
- 1] Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands. [2] Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, Interuniversity Cardiology Institute Netherlands-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands. [3] Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands (ICIN), Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Robert C Kaplan
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine. Belfer, New York, USA
| | - Mika Kivimaki
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Diana Kuh
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at University College London, London, UK
| | - Markku Laakso
- Department of Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Yongmei Liu
- Center for Human Genetics, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Winfried März
- 1] Vth Department of Medicine (Nephrology, Hypertensiology, Endocrinology, Diabetology, Rheumatology), Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. [2] Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria. [3] Synlab Academy, Synlab Services, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Mads Melbye
- 1] Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark. [2] Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Susanne Moebus
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology (IMIBE), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Patricia B Munroe
- 1] Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK. [2] Barts and The London Genome Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Inger Njølstad
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ben A Oostra
- 1] Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [2] Center for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, the Netherlands. [3] Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Colin N A Palmer
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Nancy L Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Markus Perola
- 1] Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia. [2] National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland. [3] Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Louis Pérusse
- 1] Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. [2] Department of Kinesiology, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ulrike Peters
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Joseph E Powell
- 1] Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. [2] University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translation Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Chris Power
- Centre for Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Thomas Quertermous
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Rainer Rauramaa
- 1] Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland. [2] Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Eva Reinmaa
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Paul M Ridker
- 1] Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- 1] Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [2] Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [3] Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles BioMedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
| | - Timo E Saaristo
- 1] Finnish Diabetes Association, Tampere, Finland. [2] Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
| | - Danish Saleheen
- 1] Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. [2] Center for Non-Communicable Diseases, Karatchi, Pakistan. [3] Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David Schlessinger
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - P Eline Slagboom
- 1] Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Tim D Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Konstantin Strauch
- 1] Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. [2] Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ludwig Maximilians Universität, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michael Stumvoll
- 1] Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany. [2] Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jaakko Tuomilehto
- 1] National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland. [2] Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria del Hospital Universario La Paz (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain. [3] Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. [4] Centre for Vascular Prevention, Danube University Krems, Krems, Austria
| | - Matti Uusitupa
- 1] Department of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland. [2] Research Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pim van der Harst
- 1] Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands. [3] Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, Interuniversity Cardiology Institute Netherlands-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Henry Völzke
- 1] DZHK (Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung-German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany. [2] Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Mark Walker
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hugh Watkins
- 1] Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. [2] Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - H-Erich Wichmann
- 1] Chair of Epidemiology, Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ludwig Maximilians Universität, Munich, Germany. [2] Klinikum Großhadern, Munich, Germany. [3] Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - James F Wilson
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Pieter Zanen
- Department of Pulmonology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Panos Deloukas
- 1] Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK. [2] William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK. [3] King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Iris M Heid
- 1] Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany. [2] Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Cecilia M Lindgren
- 1] Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Karen L Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Elizabeth K Speliotes
- 1] Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. [2] Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Unnur Thorsteinsdottir
- 1] deCODE Genetics, Amgen, Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland. [2] Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Inês Barroso
- 1] Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK. [2] University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK. [3] NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Caroline S Fox
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kari E North
- 1] Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA. [2] Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - David P Strachan
- Division of Population Health Sciences and Education, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Jacques S Beckmann
