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Black BA, Pearl JK, Pearson CL, Pringle PT, Frank DC, Page MT, Buckley BM, Cook ER, Harley GL, King KJ, Hughes JF, Reynolds DJ, Sherrod BL. A multifault earthquake threat for the Seattle metropolitan region revealed by mass tree mortality. Sci Adv 2023; 9:eadh4973. [PMID: 37756412 PMCID: PMC10530078 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh4973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Compound earthquakes involving simultaneous ruptures along multiple faults often define a region's upper threshold of maximum magnitude. Yet, the potential for linked faulting remains poorly understood given the infrequency of these events in the historic era. Geological records provide longer perspectives, although temporal uncertainties are too broad to clearly pinpoint single multifault events. Here, we use dendrochronological dating and a cosmogenic radiation pulse to constrain the death dates of earthquake-killed trees along two adjacent fault zones near Seattle, Washington to within a 6-month period between the 923 and 924 CE growing seasons. Our narrow constraints conclusively show linked rupturing that occurred either as a single composite earthquake of estimated magnitude 7.8 or as a closely spaced double earthquake sequence with estimated magnitudes of 7.5 and 7.3. These scenarios, which are not recognized in current hazard models, increase the maximum earthquake size needed for seismic preparedness and engineering design within the Puget Sound region of >4 million residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan A. Black
- Laboratory of Tree Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85701, USA
| | - Jessie K. Pearl
- U.S. Geological Survey Earthquake Science Center, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | | | - David C. Frank
- Laboratory of Tree Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85701, USA
| | - Morgan T. Page
- U.S. Geological Survey Earthquake Science Center, Pasadena, CA 91106, USA
| | - Brendan M. Buckley
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA
| | - Edward R. Cook
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA
| | - Grant L. Harley
- Department of Earth and Spatial Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83843, USA
| | - Karen J. King
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA
| | - Jonathan F. Hughes
- School of Land Use and Environmental Change, University of the Fraser Valley, Abbotsford, BC V2S 7M8, Canada
| | - David J. Reynolds
- Centre for Geography and Environmental Science, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Brian L. Sherrod
- U.S. Geological Survey Earthquake Science Center, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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2
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Schmiege SC, Buckley BM, Stevenson DW, Heskel MA, Cuong TQ, Nam LC, Griffin KL. Respiratory temperature responses of tropical conifers differ with leaf morphology. Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie C. Schmiege
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology Columbia University New York NY USA
- New York Botanical Garden Bronx NY USA
| | | | - Dennis W. Stevenson
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology Columbia University New York NY USA
- New York Botanical Garden Bronx NY USA
| | - Mary A. Heskel
- Department of Biology Macalester College Saint Paul MN USA
| | - Truong Quang Cuong
- Bidoup Nui Ba National Park Lac Duong District Lam Dong Province Vietnam
| | - Le Canh Nam
- Forest Science Institute of Central Highlands and South of Central Vietnam Dalat City Lam Dong Province Vietnam
| | - Kevin L. Griffin
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology Columbia University New York NY USA
- Lamont‐Doherty Earth Observatory Columbia University Palisades NY USA
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences Columbia University New York NY USA
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3
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Chen S, Pawelec G, Trompet S, Goldeck D, Mortensen LH, Slagboom PE, Christensen K, Gussekloo J, Kearney P, Buckley BM, Ford I, Jukema JW, Westendorp RGJ, Maier AB. Associations of Cytomegalovirus Infection With All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality in Multiple Observational Cohort Studies of Older Adults. J Infect Dis 2021; 223:238-246. [PMID: 32909605 PMCID: PMC7857154 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether latent cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in older adults has any substantial health consequences is unclear. Here, we sought associations between CMV-seropositivity and IgG titer with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in 5 longitudinal cohorts. METHODS Leiden Longevity Study, Prospective Study of Pravastatin in the Elderly at Risk, Longitudinal Study of Aging Danish Twins, and Leiden 85-plus Study were assessed at median (2.8-11.4 years) follow-up . Cox regression and random effects meta-analysis were used to estimate mortality risk dependent on CMV serostatus and/or IgG antibody titer, in quartiles after adjusting for confounders. RESULTS CMV-seropositivity was seen in 47%-79% of 10 122 white community-dwelling adults aged 59-93 years. Of these, 3519 had died on follow-up (579 from cardiovascular disease). CMV seropositivity was not associated with all-cause (hazard ratio [HR], 1.05; 95% confidence interval [CI], .97-1.14) or cardiovascular mortality (HR, 0.97; 95% CI, .83-1.13). Subjects in the highest CMV IgG quartile group had increased all-cause mortality relative to CMV-seronegatives (HR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.04-1.29) but this association lost significance after adjustment for confounders (HR, 1.13; 95% CI, .99-1.29). The lack of increased mortality risk was confirmed in subanalyses. CONCLUSIONS CMV infection is not associated with all-cause or cardiovascular mortality in white community-dwelling older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Chen
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Graham Pawelec
- Department of Immunology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Health Sciences North Research Institute, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stella Trompet
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - David Goldeck
- Department of Immunology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Fairfax Centre, Kidlington, United Kingdom
| | | | - P Eline Slagboom
- Section of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Kaare Christensen
- Danish Aging Research Center, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jacobijn Gussekloo
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Patricia Kearney
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Brendan M Buckley
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ian Ford
- Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - J Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Rudi G J Westendorp
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Leyden Academy on Vitality and Ageing, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andrea B Maier
- Department of Medicine and Aged Care, @AgeMelbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, @AgeAmsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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4
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Schmiege SC, Buckley BM, Stevenson D, Cuong TQ, Nam LC, Griffin KL. Contrasting physiological traits of shade tolerance in Pinus and Podocarpaceae native to a tropical Vietnamese forest: insight from an aberrant flat-leaved pine. Tree Physiol 2021; 41:223-239. [PMID: 32975283 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The absence of pines from tropical forests is a puzzling biogeographical oddity potentially explained by traits of shade intolerance. Pinus krempfii (Lecomte), a flat-leaved pine endemic to the Central Highlands of Vietnam, provides a notable exception as it seems to compete successfully with shade-tolerant tropical species. Here, we test the hypothesis that successful conifer performance at the juvenile stage depends on physiological traits of shade tolerance by comparing the physiological characteristics of P. krempfii to coexisting species from two taxa: the genus Pinus, and a relatively abundant and shade-tolerant conifer family found in pantropical forests, the Podocarpaceae. We examined leaf photosynthetic, respiratory and biochemical traits. Additionally, we compiled attainable maximum photosynthesis, maximum RuBP carboxylation (Vcmax) and maximum electron transport (Jmax) values for Pinus and Podocarpaceae species from the literature. In our literature compilation, P. krempfii was intermediate between Pinus and Podocarpaceae in its maximum photosynthesis and its Vcmax. Pinus exhibited a higher Vcmax than Podocarpaceae, resulting in a less steep slope in the linear relationship between Jmax and Vcmax. These results suggest that Pinus may be more shade intolerant than Podocarpaceae, with P. krempfii falling between the two taxa. However, in contrast, Vietnamese conifers' leaf mass per areas and biochemical traits did not highlight the same intermediate nature of P. krempfii. Furthermore, regardless of leaf morphology or family assignation, all species demonstrated a common and extremely high carbon gain efficiency. Overall, our findings highlight the importance of shade-tolerant photosynthetic traits for conifer survival in tropical forests. However, they also demonstrate a diversity of shade tolerance strategies, all of which lead to the persistence of Vietnamese juvenile conifers in low-light tropical understories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie C Schmiege
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, 10th Floor Schermerhorn Extension, 1200 Amsterdam Ave., New York, NY 10027, USA
- New York Botanical Garden, 2900 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY 10458, USA
| | - Brendan M Buckley
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, 61 Route 9W, Palisades, NY 10964, USA
| | - Dennis Stevenson
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, 10th Floor Schermerhorn Extension, 1200 Amsterdam Ave., New York, NY 10027, USA
- New York Botanical Garden, 2900 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY 10458, USA
| | - Truong Quang Cuong
- Bidoup Nui Ba National Park, Da Nhim Commune, Lac Duong District, Lam Dong Province, Vietnam, 66210
| | - Le Canh Nam
- Forest Science Institute of Central Highlands and South of Central Vietnam, 09 Hung Vuong Street, Ward 10, Dalat City, Lam Dong Province, Vietnam, 66117
| | - Kevin L Griffin
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, 10th Floor Schermerhorn Extension, 1200 Amsterdam Ave., New York, NY 10027, USA
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, 61 Route 9W, Palisades, NY 10964, USA
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, 5th Floor Schermerhorn Extension, 1200 Amsterdam Ave., New York, NY 10027, USA
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5
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Rao MP, Cook ER, Cook BI, D'Arrigo RD, Palmer JG, Lall U, Woodhouse CA, Buckley BM, Uriarte M, Bishop DA, Jian J, Webster PJ. Seven centuries of reconstructed Brahmaputra River discharge demonstrate underestimated high discharge and flood hazard frequency. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6017. [PMID: 33243991 PMCID: PMC7692521 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19795-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The lower Brahmaputra River in Bangladesh and Northeast India often floods during the monsoon season, with catastrophic consequences for people throughout the region. While most climate models predict an intensified monsoon and increase in flood risk with warming, robust baseline estimates of natural climate variability in the basin are limited by the short observational record. Here we use a new seven-century (1309-2004 C.E) tree-ring reconstruction of monsoon season Brahmaputra discharge to demonstrate that the early instrumental period (1956-1986 C.E.) ranks amongst the driest of the past seven centuries (13th percentile). Further, flood hazard inferred from the recurrence frequency of high discharge years is severely underestimated by 24-38% in the instrumental record compared to previous centuries and climate model projections. A focus on only recent observations will therefore be insufficient to accurately characterise flood hazard risk in the region, both in the context of natural variability and climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukund P Rao
- Tree Ring Laboratory, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, 10964, USA.
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
| | - Edward R Cook
- Tree Ring Laboratory, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, 10964, USA
| | - Benjamin I Cook
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY, 10025, USA
- Ocean & Climate Physics, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, 10964, USA
| | - Rosanne D D'Arrigo
- Tree Ring Laboratory, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, 10964, USA
| | - Jonathan G Palmer
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Upmanu Lall
- Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Connie A Woodhouse
- School of Geography and Development, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Brendan M Buckley
- Tree Ring Laboratory, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, 10964, USA
| | - Maria Uriarte
- Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Daniel A Bishop
- Tree Ring Laboratory, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, 10964, USA
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Jun Jian
- Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Peter J Webster
- Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30318, USA
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6
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Ligthart S, Vaez A, Võsa U, Stathopoulou MG, de Vries PS, Prins BP, Van der Most PJ, Tanaka T, Naderi E, Rose LM, Wu Y, Karlsson R, Barbalic M, Lin H, Pool R, Zhu G, Macé A, Sidore C, Trompet S, Mangino M, Sabater-Lleal M, Kemp JP, Abbasi A, Kacprowski T, Verweij N, Smith AV, Huang T, Marzi C, Feitosa MF, Lohman KK, Kleber ME, Milaneschi Y, Mueller C, Huq M, Vlachopoulou E, Lyytikäinen LP, Oldmeadow C, Deelen J, Perola M, Zhao JH, Feenstra B, Amini M, Lahti J, Schraut KE, Fornage M, Suktitipat B, Chen WM, Li X, Nutile T, Malerba G, Luan J, Bak T, Schork N, Del Greco M F, Thiering E, Mahajan A, Marioni RE, Mihailov E, Eriksson J, Ozel AB, Zhang W, Nethander M, Cheng YC, Aslibekyan S, Ang W, Gandin I, Yengo L, Portas L, Kooperberg C, Hofer E, Rajan KB, Schurmann C, den Hollander W, Ahluwalia TS, Zhao J, Draisma HHM, Ford I, Timpson N, Teumer A, Huang H, Wahl S, Liu Y, Huang J, Uh HW, Geller F, Joshi PK, Yanek LR, Trabetti E, Lehne B, Vozzi D, Verbanck M, Biino G, Saba Y, Meulenbelt I, O'Connell JR, Laakso M, Giulianini F, Magnusson PKE, Ballantyne CM, Hottenga JJ, Montgomery GW, Rivadineira F, Rueedi R, Steri M, Herzig KH, Stott DJ, Menni C, Frånberg M, St Pourcain B, Felix SB, Pers TH, Bakker SJL, Kraft P, Peters A, Vaidya D, Delgado G, Smit JH, Großmann V, Sinisalo J, Seppälä I, Williams SR, Holliday EG, Moed M, Langenberg C, Räikkönen K, Ding J, Campbell H, Sale MM, Chen YDI, James AL, Ruggiero D, Soranzo N, Hartman CA, Smith EN, Berenson GS, Fuchsberger C, Hernandez D, Tiesler CMT, Giedraitis V, Liewald D, Fischer K, Mellström D, Larsson A, Wang Y, Scott WR, Lorentzon M, Beilby J, Ryan KA, Pennell CE, Vuckovic D, Balkau B, Concas MP, Schmidt R, Mendes de Leon CF, Bottinger EP, Kloppenburg M, Paternoster L, Boehnke M, Musk AW, Willemsen G, Evans DM, Madden PAF, Kähönen M, Kutalik Z, Zoledziewska M, Karhunen V, Kritchevsky SB, Sattar N, Lachance G, Clarke R, Harris TB, Raitakari OT, Attia JR, van Heemst D, Kajantie E, Sorice R, Gambaro G, Scott RA, Hicks AA, Ferrucci L, Standl M, Lindgren CM, Starr JM, Karlsson M, Lind L, Li JZ, Chambers JC, Mori TA, de Geus EJCN, Heath AC, Martin NG, Auvinen J, Buckley BM, de Craen AJM, Waldenberger M, Strauch K, Meitinger T, Scott RJ, McEvoy M, Beekman M, Bombieri C, Ridker PM, Mohlke KL, Pedersen NL, Morrison AC, Boomsma DI, Whitfield JB, Strachan DP, Hofman A, Vollenweider P, Cucca F, Jarvelin MR, Jukema JW, Spector TD, Hamsten A, Zeller T, Uitterlinden AG, Nauck M, Gudnason V, Qi L, Grallert H, Borecki IB, Rotter JI, März W, Wild PS, Lokki ML, Boyle M, Salomaa V, Melbye M, Eriksson JG, Wilson JF, Penninx BWJH, Becker DM, Worrall BB, Gibson G, Krauss RM, Ciullo M, Zaza G, Wareham NJ, Oldehinkel AJ, Palmer LJ, Murray SS, Pramstaller PP, Bandinelli S, Heinrich J, Ingelsson E, Deary IJ, Mägi R, Vandenput L, van der Harst P, Desch KC, Kooner JS, Ohlsson C, Hayward C, Lehtimäki T, Shuldiner AR, Arnett DK, Beilin LJ, Robino A, Froguel P, Pirastu M, Jess T, Koenig W, Loos RJF, Evans DA, Schmidt H, Smith GD, Slagboom PE, Eiriksdottir G, Morris AP, Psaty BM, Tracy RP, Nolte IM, Boerwinkle E, Visvikis-Siest S, Reiner AP, Gross M, Bis JC, Franke L, Franco OH, Benjamin EJ, Chasman DI, Dupuis J, Snieder H, Dehghan A, Alizadeh BZ. Genome Analyses of >200,000 Individuals Identify 58 Loci for Chronic Inflammation and Highlight Pathways that Link Inflammation and Complex Disorders. Am J Hum Genet 2018; 103:691-706. [PMID: 30388399 PMCID: PMC6218410 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
C-reactive protein (CRP) is a sensitive biomarker of chronic low-grade inflammation and is associated with multiple complex diseases. The genetic determinants of chronic inflammation remain largely unknown, and the causal role of CRP in several clinical outcomes is debated. We performed two genome-wide association studies (GWASs), on HapMap and 1000 Genomes imputed data, of circulating amounts of CRP by using data from 88 studies comprising 204,402 European individuals. Additionally, we performed in silico functional analyses and Mendelian randomization analyses with several clinical outcomes. The GWAS meta-analyses of CRP revealed 58 distinct genetic loci (p < 5 × 10-8). After adjustment for body mass index in the regression analysis, the associations at all except three loci remained. The lead variants at the distinct loci explained up to 7.0% of the variance in circulating amounts of CRP. We identified 66 gene sets that were organized in two substantially correlated clusters, one mainly composed of immune pathways and the other characterized by metabolic pathways in the liver. Mendelian randomization analyses revealed a causal protective effect of CRP on schizophrenia and a risk-increasing effect on bipolar disorder. Our findings provide further insights into the biology of inflammation and could lead to interventions for treating inflammation and its clinical consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Symen Ligthart
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands
| | - Ahmad Vaez
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, the Netherlands; Department of Bioinformatics, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81746-73461, Iran
| | - Urmo Võsa
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, the Netherlands; Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | | | - Paul S de Vries
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands; Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Bram P Prins
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Peter J Van der Most
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, the Netherlands
| | - Toshiko Tanaka
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Elnaz Naderi
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, the Netherlands; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713 GZ, the Netherlands
| | - Lynda M Rose
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ying Wu
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Robert Karlsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Maja Barbalic
- University of Split School of Medicine, Split 21000, Croatia
| | - Honghuang Lin
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - René Pool
- Department of Biological Psychology, Netherlands Twin Register, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam 1081 BT, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health research institute, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam 1081 BT, the Netherlands
| | - Gu Zhu
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Aurélien Macé
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1010, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland; Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne 1010, Switzerland
| | - Carlo Sidore
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Sardinia 08045, Italy
| | - Stella Trompet
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, the Netherlands; Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas' Foundation Trust, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Maria Sabater-Lleal
- Unit of Genomics of Complex Diseases, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Barcelona 08025, Spain; Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17176, Sweden
| | - John P Kemp
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia; MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Ali Abbasi
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713 GZ, the Netherlands; MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Tim Kacprowski
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine and Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany
| | - Niek Verweij
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Cardiology, Groningen 9713 AV, the Netherlands
| | - Albert V Smith
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur 201, Iceland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Carola Marzi
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Site Munich, Munich 85764, Germany
| | - Mary F Feitosa
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108-2212, USA
| | - Kurt K Lohman
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Marcus E Kleber
- Vth Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim 68167, Germany
| | - Yuri Milaneschi
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience and Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center/GGZ inGeest Research & Innovation, Amsterdam 1081 HJ, the Netherlands
| | - Christian Mueller
- Department of General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Hamburg 20246, Germany; Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Lübeck 23562, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site RhineMain, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Mahmudul Huq
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, the Netherlands
| | - Efthymia Vlachopoulou
- Transplantation Laboratory, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere 33014, Finland; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center - Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere 33520, Finland
| | - Christopher Oldmeadow
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambon Heights, NSW 2305, Australia; Centre for Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Joris Deelen
- Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZC, the Netherlands; Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - Markus Perola
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00271, Finland
| | - Jing Hua Zhao
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Bjarke Feenstra
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen 2300, Denmark
| | - Marzyeh Amini
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, the Netherlands
| | - Jari Lahti
- Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland; Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland; Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki 00250, Finland
| | - Katharina E Schraut
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH16 4UX, UK
| | - Myriam Fornage
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health and Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Bhoom Suktitipat
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Wei-Min Chen
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Teresa Nutile
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso," Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Napoli 80131, Italy
| | - Giovanni Malerba
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy
| | - Jian'an Luan
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Tom Bak
- Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, the Netherlands
| | - Nicholas Schork
- Human Biology, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Quantitative Medicine, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Fabiola Del Greco M
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano 39100, Italy
| | - Elisabeth Thiering
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany; Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Munich 80337, Germany
| | - Anubha Mahajan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Riccardo E Marioni
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK; Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Evelin Mihailov
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Joel Eriksson
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 41345, Sweden
| | - Ayse Bilge Ozel
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5618, USA
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK; Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital, Middlesex UB1 3HW, UK
| | - Maria Nethander
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 413 90, Sweden
| | - Yu-Ching Cheng
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Stella Aslibekyan
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0022, USA
| | - Wei Ang
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | | | - Loïc Yengo
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8199, University of Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, FR 3508, 59000 Lille, France; Program in Complex Trait Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Laura Portas
- Support OU, Institute of Genetic and Biomedic Research, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Sassari 7100, Italy
| | - Charles Kooperberg
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Public Health Sciences Division, Mail Stop M3-A410, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Edith Hofer
- Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurology, Medical University Graz, Graz 8036, Austria; Institute of Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
| | - Kumar B Rajan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Claudia Schurmann
- Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Wouter den Hollander
- Department of Medical Statistics and Bio-informatics, Section Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZC, the Netherlands
| | - Tarunveer S Ahluwalia
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte 2820, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Jing Zhao
- Center for Integrative Genomics, School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Harmen H M Draisma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Netherlands Twin Register, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam 1081 BT, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health research institute, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam 1081 BT, the Netherlands; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081 HV, the Netherlands
| | - Ian Ford
- Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Nicholas Timpson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Department SHIP-KEF, Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany
| | - Hongyan Huang
- Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Simone Wahl
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Site Munich, Munich 85764, Germany
| | - YongMei Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Jie Huang
- Boston VA Research Institute, Inc., Boston, MA 02130, USA
| | - Hae-Won Uh
- Medical Statistics and Bioinformatics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZC, the Netherlands
| | - Frank Geller
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen 2300, Denmark
| | - Peter K Joshi
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH16 4UX, UK
| | - Lisa R Yanek
- GeneSTAR Research Center, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Elisabetta Trabetti
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy
| | - Benjamin Lehne
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Diego Vozzi
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo," Trieste 34140, Italy
| | - Marie Verbanck
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8199, University of Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, FR 3508, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Ginevra Biino
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Yasaman Saba
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Institute for Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ingrid Meulenbelt
- Department of Medical Statistics and Bio-informatics, Section Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZC, the Netherlands
| | - Jeff R O'Connell
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Markku Laakso
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio 70210, Finland
| | - Franco Giulianini
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Patrik K E Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Christie M Ballantyne
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jouke Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, Netherlands Twin Register, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam 1081 BT, the Netherlands
| | - Grant W Montgomery
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Fernando Rivadineira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 CN, the Netherlands
| | - Rico Rueedi
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1010, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Maristella Steri
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Sardinia 08045, Italy
| | - Karl-Heinz Herzig
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu 90014, Finland; Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu 90220, Finland; Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan 60-512, Poland
| | - David J Stott
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Cristina Menni
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Mattias Frånberg
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17176, Sweden; Department of Numerical Analysis and Computer Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm 100 44, Sweden
| | - Beate St Pourcain
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK; Donders Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6525 XD, the Netherlands
| | - Stephan B Felix
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany; Department for Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany
| | - Tune H Pers
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen 2300, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Stephan J L Bakker
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713 GZ, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Kraft
- Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherber 85764, Germany
| | - Dhananjay Vaidya
- GeneSTAR Research Center, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Graciela Delgado
- Vth Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim 68167, Germany
| | - Johannes H Smit
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience and Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center/GGZ inGeest Research & Innovation, Amsterdam 1081 HJ, the Netherlands
| | - Vera Großmann
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Juha Sinisalo
- Heart and Lung Center, Helsinki University Hospital and Helsinki University, Helsinki 00029, Finland
| | - Ilkka Seppälä
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere 33014, Finland; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center - Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere 33520, Finland
| | - Stephen R Williams
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Elizabeth G Holliday
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambon Heights, NSW 2305, Australia; Centre for Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Matthijs Moed
- Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZC, the Netherlands
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Katri Räikkönen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Jingzhong Ding
- Department of Internal Medicine/Geriatrics, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Harry Campbell
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH16 4UX, UK
| | - Michele M Sale
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Yii-Der I Chen
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Alan L James
- Busselton Population Medical Research Institute, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; Department of Pulmonary Physiology and Sleep Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Daniela Ruggiero
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso," Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Napoli 80131, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS) 86077, Italy
| | - Nicole Soranzo
- Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Catharina A Hartman
- Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, the Netherlands
| | - Erin N Smith
- Department of Pediatrics and Rady Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Gerald S Berenson
- Center for Cardiovascular Health, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Christian Fuchsberger
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano 39100, Italy
| | - Dena Hernandez
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Carla M T Tiesler
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany; Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Munich 80337, Germany
| | - Vilmantas Giedraitis
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Molecular Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala 752 37, Sweden
| | - David Liewald
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Krista Fischer
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Dan Mellström
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 41345, Sweden
| | - Anders Larsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 41, Sweden
| | - Yunmei Wang
- Department of Medicine, Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Harrington Heart & Vascular Institute, University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - William R Scott
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Matthias Lorentzon
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 41345, Sweden; Geriatric Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal 431 80, Sweden
| | - John Beilby
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Kathleen A Ryan
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Craig E Pennell
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Dragana Vuckovic
- Medical Sciences, Surgical and Health Department, University of Trieste, Trieste 34137, Italy
| | - Beverly Balkau