- 1] Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland. [2] Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland. [3] Service of Medical Genetics, CHUV University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sonja I Berndt
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ingrid B Borecki
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- 1] Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. [2] Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. [3] Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Andres Metspalu
- 1] Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia. [2] Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kari Stefansson
- 1] deCODE Genetics, Amgen, Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland. [2] Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- 1] Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [2] Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [3] Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- 1] Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [2] Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [3] Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [4] Center for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Lude Franke
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Cristen J Willer
- 1] Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. [2] Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. [3] Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Alkes L Price
- 1] Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Guillaume Lettre
- 1] Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. [2] Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ruth J F Loos
- 1] Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK. [2] Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA. [3] Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA. [4] Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael N Weedon
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- 1] Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. [2] Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. [3] Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jeffrey R O'Connell
- 1] Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. [2] Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Goncalo R Abecasis
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Daniel I Chasman
- 1] Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael E Goddard
- 1] Biosciences Research Division, Department of Primary Industries, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. [2] Department of Food and Agricultural Systems, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter M Visscher
- 1] Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. [2] University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translation Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Joel N Hirschhorn
- 1] Division of Endocrinology, Genetics and Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Timothy M Frayling
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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Gaye A, Marcon Y, Isaeva J, LaFlamme P, Turner A, Jones EM, Minion J, Boyd AW, Newby CJ, Nuotio ML, Wilson R, Butters O, Murtagh B, Demir I, Doiron D, Giepmans L, Wallace SE, Budin-Ljøsne I, Oliver Schmidt C, Boffetta P, Boniol M, Bota M, Carter KW, deKlerk N, Dibben C, Francis RW, Hiekkalinna T, Hveem K, Kvaløy K, Millar S, Perry IJ, Peters A, Phillips CM, Popham F, Raab G, Reischl E, Sheehan N, Waldenberger M, Perola M, van den Heuvel E, Macleod J, Knoppers BM, Stolk RP, Fortier I, Harris JR, Woffenbuttel BHR, Murtagh MJ, Ferretti V, Burton PR. DataSHIELD: taking the analysis to the data, not the data to the analysis. Int J Epidemiol 2014; 43:1929-44. [PMID: 25261970 PMCID: PMC4276062 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyu188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Research in modern biomedicine and social science requires sample sizes so large that they can often only be achieved through a pooled co-analysis of data from several studies. But the pooling of information from individuals in a central database that may be queried by researchers raises important ethico-legal questions and can be controversial. In the UK this has been highlighted by recent debate and controversy relating to the UK’s proposed ‘care.data’ initiative, and these issues reflect important societal and professional concerns about privacy, confidentiality and intellectual property. DataSHIELD provides a novel technological solution that can circumvent some of the most basic challenges in facilitating the access of researchers and other healthcare professionals to individual-level data. Methods: Commands are sent from a central analysis computer (AC) to several data computers (DCs) storing the data to be co-analysed. The data sets are analysed simultaneously but in parallel. The separate parallelized analyses are linked by non-disclosive summary statistics and commands transmitted back and forth between the DCs and the AC. This paper describes the technical implementation of DataSHIELD using a modified R statistical environment linked to an Opal database deployed behind the computer firewall of each DC. Analysis is controlled through a standard R environment at the AC. Results: Based on this Opal/R implementation, DataSHIELD is currently used by the Healthy Obese Project and the Environmental Core Project (BioSHaRE-EU) for the federated analysis of 10 data sets across eight European countries, and this illustrates the opportunities and challenges presented by the DataSHIELD approach. Conclusions: DataSHIELD facilitates important research in settings where: (i) a co-analysis of individual-level data from several studies is scientifically necessary but governance restrictions prohibit the release or sharing of some of the required data, and/or render data access unacceptably slow; (ii) a research group (e.g. in a developing nation) is particularly vulnerable to loss of intellectual property—the researchers want to fully share the information held in their data with national and international collaborators, but do not wish to hand over the physical data themselves; and (iii) a data set is to be included in an individual-level co-analysis but the physical size of the data precludes direct transfer to a new site for analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amadou Gaye
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Yannick Marcon
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Julia Isaeva
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Philippe LaFlamme
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Andrew Turner
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Elinor M Jones
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Joel Minion
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Andrew W Boyd
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Christopher J Newby
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Marja-Liisa Nuotio
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Rebecca Wilson
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Oliver Butters