- INSERM U1018, Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Santé des Populations, Team 5 (EpReC, Renal, and Cardiovascular Epidemiology), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif 94807, France
| | - Maria Pina Concas
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo," Trieste 34140, Italy
| | - Reinhold Schmidt
- Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurology, Medical University Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
| | - Carlos F Mendes de Leon
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Erwin P Bottinger
- Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Margreet Kloppenburg
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZC, the Netherlands
| | - Lavinia Paternoster
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - A W Musk
- Busselton Population Medical Research Institute, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, Netherlands Twin Register, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam 1081 BT, the Netherlands
| | - David M Evans
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia; MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Pamela A F Madden
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 4560 Clayton Ave., Suite 1000, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere 33520, Finland; Department of Clinical Physiology, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center - Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere 33520, Finland
| | - Zoltán Kutalik
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland; Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne 1010, Switzerland
| | - Magdalena Zoledziewska
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Sardinia 08045, Italy
| | - Ville Karhunen
- Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulun yliopisto, Finland
| | - Stephen B Kritchevsky
- Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Sticht Center on Aging and Rehabilitation, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Naveed Sattar
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Genevieve Lachance
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Robert Clarke
- Clinical Trial Service Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Tamara B Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku 20520, Finland; Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - John R Attia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambon Heights, NSW 2305, Australia; Centre for Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, NWS 2305, Australia
| | - Diana van Heemst
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
| | - Eero Kajantie
- Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00014, Finland; Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, MRC Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu 90014, Finland
| | - Rossella Sorice
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso," Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Napoli 80131, Italy
| | - Giovanni Gambaro
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Columbus-Gemelli University Hospital, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma 168, Italy
| | - Robert A Scott
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Andrew A Hicks
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano 39100, Italy
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Marie Standl
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Cecilia M Lindgren
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - John M Starr
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK; Alzheimer's Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Magnus Karlsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Orthopaedic Surgery, Lund University, Malmo 20502, Sweden
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 41, Sweden
| | - Jun Z Li
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5618, USA
| | - John C Chambers
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK; Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital, Middlesex UB1 3HW, UK; Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W12 0HS, UK; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore; MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Trevor A Mori
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Eco J C N de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, Netherlands Twin Register, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam 1081 BT, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health research institute, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam 1081 BT, the Netherlands
| | - Andrew C Heath
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 4560 Clayton Ave., Suite 1000, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Juha Auvinen
- Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulun yliopisto, Finland; Unit of Primary Health Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu 90220, Finland
| | - Brendan M Buckley
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland
| | - Anton J M de Craen
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
| | - Melanie Waldenberger
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 80636 Munich, Germany
| | - Konstantin Strauch
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany; Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry, and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Munich 85764, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg 85764, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Rodney J Scott
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambon Heights, NSW 2305, Australia; Information-Based Medicine Stream, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Mark McEvoy
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambon Heights, NSW 2305, Australia; Centre for Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Marian Beekman
- Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZC, the Netherlands
| | - Cristina Bombieri
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy
| | - Paul M Ridker
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Karen L Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Nancy L Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Alanna C Morrison
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Netherlands Twin Register, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam 1081 BT, the Netherlands
| | - John B Whitfield
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - David P Strachan
- Population Health Research Institute, St. George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Vollenweider
- Department of Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Cucca
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Sardinia 08045, Italy
| | - Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu 90220, Finland; Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulun yliopisto, Finland; Unit of Primary Health Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu 90220, Finland; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment & Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK; Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, UK
| | - J Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, the Netherlands; Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, Amsterdam 3501 DG, the Netherlands; Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands, Utrecht 3511 EP, the Netherlands
| | - Tim D Spector
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Anders Hamsten
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17176, Sweden
| | - Tanja Zeller
- Department of General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Hamburg 20246, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site RhineMain, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 CN, the Netherlands
| | - Matthias Nauck
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany; Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur 201, Iceland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
| | - Lu Qi
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Harald Grallert
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Site Munich, Munich 85764, Germany
| | - Ingrid B Borecki
- Analytical Genetics Group, Regeneron Genetics Center, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Winfried März
- Vth Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim 68167, Germany; Synlab Academy, Synlab Holding Deutschland GmbH, Mannheim 68161, Germany; Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
| | - Philipp S Wild
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site RhineMain, 55131 Mainz, Germany; Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz 55131, Germany; Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine, Center for Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Marja-Liisa Lokki
- Transplantation Laboratory, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Michael Boyle
- John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, NWS 2305, Australia
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00271, Finland
| | - Mads Melbye
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen 2300, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2300, Denmark; Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Johan G Eriksson
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00271, Finland; Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki 00250, Finland; Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - James F Wilson
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH16 4UX, UK; MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Brenda W J H Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience and Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center/GGZ inGeest Research & Innovation, Amsterdam 1081 HJ, the Netherlands
| | - Diane M Becker
- GeneSTAR Research Center, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Bradford B Worrall
- Departments of Neurology and Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia Charlottesville, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0394, USA
| | - Greg Gibson
- Center for Integrative Genomics, School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Ronald M Krauss
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA 94609, USA
| | - Marina Ciullo
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso," Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Napoli 80131, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS) 86077, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Zaza
- Renal Unit, Department of Medicine, Verona University Hospital, Verona 37126, Italy
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Albertine J Oldehinkel
- Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, the Netherlands
| | - Lyle J Palmer
- School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Sarah S Murray
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Peter P Pramstaller
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano 39100, Italy; General Central Hospital, Department of Neurology, Bolzano 39100, Italy; Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck 23538, Germany
| | | | - Joachim Heinrich
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany; Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich, Member DZL, German Center for Lung Research, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 41, Sweden; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ian J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK; Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Liesbeth Vandenput
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 41345, Sweden
| | - Pim van der Harst
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Cardiology, Groningen 9713 AV, the Netherlands
| | - Karl C Desch
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jaspal S Kooner
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital, Middlesex UB1 3HW, UK; Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W12 0HS, UK; MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 41345, Sweden
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere 33014, Finland; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center - Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere 33520, Finland
| | - Alan R Shuldiner
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Donna K Arnett
- University of Kentucky, College of Public Health, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
| | - Lawrence J Beilin
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Antonietta Robino
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo," Trieste 34140, Italy
| | - Philippe Froguel
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8199, University of Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, FR 3508, 59000 Lille, France; Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Mario Pirastu
- Support OU, Institute of Genetic and Biomedic Research, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Sassari 7100, Italy
| | - Tine Jess
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Frederiksberg 2200, Denmark
| | - Wolfgang Koenig
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 80636 Munich, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine II-Cardiology, University of Ulm Medical Center, 80801 Ulm, Germany; Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, 80636 Munich, Germany
| | - Ruth J F Loos
- Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029-6542, USA
| | - Denis A Evans
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Helena Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, Medical University Graz, Graz 8010, Austria; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - P Eline Slagboom
- Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZC, the Netherlands
| | | | - Andrew P Morris
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GL, UK
| | - Bruce M Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA; Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA; Department of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7660, USA; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Russell P Tracy
- Department of Pathology, University of Vermont, Colchester, VT 05405, USA
| | - Ilja M Nolte
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, the Netherlands
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Alex P Reiner
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Myron Gross
- Department of Lab Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Joshua C Bis
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Lude Franke
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, the Netherlands
| | - Oscar H Franco
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands; Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Emelia J Benjamin
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01702, USA
| | - Daniel I Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Josée Dupuis
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01702, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, the Netherlands
| | - Abbas Dehghan
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment & Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK.
| | - Behrooz Z Alizadeh
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, the Netherlands.
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7
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van Setten J, Brody JA, Jamshidi Y, Swenson BR, Butler AM, Campbell H, Del Greco FM, Evans DS, Gibson Q, Gudbjartsson DF, Kerr KF, Krijthe BP, Lyytikäinen LP, Müller C, Müller-Nurasyid M, Nolte IM, Padmanabhan S, Ritchie MD, Robino A, Smith AV, Steri M, Tanaka T, Teumer A, Trompet S, Ulivi S, Verweij N, Yin X, Arnar DO, Asselbergs FW, Bader JS, Barnard J, Bis J, Blankenberg S, Boerwinkle E, Bradford Y, Buckley BM, Chung MK, Crawford D, den Hoed M, Denny JC, Dominiczak AF, Ehret GB, Eijgelsheim M, Ellinor PT, Felix SB, Franco OH, Franke L, Harris TB, Holm H, Ilaria G, Iorio A, Kähönen M, Kolcic I, Kors JA, Lakatta EG, Launer LJ, Lin H, Lin HJ, Loos RJF, Lubitz SA, Macfarlane PW, Magnani JW, Leach IM, Meitinger T, Mitchell BD, Munzel T, Papanicolaou GJ, Peters A, Pfeufer A, Pramstaller PP, Raitakari OT, Rotter JI, Rudan I, Samani NJ, Schlessinger D, Silva Aldana CT, Sinner MF, Smith JD, Snieder H, Soliman EZ, Spector TD, Stott DJ, Strauch K, Tarasov KV, Thorsteinsdottir U, Uitterlinden AG, Van Wagoner DR, Völker U, Völzke H, Waldenberger M, Jan Westra H, Wild PS, Zeller T, Alonso A, Avery CL, Bandinelli S, Benjamin EJ, Cucca F, Dörr M, Ferrucci L, Gasparini P, Gudnason V, Hayward C, Heckbert SR, Hicks AA, Jukema JW, Kääb S, Lehtimäki T, Liu Y, Munroe PB, Parsa A, Polasek O, Psaty BM, Roden DM, Schnabel RB, Sinagra G, Stefansson K, Stricker BH, van der Harst P, van Duijn CM, Wilson JF, Gharib SA, de Bakker PIW, Isaacs A, Arking DE, Sotoodehnia N. PR interval genome-wide association meta-analysis identifies 50 loci associated with atrial and atrioventricular electrical activity. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2904. [PMID: 30046033 PMCID: PMC6060178 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04766-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrocardiographic PR interval measures atrio-ventricular depolarization and conduction, and abnormal PR interval is a risk factor for atrial fibrillation and heart block. Our genome-wide association study of over 92,000 European-descent individuals identifies 44 PR interval loci (34 novel). Examination of these loci reveals known and previously not-yet-reported biological processes involved in cardiac atrial electrical activity. Genes in these loci are over-represented in cardiac disease processes including heart block and atrial fibrillation. Variants in over half of the 44 loci were associated with atrial or blood transcript expression levels, or were in high linkage disequilibrium with missense variants. Six additional loci were identified either by meta-analysis of ~105,000 African and European-descent individuals and/or by pleiotropic analyses combining PR interval with heart rate, QRS interval, and atrial fibrillation. These findings implicate developmental pathways, and identify transcription factors, ion-channel genes, and cell-junction/cell-signaling proteins in atrio-ventricular conduction, identifying potential targets for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica van Setten
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584CX, The Netherlands.
| | - Jennifer A Brody
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195, WA, USA
| | - Yalda Jamshidi
- Cardiogenetics Lab, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's University of London, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Brenton R Swenson
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195, WA, USA
- Institute for Public Health Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195, WA, USA
| | - Anne M Butler
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, 63110, MO, USA
| | - Harry Campbell
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9YL, UK
| | - Fabiola M Del Greco
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, 39100, Italy
| | - Daniel S Evans
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, 94107, CA, USA
| | - Quince Gibson
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama Birmingham Hospital, Birmingham, 35233, AL, USA
| | - Daniel F Gudbjartsson
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Inc., Reykjavik, IS-101, Iceland
- School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, 101, Iceland
| | - Kathleen F Kerr
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195, WA, USA
| | - Bouwe P Krijthe
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015GD, The Netherlands
| | - Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, 33520, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, 33014, Finland
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20251, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research) Partner Site, Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Germany
| | - Martina Müller-Nurasyid
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, D-85764, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine I (Cardiology), Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Munich, 81377, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, 80802, Germany
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9713GZ, The Netherlands
| | - Ilja M Nolte
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9713GZ, The Netherlands
| | - Sandosh Padmanabhan
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, Scotland, UK
| | - Marylyn D Ritchie
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, PA, USA
| | - Antonietta Robino
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, 34137, Italy
| | - Albert V Smith
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, IS-201, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, 101, Iceland
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, MI, USA
| | - Maristella Steri
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Monserrato, 00185, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Toshiko Tanaka
- Translational Gerontology Branch, NIA, Baltimore, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, 17489, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stella Trompet
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2300RC, The Netherlands
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2300RC, The Netherlands
| | - Sheila Ulivi
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, 34137, Italy
| | - Niek Verweij
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 7913GZ, The Netherlands
| | - Xiaoyan Yin
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, 02118, MA, USA
| | - David O Arnar
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Inc., Reykjavik, IS-101, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, 101, Iceland
- Department of Medicine, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, 101, Iceland
| | - Folkert W Asselbergs
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584CX, The Netherlands
- Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Farr Institute of Health Informatics Research and Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joel S Bader
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, 21218, MD, USA
| | - John Barnard
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, 44195, OH, USA
| | - Josh Bis
- Department of General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20251, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research) Partner Site, Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Germany
| | - Stefan Blankenberg
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research) Partner Site, Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Germany
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, D-85764, Germany
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, 77030, TX, USA
| | - Yuki Bradford
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, PA, USA
| | - Brendan M Buckley
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, T12 K8AF, Ireland
| | - Mina K Chung
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, 44195, OH, USA
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, 44195, OH, USA
| | - Dana Crawford
- Institute for Computational Biology, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, 44106, OH, USA
| | - Marcel den Hoed
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-751 05, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-751 05, Sweden
| | - Josh C Denny
- Biomedical Informatics and Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, 37235, TN, USA
| | - Anna F Dominiczak
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, Scotland, UK
| | - Georg B Ehret
- Center for Complex Disease Genomics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21287, MD, USA
| | - Mark Eijgelsheim
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015GD, The Netherlands
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 7913GZ, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick T Ellinor
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, 02142, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, 02114, MA, USA
- Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, 02114, MA, USA
| | - Stephan B Felix
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, 17489, Germany
| | - Oscar H Franco
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015GD, The Netherlands
| | - Lude Franke
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 7913GZ, The Netherlands
| | - Tamara B Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Hilma Holm
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Inc., Reykjavik, IS-101, Iceland
| | - Gandin Ilaria
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, 34127, Italy
| | - Annamaria Iorio
- Cardiovascular Department, "Ospedali Riuniti and University of Trieste", Trieste, 34124, Italy
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, 33521, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, 33014, Finland
| | - Ivana Kolcic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split, 21000, Croatia
| | - Jan A Kors
- Department of Medical Informatics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015GD, The Netherlands
| | - Edward G Lakatta
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Lenore J Launer
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Honghuang Lin
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, 02118, MA, USA
| | - Henry J Lin
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, 90502, CA, USA
| | - Ruth J F Loos
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, NY, USA
- The Mindich Child health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, NY, USA
| | - Steven A Lubitz
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, 02142, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, 02114, MA, USA
- Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, 02114, MA, USA
| | - Peter W Macfarlane
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Jared W Magnani
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 15260, PA, USA
| | - Irene Mateo Leach
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 7913GZ, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, 80802, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, 81675, Germany
| | - Braxton D Mitchell
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Geriatrics Research and Education Clinical Center, Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, 21201, MD, USA
| | - Thomas Munzel
- Center for Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, 55131, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, 55131, Germany
- Center for Translational Vascular Biology (CTVB), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, 55131, Germany
| | - George J Papanicolaou
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Annette Peters
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, 80802, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Arne Pfeufer
- MVZ für Molekulardiagnostik, Munich, 81543, Germany
| | - Peter P Pramstaller
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, 39100, Italy
- Department of Neurology, Central Hospital, Bolzano, 39100, Italy
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, 20521, Finland
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, 20014, Finland
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, 90502, CA, USA
| | - Igor Rudan
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9YL, UK
| | - Nilesh J Samani
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, LE3 9QD, UK
| | - David Schlessinger
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institute of Health, Baltimore, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Claudia T Silva Aldana
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015GD, The Netherlands
- Institute of Translational Medicine-IMT, Center For Research in Genetics and Genomics-CIGGUR, GENIUROS Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Cl. 12c #6-25, Colombia
| | - Moritz F Sinner
- Department of Internal Medicine I (Cardiology), Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Munich, 81377, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, 80802, Germany
| | - Jonathan D Smith
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, 44195, OH, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, 44195, OH, USA
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9713GZ, The Netherlands
| | - Elsayed Z Soliman
- Epidemiological Cardiology Research Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, 27101, NC, USA
| | - Timothy D Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, St Thomas Hospital, King's College London, London, WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - David J Stott
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, Scotland, UK
| | - Konstantin Strauch
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, D-85764, Germany
- Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, IBE, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, 81377, Germany
| | - Kirill V Tarasov
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Unnur Thorsteinsdottir
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Inc., Reykjavik, IS-101, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, 101, Iceland
| | - Andre G Uitterlinden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015GD, The Netherlands
| | - David R Van Wagoner
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, 44195, OH, USA
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, 44195, OH, USA
| | - Uwe Völker
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, 17489, Germany
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, 17489, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Melanie Waldenberger
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, 80802, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Harm Jan Westra
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 7913GZ, The Netherlands
| | - Philipp S Wild
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, 55131, Germany
- Center for Translational Vascular Biology (CTVB), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, 55131, Germany
- Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine, Center for Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, 55131, Germany
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, 55131, Germany
| | - Tanja Zeller
- Department of General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20251, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research) Partner Site, Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Germany
| | - Alvaro Alonso
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, 30322, GA, USA
| | - Christy L Avery
- Department of Epidemiology and Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
| | | | - Emelia J Benjamin
- Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Francesco Cucca
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Monserrato, 00185, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Marcus Dörr
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, 17489, Germany
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Translational Gerontology Branch, NIA, Baltimore, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Paolo Gasparini
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, 34137, Italy
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, 34127, Italy
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, IS-201, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, 101, Iceland
| | - Caroline Hayward
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9YL, UK
| | - Susan R Heckbert
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit and the Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195, WA, USA
| | - Andrew A Hicks
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, 39100, Italy
| | - J Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2300RC, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2300RC, The Netherlands
- Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands, Utrecht, 3511EP, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Kääb
- Department of Internal Medicine I (Cardiology), Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Munich, 81377, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, 80802, Germany
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, 33520, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, 33014, Finland
| | - Yongmei Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, 27101, NC, USA
| | - Patricia B Munroe
- Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Barts, Barts Health NHS Trust and Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Afshin Parsa
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine and Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, 21201, MD, USA
| | - Ozren Polasek
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split, 21000, Croatia
- Psychiatric hospital "Sveti Ivan", Zagreb, 10000, Croatia
- Gen-info Ltd., Zagreb, 10000, Croatia
| | - Bruce M Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195, WA, USA
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, 98101, WA, USA
| | - Dan M Roden
- Medicine, Pharmacology, and Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, 37235, TN, USA
| | - Renate B Schnabel
- Department of General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20251, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research) Partner Site, Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Germany
| | - Gianfranco Sinagra
- Cardiovascular Department, "Ospedali Riuniti and University of Trieste", Trieste, 34124, Italy
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Inc., Reykjavik, IS-101, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, 101, Iceland
| | - Bruno H Stricker
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015GD, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015GD, The Netherlands
- Inspectorate for Health Care, The Hague, 2511VX, The Netherlands
| | - Pim van der Harst
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 7913GZ, The Netherlands
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen, 7913GZ, The Netherlands
- Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, 3511EP, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015GD, The Netherlands
| | - James F Wilson
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9YL, UK
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9YL, UK
| | - Sina A Gharib
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Computational Medicine Core at Center for Lung Biology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195, WA, USA
| | - Paul I W de Bakker
- Department of Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584CX, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584CX, The Netherlands
| | - Aaron Isaacs
- CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht, 6229ER, The Netherlands
- Center for Systems Biology (MaCSBio), Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6229ER, The Netherlands
- Department of Biochemistry, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6229ER, The Netherlands
| | - Dan E Arking
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21287, MD, USA
| | - Nona Sotoodehnia
- Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Division of Cardiology, University of Washington, Seattle, 98101, WA, USA.
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8
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Seyerle AA, Sitlani CM, Noordam R, Gogarten SM, Li J, Li X, Evans DS, Sun F, Laaksonen MA, Isaacs A, Kristiansson K, Highland HM, Stewart JD, Harris TB, Trompet S, Bis JC, Peloso GM, Brody JA, Broer L, Busch EL, Duan Q, Stilp AM, O'Donnell CJ, Macfarlane PW, Floyd JS, Kors JA, Lin HJ, Li-Gao R, Sofer T, Méndez-Giráldez R, Cummings SR, Heckbert SR, Hofman A, Ford I, Li Y, Launer LJ, Porthan K, Newton-Cheh C, Napier MD, Kerr KF, Reiner AP, Rice KM, Roach J, Buckley BM, Soliman EZ, de Mutsert R, Sotoodehnia N, Uitterlinden AG, North KE, Lee CR, Gudnason V, Stürmer T, Rosendaal FR, Taylor KD, Wiggins KL, Wilson JG, Chen YD, Kaplan RC, Wilhelmsen K, Cupples LA, Salomaa V, van Duijn C, Jukema JW, Liu Y, Mook-Kanamori DO, Lange LA, Vasan RS, Smith AV, Stricker BH, Laurie CC, Rotter JI, Whitsel EA, Psaty BM, Avery CL. Pharmacogenomics study of thiazide diuretics and QT interval in multi-ethnic populations: the cohorts for heart and aging research in genomic epidemiology. Pharmacogenomics J 2018; 18:215-226. [PMID: 28719597 PMCID: PMC5773415 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2017.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Thiazide diuretics, commonly used antihypertensives, may cause QT interval (QT) prolongation, a risk factor for highly fatal and difficult to predict ventricular arrhythmias. We examined whether common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) modified the association between thiazide use and QT or its component parts (QRS interval, JT interval) by performing ancestry-specific, trans-ethnic and cross-phenotype genome-wide analyses of European (66%), African American (15%) and Hispanic (19%) populations (N=78 199), leveraging longitudinal data, incorporating corrected standard errors to account for underestimation of interaction estimate variances and evaluating evidence for pathway enrichment. Although no loci achieved genome-wide significance (P<5 × 10-8), we found suggestive evidence (P<5 × 10-6) for SNPs modifying the thiazide-QT association at 22 loci, including ion transport loci (for example, NELL1, KCNQ3). The biologic plausibility of our suggestive results and simulations demonstrating modest power to detect interaction effects at genome-wide significant levels indicate that larger studies and innovative statistical methods are warranted in future efforts evaluating thiazide-SNP interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Seyerle
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - C M Sitlani
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - R Noordam
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - S M Gogarten
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - J Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - X Li
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - D S Evans
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - F Sun
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M A Laaksonen
- Department of Health, THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - A Isaacs
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- CARIM School of Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht Centre for Systems Biology (MaCSBio), and Department of Biochemistry, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - K Kristiansson
- Department of Health, THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - H M Highland
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - J D Stewart
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - T B Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - S Trompet
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J C Bis
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - G M Peloso
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J A Brody
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - L Broer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E L Busch
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Q Duan
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - A M Stilp
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - C J O'Donnell
- Department of Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
- Cardiology Section, Boston Veterans Administration Healthcare, Boston, MA, USA
| | - P W Macfarlane
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - J S Floyd
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - J A Kors
- Department of Medical Informatics, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H J Lin
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - R Li-Gao
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - T Sofer
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - R Méndez-Giráldez
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - S R Cummings
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - S R Heckbert
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - A Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - I Ford
- Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Y Li
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - L J Launer
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - K Porthan
- Division of Cardiology, Heart and Lung Center, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - C Newton-Cheh
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M D Napier
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - K F Kerr
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - A P Reiner
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - K M Rice
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - J Roach
- Research Computing Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - B M Buckley
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - E Z Soliman
- Epidemiology Cardiology Research Center (EPICARE), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - R de Mutsert
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - N Sotoodehnia
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Cardiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - A G Uitterlinden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K E North
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - C R Lee
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - V Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Department of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - T Stürmer
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Center for Pharmacoepidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - F R Rosendaal
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - K D Taylor
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - K L Wiggins
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - J G Wilson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Y-Di Chen
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - R C Kaplan
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - K Wilhelmsen
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- The Renaissance Computing Institute, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - L A Cupples
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - V Salomaa
- Department of Health, THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - C van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J W Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Y Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - D O Mook-Kanamori
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of BESC, Epidemiology Section, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - L A Lange
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - R S Vasan
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
- Division of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A V Smith
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Department of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - B H Stricker
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Inspectorate of Health Care, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - C C Laurie
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - J I Rotter
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - E A Whitsel
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - B M Psaty
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - C L Avery
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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9
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Rao MP, Cook BI, Cook ER, D'Arrigo RD, Krusic PJ, Anchukaitis KJ, LeGrande AN, Buckley BM, Davi NK, Leland C, Griffin KL. European and Mediterranean hydroclimate responses to tropical volcanic forcing over the last millennium. Geophys Res Lett 2017; 44:5104-5112. [PMID: 29950746 PMCID: PMC6016391 DOI: 10.1002/2017gl073057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Volcanic eruptions have global climate impacts, but their effect on the hydrologic cycle is poorly understood. We use a modified version of superposed epoch analysis, an eruption year list collated from multiple datasets, and seasonal paleoclimate reconstructions (soil moisture, precipitation, geopotential heights, and temperature) to investigate volcanic forcing of spring and summer hydroclimate over Europe and the Mediterranean over the last millennium. In the western Mediterranean, wet conditions occur in the eruption year and the following 3 years. Conversely, northwestern Europe and the British Isles experience dry conditions in response to volcanic eruptions, with the largest moisture deficits in post-eruption years 2 and 3. The precipitation response occurs primarily in late spring and early summer (April-July), a pattern that strongly resembles the negative phase of the East Atlantic Pattern. Modulated by this mode of climate variability, eruptions force significant, widespread, and heterogeneous hydroclimate responses across Europe and the Mediterranean.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Rao
- Tree Ring Laboratory, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - B I Cook
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY 10027, USA
- Ocean and Climate Physics, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA
| | - E R Cook
- Tree Ring Laboratory, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA
| | - R D D'Arrigo
- Tree Ring Laboratory, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA
| | - P J Krusic
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK CB2 3EN
- Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm
| | - K J Anchukaitis
- Laboratory of Tree Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - A N LeGrande
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - B M Buckley
- Tree Ring Laboratory, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA
| | - N K Davi
- Tree Ring Laboratory, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA
- Department of Environmental Science, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ 07470, USA
| | - C Leland
- Tree Ring Laboratory, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - K L Griffin
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
- Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
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Justice AE, Winkler TW, Feitosa MF, Graff M, Fisher VA, Young K, Barata L, Deng X, Czajkowski J, Hadley D, Ngwa JS, Ahluwalia TS, Chu AY, Heard-Costa NL, Lim E, Perez J, Eicher JD, Kutalik Z, Xue L, Mahajan A, Renström F, Wu J, Qi Q, Ahmad S, Alfred T, Amin N, Bielak LF, Bonnefond A, Bragg J, Cadby G, Chittani M, Coggeshall S, Corre T, Direk N, Eriksson J, Fischer K, Gorski M, Neergaard Harder M, Horikoshi M, Huang T, Huffman JE, Jackson AU, Justesen JM, Kanoni S, Kinnunen L, Kleber ME, Komulainen P, Kumari M, Lim U, Luan J, Lyytikäinen LP, Mangino M, Manichaikul A, Marten J, Middelberg RPS, Müller-Nurasyid M, Navarro P, Pérusse L, Pervjakova N, Sarti C, Smith AV, Smith JA, Stančáková A, Strawbridge RJ, Stringham HM, Sung YJ, Tanaka T, Teumer A, Trompet S, van der Laan SW, van der Most PJ, Van Vliet-Ostaptchouk JV, Vedantam SL, Verweij N, Vink JM, Vitart V, Wu Y, Yengo L, Zhang W, Hua Zhao J, Zimmermann ME, Zubair N, Abecasis GR, Adair LS, Afaq S, Afzal U, Bakker SJL, Bartz TM, Beilby J, Bergman RN, Bergmann S, Biffar R, Blangero J, Boerwinkle E, Bonnycastle LL, Bottinger E, Braga D, Buckley BM, Buyske S, Campbell H, Chambers JC, Collins FS, Curran JE, de Borst GJ, de Craen AJM, de Geus EJC, Dedoussis G, Delgado GE, den Ruijter HM, Eiriksdottir G, Eriksson AL, Esko T, Faul JD, Ford I, Forrester T, Gertow K, Gigante B, Glorioso N, Gong J, Grallert H, Grammer TB, Grarup N, Haitjema S, Hallmans G, Hamsten A, Hansen T, Harris TB, Hartman CA, Hassinen M, Hastie ND, Heath AC, Hernandez D, Hindorff L, Hocking LJ, Hollensted M, Holmen OL, Homuth G, Jan Hottenga J, Huang J, Hung J, Hutri-Kähönen N, Ingelsson E, James AL, Jansson JO, Jarvelin MR, Jhun MA, Jørgensen ME, Juonala M, Kähönen M, Karlsson M, Koistinen HA, Kolcic I, Kolovou G, Kooperberg C, Krämer BK, Kuusisto J, Kvaløy K, Lakka TA, Langenberg C, Launer LJ, Leander K, Lee NR, Lind L, Lindgren CM, Linneberg A, Lobbens S, Loh M, Lorentzon M, Luben R, Lubke G, Ludolph-Donislawski A, Lupoli S, Madden PAF, Männikkö R, Marques-Vidal P, Martin NG, McKenzie CA, McKnight B, Mellström D, Menni C, Montgomery GW, Musk AW(B, Narisu N, Nauck M, Nolte IM, Oldehinkel AJ, Olden M, Ong KK, Padmanabhan S, Peyser PA, Pisinger C, Porteous DJ, Raitakari OT, Rankinen T, Rao DC, Rasmussen-Torvik LJ, Rawal R, Rice T, Ridker PM, Rose LM, Bien SA, Rudan I, Sanna S, Sarzynski MA, Sattar N, Savonen K, Schlessinger D, Scholtens S, Schurmann C, Scott RA, Sennblad B, Siemelink MA, Silbernagel G, Slagboom PE, Snieder H, Staessen JA, Stott DJ, Swertz MA, Swift AJ, Taylor KD, Tayo BO, Thorand B, Thuillier D, Tuomilehto J, Uitterlinden AG, Vandenput L, Vohl MC, Völzke H, Vonk JM, Waeber G, Waldenberger M, Westendorp RGJ, Wild S, Willemsen G, Wolffenbuttel BHR, Wong A, Wright AF, Zhao W, Zillikens MC, Baldassarre D, Balkau B, Bandinelli S, Böger CA, Boomsma DI, Bouchard C, Bruinenberg M, Chasman DI, Chen YD, Chines PS, Cooper RS, Cucca F, Cusi D, Faire UD, Ferrucci L, Franks PW, Froguel P, Gordon-Larsen P, Grabe HJ, Gudnason V, Haiman CA, Hayward C, Hveem K, Johnson AD, Wouter Jukema J, Kardia SLR, Kivimaki M, Kooner JS, Kuh D, Laakso M, Lehtimäki T, Marchand LL, März W, McCarthy MI, Metspalu A, Morris AP, Ohlsson C, Palmer LJ, Pasterkamp G, Pedersen O, Peters A, Peters U, Polasek O, Psaty BM, Qi L, Rauramaa R, Smith BH, Sørensen TIA, Strauch K, Tiemeier H, Tremoli E, van der Harst P, Vestergaard H, Vollenweider P, Wareham NJ, Weir DR, Whitfield JB, Wilson JF, Tyrrell J, Frayling TM, Barroso I, Boehnke M, Deloukas P, Fox CS, Hirschhorn JN, Hunter DJ, Spector TD, Strachan DP, van Duijn CM, Heid IM, Mohlke KL, Marchini J, Loos RJF, Kilpeläinen TO, Liu CT, Borecki IB, North KE, Cupples LA. Genome-wide meta-analysis of 241,258 adults accounting for smoking behaviour identifies novel loci for obesity traits. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14977. [PMID: 28443625 PMCID: PMC5414044 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Few genome-wide association studies (GWAS) account for environmental exposures, like smoking, potentially impacting the overall trait variance when investigating the genetic contribution to obesity-related traits. Here, we use GWAS data from 51,080 current smokers and 190,178 nonsmokers (87% European descent) to identify loci influencing BMI and central adiposity, measured as waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio both adjusted for BMI. We identify 23 novel genetic loci, and 9 loci with convincing evidence of gene-smoking interaction (GxSMK) on obesity-related traits. We show consistent direction of effect for all identified loci and significance for 18 novel and for 5 interaction loci in an independent study sample. These loci highlight novel biological functions, including response to oxidative stress, addictive behaviour, and regulatory functions emphasizing the importance of accounting for environment in genetic analyses. Our results suggest that tobacco smoking may alter the genetic susceptibility to overall adiposity and body fat distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne E. Justice
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Thomas W. Winkler
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Mary F. Feitosa
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, Missouri, 63108 USA
| | - Misa Graff
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Virginia A. Fisher
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Kristin Young
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Llilda Barata
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, Missouri, 63108 USA
| | - Xuan Deng
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Jacek Czajkowski
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, Missouri, 63108 USA
| | - David Hadley
- Population Health Research Institute, St. George's, University of London, London, SW17 0RE, UK
- TransMed Systems, Inc., Cupertino, California 95014, USA
| | - Julius S. Ngwa
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore Maryland, USA
| | - Tarunveer S. Ahluwalia
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Audrey Y. Chu
- NHLBI Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, 01702 USA
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts USA
| | - Nancy L. Heard-Costa
- NHLBI Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, 01702 USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Elise Lim
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Jeremiah Perez
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - John D. Eicher
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zoltán Kutalik
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss instititute of Bioinformatics
| | - Luting Xue
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Anubha Mahajan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Frida Renström
- Department of Biobank Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Joseph Wu
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Qibin Qi
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Shafqat Ahmad
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts USA
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Tamuno Alfred
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
- The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Najaf Amin
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, The Netherlands
| | - Lawrence F. Bielak
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Amelie Bonnefond
- University of Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur of Lille, UMR 8199 - EGID, Lille, France
| | - Jennifer Bragg
- Internal Medicine - Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Gemma Cadby
- Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Martina Chittani
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan,Via A. Di Rudiní, 8 20142, Milano, Italy
| | - Scott Coggeshall
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Tanguy Corre
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss instititute of Bioinformatics
| | - Nese Direk
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Joel Eriksson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Krista Fischer
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Mathias Gorski
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Marie Neergaard Harder
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Momoko Horikoshi
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Epidemiology Domain, Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117549, Singapore
| | - Jennifer E. Huffman
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Anne U. Jackson
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Johanne Marie Justesen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stavroula Kanoni
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Leena Kinnunen
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, FI-00271 Finland
| | - Marcus E. Kleber
- Vth Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Meena Kumari
- ISER, University of Essex, Colchester CO43SQ, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, UCL, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Unhee Lim
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, USA
| | - Jian'an Luan
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere 33520, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere 33014, Finland
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas' Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Ani Manichaikul
- Center for Public Health Genomics and Biostatistics Section, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, USA
| | - Jonathan Marten
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Rita P. S. Middelberg
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Martina Müller-Nurasyid
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, D-81377 Munich, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Pau Navarro
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Louis Pérusse
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Natalia Pervjakova
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Cinzia Sarti
- Department of Social and Health Care, City of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Albert Vernon Smith
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Jennifer A. Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Alena Stančáková
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Rona J. Strawbridge
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Heather M. Stringham
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Yun Ju Sung
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Toshiko Tanaka
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore Maryland, USA
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stella Trompet
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Sander W. van der Laan
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Division Heart & Lungs, UMC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J. van der Most
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Sailaja L. Vedantam
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Genetics and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Niek Verweij
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline M. Vink
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Veronique Vitart
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Ying Wu
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Loic Yengo
- University of Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur of Lille, UMR 8199 - EGID, Lille, France
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Dept Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperical College London, UK
- Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex, UK
| | - Jing Hua Zhao
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Martina E. Zimmermann
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Niha Zubair
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle Washington USA
| | - Gonçalo R. Abecasis
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Linda S. Adair
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Saima Afaq
- Dept Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperical College London, UK
- Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex, UK
| | - Uzma Afzal
- Dept Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperical College London, UK
- Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex, UK
| | - Stephan J. L. Bakker
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Traci M. Bartz
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
| | - John Beilby
- Busselton Population Medical Research Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine of WA, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- School of Pathology and Laboraty Medicine, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Richard N. Bergman
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sven Bergmann
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss instititute of Bioinformatics
| | - Reiner Biffar
- Clinic for Prosthetic Dentistry, Gerostomatology and Material Science, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - John Blangero
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, Texas, USA
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center, PO Box 20186, Houston, Texas 77225, USA
| | - Lori L. Bonnycastle
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Erwin Bottinger
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Daniele Braga
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan,Via A. Di Rudiní, 8 20142, Milano, Italy
| | - Brendan M. Buckley
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Steve Buyske
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
- Department of Statistics and Biostatistics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Harry Campbell
- Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - John C. Chambers
- Dept Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperical College London, UK
- Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex, UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Francis S. Collins
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Joanne E. Curran
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, Texas, USA
| | - Gert J. de Borst
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Division of Surgical Specialties, UMC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anton J. M. de Craen
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Eco J. C. de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- EMGO+ Institute Vrije Universiteit & Vrije Universiteit Medical Center
| | - George Dedoussis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Graciela E. Delgado
- Vth Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Hester M. den Ruijter
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Division Heart & Lungs, UMC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Anna L. Eriksson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Genetics and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Jessica D. Faul
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ian Ford
- Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Terrence Forrester
- Tropical Metabolism Research Unit, Tropical Medicine Research Institute, University of the West Indies, Mona, JMAAW15 Jamaica
| | - Karl Gertow
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bruna Gigante
- Unit of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicola Glorioso
- Hypertension and Related Disease Centre, AOU-University of Sassari
| | - Jian Gong
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle Washington USA
| | - Harald Grallert
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tanja B. Grammer
- Vth Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Niels Grarup
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Saskia Haitjema
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Division Heart & Lungs, UMC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Göran Hallmans
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section for Nutritional Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anders Hamsten
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Torben Hansen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tamara B. Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Catharina A. Hartman
- Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE), University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maija Hassinen
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Nicholas D. Hastie
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Andrew C. Heath
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Dena Hernandez
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Lucia Hindorff
- Division of Genomic Medicine, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Lynne J. Hocking
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
- Generation Scotland, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Mette Hollensted
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jouke Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Joseph Hung
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, 25 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Nina Hutri-Kähönen
- Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere 33521, Finland
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere 33014, Finland
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 751 85, Sweden
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 750 85, Sweden
| | - Alan L. James
- Busselton Population Medical Research Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, 25 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- Department of Pulmonary Physiology and Sleep Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - John-Olov Jansson
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC–PHE Centre for Environment & Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK
- Center for Life Course Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of OuluP.O.Box 5000, FI-90014, Finland
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Finland
- Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Kajaanintie 50, P.O.Box 20, FI-90220, 90029 Oulu, Finland
| | - Min A. Jhun
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Markus Juonala
- Department of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku 20520 Finland
- Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku 20521, Finland
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere 33521, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere 33014, Finland
| | - Magnus Karlsson
- Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit, Department of Orthopedics and Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Heikki A. Koistinen
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, FI-00271 Finland
- Department of Medicine and Abdominal Center: Endocrinology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, FI-00029 Finland
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Biomedicum 2U, Helsinki, FI-00290 Finland
| | - Ivana Kolcic
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Croatia
| | - Genovefa Kolovou
- Department of Cardiology, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece
| | - Charles Kooperberg
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle Washington USA
| | - Bernhard K. Krämer
- Vth Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Johanna Kuusisto
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kirsti Kvaløy
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7600 Levanger, Norway
| | - Timo A. Lakka
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
- Institute of Biomedicine/Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Finland
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Lenore J. Launer
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Karin Leander
- Unit of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nanette R. Lee
- USC-Office of Population Studies Foundation, Inc., University of San Carlos, Cebu City 6000, Philippines
- Department of Anthropology, Sociology and History, University of San Carlos, Cebu City 6000, Philippines
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 85, Sweden
| | - Cecilia M. Lindgren
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, The Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Allan Linneberg
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, the Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stephane Lobbens
- University of Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur of Lille, UMR 8199 - EGID, Lille, France
| | - Marie Loh
- Dept Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperical College London, UK
- Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine (TLGM), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos, Level 5, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Mattias Lorentzon
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Robert Luben
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gitta Lubke
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, USA
| | - Anja Ludolph-Donislawski
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Sara Lupoli
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan,Via A. Di Rudiní, 8 20142, Milano, Italy
| | - Pamela A. F. Madden
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Reija Männikkö
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pedro Marques-Vidal
- Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne university hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas G. Martin
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Colin A. McKenzie
- Tropical Metabolism Research Unit, Tropical Medicine Research Institute, University of the West Indies, Mona, JMAAW15 Jamaica
| | - Barbara McKnight
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
- Program in Biostatistics and Biomathematics, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Dan Mellström
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Cristina Menni
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Grant W. Montgomery
- Molecular Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - AW (Bill) Musk
- Busselton Population Medical Research Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- School of Population Health, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Narisu Narisu
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Matthias Nauck
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ilja M. Nolte
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Albertine J. Oldehinkel
- Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE), University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Olden
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ken K. Ong
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Sandosh Padmanabhan
- Generation Scotland, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Patricia A. Peyser
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Charlotta Pisinger
- Research Center for Prevention and Health, Glostrup Hospital, Glostrup Denmark
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David J. Porteous
- Generation Scotland, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh
| | - Olli T. Raitakari
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku 20521, Finland
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Tuomo Rankinen
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - D. C. Rao
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Laura J. Rasmussen-Torvik
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Rajesh Rawal
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Treva Rice
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Paul M. Ridker
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts USA
- Division of Cardiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lynda M. Rose
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts USA
| | - Stephanie A. Bien
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle Washington USA
| | - Igor Rudan
- Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Serena Sanna
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR), Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Mark A. Sarzynski
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Naveed Sattar
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Glasgow, UK
| | - Kai Savonen
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
| | - David Schlessinger
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Salome Scholtens
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia Schurmann
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
- The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Robert A. Scott
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Bengt Sennblad
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marten A. Siemelink
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Division Heart & Lungs, UMC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Günther Silbernagel
- Division of Angiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - P Eline Slagboom
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan A. Staessen
- Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Department of Cardiovascular Science , University of Leuven, Campus Sint Rafael, Kapucijnenvoer 35, Leuven; Belgium
- R&D VitaK Group, Maastricht University, Brains Unlimited Building, Oxfordlaan 55, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - David J. Stott
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Morris A. Swertz
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Amy J. Swift
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Kent D. Taylor
- Center for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor/UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Bamidele O. Tayo
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University of Chicago, Maywood, Illinois 61053, USA
| | - Barbara Thorand
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Dorothee Thuillier
- University of Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur of Lille, UMR 8199 - EGID, Lille, France
| | - Jaakko Tuomilehto
- Research Division, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman, Kuwait
- Department of Neurosciences and Preventive Medicine, Danube-University Krems, 3500 Krems, Austria
- Saudi Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Andre G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Liesbeth Vandenput
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marie-Claude Vohl
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- School of Nutrition, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - Judith M. Vonk
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gérard Waeber
- Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne university hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Waldenberger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - R. G. J. Westendorp
- Department of Public Health, and Center for Healthy Ageing, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sarah Wild
- Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bruce H. R. Wolffenbuttel
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew Wong
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, 33 Bedford Place, London, WC1B 5JU, UK
| | - Alan F. Wright
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - M Carola Zillikens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Damiano Baldassarre
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Carsten A. Böger
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Dorret I. Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Claude Bouchard
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Marcel Bruinenberg
- Lifelines Cohort Study, PO Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel I. Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts USA
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yii-DerIda Chen
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles BioMedical Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA, Torrance, California 90502, USA
| | - Peter S. Chines
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Richard S. Cooper
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University of Chicago, Maywood, Illinois 61053, USA
| | - Francesco Cucca
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR), Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042, Monserrato, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Universita' degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Daniele Cusi
- Sanipedia srl, Bresso (Milano), Italy and Institute of Biomedical Technologies National Centre of Research Segrate, Milano, Italy
| | - Ulf de Faire
- Unit of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore Maryland, USA
| | - Paul W. Franks
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Public Health & Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Philippe Froguel
- University of Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur of Lille, UMR 8199 - EGID, Lille, France
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Penny Gordon-Larsen
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill North Carolina, 27516, USA
| | - Hans- Jörgen Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Site Rostock/Greifswald, Germany
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Christopher A. Haiman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90089, USA
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
- Generation Scotland, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Kristian Hveem
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7600 Levanger, Norway
| | - Andrew D. Johnson
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - J Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
- Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sharon L. R. Kardia
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Mika Kivimaki
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, UCL, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Jaspal S. Kooner
- Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex, UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
- Faculty of Med, National Heart & Lung Institute, Cardiovascular Science, Hammersmith Campus, Hammersmith Hospital, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Diana Kuh
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, 33 Bedford Place, London, WC1B 5JU, UK
| | - Markku Laakso
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere 33520, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere 33014, Finland
| | - Loic Le Marchand
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, USA
| | - Winfried März
- Synlab Academy, Synlab Services GmbH, Mannheim, Germany
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Mark I. McCarthy
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
- Oxford National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Andrew P. Morris
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GL, UK
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lyle J. Palmer
- School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Gerard Pasterkamp
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Division Heart & Lungs, UMC Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, Division Laboratories & Pharmacy, UMC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Peters
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle Washington USA
| | - Ozren Polasek
- Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Croatia
| | - Bruce M. Psaty
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
- Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
| | - Lu Qi
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Rainer Rauramaa
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Blair H. Smith
- Generation Scotland, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
- Division of Population Health Sciences, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD2 4RB, Scotland
| | - Thorkild I. A. Sørensen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology (formerly Institute of Preventive Medicine), Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital (2000 Frederiksberg), The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol University, Bristol, UK
| | - Konstantin Strauch
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Department of Psychiatry Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Tremoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Pim van der Harst
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
- Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Henrik Vestergaard
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Peter Vollenweider
- Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne university hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas J. Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - David R. Weir
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - John B. Whitfield
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - James F. Wilson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
- Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Jessica Tyrrell
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Building University of Exeter, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, The Knowledge Spa, Truro TR1 3HD, UK
| | - Timothy M. Frayling
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Inês Barroso
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Level 4, Institute of Metabolic Science Box 289 Addenbrooke's Hospital Cambridge CB2 OQQ, UK
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Level 4, Institute of Metabolic Science Box 289 Addenbrooke's Hospital Cambridge CB2 OQQ, UK
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Panagiotis Deloukas
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders (PACER-HD), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Caroline S. Fox
- NHLBI Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, 01702 USA
| | - Joel N. Hirschhorn
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Genetics and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - David J. Hunter
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Tim D. Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - David P. Strachan
- Population Health Research Institute, St. George's, University of London, London, SW17 0RE, UK
- Division of Population Health Sciences and Education, St George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Cornelia M. van Duijn
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA). Leiden, The Netherlands
- Center for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Iris M. Heid
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Karen L. Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | | | - Ruth J. F. Loos
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
- The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York 10029, USA
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Tuomas O. Kilpeläinen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- Department of Preventive Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, USA
| | - Ching-Ti Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Ingrid B. Borecki
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, Missouri, 63108 USA
| | - Kari E. North
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - L Adrienne Cupples
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
- NHLBI Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, 01702 USA
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11
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Postmus I, Warren HR, Trompet S, Arsenault BJ, Avery CL, Bis JC, Chasman DI, de Keyser CE, Deshmukh HA, Evans DS, Feng Q, Li X, Smit RAJ, Smith AV, Sun F, Taylor KD, Arnold AM, Barnes MR, Barratt BJ, Betteridge J, Boekholdt SM, Boerwinkle E, Buckley BM, Chen YDI, de Craen AJM, Cummings SR, Denny JC, Dubé MP, Durrington PN, Eiriksdottir G, Ford I, Guo X, Harris TB, Heckbert SR, Hofman A, Hovingh GK, Kastelein JJP, Launer LJ, Liu CT, Liu Y, Lumley T, McKeigue PM, Munroe PB, Neil A, Nickerson DA, Nyberg F, O’Brien E, O’Donnell CJ, Post W, Poulter N, Vasan RS, Rice K, Rich SS, Rivadeneira F, Sattar N, Sever P, Shaw-Hawkins S, Shields DC, Slagboom PE, Smith NL, Smith JD, Sotoodehnia N, Stanton A, Stott DJ, Stricker BH, Stürmer T, Uitterlinden AG, Wei WQ, Westendorp RGJ, Whitsel EA, Wiggins KL, Wilke RA, Ballantyne CM, Colhoun HM, Cupples LA, Franco OH, Gudnason V, Hitman G, Palmer CNA, Psaty BM, Ridker PM, Stafford JM, Stein CM, Tardif JC, Caulfield MJ, Jukema JW, Rotter JI, Krauss RM. Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies of HDL cholesterol response to statins. J Med Genet 2016; 53:835-845. [PMID: 27587472 PMCID: PMC5309131 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2016-103966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In addition to lowering low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), statin therapy also raises high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. Inter-individual variation in HDL-C response to statins may be partially explained by genetic variation. METHODS AND RESULTS We performed a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to identify variants with an effect on statin-induced high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) changes. The 123 most promising signals with p<1×10-4 from the 16 769 statin-treated participants in the first analysis stage were followed up in an independent group of 10 951 statin-treated individuals, providing a total sample size of 27 720 individuals. The only associations of genome-wide significance (p<5×10-8) were between minor alleles at the CETP locus and greater HDL-C response to statin treatment. CONCLUSIONS Based on results from this study that included a relatively large sample size, we suggest that CETP may be the only detectable locus with common genetic variants that influence HDL-C response to statins substantially in individuals of European descent. Although CETP is known to be associated with HDL-C, we provide evidence that this pharmacogenetic effect is independent of its association with baseline HDL-C levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Postmus
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Helen R Warren
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom EC1M6BQ
- Barts NIHR Biomedical Research Unit
| | - Stella Trompet
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | | | - Christy L Avery
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Joshua C Bis
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Daniel I Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Harshal A Deshmukh
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Daniel S Evans
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA, 94107
| | - QiPing Feng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles BioMedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Roelof AJ Smit
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Albert V Smith
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Fangui Sun
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kent D Taylor
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles BioMedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Alice M Arnold
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Michael R Barnes
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom EC1M6BQ
- Barts NIHR Biomedical Research Unit
| | - Bryan J Barratt
- Personalised Healthcare and Biomarkers, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, UK
| | | | | | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Brendan M Buckley
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Y-D Ida Chen
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles BioMedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Anton JM de Craen
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Steven R Cummings
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA, 94107
| | - Joshua C Denny
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, USA
| | | | - Paul N Durrington
- Cardiovascular Research Group, School of Biosciences, University of Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | | | - Ian Ford
- Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Xiuqing Guo
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles BioMedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Tamara B Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, Biometry, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 7201 Wisconsin Ave, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Susan R Heckbert
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle WA USA
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle WA USA
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- The Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - G Kees Hovingh
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, NL
| | - John JP Kastelein
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, NL
| | - Leonore J Launer
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, Biometry, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 7201 Wisconsin Ave, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ching-Ti Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yongmei Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA, 27157
| | - Thomas Lumley
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Department of Statistic, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Patricia B Munroe
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom EC1M6BQ
- Barts NIHR Biomedical Research Unit
| | - Andrew Neil
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Old Road, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LJ UK
| | - Deborah A Nickerson
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Fredrik Nyberg
- Medical Evidence and Observational Research, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Unit of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Eoin O’Brien
- The Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Christopher J O’Donnell
- NHLBI Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Wendy Post
- Department of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Neil Poulter
- International Centre for Circulatory Health, Imperial College, London UK
| | - Ramachandran S Vasan
- Section of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, and the Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Kenneth Rice
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Stephen S Rich
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Naveed Sattar
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Sever
- International Centre for Circulatory Health, Imperial College, London UK
| | - Sue Shaw-Hawkins
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom EC1M6BQ
- Barts NIHR Biomedical Research Unit
| | - Denis C Shields
- The Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin
| | - P Eline Slagboom
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nicholas L Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle WA USA
- Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle WA USA
- Seattle Epidemiologic Research and Information Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Office of Research and Development, Seattle WA USA
| | - Joshua D Smith
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Nona Sotoodehnia
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Division of Cardiology, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Alice Stanton
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David J Stott
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Bruno H Stricker
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Health Care Inspectorate. The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Til Stürmer
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- The Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wei-Qi Wei
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rudi GJ Westendorp
- Department of Public Health, and Center for Healthy Ageing, University of Copenhagen, 1123 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eric A Whitsel
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kerri L Wiggins
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Russell A Wilke
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sanford Healthcare, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | | | - Helen M Colhoun
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
- Department of Public Health, University of Dundee
| | - L Adrienne Cupples
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- NHLBI Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Oscar H Franco
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Graham Hitman
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London UK
| | - Colin NA Palmer
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Bruce M Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle WA USA
- Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle WA USA
- Department of Health Services University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Paul M Ridker
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston MA
| | - Jeanette M Stafford
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA, 27157
| | - Charles M Stein
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Mark J Caulfield
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom EC1M6BQ
- Barts NIHR Biomedical Research Unit
| | - J Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
- Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles BioMedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Ronald M Krauss
- Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, United States of America
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12
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Abstract
Stroke is the third leading cause of death in adults. Although vascular disease is the prime contributor to its pathogenesis, dyslipidaemia is not unambiguously established as a risk factor for stroke in the same way that it is for coronary artery disease. Non-statin treatments of dyslipidaemia have not been shown clearly to help in preventing stroke. However, large clinical trials of treatment with statins over a number of years have demonstrated that these drugs decrease ischaemic stroke rates in persons at risk. Whether this reflects the efficacy of statins in lowering low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-c) concentrations alone or whether additional mechanisms may apply is not clear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan M Buckley
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, 2200 Cork Airport Business Park, Kinsale Road, Cork, Ireland,
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13
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Smith JG, Felix JF, Morrison AC, Kalogeropoulos A, Trompet S, Wilk JB, Gidlöf O, Wang X, Morley M, Mendelson M, Joehanes R, Ligthart S, Shan X, Bis JC, Wang YA, Sjögren M, Ngwa J, Brandimarto J, Stott DJ, Aguilar D, Rice KM, Sesso HD, Demissie S, Buckley BM, Taylor KD, Ford I, Yao C, Liu C, Sotoodehnia N, van der Harst P, Stricker BHC, Kritchevsky SB, Liu Y, Gaziano JM, Hofman A, Moravec CS, Uitterlinden AG, Kellis M, van Meurs JB, Margulies KB, Dehghan A, Levy D, Olde B, Psaty BM, Cupples LA, Jukema JW, Djousse L, Franco OH, Boerwinkle E, Boyer LA, Newton-Cheh C, Butler J, Vasan RS, Cappola TP, Smith NL. Discovery of Genetic Variation on Chromosome 5q22 Associated with Mortality in Heart Failure. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006034. [PMID: 27149122 PMCID: PMC4858216 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Failure of the human heart to maintain sufficient output of blood for the demands of the body, heart failure, is a common condition with high mortality even with modern therapeutic alternatives. To identify molecular determinants of mortality in patients with new-onset heart failure, we performed a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies and follow-up genotyping in independent populations. We identified and replicated an association for a genetic variant on chromosome 5q22 with 36% increased risk of death in subjects with heart failure (rs9885413, P = 2.7x10-9). We provide evidence from reporter gene assays, computational predictions and epigenomic marks that this polymorphism increases activity of an enhancer region active in multiple human tissues. The polymorphism was further reproducibly associated with a DNA methylation signature in whole blood (P = 4.5x10-40) that also associated with allergic sensitization and expression in blood of the cytokine TSLP (P = 1.1x10-4). Knockdown of the transcription factor predicted to bind the enhancer region (NHLH1) in a human cell line (HEK293) expressing NHLH1 resulted in lower TSLP expression. In addition, we observed evidence of recent positive selection acting on the risk allele in populations of African descent. Our findings provide novel genetic leads to factors that influence mortality in patients with heart failure. In this study, we applied a genome-wide mapping approach to study molecular determinants of mortality in subjects with heart failure. We identified a genetic variant on chromosome 5q22 that was associated with mortality in this group and observed that this variant conferred increased function of an enhancer region active in multiple tissues. We further observed association of the genetic variant with a DNA methylation signature in blood that in turn is associated with allergy and expression of the gene TSLP (Thymic stromal lymphoprotein) in blood. Knockdown of the transcription factor predicted to bind the enhancer region also resulted in lower TSLP expression. The TSLP gene encodes a cytokine that induces release of T-cell attracting chemokines from monocytes, promotes T helper type 2 cell responses, enhances maturation of dendritic cells and activates mast cells. Development of TSLP inhibiting therapeutics are underway and currently in phase III clinical trials for asthma and allergy. These findings provide novel genetic leads to factors that influence mortality in patients with heart failure and in the longer term may result in novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Gustav Smith
- Department of Cardiology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Heart Failure and Valvular Disease, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Human Genetic Research and Cardiovascular Research Center, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Janine F. Felix
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NGI-NCHA), The Netherlands Genomics Initiative, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Alanna C. Morrison
- Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Andreas Kalogeropoulos
- Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Stella Trompet
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jemma B. Wilk
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Olof Gidlöf
- Department of Cardiology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Xinchen Wang
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael Morley
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael Mendelson
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- The Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lund and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Roby Joehanes
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- The Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lund and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Symen Ligthart
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Xiaoyin Shan
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Joshua C. Bis
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ying A. Wang
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Marketa Sjögren
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Julius Ngwa
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Brandimarto
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - David J. Stott
- Academic Section of Geriatric Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - David Aguilar
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kenneth M. Rice
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Howard D. Sesso
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Serkalem Demissie
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Brendan M. Buckley
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kent D. Taylor
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Ian Ford
- Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Chen Yao
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- The Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lund and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Chunyu Liu
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- The Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lund and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | | - Nona Sotoodehnia
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Pim van der Harst
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bruno H. Ch. Stricker
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Inspectorate for Health Care, The Hague, the Netherlands
- Department of Medical Informatics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stephen B. Kritchevsky
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Geronotology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Yongmei Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - J. Michael Gaziano
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Christine S. Moravec
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - André G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NGI-NCHA), The Netherlands Genomics Initiative, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Manolis Kellis
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Joyce B. van Meurs
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kenneth B. Margulies
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Abbas Dehghan
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Daniel Levy
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- The Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lund and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Björn Olde
- Department of Cardiology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Bruce M. Psaty
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - L. Adrienne Cupples
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - J. Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Luc Djousse
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Oscar H. Franco
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NGI-NCHA), The Netherlands Genomics Initiative, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Laurie A. Boyer
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Christopher Newton-Cheh
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Human Genetic Research and Cardiovascular Research Center, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Javed Butler
- Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ramachandran S. Vasan
- Departments of Medicine and Preventive Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Thomas P. Cappola
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Nicholas L. Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Seattle Epidemiologic Research and Information Center, Department of Veteran Affairs Office of Research and Development, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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14
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Trompet S, Postmus I, Slagboom PE, Heijmans BT, Smit RAJ, Maier AB, Buckley BM, Sattar N, Stott DJ, Ford I, Westendorp RGJ, de Craen AJM, Jukema JW. Non-response to (statin) therapy: the importance of distinguishing non-responders from non-adherers in pharmacogenetic studies. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2016; 72:431-7. [PMID: 26686871 PMCID: PMC4792342 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-015-1994-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In pharmacogenetic research, genetic variation in non-responders and high responders is compared with the aim to identify the genetic loci responsible for this variation in response. However, an important question is whether the non-responders are truly biologically non-responsive or actually non-adherent? Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe, within the PROspective Study of Pravastatin in the Elderly at Risk (PROSPER), characteristics of both non-responders and high responders of statin treatment in order to possibly discriminate non-responders from non-adherers. METHODS Baseline characteristics of non-responders to statin therapy (≤10 % LDL-C reduction) were compared with those of high responders (>40 % LDL-C reduction) through a linear regression analysis. In addition, pharmacogenetic candidate gene analysis was performed to show the effect of excluding non-responders from the analysis. RESULTS Non-responders to statin therapy were younger (p = 0.001), more often smoked (p < 0.001), had a higher alcohol consumption (p < 0.001), had lower LDL cholesterol levels (p < 0.001), had a lower prevalence of hypertension (p < 0.001), and had lower cognitive function (p = 0.035) compared to subjects who highly responded to pravastatin treatment. Moreover, excluding non-responders from pharmacogenetic studies yielded more robust results, as standard errors decreased. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that non-responders to statin therapy are more likely to actually be non-adherers, since they have more characteristics that are viewed as indicators of high self-perceived health and low disease awareness, possibly making the subjects less adherent to study medication. We suggest that in pharmacogenetic research, extreme non-responders should be excluded to overcome the problem that non-adherence is investigated instead of non-responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Trompet
- Department of Cardiology, C5-R, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - I Postmus
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - P E Slagboom
- Section of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - B T Heijmans
- Section of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - R A J Smit
- Department of Cardiology, C5-R, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - A B Maier
- Section Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - B M Buckley
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - N Sattar
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Glasgow, UK
| | - D J Stott
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - I Ford
- Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - R G J Westendorp
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A J M de Craen
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J W Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, C5-R, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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15
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Dehghan A, Bis JC, White CC, Smith AV, Morrison AC, Cupples LA, Trompet S, Chasman DI, Lumley T, Völker U, Buckley BM, Ding J, Jensen MK, Folsom AR, Kritchevsky SB, Girman CJ, Ford I, Dörr M, Salomaa V, Uitterlinden AG, Eiriksdottir G, Vasan RS, Franceschini N, Carty CL, Virtamo J, Demissie S, Amouyel P, Arveiler D, Heckbert SR, Ferrières J, Ducimetière P, Smith NL, Wang YA, Siscovick DS, Rice KM, Wiklund PG, Taylor KD, Evans A, Kee F, Rotter JI, Karvanen J, Kuulasmaa K, Heiss G, Kraft P, Launer LJ, Hofman A, Markus MRP, Rose LM, Silander K, Wagner P, Benjamin EJ, Lohman K, Stott DJ, Rivadeneira F, Harris TB, Levy D, Liu Y, Rimm EB, Jukema JW, Völzke H, Ridker PM, Blankenberg S, Franco OH, Gudnason V, Psaty BM, Boerwinkle E, O'Donnell CJ. Genome-Wide Association Study for Incident Myocardial Infarction and Coronary Heart Disease in Prospective Cohort Studies: The CHARGE Consortium. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0144997. [PMID: 26950853 PMCID: PMC4780701 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Data are limited on genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for incident coronary heart disease (CHD). Moreover, it is not known whether genetic variants identified to date also associate with risk of CHD in a prospective setting. Methods We performed a two-stage GWAS analysis of incident myocardial infarction (MI) and CHD in a total of 64,297 individuals (including 3898 MI cases, 5465 CHD cases). SNPs that passed an arbitrary threshold of 5×10−6 in Stage I were taken to Stage II for further discovery. Furthermore, in an analysis of prognosis, we studied whether known SNPs from former GWAS were associated with total mortality in individuals who experienced MI during follow-up. Results In Stage I 15 loci passed the threshold of 5×10−6; 8 loci for MI and 8 loci for CHD, for which one locus overlapped and none were reported in previous GWAS meta-analyses. We took 60 SNPs representing these 15 loci to Stage II of discovery. Four SNPs near QKI showed nominally significant association with MI (p-value<8.8×10−3) and three exceeded the genome-wide significance threshold when Stage I and Stage II results were combined (top SNP rs6941513: p = 6.2×10−9). Despite excellent power, the 9p21 locus SNP (rs1333049) was only modestly associated with MI (HR = 1.09, p-value = 0.02) and marginally with CHD (HR = 1.06, p-value = 0.08). Among an inception cohort of those who experienced MI during follow-up, the risk allele of rs1333049 was associated with a decreased risk of subsequent mortality (HR = 0.90, p-value = 3.2×10−3). Conclusions QKI represents a novel locus that may serve as a predictor of incident CHD in prospective studies. The association of the 9p21 locus both with increased risk of first myocardial infarction and longer survival after MI highlights the importance of study design in investigating genetic determinants of complex disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Dehghan
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: . (AD); (CJO)
| | - Joshua C. Bis
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Charles C. White
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Albert Vernon Smith
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Alanna C. Morrison
- Human Genetics Center, and Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - L. Adrienne Cupples
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Boston University’s and National Heart Lung and Blood Institute’s Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, United States of America
| | - Stella Trompet
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel I. Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Thomas Lumley
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Department of Statistics, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Uwe Völker
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Brendan M. Buckley
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College, Cork, Ireland
| | - Jingzhong Ding
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Majken K. Jensen
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Aaron R. Folsom
- Division of Epidemiology & Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
| | - Stephen B. Kritchevsky
- Sticht Center on Aging, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America
| | - Cynthia J. Girman
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Whitehouse Station, NJ, United States of America
| | - Ian Ford
- Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Marcus Dörr
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - André G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ramachandran S. Vasan
- Boston University’s and National Heart Lung and Blood Institute’s Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Nora Franceschini
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Cara L. Carty
- Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Jarmo Virtamo
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Serkalem Demissie
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Philippe Amouyel
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Pasteur Institute of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Dominique Arveiler
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, EA 3430, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Susan R. Heckbert
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, United States of America
| | - Jean Ferrières