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Barnaby Murtagh
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Ipek Demir
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Dany Doiron
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Lisette Giepmans
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Susan E Wallace
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Isabelle Budin-Ljøsne
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Carsten Oliver Schmidt
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Paolo Boffetta
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Mathieu Boniol
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Maria Bota
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Kim W Carter
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Nick deKlerk
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Chris Dibben
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Richard W Francis
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Tero Hiekkalinna
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Kristian Hveem
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Kirsti Kvaløy
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Sean Millar
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Ivan J Perry
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Annette Peters
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Catherine M Phillips
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Frank Popham
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Gillian Raab
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Eva Reischl
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Nuala Sheehan
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Melanie Waldenberger
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Markus Perola
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Edwin van den Heuvel
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - John Macleod
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Bartha M Knoppers
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Ronald P Stolk
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Isabel Fortier
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Jennifer R Harris
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Bruce H R Woffenbuttel
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Madeleine J Murtagh
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Vincent Ferretti
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
| | - Paul R Burton
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Maelstrom Research Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Institut für Community Medicine, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway, HRB Centre for Diet and Health Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia, University Medical Center Groningen, Medical Statistics, Groningen, The Netherlands, Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, University Medical Center Groningen, LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Onta
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Abbasi A, Corpeleijn E, Gansevoort RT, Gans ROB, Struck J, Schulte J, Hillege HL, van der Harst P, Stolk RP, Navis G, Bakker SJL. Circulating peroxiredoxin 4 and type 2 diabetes risk: the Prevention of Renal and Vascular Endstage Disease (PREVEND) study. Diabetologia 2014; 57:1842-9. [PMID: 24893865 PMCID: PMC4119240 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-014-3278-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Oxidative stress plays a key role in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. We previously showed that the circulating antioxidant peroxiredoxin 4 (Prx4) is associated with cardiometabolic risk factors. We aimed to evaluate the association of Prx4 with type 2 diabetes risk in the general population. METHODS We analysed data on 7,972 individuals from the Prevention of Renal and Vascular End-stage Disease (PREVEND) study (49% men, aged 28-75 years) with no diabetes at baseline. Logistic regression models adjusted for age, sex, smoking, waist circumference, hypertension and family history of diabetes were used to estimate the ORs for type 2 diabetes. RESULTS During a median follow up of 7.7 years, 496 individuals (288 men; 58%) developed type 2 diabetes. The median (Q1-Q3) Prx4 level was 0.84 (0.53-1.40) U/l in individuals who developed type 2 diabetes and 0.68 (0.43-1.08) U/l in individuals who did not develop type 2 diabetes. For every doubling of Prx4 levels, the adjusted OR (95% CI) for type 2 diabetes was 1.16 (1.05-1.29) in the whole population; by sex, it was 1.31 (1.14-1.50) for men and 1.03 (0.87-1.21) for women. Further adjustment for other clinical measures did not materially change the results. The addition of Prx4 to a validated diabetes risk score significantly improved the prediction of type 2 diabetes in men (p = 0.002 for reclassification improvement). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our findings suggest that elevated serum Prx4 levels are associated with a higher risk of incident type 2 diabetes. For men, taking Prx4 into consideration can improve type 2 diabetes prediction over a validated diabetes risk score; in contrast, there is no improvement in risk prediction for women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Abbasi
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands,
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49
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Bocca G, Kuitert MWB, Sauer PJJ, Stolk RP, Flapper BC, Corpeleijn E. A multidisciplinary intervention programme has positive effects on quality of life in overweight and obese preschool children. Acta Paediatr 2014; 103:962-7. [PMID: 24862085 DOI: 10.1111/apa.12701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AIM Up to 18.1% of Dutch children aged 3-5 are overweight and up to 3.3% are obese, with higher levels in girls. This study assessed the effect of a multidisciplinary intervention programme on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in this patient group. METHODS We randomised 75 children to a multidisciplinary intervention, comprising dietary advice, exercise sessions and psychological counselling for parents or the standard care programme, providing healthy lifestyle advice. The parents completed quality of life and child health questionnaires at baseline and after 16 weeks and 12 months. RESULTS At 16 weeks, children in the intervention group experienced more bodily pain and less mental health than the standard care group, but at 12 months, this difference disappeared and they showed a more positive change in HRQoL than the standard care group, especially for the physical domain. When we combined both groups, a decreased BMIz-score over 12 months was associated with increased global health and reduced visceral fat correlated with increased general health. CONCLUSION At 12 months, a multidisciplinary intervention programme for overweight and obese children aged 3-5 years had beneficial effects on HRQoL, especially for the physical domain. Reduced obesity parameters correlated with several increased HRQoL parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bocca