- Departments of Cardiology and Epidemiology, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Nicholas L. Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Seattle Epidemiologic Research and Information Center of the Department of Veterans Affairs Office of Research and Development, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Ying A. Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - David S. Siscovick
- The New York Academy of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Kenneth M. Rice
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | | | - Kent D. Taylor
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Torrance, CA, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States of America
| | - Alun Evans
- UKCRC Centre of Excellence for Public Health Research (Northern Ireland), Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Kee
- UKCRC Centre of Excellence for Public Health Research (Northern Ireland), Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Jerome I. Rotter
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Torrance, CA, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States of America
| | - Juha Karvanen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Kari Kuulasmaa
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gerardo Heiss
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Peter Kraft
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Lenore J. Launer
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcello R. P. Markus
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site, Greifswald, Germany
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Lynda M. Rose
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kaisa Silander
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Peter Wagner
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Emelia J. Benjamin
- Boston University’s and National Heart Lung and Blood Institute’s Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Kurt Lohman
- Department of Epidemiology & Prevention, Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, United States of America
| | - David J. Stott
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tamara B. Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Daniel Levy
- Boston University’s and National Heart Lung and Blood Institute’s Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, United States of America
| | - Yongmei Liu
- Department of Epidemiology & Prevention, Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, United States of America
| | - Eric B. Rimm
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - J. Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Henry Völzke
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site, Greifswald, Germany
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Paul M. Ridker
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Stefan Blankenberg
- Department of General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Oscar H. Franco
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Bruce M. Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, United States of America
- Department of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center, and Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Christopher J. O'Donnell
- Boston University’s and National Heart Lung and Blood Institute’s Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, United States of America
- Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- Cardiology Section, Department of Medicine, Boston Veteran’s Administration Healthcare, Boston, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail: . (AD); (CJO)
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16
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Kilpeläinen TO, Carli JFM, Skowronski AA, Sun Q, Kriebel J, Feitosa MF, Hedman ÅK, Drong AW, Hayes JE, Zhao J, Pers TH, Schick U, Grarup N, Kutalik Z, Trompet S, Mangino M, Kristiansson K, Beekman M, Lyytikäinen LP, Eriksson J, Henneman P, Lahti J, Tanaka T, Luan J, Del Greco M F, Pasko D, Renström F, Willems SM, Mahajan A, Rose LM, Guo X, Liu Y, Kleber ME, Pérusse L, Gaunt T, Ahluwalia TS, Ju Sung Y, Ramos YF, Amin N, Amuzu A, Barroso I, Bellis C, Blangero J, Buckley BM, Böhringer S, I Chen YD, de Craen AJN, Crosslin DR, Dale CE, Dastani Z, Day FR, Deelen J, Delgado GE, Demirkan A, Finucane FM, Ford I, Garcia ME, Gieger C, Gustafsson S, Hallmans G, Hankinson SE, Havulinna AS, Herder C, Hernandez D, Hicks AA, Hunter DJ, Illig T, Ingelsson E, Ioan-Facsinay A, Jansson JO, Jenny NS, Jørgensen ME, Jørgensen T, Karlsson M, Koenig W, Kraft P, Kwekkeboom J, Laatikainen T, Ladwig KH, LeDuc CA, Lowe G, Lu Y, Marques-Vidal P, Meisinger C, Menni C, Morris AP, Myers RH, Männistö S, Nalls MA, Paternoster L, Peters A, Pradhan AD, Rankinen T, Rasmussen-Torvik LJ, Rathmann W, Rice TK, Brent Richards J, Ridker PM, Sattar N, Savage DB, Söderberg S, Timpson NJ, Vandenput L, van Heemst D, Uh HW, Vohl MC, Walker M, Wichmann HE, Widén E, Wood AR, Yao J, Zeller T, Zhang Y, Meulenbelt I, Kloppenburg M, Astrup A, Sørensen TIA, Sarzynski MA, Rao DC, Jousilahti P, Vartiainen E, Hofman A, Rivadeneira F, Uitterlinden AG, Kajantie E, Osmond C, Palotie A, Eriksson JG, Heliövaara M, Knekt PB, Koskinen S, Jula A, Perola M, Huupponen RK, Viikari JS, Kähönen M, Lehtimäki T, Raitakari OT, Mellström D, Lorentzon M, Casas JP, Bandinelli S, März W, Isaacs A, van Dijk KW, van Duijn CM, Harris TB, Bouchard C, Allison MA, Chasman DI, Ohlsson C, Lind L, Scott RA, Langenberg C, Wareham NJ, Ferrucci L, Frayling TM, Pramstaller PP, Borecki IB, Waterworth DM, Bergmann S, Waeber G, Vollenweider P, Vestergaard H, Hansen T, Pedersen O, Hu FB, Eline Slagboom P, Grallert H, Spector TD, Jukema JW, Klein RJ, Schadt EE, Franks PW, Lindgren CM, Leibel RL, Loos RJF. Genome-wide meta-analysis uncovers novel loci influencing circulating leptin levels. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10494. [PMID: 26833098 PMCID: PMC4740377 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptin is an adipocyte-secreted hormone, the circulating levels of which correlate closely with overall adiposity. Although rare mutations in the leptin (LEP) gene are well known to cause leptin deficiency and severe obesity, no common loci regulating circulating leptin levels have been uncovered. Therefore, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of circulating leptin levels from 32,161 individuals and followed up loci reaching P<10(-6) in 19,979 additional individuals. We identify five loci robustly associated (P<5 × 10(-8)) with leptin levels in/near LEP, SLC32A1, GCKR, CCNL1 and FTO. Although the association of the FTO obesity locus with leptin levels is abolished by adjustment for BMI, associations of the four other loci are independent of adiposity. The GCKR locus was found associated with multiple metabolic traits in previous GWAS and the CCNL1 locus with birth weight. Knockdown experiments in mouse adipose tissue explants show convincing evidence for adipogenin, a regulator of adipocyte differentiation, as the novel causal gene in the SLC32A1 locus influencing leptin levels. Our findings provide novel insights into the regulation of leptin production by adipose tissue and open new avenues for examining the influence of variation in leptin levels on adiposity and metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuomas O Kilpeläinen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 1, DIKU Building, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark.,MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.,Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Jayne F Martin Carli
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Alicja A Skowronski
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Qi Sun
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachussetts 02115, USA.,Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachussetts 02115, USA
| | - Jennifer Kriebel
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany.,Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Mary F Feitosa
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Åsa K Hedman
- Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala 750 85, Sweden.,Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 85, Sweden.,Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Alexander W Drong
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - James E Hayes
- Cell and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, USA.,Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Jinghua Zhao
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Tune H Pers
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 1, DIKU Building, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark.,Divisions of Endocrinology and Genetics and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachussetts 02115, USA.,Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 2142, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen 2300, Denmark
| | - Ursula Schick
- Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Niels Grarup
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 1, DIKU Building, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Zoltán Kutalik
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne 1010, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Stella Trompet
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333, The Netherlands.,Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333, The Netherlands
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK.,National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas' Foundation Trust, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Kati Kristiansson
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki FI-00271, Finland.,Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00290, Finland
| | - Marian Beekman
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere FI-33101, Finland.,Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere FI-33014, Finland
| | - Joel Eriksson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 413 45, Sweden
| | - Peter Henneman
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam Medical Center, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Jari Lahti
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland.,Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki FI-00290, Finland
| | - Toshiko Tanaka
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland 21225, USA
| | - Jian'an Luan
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Fabiola Del Greco M
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC) - Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano 39100, Italy
| | - Dorota Pasko
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Frida Renström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Malmö 20502, Sweden.,Department of Biobank Research, Umeå University, Umeå 90187, Sweden
| | - Sara M Willems
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3015 GE, The Netherlands
| | - Anubha Mahajan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Lynda M Rose
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachussetts 02215, USA
| | - Xiuqing Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Torrance, California 90502, USA
| | - Yongmei Liu
- Center for Human Genetics, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA
| | - Marcus E Kleber
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Vth Department of Medicine, Heidelberg University, Mannheim 68167, Germany
| | - Louis Pérusse
- Department of Kinesiology, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada G1V 0A6.,Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - Tom Gaunt
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS82BN, UK
| | - Tarunveer S Ahluwalia
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 1, DIKU Building, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark.,COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Ledreborg Allé, Copenhagen DK-2820, Denmark.,Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte DK-2820, Denmark
| | - Yun Ju Sung
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Yolande F Ramos
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Najaf Amin
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3015 GE, The Netherlands
| | - Antoinette Amuzu
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Inês Barroso
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK.,NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.,The University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Claire Bellis
- Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research of Singapore, Singapore 138672, Singapore.,Genomics Research Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia.,Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas 78245, USA
| | - John Blangero
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas 78245, USA
| | - Brendan M Buckley
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT57, Ireland
| | - Stefan Böhringer
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Yii-Der I Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Torrance, California 90502, USA
| | - Anton J N de Craen
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333, The Netherlands
| | - David R Crosslin
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.,Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Caroline E Dale
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Zari Dastani
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 0G4
| | - Felix R Day
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Joris Deelen
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Graciela E Delgado
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Vth Department of Medicine, Heidelberg University, Mannheim 68167, Germany
| | - Ayse Demirkan
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3015 GE, The Netherlands.,Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333, The Netherlands
| | - Francis M Finucane
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Ian Ford
- Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Melissa E Garcia
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 2089, USA
| | - Christian Gieger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany.,Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany.,Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Stefan Gustafsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala 750 85, Sweden.,Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 85, Sweden
| | - Göran Hallmans
- Department of Biobank Research, Umeå University, Umeå 90187, Sweden
| | - Susan E Hankinson
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachussetts 02115, USA.,Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Aki S Havulinna
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki FI-00271, Finland
| | - Christian Herder
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg 85764, Germany.,Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Dena Hernandez
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Andrew A Hicks
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC) - Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano 39100, Italy
| | - David J Hunter
- Department of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Thomas Illig
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany.,Hannover Unified Biobank, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany.,Institute for Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala 750 85, Sweden.,Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 85, Sweden.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Andreea Ioan-Facsinay
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333, The Netherlands
| | - John-Olov Jansson
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 41345, Sweden
| | - Nancy S Jenny
- Laboratory for Clinical Biochemistry Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Colchester, Vermont 05405, USA
| | | | - Torben Jørgensen
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Glostrup University Hospital, Glostrup 2600, Denmark.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Aalborg, Aalborg 9100, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Magnus Karlsson
- Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Orthopaedic Surgery, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö 21428, Sweden
| | - Wolfgang Koenig
- Department of Internal Medicine II - Cardiology, University of Ulm, Ulm 89081, Germany.,Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, Munich 80636, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich 80539, Germany
| | - Peter Kraft
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachussetts 02115, USA
| | - Joanneke Kwekkeboom
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333, The Netherlands
| | - Tiina Laatikainen
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki FI-00271, Finland.,Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland.,Hospital District of North Karelia, Joensuu FI-80210, Finland
| | - Karl-Heinz Ladwig
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany.,Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Charles A LeDuc
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Gordon Lowe
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Yingchang Lu
- Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Pedro Marques-Vidal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | - Christa Meisinger
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Cristina Menni
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Andrew P Morris
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.,Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK
| | - Richard H Myers
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachussetts 02118, USA
| | - Satu Männistö
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki FI-00271, Finland
| | - Mike A Nalls
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Lavinia Paternoster
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS82BN, UK
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg 85764, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich 80539, Germany
| | - Aruna D Pradhan
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachussetts 02215, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachussetts 02115, USA
| | - Tuomo Rankinen
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Los Angeles 70808, USA
| | | | - Wolfgang Rathmann
- Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Treva K Rice
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - J Brent Richards
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK.,Department of Medicine, Human Genetics and Epidemiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 0G4
| | - Paul M Ridker
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachussetts 02215, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachussetts 02115, USA
| | - Naveed Sattar
- Faculty of Medicine, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - David B Savage
- The University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Stefan Söderberg
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Cardiology and Heart Centre, Umeå University, Umeå 90187, Sweden
| | - Nicholas J Timpson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS82BN, UK
| | - Liesbeth Vandenput
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 413 45, Sweden
| | - Diana van Heemst
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333, The Netherlands
| | - Hae-Won Uh
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Marie-Claude Vohl
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada G1V 0A6.,School of Nutrition, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - Mark Walker
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Heinz-Erich Wichmann
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität and Klinikum Grosshadern, Munich 80336, Germany.,Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany.,Institute of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, Technical University Munich, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Widén
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00290, Finland
| | - Andrew R Wood
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Jie Yao
- Department of Pediatrics, LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Torrance, California 90502, USA
| | - Tanja Zeller
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK e.V.), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg 20246, Germany.,Clinic for General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Yiying Zhang
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Ingrid Meulenbelt
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Margreet Kloppenburg
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333, The Netherlands
| | - Arne Astrup
- Faculty of Science, Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 1165, Denmark
| | - Thorkild I A Sørensen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 1, DIKU Building, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark.,MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit and School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS82BN, UK.,Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, The Capital Region, Copenhagen 2000, Denmark
| | - Mark A Sarzynski
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Los Angeles 70808, USA
| | - D C Rao
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.,Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Pekka Jousilahti
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki FI-00271, Finland
| | - Erkki Vartiainen
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki FI-00271, Finland
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3015 GE, The Netherlands
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3015 GE, The Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3015 GE, The Netherlands
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3015 GE, The Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3015 GE, The Netherlands
| | - Eero Kajantie
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki FI-00271, Finland.,Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, MRC Oulu, Oulu University Central Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu 90220, Finland
| | - Clive Osmond
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00290, Finland.,Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK.,Center for Human Genetic Research, Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Johan G Eriksson
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki FI-00271, Finland.,Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki FI-00290, Finland.,Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Markku Heliövaara
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki FI-00271, Finland
| | - Paul B Knekt
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki FI-00271, Finland
| | - Seppo Koskinen
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki FI-00271, Finland
| | - Antti Jula
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki FI-00271, Finland
| | - Markus Perola
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki FI-00271, Finland.,Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00290, Finland.,University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Centre, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Risto K Huupponen
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, University of Turku, Turku FI-20520, Finland.,Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Turku University Hospital, Turku FI-20520, Finland
| | - Jorma S Viikari
- Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku FI-20520, Finland.,Department of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku FI-20520, Finland
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere FI-33521, Finland.,Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere FI-33014, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere FI-33101, Finland.,Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere FI-33014, Finland
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku FI-2051, Finland.,Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku FI-20520, Finland
| | - Dan Mellström
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 413 45, Sweden
| | - Mattias Lorentzon
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 413 45, Sweden
| | - Juan P Casas
- Farr Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London NW1 2DA, UK
| | | | - Winfried März
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Vth Department of Medicine, Heidelberg University, Mannheim 68167, Germany.,Synlab Academy, Synlab Services LLC, Mannheim 68161, Germany.,Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Aaron Isaacs
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3015 GE, The Netherlands
| | - Ko W van Dijk
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3015 GE, The Netherlands.,Center of Medical Systems Biology, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Tamara B Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Science, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Claude Bouchard
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Los Angeles 70808, USA
| | - Matthew A Allison
- Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California 92161, USA
| | - Daniel I Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachussetts 02215, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachussetts 02115, USA
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 413 45, Sweden
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75185, Sweden
| | - Robert A Scott
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland 21225, USA
| | - Timothy M Frayling
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Peter P Pramstaller
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC) - Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano 39100, Italy.,Department of Neurology, General Central Hospital, Bolzano 39100, Italy.,Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck 23562, Germany
| | - Ingrid B Borecki
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | | | - Sven Bergmann
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Gérard Waeber
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | - Peter Vollenweider
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | - Henrik Vestergaard
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 1, DIKU Building, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark.,Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte DK-2820, Denmark
| | - Torben Hansen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 1, DIKU Building, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5230, Denmark
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 1, DIKU Building, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Frank B Hu
- Department of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - P Eline Slagboom
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Harald Grallert
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany.,Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Tim D Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - J W Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333, The Netherlands.,Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands, Utrecht 3511 EP, The Netherlands.,Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Robert J Klein
- Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Erik E Schadt
- Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Paul W Franks
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachussetts 02115, USA.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Malmö 20502, Sweden.,Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå 90187, Sweden
| | - Cecilia M Lindgren
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachussetts 02142, USA.,The Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK
| | - Rudolph L Leibel
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Ruth J F Loos
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.,Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA.,The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
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Ibrahim-Verbaas CA, Bressler J, Debette S, Schuur M, Smith AV, Bis JC, Davies G, Trompet S, Smith JA, Wolf C, Chibnik LB, Liu Y, Vitart V, Kirin M, Petrovic K, Polasek O, Zgaga L, Fawns-Ritchie C, Hoffmann P, Karjalainen J, Lahti J, Llewellyn DJ, Schmidt CO, Mather KA, Chouraki V, Sun Q, Resnick SM, Rose LM, Oldmeadow C, Stewart M, Smith BH, Gudnason V, Yang Q, Mirza SS, Jukema JW, deJager PL, Harris TB, Liewald DC, Amin N, Coker LH, Stegle O, Lopez OL, Schmidt R, Teumer A, Ford I, Karbalai N, Becker JT, Jonsdottir MK, Au R, Fehrmann RSN, Herms S, Nalls M, Zhao W, Turner ST, Yaffe K, Lohman K, van Swieten JC, Kardia SLR, Knopman DS, Meeks WM, Heiss G, Holliday EG, Schofield PW, Tanaka T, Stott DJ, Wang J, Ridker P, Gow AJ, Pattie A, Starr JM, Hocking LJ, Armstrong NJ, McLachlan S, Shulman JM, Pilling LC, Eiriksdottir G, Scott RJ, Kochan NA, Palotie A, Hsieh YC, Eriksson JG, Penman A, Gottesman RF, Oostra BA, Yu L, DeStefano AL, Beiser A, Garcia M, Rotter JI, Nöthen MM, Hofman A, Slagboom PE, Westendorp RGJ, Buckley BM, Wolf PA, Uitterlinden AG, Psaty BM, Grabe HJ, Bandinelli S, Chasman DI, Grodstein F, Räikkönen K, Lambert JC, Porteous DJ, Price JF, Sachdev PS, Ferrucci L, Attia JR, Rudan I, Hayward C, Wright AF, Wilson JF, Cichon S, Franke L, Schmidt H, Ding J, de Craen AJM, Fornage M, Bennett DA, Deary IJ, Ikram MA, Launer LJ, Fitzpatrick AL, Seshadri S, van Duijn CM, Mosley TH. GWAS for executive function and processing speed suggests involvement of the CADM2 gene. Mol Psychiatry 2016; 21:189-197. [PMID: 25869804 PMCID: PMC4722802 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2015.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
To identify common variants contributing to normal variation in two specific domains of cognitive functioning, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of executive functioning and information processing speed in non-demented older adults from the CHARGE (Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology) consortium. Neuropsychological testing was available for 5429-32,070 subjects of European ancestry aged 45 years or older, free of dementia and clinical stroke at the time of cognitive testing from 20 cohorts in the discovery phase. We analyzed performance on the Trail Making Test parts A and B, the Letter Digit Substitution Test (LDST), the Digit Symbol Substitution Task (DSST), semantic and phonemic fluency tests, and the Stroop Color and Word Test. Replication was sought in 1311-21860 subjects from 20 independent cohorts. A significant association was observed in the discovery cohorts for the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs17518584 (discovery P-value=3.12 × 10(-8)) and in the joint discovery and replication meta-analysis (P-value=3.28 × 10(-9) after adjustment for age, gender and education) in an intron of the gene cell adhesion molecule 2 (CADM2) for performance on the LDST/DSST. Rs17518584 is located about 170 kb upstream of the transcription start site of the major transcript for the CADM2 gene, but is within an intron of a variant transcript that includes an alternative first exon. The variant is associated with expression of CADM2 in the cingulate cortex (P-value=4 × 10(-4)). The protein encoded by CADM2 is involved in glutamate signaling (P-value=7.22 × 10(-15)), gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transport (P-value=1.36 × 10(-11)) and neuron cell-cell adhesion (P-value=1.48 × 10(-13)). Our findings suggest that genetic variation in the CADM2 gene is associated with individual differences in information processing speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- CA Ibrahim-Verbaas
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus
University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Center,
Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Geriatric Unit, Azienda Sanitaria Firenze (ASF), Florence,
Italy
| | - J Bressler
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of
Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA,Geriatric Unit, Azienda Sanitaria Firenze (ASF), Florence,
Italy
| | - S Debette
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine,
Boston, MA, USA,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche
Médicale (INSERM), U897, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Bordeaux,
Bordeaux, France,Department of Neurology, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux,
France,Geriatric Unit, Azienda Sanitaria Firenze (ASF), Florence,
Italy
| | - M Schuur
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus
University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Center,
Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Geriatric Unit, Azienda Sanitaria Firenze (ASF), Florence,
Italy
| | - AV Smith
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland,Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik,
Iceland,Geriatric Unit, Azienda Sanitaria Firenze (ASF), Florence,
Italy
| | - JC Bis
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine,
University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA,Geriatric Unit, Azienda Sanitaria Firenze (ASF), Florence,
Italy
| | - G Davies
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The
University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK,Geriatric Unit, Azienda Sanitaria Firenze (ASF), Florence,
Italy
| | - S Trompet
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center,
Leiden, The Netherlands,Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University
Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - JA Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor,
MI, USA
| | - C Wolf
- RG Statistical Genetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry,
Munich, Germany
| | - LB Chibnik
- Program in Translational Neuropsychiatric Genomics, Department
of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Y Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine,
Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - V Vitart
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular
Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - M Kirin
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh,
Edinburgh, UK
| | - K Petrovic
- Department of Neurology, Medical University and General
Hospital of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - O Polasek
- Department of Public Health, University of Split, Split,
Croatia
| | - L Zgaga
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Trinity College
Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - C Fawns-Ritchie
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The
University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - P Hoffmann
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM -1), Research
Center Juelich, Juelich, Germany,Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedicine,
University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland,Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Research Center,
Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - J Karjalainen
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Centre Groningen,
University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - J Lahti
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki,
Helsinki, Finland,Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland
| | - DJ Llewellyn
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of
Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - CO Schmidt
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine
Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - KA Mather
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, UNSW
Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - V Chouraki
- Inserm, U1167, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université
Lille-Nord de France, Lille, France
| | - Q Sun
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine,
Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - SM Resnick
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on
Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - LM Rose
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital,
Boston, MA, USA
| | - C Oldmeadow
- Hunter Medical Research Institute and Faculty of Health,
University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - M Stewart
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh,
Edinburgh, UK
| | - BH Smith
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee,
UK
| | - V Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland,Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik,
Iceland
| | - Q Yang
- The National Heart Lung and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart
Study, Framingham, MA, USA,Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public
Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - SS Mirza
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center,
Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Leiden, The
Netherlands
| | - JW Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center,
Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - PL deJager
- Program in Translational Neuropsychiatric Genomics, Department
of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - TB Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National
Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - DC Liewald
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The
University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK,Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh,
UK
| | - N Amin
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus
University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - LH Coker
- Division of Public Health Sciences and Neurology, Wake Forest
School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - O Stegle
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Max Planck
Institute for Intelligent Systems, Tübingen, Germany
| | - OL Lopez
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh,
PA, USA
| | - R Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, Medical University and General
Hospital of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - A Teumer
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics,
University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - I Ford
- Robertson Center for biostatistics, University of Glasgow,
Glasgow, UK
| | - N Karbalai
- RG Statistical Genetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry,
Munich, Germany
| | - JT Becker
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh,
PA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh,
PA, USA,Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh,
PA, USA
| | | | - R Au
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine,
Boston, MA, USA,The National Heart Lung and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart
Study, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - RSN Fehrmann
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Centre Groningen,
University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - S Herms
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedicine,
University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland,Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Research Center,
Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - M Nalls
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging,
Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - W Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor,
MI, USA
| | - ST Turner
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal
Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - K Yaffe
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology and Epidemiology,
University of California, San Francisco and San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco,
CA, USA
| | - K Lohman
- Department of Epidemiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine,
Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - JC van Swieten
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Center,
Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - SLR Kardia
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor,
MI, USA
| | - DS Knopman
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - WM Meeks
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of
Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - G Heiss
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public
Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - EG Holliday
- Hunter Medical Research Institute and Faculty of Health,
University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - PW Schofield
- School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health,
University of Newcastle, Newcastle, SW, Australia
| | - T Tanaka
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging,
Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - DJ Stott
- Department of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University
of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - J Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public
Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - P Ridker
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital,
Boston, MA, USA
| | - AJ Gow
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The
University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK,Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh,
UK
| | - A Pattie
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The
University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - JM Starr
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The
University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK,Alzheimer Scotland Research Centre, Edinburgh, UK
| | - LJ Hocking
- Division of Applied Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen,
UK
| | - NJ Armstrong
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, UNSW
Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia,Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research,
Sydney, NSW, Australia,School of Mathematics & Statistics and Prince of Wales
Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - S McLachlan
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh,
Edinburgh, UK
| | - JM Shulman
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston,
TX, USA,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, The Jan and Dan
Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - LC Pilling
- Epidemiology and Public Health Group, University of Exeter
Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | | | - RJ Scott
- Hunter Medical Research Institute and Faculty of Health,
University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - NA Kochan
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, UNSW
Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia,Neuropsychiatric Institute, The Prince of Wales Hospital,
Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - A Palotie
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus,
Cambridge, UK,Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of
Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland,Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki and
University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Y-C Hsieh
- School of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei,
Taiwan
| | - JG Eriksson
- Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland,Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care,
University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland,National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki,
Finland,Helsinki University Central Hospital, Unit of General Practice,
Helsinki, Finland,Vasa Central Hospital, Vasa, Finland
| | - A Penman
- Center of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, University of
Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - RF Gottesman
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of
Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - BA Oostra
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus
University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L Yu
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical
Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - AL DeStefano
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine,
Boston, MA, USA,The National Heart Lung and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart
Study, Framingham, MA, USA,Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public
Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A Beiser
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine,
Boston, MA, USA,The National Heart Lung and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart
Study, Framingham, MA, USA,Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public
Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M Garcia
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National
Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - JI Rotter
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los
Angeles, CA, USA,Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences,
Los Angeles BioMedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA,
USA,Division of Genetic Outcomes, Department of Pediatrics,
Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - MM Nöthen
- Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Research Center,
Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn,
Germany
| | - A Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center,
Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Leiden, The
Netherlands
| | - PE Slagboom
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical
Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - RGJ Westendorp
- Leiden Academy of Vitality and Ageing, Leiden, The
Netherlands
| | - BM Buckley
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College
Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - PA Wolf
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine,
Boston, MA, USA,The National Heart Lung and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart
Study, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - AG Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center,
Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Leiden, The
Netherlands,Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical
Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - BM Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine,
University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA,Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle,
WA, USA,Department of Health Services, University of Washington,
Seattle, WA, USA,Group Health Research Institute, Group Health, Seattle, WA,
USA
| | - HJ Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine
Greifswald, HELIOS-Hospital Stralsund, Stralsund, Germany
| | - S Bandinelli
- Geriatric Unit, Azienda Sanitaria Firenze (ASF), Florence,
Italy
| | - DI Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital,
Boston, MA, USA
| | - F Grodstein
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine,
Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - K Räikkönen
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki,
Helsinki, Finland
| | - J-C Lambert
- Inserm, U1167, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université
Lille-Nord de France, Lille, France
| | - DJ Porteous
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of
Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - JF Price
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh,
Edinburgh, UK
| | - PS Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, UNSW
Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia,Neuropsychiatric Institute, The Prince of Wales Hospital,
Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - L Ferrucci
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging,
Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - JR Attia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute and Faculty of Health,
University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - I Rudan
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh,
Edinburgh, UK
| | - C Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular
Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - AF Wright
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular
Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - JF Wilson
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh,
Edinburgh, UK
| | - S Cichon
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedicine,
University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland,Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Research Center,
Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany,Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Center
Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - L Franke
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Centre Groningen,
University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - H Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, Medical University and General
Hospital of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - J Ding
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School
of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - AJM de Craen
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University
Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M Fornage
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Human Genetics Center,
University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - DA Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical
Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - IJ Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The
University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK,Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh,
UK
| | - MA Ikram
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Center,
Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center,
Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Leiden, The
Netherlands,Department of Radiology, Erasmus University Medical Center,
Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - LJ Launer
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National
Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - AL Fitzpatrick
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle,
WA, USA
| | - S Seshadri
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine,
Boston, MA, USA,The National Heart Lung and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart
Study, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - CM van Duijn
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus
University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Leiden, The
Netherlands
| | - TH Mosley
- Department of Medicine and Neurology, University of Mississippi
Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
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18
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Blum MR, Wijsman LW, Virgini VS, Bauer DC, den Elzen WPJ, Jukema JW, Buckley BM, de Craen AJM, Kearney PM, Stott DJ, Gussekloo J, Westendorp RGJ, Mooijaart SP, Rodondi N. Subclinical Thyroid Dysfunction and Depressive Symptoms among the Elderly: A Prospective Cohort Study. Neuroendocrinology 2016. [PMID: 26202797 DOI: 10.1159/000437387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subclinical hypothyroidism has been associated with depressive symptoms in cross-sectional studies, but prospective data and data on subclinical hyperthyroidism are scarce. METHODS In the Leiden substudy of the Prospective Study of Pravastatin in the Elderly at Risk (PROSPER), thyroid-stimulating hormone and free T4 levels were measured at baseline and repeated after 6 months in adults aged 70-82 years with preexisting cardiovascular disease or known cardiovascular risk factors to define persistent thyroid functional status. Main outcome measures were depressive symptoms, assessed with the Geriatric Depression Scale 15 (GDS-15) at baseline and after 3 years. All analyses were adjusted for age, gender and education. RESULTS In 606 participants (41% women; mean age 75 years) without antidepressant medication, GDS-15 scores at baseline did not differ for participants with subclinical hypothyroidism (n = 47; GDS-15 score 1.75, 95% CI 1.29-2.20, p = 0.53) or subclinical hyperthyroidism (n = 13; GDS-15 score 1.64, 95% CI 0.78-2.51, p = 0.96) compared to euthyroid participants (n = 546; mean GDS-15 score 1.60, 95% CI 1.46-1.73). After 3 years, compared to the euthyroid participants, changes in GDS-15 scores did not differ for participants with subclinical hypothyroidism (x0394;GDS-15 score -0.03, 95% CI -0.50 to 0.44, p = 0.83), while subclinical hyperthyroidism was associated with an increase in GDS scores (x0394;GDS-15 score 1.13, 95% CI 0.32-1.93, p = 0.04). All results were similar for persistent subclinical thyroid dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS In this largest prospective study on the association of persistent subclinical thyroid dysfunction and depression, subclinical hypothyroidism was not associated with increased depressive symptoms among older adults at high cardiovascular risk. Persistent subclinical hyperthyroidism might be associated with increased depressive symptoms, which requires confirmation in a larger prospective study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel R Blum
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
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19
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van Leeuwen EM, Huffman JE, Bis JC, Isaacs A, Mulder M, Sabo A, Smith AV, Demissie S, Manichaikul A, Brody JA, Feitosa MF, Duan Q, Schraut KE, Navarro P, van Vliet-Ostaptchouk JV, Zhu G, Mbarek H, Trompet S, Verweij N, Lyytikäinen LP, Deelen J, Nolte IM, van der Laan SW, Davies G, Vermeij-Verdoold AJ, van Oosterhout AA, Vergeer-Drop JM, Arking DE, Trochet H, Medina-Gomez C, Rivadeneira F, Uitterlinden AG, Dehghan A, Franco OH, Sijbrands EJ, Hofman A, White CC, Mychaleckyj JC, Peloso GM, Swertz MA, Willemsen G, de Geus EJ, Milaneschi Y, Penninx BW, Ford I, Buckley BM, de Craen AJ, Starr JM, Deary IJ, Pasterkamp G, Oldehinkel AJ, Snieder H, Slagboom PE, Nikus K, Kähönen M, Lehtimäki T, Viikari JS, Raitakari OT, van der Harst P, Jukema JW, Hottenga JJ, Boomsma DI, Whitfield JB, Montgomery G, Martin NG, Polasek O, Vitart V, Hayward C, Kolcic I, Wright AF, Rudan I, Joshi PK, Wilson JF, Lange LA, Wilson JG, Gudnason V, Harris TB, Morrison AC, Borecki IB, Rich SS, Padmanabhan S, Psaty BM, Rotter JI, Smith BH, Boerwinkle E, Cupples LA, van Duijn C. Fine mapping the CETP region reveals a common intronic insertion associated to HDL-C. NPJ Aging Mech Dis 2015; 1:15011. [PMID: 28721259 PMCID: PMC5514988 DOI: 10.1038/npjamd.2015.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with exceptional longevity and their offspring have significantly larger high-density lipoprotein concentrations (HDL-C) particle sizes due to the increased homozygosity for the I405V variant in the cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) gene. In this study, we investigate the association of CETP and HDL-C further to identify novel, independent CETP variants associated with HDL-C in humans. METHODS We performed a meta-analysis of HDL-C within the CETP region using 59,432 individuals imputed with 1000 Genomes data. We performed replication in an independent sample of 47,866 individuals and validation was done by Sanger sequencing. RESULTS The meta-analysis of HDL-C within the CETP region identified five independent variants, including an exonic variant and a common intronic insertion. We replicated these 5 variants significantly in an independent sample of 47,866 individuals. Sanger sequencing of the insertion within a single family confirmed segregation of this variant. The strongest reported association between HDL-C and CETP variants, was rs3764261; however, after conditioning on the five novel variants we identified the support for rs3764261 was highly reduced (βunadjusted=3.179 mg/dl (P value=5.25×10-509), βadjusted=0.859 mg/dl (P value=9.51×10-25)), and this finding suggests that these five novel variants may partly explain the association of CETP with HDL-C. Indeed, three of the five novel variants (rs34065661, rs5817082, rs7499892) are independent of rs3764261. CONCLUSIONS The causal variants in CETP that account for the association with HDL-C remain unknown. We used studies imputed to the 1000 Genomes reference panel for fine mapping of the CETP region. We identified and validated five variants within this region that may partly account for the association of the known variant (rs3764261), as well as other sources of genetic contribution to HDL-C.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer E Huffman
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Human Genomics Branch, Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Joshua C Bis
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Aaron Isaacs
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Monique Mulder
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aniko Sabo
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Albert V Smith
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Serkalem Demissie
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ani Manichaikul
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jennifer A Brody
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mary F Feitosa
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Qing Duan
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Katharina E Schraut
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Pau Navarro
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jana V van Vliet-Ostaptchouk
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gu Zhu
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Hamdi Mbarek
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stella Trompet
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Niek Verweij
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
| | - Joris Deelen
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ilja M Nolte
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Gail Davies
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | | | | | - Dan E Arking
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Holly Trochet
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Carolina Medina-Gomez
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andre G Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Abbas Dehghan
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Oscar H Franco
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eric J Sijbrands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Charles C White
- Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Institute for the Neurosciences, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Josyf C Mychaleckyj
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Gina M Peloso
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Morris A Swertz
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eco J de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yuri Milaneschi
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam/GGZinGeest and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Brenda Wjh Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam/GGZinGeest and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ian Ford
- Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Brendan M Buckley
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Anton Jm de Craen
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - John M Starr
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ian J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Gerard Pasterkamp
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, Division Laboratories & Pharmacy, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Albertine J Oldehinkel
- Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - P Eline Slagboom
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kjell Nikus
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Centre, Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jorma S Viikari
- Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, and Department of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, and Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Molecular Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Pim van der Harst
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - J Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John B Whitfield
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Grant Montgomery
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, and Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Molecular Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Ozren Polasek
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Veronique Vitart
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ivana Kolcic
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Alan F Wright
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Igor Rudan
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Peter K Joshi
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - James F Wilson
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Leslie A Lange
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - James G Wilson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Tamar B Harris
- National Institute on Aging, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alanna C Morrison
- Human Genetics Center, The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ingrid B Borecki
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Stephen S Rich
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Sandosh Padmanabhan
- Division of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Bruce M Psaty
- Department of Medicine, Epidemiology & Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Group Health Research Institute, Group Health cooperative, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles BioMedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA.,Division of Genomic Outcomes, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA.,Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine, and Human Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Blair H Smith
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center, The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA
| | - L Adrienne Cupples
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Cornelia van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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20
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Bis JC, Sitlani C, Irvin R, Avery CL, Smith AV, Sun F, Evans DS, Musani SK, Li X, Trompet S, Krijthe BP, Harris TB, Quibrera PM, Brody JA, Demissie S, Davis BR, Wiggins KL, Tranah GJ, Lange LA, Sotoodehnia N, Stott DJ, Franco OH, Launer LJ, Stürmer T, Taylor KD, Cupples LA, Eckfeldt JH, Smith NL, Liu Y, Wilson JG, Heckbert SR, Buckley BM, Ikram MA, Boerwinkle E, Chen YDI, de Craen AJM, Uitterlinden AG, Rotter JI, Ford I, Hofman A, Sattar N, Slagboom PE, Westendorp RGJ, Gudnason V, Vasan RS, Lumley T, Cummings SR, Taylor HA, Post W, Jukema JW, Stricker BH, Whitsel EA, Psaty BM, Arnett D. Drug-Gene Interactions of Antihypertensive Medications and Risk of Incident Cardiovascular Disease: A Pharmacogenomics Study from the CHARGE Consortium. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140496. [PMID: 26516778 PMCID: PMC4627813 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension is a major risk factor for a spectrum of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), including myocardial infarction, sudden death, and stroke. In the US, over 65 million people have high blood pressure and a large proportion of these individuals are prescribed antihypertensive medications. Although large long-term clinical trials conducted in the last several decades have identified a number of effective antihypertensive treatments that reduce the risk of future clinical complications, responses to therapy and protection from cardiovascular events vary among individuals. METHODS Using a genome-wide association study among 21,267 participants with pharmaceutically treated hypertension, we explored the hypothesis that genetic variants might influence or modify the effectiveness of common antihypertensive therapies on the risk of major cardiovascular outcomes. The classes of drug treatments included angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and diuretics. In the setting of the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology (CHARGE) consortium, each study performed array-based genome-wide genotyping, imputed to HapMap Phase II reference panels, and used additive genetic models in proportional hazards or logistic regression models to evaluate drug-gene interactions for each of four therapeutic drug classes. We used meta-analysis to combine study-specific interaction estimates for approximately 2 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in a discovery analysis among 15,375 European Ancestry participants (3,527 CVD cases) with targeted follow-up in a case-only study of 1,751 European Ancestry GenHAT participants as well as among 4,141 African-Americans (1,267 CVD cases). RESULTS Although drug-SNP interactions were biologically plausible, exposures and outcomes were well measured, and power was sufficient to detect modest interactions, we did not identify any statistically significant interactions from the four antihypertensive therapy meta-analyses (Pinteraction > 5.0×10-8). Similarly, findings were null for meta-analyses restricted to 66 SNPs with significant main effects on coronary artery disease or blood pressure from large published genome-wide association studies (Pinteraction ≥ 0.01). Our results suggest that there are no major pharmacogenetic influences of common SNPs on the relationship between blood pressure medications and the risk of incident CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua C. Bis
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Colleen Sitlani
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ryan Irvin
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Christy L. Avery
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Albert Vernon Smith
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Fangui Sun
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Daniel S. Evans
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Solomon K. Musani
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Stella Trompet
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Bouwe P. Krijthe
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tamara B. Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - P. Miguel Quibrera
- Collaborative Studies Coordinating Center, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jennifer A. Brody
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Serkalem Demissie
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Barry R. Davis
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kerri L. Wiggins
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Gregory J. Tranah
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Leslie A. Lange
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States of America
| | - Nona Sotoodehnia
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Cardiology Division, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - David J. Stott
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Oscar H. Franco
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lenore J. Launer
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Til Stürmer
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- University of North Carolina—GSK Center of Excellence in Pharmacoepidemiology, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kent D. Taylor
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - L. Adrienne Cupples
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - John H. Eckfeldt
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Nicholas L. Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Seattle Epidemiologic Research and Information Center of the Department of Veterans Affairs Office of Research and Development, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Group Health Research Institute, Group Health, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Yongmei Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - James G. Wilson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Susan R. Heckbert
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Group Health Research Institute, Group Health, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Brendan M. Buckley
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - M. Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yii-Der Ida Chen
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Anton J. M. de Craen
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Andre G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jerome I. Rotter
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Ian Ford
- Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Naveed Sattar
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - P. Eline Slagboom
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rudi G. J. Westendorp
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Ramachandran S. Vasan
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Thomas Lumley
- Department of Statistics, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Steven R. Cummings
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Herman A. Taylor
- Department of Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Wendy Post
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - J. Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno H. Stricker
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Inspectorate for Health Care, the Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Eric A. Whitsel
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina United States of America
| | - Bruce M. Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Group Health Research Institute, Group Health, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Donna Arnett
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
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21
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Hofer E, Cavalieri M, Bis JC, DeCarli C, Fornage M, Sigurdsson S, Srikanth V, Trompet S, Verhaaren BFJ, Wolf C, Yang Q, Adams HHH, Amouyel P, Beiser A, Buckley BM, Callisaya M, Chauhan G, de Craen AJM, Dufouil C, van Duijn CM, Ford I, Freudenberger P, Gottesman RF, Gudnason V, Heiss G, Hofman A, Lumley T, Martinez O, Mazoyer B, Moran C, Niessen WJ, Phan T, Psaty BM, Satizabal CL, Sattar N, Schilling S, Shibata DK, Slagboom PE, Smith A, Stott DJ, Taylor KD, Thomson R, Töglhofer AM, Tzourio C, van Buchem M, Wang J, Westendorp RGJ, Windham BG, Vernooij MW, Zijdenbos A, Beare R, Debette S, Ikram MA, Jukema JW, Launer LJ, Longstreth WT, Mosley TH, Seshadri S, Schmidt H, Schmidt R. White Matter Lesion Progression: Genome-Wide Search for Genetic Influences. Stroke 2015; 46:3048-57. [PMID: 26451028 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.115.009252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE White matter lesion (WML) progression on magnetic resonance imaging is related to cognitive decline and stroke, but its determinants besides baseline WML burden are largely unknown. Here, we estimated heritability of WML progression, and sought common genetic variants associated with WML progression in elderly participants from the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology (CHARGE) consortium. METHODS Heritability of WML progression was calculated in the Framingham Heart Study. The genome-wide association study included 7773 elderly participants from 10 cohorts. To assess the relative contribution of genetic factors to progression of WML, we compared in 7 cohorts risk models including demographics, vascular risk factors plus single-nucleotide polymorphisms that have been shown to be associated cross-sectionally with WML in the current and previous association studies. RESULTS A total of 1085 subjects showed WML progression. The heritability estimate for WML progression was low at 6.5%, and no single-nucleotide polymorphisms achieved genome-wide significance (P<5×10(-8)). Four loci were suggestive (P<1×10(-5)) of an association with WML progression: 10q24.32 (rs10883817, P=1.46×10(-6)); 12q13.13 (rs4761974, P=8.71×10(-7)); 20p12.1 (rs6135309, P=3.69×10(-6)); and 4p15.31 (rs7664442, P=2.26×10(-6)). Variants that have been previously related to WML explained only 0.8% to 11.7% more of the variance in WML progression than age, vascular risk factors, and baseline WML burden. CONCLUSIONS Common genetic factors contribute little to the progression of age-related WML in middle-aged and older adults. Future research on determinants of WML progression should focus more on environmental, lifestyle, or host-related biological factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Hofer
- From the Department of Neurology (E.H., M.C., H.S., R.S.) and Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation (E.H.), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P.), Radiology (D.K.S.), and Neurology and Epidemiology (W.T.L.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Sacramento (C.D.C., O.M.); Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.) and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston; Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland (S.S., V.G., A.S.); Stroke and Ageing Research Group, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (V.S., M.C., C.M., T.P., R.B.); Departments of Cardiology (S.T., J.W.J.), Gerontology and Geriatrics (S.T., A.J.M.C., R.G.J.W.), Molecular Epidemiology (P.E.S.), and Radiology (M.B.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Departments of Epidemiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., C.M.D., A.H., M.W.V., M.A.I.), Radiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., M.W.V., M.A.I.), and Medical Informatics (W.J.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM U897 (C.W., G.C., C.D., S.S., S.D.), CNRS-CEA UMR5296 (B.M.), and INSERM U708 (C.T.), Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France; Department of Statistical Genetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (C.W.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y., A.B., J.W.); INSERM U744, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France (P.A.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland (B.M.B.); INSERM U1161 and Lariboisière Hospital, Paris 7 University, Paris, France (G.C., S.S., S.D.); Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, The Netherlands (C.M.D.); Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (I.F
| | - Margherita Cavalieri