- Department of Paediatrics; Beatrix Children's Hospital; University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen the Netherlands
| | - MWB Kuitert
- Department of Paediatrics; Beatrix Children's Hospital; University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen the Netherlands
| | - PJJ Sauer
- Department of Paediatrics; Beatrix Children's Hospital; University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen the Netherlands
| | - RP Stolk
- Department of Epidemiology; University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen the Netherlands
| | - BC Flapper
- Department of Paediatrics; Beatrix Children's Hospital; University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen the Netherlands
| | - E Corpeleijn
- Department of Epidemiology; University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen the Netherlands
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Vimaleswaran KS, Cavadino A, Berry DJ, Jorde R, Dieffenbach AK, Lu C, Alves AC, Heerspink HJL, Tikkanen E, Eriksson J, Wong A, Mangino M, Jablonski KA, Nolte IM, Houston DK, Ahluwalia TS, van der Most PJ, Pasko D, Zgaga L, Thiering E, Vitart V, Fraser RM, Huffman JE, de Boer RA, Schöttker B, Saum KU, McCarthy MI, Dupuis J, Herzig KH, Sebert S, Pouta A, Laitinen J, Kleber ME, Navis G, Lorentzon M, Jameson K, Arden N, Cooper JA, Acharya J, Hardy R, Raitakari O, Ripatti S, Billings LK, Lahti J, Osmond C, Penninx BW, Rejnmark L, Lohman KK, Paternoster L, Stolk RP, Hernandez DG, Byberg L, Hagström E, Melhus H, Ingelsson E, Mellström D, Ljunggren O, Tzoulaki I, McLachlan S, Theodoratou E, Tiesler CMT, Jula A, Navarro P, Wright AF, Polasek O, Wilson JF, Rudan I, Salomaa V, Heinrich J, Campbell H, Price JF, Karlsson M, Lind L, Michaëlsson K, Bandinelli S, Frayling TM, Hartman CA, Sørensen TIA, Kritchevsky SB, Langdahl BL, Eriksson JG, Florez JC, Spector TD, Lehtimäki T, Kuh D, Humphries SE, Cooper C, Ohlsson C, März W, de Borst MH, Kumari M, Kivimaki M, Wang TJ, Power C, Brenner H, Grimnes G, van der Harst P, Snieder H, Hingorani AD, Pilz S, Whittaker JC, Järvelin MR, Hyppönen E. Association of vitamin D status with arterial blood pressure and hypertension risk: a mendelian randomisation study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2014; 2:719-29. [PMID: 24974252 PMCID: PMC4582411 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(14)70113-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) concentration is associated with high arterial blood pressure and hypertension risk, but whether this association is causal is unknown. We used a mendelian randomisation approach to test whether 25(OH)D concentration is causally associated with blood pressure and hypertension risk. METHODS In this mendelian randomisation study, we generated an allele score (25[OH]D synthesis score) based on variants of genes that affect 25(OH)D synthesis or substrate availability (CYP2R1 and DHCR7), which we used as a proxy for 25(OH)D concentration. We meta-analysed data for up to 108 173 individuals from 35 studies in the D-CarDia collaboration to investigate associations between the allele score and blood pressure measurements. We complemented these analyses with previously published summary statistics from the International Consortium on Blood Pressure (ICBP), the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology (CHARGE) consortium, and the Global Blood Pressure Genetics (Global BPGen) consortium. FINDINGS In phenotypic analyses (up to n=49 363), increased 25(OH)D concentration was associated with decreased systolic blood pressure (β per 10% increase, -0·12 mm Hg, 95% CI -0·20 to -0·04; p=0·003) and reduced odds of hypertension (odds ratio [OR] 0·98, 95% CI 0·97-0·99; p=0·0003), but not with decreased diastolic blood pressure (β per 10% increase, -0·02 mm Hg, -0·08 to 0·03; p=0·37). In meta-analyses in which we combined data from D-CarDia and the ICBP (n=146 581, after exclusion of overlapping studies), each 25(OH)D-increasing allele of the synthesis score was associated with a change of -0·10 mm Hg in systolic blood pressure (-0·21 to -0·0001; p=0·0498) and a change of -0·08 mm Hg in diastolic blood pressure (-0·15 to -0·02; p=0·01). When D-CarDia and consortia data for hypertension were meta-analysed together (n=142 255), the synthesis score was associated with a reduced odds of hypertension (OR per allele, 0·98, 0·96-0·99; p=0·001). In instrumental variable analysis, each 10% increase in genetically instrumented 25(OH)D concentration was associated with a change of -0·29 mm Hg in diastolic blood pressure (-0·52 to -0·07; p=0·01), a change of -0·37 mm Hg in systolic blood pressure (-0·73 to 0·003; p=0·052), and an 8·1% decreased odds of hypertension (OR 0·92, 0·87-0·97; p=0·002). INTERPRETATION Increased plasma concentrations of 25(OH)D might reduce the risk of hypertension. This finding warrants further investigation in an independent, similarly powered study. FUNDING British Heart Foundation, UK Medical Research Council, and Academy of Finland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karani S Vimaleswaran
- Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food & Nutritional Sciences, School of Chemistry, Food & Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Alana Cavadino
- Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Diane J Berry
- Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | | | - Rolf Jorde
- Tromsø Endocrine Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Aida Karina Dieffenbach
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Chen Lu
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexessander Couto Alves
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK; Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Hiddo J Lambers Heerspink
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Emmi Tikkanen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Tukholmankatu, Finland; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joel Eriksson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andrew Wong
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, London, UK
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, St Thomas' Campus, London, UK
| | - Kathleen A Jablonski
- Biostatistics Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, George Washington University, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Ilja M Nolte
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Denise K Houston
- Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, and J Paul Sticht Center on Aging, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Tarunveer Singh Ahluwalia
- Metabolic Genetics, Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter J van der Most
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Dorota Pasko
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Lina Zgaga
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Elisabeth Thiering