- From the Department of Neurology (E.H., M.C., H.S., R.S.) and Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation (E.H.), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P.), Radiology (D.K.S.), and Neurology and Epidemiology (W.T.L.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Sacramento (C.D.C., O.M.); Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.) and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston; Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland (S.S., V.G., A.S.); Stroke and Ageing Research Group, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (V.S., M.C., C.M., T.P., R.B.); Departments of Cardiology (S.T., J.W.J.), Gerontology and Geriatrics (S.T., A.J.M.C., R.G.J.W.), Molecular Epidemiology (P.E.S.), and Radiology (M.B.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Departments of Epidemiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., C.M.D., A.H., M.W.V., M.A.I.), Radiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., M.W.V., M.A.I.), and Medical Informatics (W.J.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM U897 (C.W., G.C., C.D., S.S., S.D.), CNRS-CEA UMR5296 (B.M.), and INSERM U708 (C.T.), Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France; Department of Statistical Genetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (C.W.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y., A.B., J.W.); INSERM U744, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France (P.A.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland (B.M.B.); INSERM U1161 and Lariboisière Hospital, Paris 7 University, Paris, France (G.C., S.S., S.D.); Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, The Netherlands (C.M.D.); Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (I.F
| | - Joshua C Bis
- From the Department of Neurology (E.H., M.C., H.S., R.S.) and Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation (E.H.), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P.), Radiology (D.K.S.), and Neurology and Epidemiology (W.T.L.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Sacramento (C.D.C., O.M.); Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.) and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston; Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland (S.S., V.G., A.S.); Stroke and Ageing Research Group, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (V.S., M.C., C.M., T.P., R.B.); Departments of Cardiology (S.T., J.W.J.), Gerontology and Geriatrics (S.T., A.J.M.C., R.G.J.W.), Molecular Epidemiology (P.E.S.), and Radiology (M.B.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Departments of Epidemiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., C.M.D., A.H., M.W.V., M.A.I.), Radiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., M.W.V., M.A.I.), and Medical Informatics (W.J.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM U897 (C.W., G.C., C.D., S.S., S.D.), CNRS-CEA UMR5296 (B.M.), and INSERM U708 (C.T.), Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France; Department of Statistical Genetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (C.W.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y., A.B., J.W.); INSERM U744, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France (P.A.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland (B.M.B.); INSERM U1161 and Lariboisière Hospital, Paris 7 University, Paris, France (G.C., S.S., S.D.); Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, The Netherlands (C.M.D.); Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (I.F
| | - Charles DeCarli
- From the Department of Neurology (E.H., M.C., H.S., R.S.) and Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation (E.H.), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P.), Radiology (D.K.S.), and Neurology and Epidemiology (W.T.L.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Sacramento (C.D.C., O.M.); Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.) and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston; Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland (S.S., V.G., A.S.); Stroke and Ageing Research Group, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (V.S., M.C., C.M., T.P., R.B.); Departments of Cardiology (S.T., J.W.J.), Gerontology and Geriatrics (S.T., A.J.M.C., R.G.J.W.), Molecular Epidemiology (P.E.S.), and Radiology (M.B.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Departments of Epidemiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., C.M.D., A.H., M.W.V., M.A.I.), Radiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., M.W.V., M.A.I.), and Medical Informatics (W.J.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM U897 (C.W., G.C., C.D., S.S., S.D.), CNRS-CEA UMR5296 (B.M.), and INSERM U708 (C.T.), Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France; Department of Statistical Genetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (C.W.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y., A.B., J.W.); INSERM U744, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France (P.A.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland (B.M.B.); INSERM U1161 and Lariboisière Hospital, Paris 7 University, Paris, France (G.C., S.S., S.D.); Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, The Netherlands (C.M.D.); Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (I.F
| | - Myriam Fornage
- From the Department of Neurology (E.H., M.C., H.S., R.S.) and Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation (E.H.), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P.), Radiology (D.K.S.), and Neurology and Epidemiology (W.T.L.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Sacramento (C.D.C., O.M.); Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.) and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston; Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland (S.S., V.G., A.S.); Stroke and Ageing Research Group, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (V.S., M.C., C.M., T.P., R.B.); Departments of Cardiology (S.T., J.W.J.), Gerontology and Geriatrics (S.T., A.J.M.C., R.G.J.W.), Molecular Epidemiology (P.E.S.), and Radiology (M.B.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Departments of Epidemiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., C.M.D., A.H., M.W.V., M.A.I.), Radiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., M.W.V., M.A.I.), and Medical Informatics (W.J.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM U897 (C.W., G.C., C.D., S.S., S.D.), CNRS-CEA UMR5296 (B.M.), and INSERM U708 (C.T.), Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France; Department of Statistical Genetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (C.W.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y., A.B., J.W.); INSERM U744, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France (P.A.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland (B.M.B.); INSERM U1161 and Lariboisière Hospital, Paris 7 University, Paris, France (G.C., S.S., S.D.); Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, The Netherlands (C.M.D.); Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (I.F
| | - Sigurdur Sigurdsson
- From the Department of Neurology (E.H., M.C., H.S., R.S.) and Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation (E.H.), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P.), Radiology (D.K.S.), and Neurology and Epidemiology (W.T.L.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Sacramento (C.D.C., O.M.); Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.) and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston; Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland (S.S., V.G., A.S.); Stroke and Ageing Research Group, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (V.S., M.C., C.M., T.P., R.B.); Departments of Cardiology (S.T., J.W.J.), Gerontology and Geriatrics (S.T., A.J.M.C., R.G.J.W.), Molecular Epidemiology (P.E.S.), and Radiology (M.B.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Departments of Epidemiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., C.M.D., A.H., M.W.V., M.A.I.), Radiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., M.W.V., M.A.I.), and Medical Informatics (W.J.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM U897 (C.W., G.C., C.D., S.S., S.D.), CNRS-CEA UMR5296 (B.M.), and INSERM U708 (C.T.), Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France; Department of Statistical Genetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (C.W.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y., A.B., J.W.); INSERM U744, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France (P.A.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland (B.M.B.); INSERM U1161 and Lariboisière Hospital, Paris 7 University, Paris, France (G.C., S.S., S.D.); Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, The Netherlands (C.M.D.); Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (I.F
| | - Velandai Srikanth
- From the Department of Neurology (E.H., M.C., H.S., R.S.) and Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation (E.H.), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P.), Radiology (D.K.S.), and Neurology and Epidemiology (W.T.L.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Sacramento (C.D.C., O.M.); Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.) and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston; Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland (S.S., V.G., A.S.); Stroke and Ageing Research Group, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (V.S., M.C., C.M., T.P., R.B.); Departments of Cardiology (S.T., J.W.J.), Gerontology and Geriatrics (S.T., A.J.M.C., R.G.J.W.), Molecular Epidemiology (P.E.S.), and Radiology (M.B.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Departments of Epidemiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., C.M.D., A.H., M.W.V., M.A.I.), Radiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., M.W.V., M.A.I.), and Medical Informatics (W.J.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM U897 (C.W., G.C., C.D., S.S., S.D.), CNRS-CEA UMR5296 (B.M.), and INSERM U708 (C.T.), Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France; Department of Statistical Genetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (C.W.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y., A.B., J.W.); INSERM U744, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France (P.A.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland (B.M.B.); INSERM U1161 and Lariboisière Hospital, Paris 7 University, Paris, France (G.C., S.S., S.D.); Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, The Netherlands (C.M.D.); Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (I.F
| | - Stella Trompet
- From the Department of Neurology (E.H., M.C., H.S., R.S.) and Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation (E.H.), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P.), Radiology (D.K.S.), and Neurology and Epidemiology (W.T.L.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Sacramento (C.D.C., O.M.); Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.) and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston; Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland (S.S., V.G., A.S.); Stroke and Ageing Research Group, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (V.S., M.C., C.M., T.P., R.B.); Departments of Cardiology (S.T., J.W.J.), Gerontology and Geriatrics (S.T., A.J.M.C., R.G.J.W.), Molecular Epidemiology (P.E.S.), and Radiology (M.B.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Departments of Epidemiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., C.M.D., A.H., M.W.V., M.A.I.), Radiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., M.W.V., M.A.I.), and Medical Informatics (W.J.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM U897 (C.W., G.C., C.D., S.S., S.D.), CNRS-CEA UMR5296 (B.M.), and INSERM U708 (C.T.), Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France; Department of Statistical Genetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (C.W.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y., A.B., J.W.); INSERM U744, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France (P.A.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland (B.M.B.); INSERM U1161 and Lariboisière Hospital, Paris 7 University, Paris, France (G.C., S.S., S.D.); Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, The Netherlands (C.M.D.); Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (I.F
| | - Benjamin F J Verhaaren
- From the Department of Neurology (E.H., M.C., H.S., R.S.) and Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation (E.H.), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P.), Radiology (D.K.S.), and Neurology and Epidemiology (W.T.L.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Sacramento (C.D.C., O.M.); Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.) and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston; Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland (S.S., V.G., A.S.); Stroke and Ageing Research Group, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (V.S., M.C., C.M., T.P., R.B.); Departments of Cardiology (S.T., J.W.J.), Gerontology and Geriatrics (S.T., A.J.M.C., R.G.J.W.), Molecular Epidemiology (P.E.S.), and Radiology (M.B.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Departments of Epidemiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., C.M.D., A.H., M.W.V., M.A.I.), Radiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., M.W.V., M.A.I.), and Medical Informatics (W.J.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM U897 (C.W., G.C., C.D., S.S., S.D.), CNRS-CEA UMR5296 (B.M.), and INSERM U708 (C.T.), Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France; Department of Statistical Genetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (C.W.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y., A.B., J.W.); INSERM U744, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France (P.A.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland (B.M.B.); INSERM U1161 and Lariboisière Hospital, Paris 7 University, Paris, France (G.C., S.S., S.D.); Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, The Netherlands (C.M.D.); Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (I.F
| | - Christiane Wolf
- From the Department of Neurology (E.H., M.C., H.S., R.S.) and Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation (E.H.), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P.), Radiology (D.K.S.), and Neurology and Epidemiology (W.T.L.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Sacramento (C.D.C., O.M.); Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.) and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston; Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland (S.S., V.G., A.S.); Stroke and Ageing Research Group, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (V.S., M.C., C.M., T.P., R.B.); Departments of Cardiology (S.T., J.W.J.), Gerontology and Geriatrics (S.T., A.J.M.C., R.G.J.W.), Molecular Epidemiology (P.E.S.), and Radiology (M.B.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Departments of Epidemiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., C.M.D., A.H., M.W.V., M.A.I.), Radiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., M.W.V., M.A.I.), and Medical Informatics (W.J.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM U897 (C.W., G.C., C.D., S.S., S.D.), CNRS-CEA UMR5296 (B.M.), and INSERM U708 (C.T.), Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France; Department of Statistical Genetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (C.W.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y., A.B., J.W.); INSERM U744, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France (P.A.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland (B.M.B.); INSERM U1161 and Lariboisière Hospital, Paris 7 University, Paris, France (G.C., S.S., S.D.); Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, The Netherlands (C.M.D.); Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (I.F
| | - Qiong Yang
- From the Department of Neurology (E.H., M.C., H.S., R.S.) and Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation (E.H.), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P.), Radiology (D.K.S.), and Neurology and Epidemiology (W.T.L.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Sacramento (C.D.C., O.M.); Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.) and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston; Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland (S.S., V.G., A.S.); Stroke and Ageing Research Group, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (V.S., M.C., C.M., T.P., R.B.); Departments of Cardiology (S.T., J.W.J.), Gerontology and Geriatrics (S.T., A.J.M.C., R.G.J.W.), Molecular Epidemiology (P.E.S.), and Radiology (M.B.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Departments of Epidemiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., C.M.D., A.H., M.W.V., M.A.I.), Radiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., M.W.V., M.A.I.), and Medical Informatics (W.J.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM U897 (C.W., G.C., C.D., S.S., S.D.), CNRS-CEA UMR5296 (B.M.), and INSERM U708 (C.T.), Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France; Department of Statistical Genetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (C.W.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y., A.B., J.W.); INSERM U744, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France (P.A.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland (B.M.B.); INSERM U1161 and Lariboisière Hospital, Paris 7 University, Paris, France (G.C., S.S., S.D.); Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, The Netherlands (C.M.D.); Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (I.F
| | - Hieab H H Adams
- From the Department of Neurology (E.H., M.C., H.S., R.S.) and Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation (E.H.), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P.), Radiology (D.K.S.), and Neurology and Epidemiology (W.T.L.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Sacramento (C.D.C., O.M.); Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.) and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston; Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland (S.S., V.G., A.S.); Stroke and Ageing Research Group, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (V.S., M.C., C.M., T.P., R.B.); Departments of Cardiology (S.T., J.W.J.), Gerontology and Geriatrics (S.T., A.J.M.C., R.G.J.W.), Molecular Epidemiology (P.E.S.), and Radiology (M.B.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Departments of Epidemiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., C.M.D., A.H., M.W.V., M.A.I.), Radiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., M.W.V., M.A.I.), and Medical Informatics (W.J.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM U897 (C.W., G.C., C.D., S.S., S.D.), CNRS-CEA UMR5296 (B.M.), and INSERM U708 (C.T.), Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France; Department of Statistical Genetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (C.W.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y., A.B., J.W.); INSERM U744, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France (P.A.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland (B.M.B.); INSERM U1161 and Lariboisière Hospital, Paris 7 University, Paris, France (G.C., S.S., S.D.); Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, The Netherlands (C.M.D.); Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (I.F
| | - Philippe Amouyel
- From the Department of Neurology (E.H., M.C., H.S., R.S.) and Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation (E.H.), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P.), Radiology (D.K.S.), and Neurology and Epidemiology (W.T.L.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Sacramento (C.D.C., O.M.); Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.) and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston; Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland (S.S., V.G., A.S.); Stroke and Ageing Research Group, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (V.S., M.C., C.M., T.P., R.B.); Departments of Cardiology (S.T., J.W.J.), Gerontology and Geriatrics (S.T., A.J.M.C., R.G.J.W.), Molecular Epidemiology (P.E.S.), and Radiology (M.B.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Departments of Epidemiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., C.M.D., A.H., M.W.V., M.A.I.), Radiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., M.W.V., M.A.I.), and Medical Informatics (W.J.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM U897 (C.W., G.C., C.D., S.S., S.D.), CNRS-CEA UMR5296 (B.M.), and INSERM U708 (C.T.), Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France; Department of Statistical Genetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (C.W.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y., A.B., J.W.); INSERM U744, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France (P.A.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland (B.M.B.); INSERM U1161 and Lariboisière Hospital, Paris 7 University, Paris, France (G.C., S.S., S.D.); Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, The Netherlands (C.M.D.); Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (I.F
| | - Alexa Beiser
- From the Department of Neurology (E.H., M.C., H.S., R.S.) and Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation (E.H.), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P.), Radiology (D.K.S.), and Neurology and Epidemiology (W.T.L.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Sacramento (C.D.C., O.M.); Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.) and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston; Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland (S.S., V.G., A.S.); Stroke and Ageing Research Group, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (V.S., M.C., C.M., T.P., R.B.); Departments of Cardiology (S.T., J.W.J.), Gerontology and Geriatrics (S.T., A.J.M.C., R.G.J.W.), Molecular Epidemiology (P.E.S.), and Radiology (M.B.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Departments of Epidemiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., C.M.D., A.H., M.W.V., M.A.I.), Radiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., M.W.V., M.A.I.), and Medical Informatics (W.J.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM U897 (C.W., G.C., C.D., S.S., S.D.), CNRS-CEA UMR5296 (B.M.), and INSERM U708 (C.T.), Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France; Department of Statistical Genetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (C.W.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y., A.B., J.W.); INSERM U744, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France (P.A.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland (B.M.B.); INSERM U1161 and Lariboisière Hospital, Paris 7 University, Paris, France (G.C., S.S., S.D.); Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, The Netherlands (C.M.D.); Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (I.F
| | - Brendan M Buckley
- From the Department of Neurology (E.H., M.C., H.S., R.S.) and Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation (E.H.), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P.), Radiology (D.K.S.), and Neurology and Epidemiology (W.T.L.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Sacramento (C.D.C., O.M.); Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.) and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston; Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland (S.S., V.G., A.S.); Stroke and Ageing Research Group, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (V.S., M.C., C.M., T.P., R.B.); Departments of Cardiology (S.T., J.W.J.), Gerontology and Geriatrics (S.T., A.J.M.C., R.G.J.W.), Molecular Epidemiology (P.E.S.), and Radiology (M.B.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Departments of Epidemiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., C.M.D., A.H., M.W.V., M.A.I.), Radiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., M.W.V., M.A.I.), and Medical Informatics (W.J.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM U897 (C.W., G.C., C.D., S.S., S.D.), CNRS-CEA UMR5296 (B.M.), and INSERM U708 (C.T.), Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France; Department of Statistical Genetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (C.W.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y., A.B., J.W.); INSERM U744, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France (P.A.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland (B.M.B.); INSERM U1161 and Lariboisière Hospital, Paris 7 University, Paris, France (G.C., S.S., S.D.); Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, The Netherlands (C.M.D.); Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (I.F
| | - Michele Callisaya
- From the Department of Neurology (E.H., M.C., H.S., R.S.) and Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation (E.H.), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P.), Radiology (D.K.S.), and Neurology and Epidemiology (W.T.L.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Sacramento (C.D.C., O.M.); Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.) and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston; Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland (S.S., V.G., A.S.); Stroke and Ageing Research Group, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (V.S., M.C., C.M., T.P., R.B.); Departments of Cardiology (S.T., J.W.J.), Gerontology and Geriatrics (S.T., A.J.M.C., R.G.J.W.), Molecular Epidemiology (P.E.S.), and Radiology (M.B.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Departments of Epidemiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., C.M.D., A.H., M.W.V., M.A.I.), Radiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., M.W.V., M.A.I.), and Medical Informatics (W.J.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM U897 (C.W., G.C., C.D., S.S., S.D.), CNRS-CEA UMR5296 (B.M.), and INSERM U708 (C.T.), Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France; Department of Statistical Genetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (C.W.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y., A.B., J.W.); INSERM U744, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France (P.A.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland (B.M.B.); INSERM U1161 and Lariboisière Hospital, Paris 7 University, Paris, France (G.C., S.S., S.D.); Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, The Netherlands (C.M.D.); Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (I.F
| | - Ganesh Chauhan
- From the Department of Neurology (E.H., M.C., H.S., R.S.) and Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation (E.H.), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P.), Radiology (D.K.S.), and Neurology and Epidemiology (W.T.L.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Sacramento (C.D.C., O.M.); Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.) and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston; Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland (S.S., V.G., A.S.); Stroke and Ageing Research Group, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (V.S., M.C., C.M., T.P., R.B.); Departments of Cardiology (S.T., J.W.J.), Gerontology and Geriatrics (S.T., A.J.M.C., R.G.J.W.), Molecular Epidemiology (P.E.S.), and Radiology (M.B.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Departments of Epidemiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., C.M.D., A.H., M.W.V., M.A.I.), Radiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., M.W.V., M.A.I.), and Medical Informatics (W.J.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM U897 (C.W., G.C., C.D., S.S., S.D.), CNRS-CEA UMR5296 (B.M.), and INSERM U708 (C.T.), Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France; Department of Statistical Genetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (C.W.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y., A.B., J.W.); INSERM U744, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France (P.A.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland (B.M.B.); INSERM U1161 and Lariboisière Hospital, Paris 7 University, Paris, France (G.C., S.S., S.D.); Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, The Netherlands (C.M.D.); Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (I.F
| | - Anton J M de Craen
- From the Department of Neurology (E.H., M.C., H.S., R.S.) and Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation (E.H.), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P.), Radiology (D.K.S.), and Neurology and Epidemiology (W.T.L.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Sacramento (C.D.C., O.M.); Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.) and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston; Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland (S.S., V.G., A.S.); Stroke and Ageing Research Group, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (V.S., M.C., C.M., T.P., R.B.); Departments of Cardiology (S.T., J.W.J.), Gerontology and Geriatrics (S.T., A.J.M.C., R.G.J.W.), Molecular Epidemiology (P.E.S.), and Radiology (M.B.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Departments of Epidemiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., C.M.D., A.H., M.W.V., M.A.I.), Radiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., M.W.V., M.A.I.), and Medical Informatics (W.J.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM U897 (C.W., G.C., C.D., S.S., S.D.), CNRS-CEA UMR5296 (B.M.), and INSERM U708 (C.T.), Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France; Department of Statistical Genetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (C.W.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y., A.B., J.W.); INSERM U744, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France (P.A.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland (B.M.B.); INSERM U1161 and Lariboisière Hospital, Paris 7 University, Paris, France (G.C., S.S., S.D.); Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, The Netherlands (C.M.D.); Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (I.F
| | - Carole Dufouil
- From the Department of Neurology (E.H., M.C., H.S., R.S.) and Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation (E.H.), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P.), Radiology (D.K.S.), and Neurology and Epidemiology (W.T.L.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Sacramento (C.D.C., O.M.); Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.) and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston; Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland (S.S., V.G., A.S.); Stroke and Ageing Research Group, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (V.S., M.C., C.M., T.P., R.B.); Departments of Cardiology (S.T., J.W.J.), Gerontology and Geriatrics (S.T., A.J.M.C., R.G.J.W.), Molecular Epidemiology (P.E.S.), and Radiology (M.B.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Departments of Epidemiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., C.M.D., A.H., M.W.V., M.A.I.), Radiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., M.W.V., M.A.I.), and Medical Informatics (W.J.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM U897 (C.W., G.C., C.D., S.S., S.D.), CNRS-CEA UMR5296 (B.M.), and INSERM U708 (C.T.), Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France; Department of Statistical Genetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (C.W.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y., A.B., J.W.); INSERM U744, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France (P.A.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland (B.M.B.); INSERM U1161 and Lariboisière Hospital, Paris 7 University, Paris, France (G.C., S.S., S.D.); Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, The Netherlands (C.M.D.); Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (I.F
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- From the Department of Neurology (E.H., M.C., H.S., R.S.) and Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation (E.H.), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P.), Radiology (D.K.S.), and Neurology and Epidemiology (W.T.L.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Sacramento (C.D.C., O.M.); Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.) and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston; Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland (S.S., V.G., A.S.); Stroke and Ageing Research Group, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (V.S., M.C., C.M., T.P., R.B.); Departments of Cardiology (S.T., J.W.J.), Gerontology and Geriatrics (S.T., A.J.M.C., R.G.J.W.), Molecular Epidemiology (P.E.S.), and Radiology (M.B.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Departments of Epidemiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., C.M.D., A.H., M.W.V., M.A.I.), Radiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., M.W.V., M.A.I.), and Medical Informatics (W.J.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM U897 (C.W., G.C., C.D., S.S., S.D.), CNRS-CEA UMR5296 (B.M.), and INSERM U708 (C.T.), Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France; Department of Statistical Genetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (C.W.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y., A.B., J.W.); INSERM U744, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France (P.A.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland (B.M.B.); INSERM U1161 and Lariboisière Hospital, Paris 7 University, Paris, France (G.C., S.S., S.D.); Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, The Netherlands (C.M.D.); Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (I.F
| | - Ian Ford
- From the Department of Neurology (E.H., M.C., H.S., R.S.) and Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation (E.H.), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P.), Radiology (D.K.S.), and Neurology and Epidemiology (W.T.L.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Sacramento (C.D.C., O.M.); Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.) and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston; Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland (S.S., V.G., A.S.); Stroke and Ageing Research Group, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (V.S., M.C., C.M., T.P., R.B.); Departments of Cardiology (S.T., J.W.J.), Gerontology and Geriatrics (S.T., A.J.M.C., R.G.J.W.), Molecular Epidemiology (P.E.S.), and Radiology (M.B.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Departments of Epidemiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., C.M.D., A.H., M.W.V., M.A.I.), Radiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., M.W.V., M.A.I.), and Medical Informatics (W.J.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM U897 (C.W., G.C., C.D., S.S., S.D.), CNRS-CEA UMR5296 (B.M.), and INSERM U708 (C.T.), Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France; Department of Statistical Genetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (C.W.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y., A.B., J.W.); INSERM U744, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France (P.A.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland (B.M.B.); INSERM U1161 and Lariboisière Hospital, Paris 7 University, Paris, France (G.C., S.S., S.D.); Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, The Netherlands (C.M.D.); Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (I.F
| | - Paul Freudenberger
- From the Department of Neurology (E.H., M.C., H.S., R.S.) and Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation (E.H.), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P.), Radiology (D.K.S.), and Neurology and Epidemiology (W.T.L.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Sacramento (C.D.C., O.M.); Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.) and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston; Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland (S.S., V.G., A.S.); Stroke and Ageing Research Group, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (V.S., M.C., C.M., T.P., R.B.); Departments of Cardiology (S.T., J.W.J.), Gerontology and Geriatrics (S.T., A.J.M.C., R.G.J.W.), Molecular Epidemiology (P.E.S.), and Radiology (M.B.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Departments of Epidemiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., C.M.D., A.H., M.W.V., M.A.I.), Radiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., M.W.V., M.A.I.), and Medical Informatics (W.J.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM U897 (C.W., G.C., C.D., S.S., S.D.), CNRS-CEA UMR5296 (B.M.), and INSERM U708 (C.T.), Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France; Department of Statistical Genetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (C.W.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y., A.B., J.W.); INSERM U744, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France (P.A.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland (B.M.B.); INSERM U1161 and Lariboisière Hospital, Paris 7 University, Paris, France (G.C., S.S., S.D.); Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, The Netherlands (C.M.D.); Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (I.F
| | - Rebecca F Gottesman
- From the Department of Neurology (E.H., M.C., H.S., R.S.) and Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation (E.H.), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P.), Radiology (D.K.S.), and Neurology and Epidemiology (W.T.L.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Sacramento (C.D.C., O.M.); Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.) and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston; Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland (S.S., V.G., A.S.); Stroke and Ageing Research Group, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (V.S., M.C., C.M., T.P., R.B.); Departments of Cardiology (S.T., J.W.J.), Gerontology and Geriatrics (S.T., A.J.M.C., R.G.J.W.), Molecular Epidemiology (P.E.S.), and Radiology (M.B.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Departments of Epidemiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., C.M.D., A.H., M.W.V., M.A.I.), Radiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., M.W.V., M.A.I.), and Medical Informatics (W.J.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM U897 (C.W., G.C., C.D., S.S., S.D.), CNRS-CEA UMR5296 (B.M.), and INSERM U708 (C.T.), Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France; Department of Statistical Genetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (C.W.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y., A.B., J.W.); INSERM U744, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France (P.A.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland (B.M.B.); INSERM U1161 and Lariboisière Hospital, Paris 7 University, Paris, France (G.C., S.S., S.D.); Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, The Netherlands (C.M.D.); Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (I.F