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Division of Metabolic Diseases and Nutritional Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Veronique Vitart
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ross M Fraser
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jennifer E Huffman
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rudolf A de Boer
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Ben Schöttker
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kai-Uwe Saum
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Josée Dupuis
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Karl-Heinz Herzig
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sylvain Sebert
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Anneli Pouta
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jaana Laitinen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marcus E Kleber
- Medical Clinic V (Nephrology, Hypertensiology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology, Diabetology), Mannheim Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Gerjan Navis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Medical Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Mattias Lorentzon
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Karen Jameson
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Nigel Arden
- NIHR Oxford Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Jackie A Cooper
- Cardiovascular Genetics, BHF Laboratories, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jayshree Acharya
- Cardiovascular Genetics, BHF Laboratories, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Rebecca Hardy
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, London, UK
| | - Olli Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Samuli Ripatti
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Liana K Billings
- Center for Human Genetic Research and Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Jari Lahti
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Clive Osmond
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Brenda W Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, EMGO Institute, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lars Rejnmark
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kurt K Lohman
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Lavinia Paternoster
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ronald P Stolk
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Dena G Hernandez
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Liisa Byberg
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Emil Hagström
- Uppsala Clinical Research Centre, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Håkan Melhus
- Uppsala Clinical Research Centre, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Uppsala Clinical Research Centre, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dan Mellström
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Osten Ljunggren
- Uppsala Clinical Research Centre, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ioanna Tzoulaki
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Stela McLachlan
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Evropi Theodoratou
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Carla M T Tiesler
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Antti Jula
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Turku, Finland
| | - Pau Navarro
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alan F Wright
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ozren Polasek
- Croatian Centre for Global Health, University of Split Medical School, Split, Croatia
| | | | | | | | | | - James F Wilson
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Igor Rudan
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joachim Heinrich
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Harry Campbell
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jacqueline F Price
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Magnus Karlsson
- Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Orthopaedic Surgery, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Lars Lind
- Uppsala Clinical Research Centre, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karl Michaëlsson
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Timothy M Frayling
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Catharina A Hartman
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Thorkild I A Sørensen
- Metabolic Genetics, Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stephen B Kritchevsky
- Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, and J Paul Sticht Center on Aging, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Bente Lomholt Langdahl
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Johan G Eriksson
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Vasa Central Hospital, Vasa, Finland; Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland; Unit of General Practice, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jose C Florez
- Center for Human Genetic Research and Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tim D Spector
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, St Thomas' Campus, London, UK
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Diana Kuh
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, London, UK
| | - Steve E Humphries
- Cardiovascular Genetics, BHF Laboratories, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Cyrus Cooper
- NIHR Oxford Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Winfried März
- Medical Clinic V (Nephrology, Hypertensiology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology, Diabetology), Mannheim Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Synlab Academy, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, and Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Martin H de Borst
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Medical Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Meena Kumari
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mika Kivimaki
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas J Wang
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Chris Power
- Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Hermann Brenner
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Guri Grimnes
- Tromsø Endocrine Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Pim van der Harst
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Stefan Pilz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, and Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Marjo-Riitta Järvelin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK; MRC-PHE Centre for Environment & Health, Imperial College London, London, UK; Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland
| | - Elina Hyppönen
- Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK; School of Population Health, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
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