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- From the Department of Neurology (E.H., M.C., H.S., R.S.) and Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation (E.H.), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P.), Radiology (D.K.S.), and Neurology and Epidemiology (W.T.L.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Sacramento (C.D.C., O.M.); Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.) and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston; Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland (S.S., V.G., A.S.); Stroke and Ageing Research Group, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (V.S., M.C., C.M., T.P., R.B.); Departments of Cardiology (S.T., J.W.J.), Gerontology and Geriatrics (S.T., A.J.M.C., R.G.J.W.), Molecular Epidemiology (P.E.S.), and Radiology (M.B.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Departments of Epidemiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., C.M.D., A.H., M.W.V., M.A.I.), Radiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., M.W.V., M.A.I.), and Medical Informatics (W.J.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM U897 (C.W., G.C., C.D., S.S., S.D.), CNRS-CEA UMR5296 (B.M.), and INSERM U708 (C.T.), Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France; Department of Statistical Genetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (C.W.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y., A.B., J.W.); INSERM U744, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France (P.A.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland (B.M.B.); INSERM U1161 and Lariboisière Hospital, Paris 7 University, Paris, France (G.C., S.S., S.D.); Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, The Netherlands (C.M.D.); Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (I.F
| | - Gerardo Heiss
- From the Department of Neurology (E.H., M.C., H.S., R.S.) and Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation (E.H.), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P.), Radiology (D.K.S.), and Neurology and Epidemiology (W.T.L.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Sacramento (C.D.C., O.M.); Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.) and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston; Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland (S.S., V.G., A.S.); Stroke and Ageing Research Group, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (V.S., M.C., C.M., T.P., R.B.); Departments of Cardiology (S.T., J.W.J.), Gerontology and Geriatrics (S.T., A.J.M.C., R.G.J.W.), Molecular Epidemiology (P.E.S.), and Radiology (M.B.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Departments of Epidemiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., C.M.D., A.H., M.W.V., M.A.I.), Radiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., M.W.V., M.A.I.), and Medical Informatics (W.J.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM U897 (C.W., G.C., C.D., S.S., S.D.), CNRS-CEA UMR5296 (B.M.), and INSERM U708 (C.T.), Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France; Department of Statistical Genetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (C.W.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y., A.B., J.W.); INSERM U744, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France (P.A.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland (B.M.B.); INSERM U1161 and Lariboisière Hospital, Paris 7 University, Paris, France (G.C., S.S., S.D.); Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, The Netherlands (C.M.D.); Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (I.F
| | - Albert Hofman
- From the Department of Neurology (E.H., M.C., H.S., R.S.) and Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation (E.H.), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P.), Radiology (D.K.S.), and Neurology and Epidemiology (W.T.L.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Sacramento (C.D.C., O.M.); Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.) and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston; Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland (S.S., V.G., A.S.); Stroke and Ageing Research Group, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (V.S., M.C., C.M., T.P., R.B.); Departments of Cardiology (S.T., J.W.J.), Gerontology and Geriatrics (S.T., A.J.M.C., R.G.J.W.), Molecular Epidemiology (P.E.S.), and Radiology (M.B.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Departments of Epidemiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., C.M.D., A.H., M.W.V., M.A.I.), Radiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., M.W.V., M.A.I.), and Medical Informatics (W.J.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM U897 (C.W., G.C., C.D., S.S., S.D.), CNRS-CEA UMR5296 (B.M.), and INSERM U708 (C.T.), Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France; Department of Statistical Genetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (C.W.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y., A.B., J.W.); INSERM U744, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France (P.A.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland (B.M.B.); INSERM U1161 and Lariboisière Hospital, Paris 7 University, Paris, France (G.C., S.S., S.D.); Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, The Netherlands (C.M.D.); Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (I.F
| | - Thomas Lumley
- From the Department of Neurology (E.H., M.C., H.S., R.S.) and Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation (E.H.), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P.), Radiology (D.K.S.), and Neurology and Epidemiology (W.T.L.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Sacramento (C.D.C., O.M.); Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.) and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston; Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland (S.S., V.G., A.S.); Stroke and Ageing Research Group, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (V.S., M.C., C.M., T.P., R.B.); Departments of Cardiology (S.T., J.W.J.), Gerontology and Geriatrics (S.T., A.J.M.C., R.G.J.W.), Molecular Epidemiology (P.E.S.), and Radiology (M.B.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Departments of Epidemiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., C.M.D., A.H., M.W.V., M.A.I.), Radiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., M.W.V., M.A.I.), and Medical Informatics (W.J.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM U897 (C.W., G.C., C.D., S.S., S.D.), CNRS-CEA UMR5296 (B.M.), and INSERM U708 (C.T.), Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France; Department of Statistical Genetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (C.W.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y., A.B., J.W.); INSERM U744, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France (P.A.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland (B.M.B.); INSERM U1161 and Lariboisière Hospital, Paris 7 University, Paris, France (G.C., S.S., S.D.); Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, The Netherlands (C.M.D.); Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (I.F
| | - Oliver Martinez
- From the Department of Neurology (E.H., M.C., H.S., R.S.) and Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation (E.H.), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P.), Radiology (D.K.S.), and Neurology and Epidemiology (W.T.L.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Sacramento (C.D.C., O.M.); Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.) and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston; Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland (S.S., V.G., A.S.); Stroke and Ageing Research Group, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (V.S., M.C., C.M., T.P., R.B.); Departments of Cardiology (S.T., J.W.J.), Gerontology and Geriatrics (S.T., A.J.M.C., R.G.J.W.), Molecular Epidemiology (P.E.S.), and Radiology (M.B.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Departments of Epidemiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., C.M.D., A.H., M.W.V., M.A.I.), Radiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., M.W.V., M.A.I.), and Medical Informatics (W.J.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM U897 (C.W., G.C., C.D., S.S., S.D.), CNRS-CEA UMR5296 (B.M.), and INSERM U708 (C.T.), Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France; Department of Statistical Genetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (C.W.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y., A.B., J.W.); INSERM U744, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France (P.A.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland (B.M.B.); INSERM U1161 and Lariboisière Hospital, Paris 7 University, Paris, France (G.C., S.S., S.D.); Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, The Netherlands (C.M.D.); Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (I.F
| | - Bernard Mazoyer
- From the Department of Neurology (E.H., M.C., H.S., R.S.) and Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation (E.H.), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P.), Radiology (D.K.S.), and Neurology and Epidemiology (W.T.L.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Sacramento (C.D.C., O.M.); Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.) and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston; Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland (S.S., V.G., A.S.); Stroke and Ageing Research Group, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (V.S., M.C., C.M., T.P., R.B.); Departments of Cardiology (S.T., J.W.J.), Gerontology and Geriatrics (S.T., A.J.M.C., R.G.J.W.), Molecular Epidemiology (P.E.S.), and Radiology (M.B.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Departments of Epidemiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., C.M.D., A.H., M.W.V., M.A.I.), Radiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., M.W.V., M.A.I.), and Medical Informatics (W.J.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM U897 (C.W., G.C., C.D., S.S., S.D.), CNRS-CEA UMR5296 (B.M.), and INSERM U708 (C.T.), Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France; Department of Statistical Genetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (C.W.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y., A.B., J.W.); INSERM U744, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France (P.A.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland (B.M.B.); INSERM U1161 and Lariboisière Hospital, Paris 7 University, Paris, France (G.C., S.S., S.D.); Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, The Netherlands (C.M.D.); Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (I.F
| | - Chris Moran
- From the Department of Neurology (E.H., M.C., H.S., R.S.) and Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation (E.H.), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P.), Radiology (D.K.S.), and Neurology and Epidemiology (W.T.L.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Sacramento (C.D.C., O.M.); Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.) and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston; Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland (S.S., V.G., A.S.); Stroke and Ageing Research Group, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (V.S., M.C., C.M., T.P., R.B.); Departments of Cardiology (S.T., J.W.J.), Gerontology and Geriatrics (S.T., A.J.M.C., R.G.J.W.), Molecular Epidemiology (P.E.S.), and Radiology (M.B.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Departments of Epidemiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., C.M.D., A.H., M.W.V., M.A.I.), Radiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., M.W.V., M.A.I.), and Medical Informatics (W.J.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM U897 (C.W., G.C., C.D., S.S., S.D.), CNRS-CEA UMR5296 (B.M.), and INSERM U708 (C.T.), Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France; Department of Statistical Genetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (C.W.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y., A.B., J.W.); INSERM U744, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France (P.A.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland (B.M.B.); INSERM U1161 and Lariboisière Hospital, Paris 7 University, Paris, France (G.C., S.S., S.D.); Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, The Netherlands (C.M.D.); Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (I.F
| | - Wiro J Niessen
- From the Department of Neurology (E.H., M.C., H.S., R.S.) and Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation (E.H.), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P.), Radiology (D.K.S.), and Neurology and Epidemiology (W.T.L.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Sacramento (C.D.C., O.M.); Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.) and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston; Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland (S.S., V.G., A.S.); Stroke and Ageing Research Group, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (V.S., M.C., C.M., T.P., R.B.); Departments of Cardiology (S.T., J.W.J.), Gerontology and Geriatrics (S.T., A.J.M.C., R.G.J.W.), Molecular Epidemiology (P.E.S.), and Radiology (M.B.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Departments of Epidemiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., C.M.D., A.H., M.W.V., M.A.I.), Radiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., M.W.V., M.A.I.), and Medical Informatics (W.J.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM U897 (C.W., G.C., C.D., S.S., S.D.), CNRS-CEA UMR5296 (B.M.), and INSERM U708 (C.T.), Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France; Department of Statistical Genetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (C.W.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y., A.B., J.W.); INSERM U744, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France (P.A.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland (B.M.B.); INSERM U1161 and Lariboisière Hospital, Paris 7 University, Paris, France (G.C., S.S., S.D.); Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, The Netherlands (C.M.D.); Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (I.F
| | - Thanh Phan
- From the Department of Neurology (E.H., M.C., H.S., R.S.) and Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation (E.H.), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P.), Radiology (D.K.S.), and Neurology and Epidemiology (W.T.L.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Sacramento (C.D.C., O.M.); Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.) and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston; Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland (S.S., V.G., A.S.); Stroke and Ageing Research Group, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (V.S., M.C., C.M., T.P., R.B.); Departments of Cardiology (S.T., J.W.J.), Gerontology and Geriatrics (S.T., A.J.M.C., R.G.J.W.), Molecular Epidemiology (P.E.S.), and Radiology (M.B.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Departments of Epidemiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., C.M.D., A.H., M.W.V., M.A.I.), Radiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., M.W.V., M.A.I.), and Medical Informatics (W.J.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM U897 (C.W., G.C., C.D., S.S., S.D.), CNRS-CEA UMR5296 (B.M.), and INSERM U708 (C.T.), Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France; Department of Statistical Genetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (C.W.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y., A.B., J.W.); INSERM U744, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France (P.A.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland (B.M.B.); INSERM U1161 and Lariboisière Hospital, Paris 7 University, Paris, France (G.C., S.S., S.D.); Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, The Netherlands (C.M.D.); Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (I.F
| | - Bruce M Psaty
- From the Department of Neurology (E.H., M.C., H.S., R.S.) and Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation (E.H.), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P.), Radiology (D.K.S.), and Neurology and Epidemiology (W.T.L.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Sacramento (C.D.C., O.M.); Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.) and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston; Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland (S.S., V.G., A.S.); Stroke and Ageing Research Group, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (V.S., M.C., C.M., T.P., R.B.); Departments of Cardiology (S.T., J.W.J.), Gerontology and Geriatrics (S.T., A.J.M.C., R.G.J.W.), Molecular Epidemiology (P.E.S.), and Radiology (M.B.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Departments of Epidemiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., C.M.D., A.H., M.W.V., M.A.I.), Radiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., M.W.V., M.A.I.), and Medical Informatics (W.J.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM U897 (C.W., G.C., C.D., S.S., S.D.), CNRS-CEA UMR5296 (B.M.), and INSERM U708 (C.T.), Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France; Department of Statistical Genetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (C.W.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y., A.B., J.W.); INSERM U744, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France (P.A.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland (B.M.B.); INSERM U1161 and Lariboisière Hospital, Paris 7 University, Paris, France (G.C., S.S., S.D.); Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, The Netherlands (C.M.D.); Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (I.F
| | - Claudia L Satizabal
- From the Department of Neurology (E.H., M.C., H.S., R.S.) and Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation (E.H.), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P.), Radiology (D.K.S.), and Neurology and Epidemiology (W.T.L.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Sacramento (C.D.C., O.M.); Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.) and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston; Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland (S.S., V.G., A.S.); Stroke and Ageing Research Group, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (V.S., M.C., C.M., T.P., R.B.); Departments of Cardiology (S.T., J.W.J.), Gerontology and Geriatrics (S.T., A.J.M.C., R.G.J.W.), Molecular Epidemiology (P.E.S.), and Radiology (M.B.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Departments of Epidemiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., C.M.D., A.H., M.W.V., M.A.I.), Radiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., M.W.V., M.A.I.), and Medical Informatics (W.J.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM U897 (C.W., G.C., C.D., S.S., S.D.), CNRS-CEA UMR5296 (B.M.), and INSERM U708 (C.T.), Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France; Department of Statistical Genetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (C.W.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y., A.B., J.W.); INSERM U744, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France (P.A.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland (B.M.B.); INSERM U1161 and Lariboisière Hospital, Paris 7 University, Paris, France (G.C., S.S., S.D.); Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, The Netherlands (C.M.D.); Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (I.F
| | - Naveed Sattar
- From the Department of Neurology (E.H., M.C., H.S., R.S.) and Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation (E.H.), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P.), Radiology (D.K.S.), and Neurology and Epidemiology (W.T.L.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Sacramento (C.D.C., O.M.); Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.) and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston; Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland (S.S., V.G., A.S.); Stroke and Ageing Research Group, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (V.S., M.C., C.M., T.P., R.B.); Departments of Cardiology (S.T., J.W.J.), Gerontology and Geriatrics (S.T., A.J.M.C., R.G.J.W.), Molecular Epidemiology (P.E.S.), and Radiology (M.B.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Departments of Epidemiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., C.M.D., A.H., M.W.V., M.A.I.), Radiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., M.W.V., M.A.I.), and Medical Informatics (W.J.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM U897 (C.W., G.C., C.D., S.S., S.D.), CNRS-CEA UMR5296 (B.M.), and INSERM U708 (C.T.), Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France; Department of Statistical Genetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (C.W.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y., A.B., J.W.); INSERM U744, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France (P.A.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland (B.M.B.); INSERM U1161 and Lariboisière Hospital, Paris 7 University, Paris, France (G.C., S.S., S.D.); Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, The Netherlands (C.M.D.); Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (I.F
| | - Sabrina Schilling
- From the Department of Neurology (E.H., M.C., H.S., R.S.) and Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation (E.H.), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P.), Radiology (D.K.S.), and Neurology and Epidemiology (W.T.L.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Sacramento (C.D.C., O.M.); Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.) and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston; Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland (S.S., V.G., A.S.); Stroke and Ageing Research Group, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (V.S., M.C., C.M., T.P., R.B.); Departments of Cardiology (S.T., J.W.J.), Gerontology and Geriatrics (S.T., A.J.M.C., R.G.J.W.), Molecular Epidemiology (P.E.S.), and Radiology (M.B.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Departments of Epidemiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., C.M.D., A.H., M.W.V., M.A.I.), Radiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., M.W.V., M.A.I.), and Medical Informatics (W.J.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM U897 (C.W., G.C., C.D., S.S., S.D.), CNRS-CEA UMR5296 (B.M.), and INSERM U708 (C.T.), Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France; Department of Statistical Genetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (C.W.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y., A.B., J.W.); INSERM U744, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France (P.A.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland (B.M.B.); INSERM U1161 and Lariboisière Hospital, Paris 7 University, Paris, France (G.C., S.S., S.D.); Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, The Netherlands (C.M.D.); Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (I.F
| | - Dean K Shibata
- From the Department of Neurology (E.H., M.C., H.S., R.S.) and Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation (E.H.), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P.), Radiology (D.K.S.), and Neurology and Epidemiology (W.T.L.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Sacramento (C.D.C., O.M.); Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.) and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston; Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland (S.S., V.G., A.S.); Stroke and Ageing Research Group, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (V.S., M.C., C.M., T.P., R.B.); Departments of Cardiology (S.T., J.W.J.), Gerontology and Geriatrics (S.T., A.J.M.C., R.G.J.W.), Molecular Epidemiology (P.E.S.), and Radiology (M.B.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Departments of Epidemiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., C.M.D., A.H., M.W.V., M.A.I.), Radiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., M.W.V., M.A.I.), and Medical Informatics (W.J.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM U897 (C.W., G.C., C.D., S.S., S.D.), CNRS-CEA UMR5296 (B.M.), and INSERM U708 (C.T.), Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France; Department of Statistical Genetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (C.W.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y., A.B., J.W.); INSERM U744, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France (P.A.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland (B.M.B.); INSERM U1161 and Lariboisière Hospital, Paris 7 University, Paris, France (G.C., S.S., S.D.); Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, The Netherlands (C.M.D.); Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (I.F
| | - P Eline Slagboom
- From the Department of Neurology (E.H., M.C., H.S., R.S.) and Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation (E.H.), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P.), Radiology (D.K.S.), and Neurology and Epidemiology (W.T.L.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Sacramento (C.D.C., O.M.); Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.) and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston; Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland (S.S., V.G., A.S.); Stroke and Ageing Research Group, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (V.S., M.C., C.M., T.P., R.B.); Departments of Cardiology (S.T., J.W.J.), Gerontology and Geriatrics (S.T., A.J.M.C., R.G.J.W.), Molecular Epidemiology (P.E.S.), and Radiology (M.B.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Departments of Epidemiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., C.M.D., A.H., M.W.V., M.A.I.), Radiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., M.W.V., M.A.I.), and Medical Informatics (W.J.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM U897 (C.W., G.C., C.D., S.S., S.D.), CNRS-CEA UMR5296 (B.M.), and INSERM U708 (C.T.), Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France; Department of Statistical Genetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (C.W.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y., A.B., J.W.); INSERM U744, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France (P.A.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland (B.M.B.); INSERM U1161 and Lariboisière Hospital, Paris 7 University, Paris, France (G.C., S.S., S.D.); Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, The Netherlands (C.M.D.); Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (I.F
| | - Albert Smith
- From the Department of Neurology (E.H., M.C., H.S., R.S.) and Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation (E.H.), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P.), Radiology (D.K.S.), and Neurology and Epidemiology (W.T.L.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Sacramento (C.D.C., O.M.); Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.) and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston; Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland (S.S., V.G., A.S.); Stroke and Ageing Research Group, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (V.S., M.C., C.M., T.P., R.B.); Departments of Cardiology (S.T., J.W.J.), Gerontology and Geriatrics (S.T., A.J.M.C., R.G.J.W.), Molecular Epidemiology (P.E.S.), and Radiology (M.B.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Departments of Epidemiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., C.M.D., A.H., M.W.V., M.A.I.), Radiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., M.W.V., M.A.I.), and Medical Informatics (W.J.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM U897 (C.W., G.C., C.D., S.S., S.D.), CNRS-CEA UMR5296 (B.M.), and INSERM U708 (C.T.), Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France; Department of Statistical Genetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (C.W.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y., A.B., J.W.); INSERM U744, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France (P.A.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland (B.M.B.); INSERM U1161 and Lariboisière Hospital, Paris 7 University, Paris, France (G.C., S.S., S.D.); Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, The Netherlands (C.M.D.); Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (I.F
| | - David J Stott
- From the Department of Neurology (E.H., M.C., H.S., R.S.) and Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation (E.H.), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P.), Radiology (D.K.S.), and Neurology and Epidemiology (W.T.L.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Sacramento (C.D.C., O.M.); Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.) and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston; Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland (S.S., V.G., A.S.); Stroke and Ageing Research Group, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (V.S., M.C., C.M., T.P., R.B.); Departments of Cardiology (S.T., J.W.J.), Gerontology and Geriatrics (S.T., A.J.M.C., R.G.J.W.), Molecular Epidemiology (P.E.S.), and Radiology (M.B.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Departments of Epidemiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., C.M.D., A.H., M.W.V., M.A.I.), Radiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., M.W.V., M.A.I.), and Medical Informatics (W.J.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM U897 (C.W., G.C., C.D., S.S., S.D.), CNRS-CEA UMR5296 (B.M.), and INSERM U708 (C.T.), Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France; Department of Statistical Genetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (C.W.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y., A.B., J.W.); INSERM U744, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France (P.A.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland (B.M.B.); INSERM U1161 and Lariboisière Hospital, Paris 7 University, Paris, France (G.C., S.S., S.D.); Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, The Netherlands (C.M.D.); Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (I.F
| | - Kent D Taylor
- From the Department of Neurology (E.H., M.C., H.S., R.S.) and Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation (E.H.), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P.), Radiology (D.K.S.), and Neurology and Epidemiology (W.T.L.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Sacramento (C.D.C., O.M.); Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.) and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston; Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland (S.S., V.G., A.S.); Stroke and Ageing Research Group, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (V.S., M.C., C.M., T.P., R.B.); Departments of Cardiology (S.T., J.W.J.), Gerontology and Geriatrics (S.T., A.J.M.C., R.G.J.W.), Molecular Epidemiology (P.E.S.), and Radiology (M.B.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Departments of Epidemiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., C.M.D., A.H., M.W.V., M.A.I.), Radiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., M.W.V., M.A.I.), and Medical Informatics (W.J.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM U897 (C.W., G.C., C.D., S.S., S.D.), CNRS-CEA UMR5296 (B.M.), and INSERM U708 (C.T.), Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France; Department of Statistical Genetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (C.W.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y., A.B., J.W.); INSERM U744, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France (P.A.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland (B.M.B.); INSERM U1161 and Lariboisière Hospital, Paris 7 University, Paris, France (G.C., S.S., S.D.); Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, The Netherlands (C.M.D.); Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (I.F
| | - Russell Thomson
- From the Department of Neurology (E.H., M.C., H.S., R.S.) and Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation (E.H.), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P.), Radiology (D.K.S.), and Neurology and Epidemiology (W.T.L.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Sacramento (C.D.C., O.M.); Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.) and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston; Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland (S.S., V.G., A.S.); Stroke and Ageing Research Group, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (V.S., M.C., C.M., T.P., R.B.); Departments of Cardiology (S.T., J.W.J.), Gerontology and Geriatrics (S.T., A.J.M.C., R.G.J.W.), Molecular Epidemiology (P.E.S.), and Radiology (M.B.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Departments of Epidemiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., C.M.D., A.H., M.W.V., M.A.I.), Radiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., M.W.V., M.A.I.), and Medical Informatics (W.J.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM U897 (C.W., G.C., C.D., S.S., S.D.), CNRS-CEA UMR5296 (B.M.), and INSERM U708 (C.T.), Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France; Department of Statistical Genetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (C.W.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y., A.B., J.W.); INSERM U744, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France (P.A.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland (B.M.B.); INSERM U1161 and Lariboisière Hospital, Paris 7 University, Paris, France (G.C., S.S., S.D.); Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, The Netherlands (C.M.D.); Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (I.F
| | - Anna M Töglhofer
- From the Department of Neurology (E.H., M.C., H.S., R.S.) and Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation (E.H.), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P.), Radiology (D.K.S.), and Neurology and Epidemiology (W.T.L.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Sacramento (C.D.C., O.M.); Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.) and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston; Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland (S.S., V.G., A.S.); Stroke and Ageing Research Group, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (V.S., M.C., C.M., T.P., R.B.); Departments of Cardiology (S.T., J.W.J.), Gerontology and Geriatrics (S.T., A.J.M.C., R.G.J.W.), Molecular Epidemiology (P.E.S.), and Radiology (M.B.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Departments of Epidemiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., C.M.D., A.H., M.W.V., M.A.I.), Radiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., M.W.V., M.A.I.), and Medical Informatics (W.J.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM U897 (C.W., G.C., C.D., S.S., S.D.), CNRS-CEA UMR5296 (B.M.), and INSERM U708 (C.T.), Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France; Department of Statistical Genetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (C.W.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y., A.B., J.W.); INSERM U744, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France (P.A.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland (B.M.B.); INSERM U1161 and Lariboisière Hospital, Paris 7 University, Paris, France (G.C., S.S., S.D.); Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, The Netherlands (C.M.D.); Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (I.F
| | - Christophe Tzourio
- From the Department of Neurology (E.H., M.C., H.S., R.S.) and Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation (E.H.), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P.), Radiology (D.K.S.), and Neurology and Epidemiology (W.T.L.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Sacramento (C.D.C., O.M.); Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.) and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston; Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland (S.S., V.G., A.S.); Stroke and Ageing Research Group, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (V.S., M.C., C.M., T.P., R.B.); Departments of Cardiology (S.T., J.W.J.), Gerontology and Geriatrics (S.T., A.J.M.C., R.G.J.W.), Molecular Epidemiology (P.E.S.), and Radiology (M.B.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Departments of Epidemiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., C.M.D., A.H., M.W.V., M.A.I.), Radiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., M.W.V., M.A.I.), and Medical Informatics (W.J.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM U897 (C.W., G.C., C.D., S.S., S.D.), CNRS-CEA UMR5296 (B.M.), and INSERM U708 (C.T.), Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France; Department of Statistical Genetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (C.W.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y., A.B., J.W.); INSERM U744, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France (P.A.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland (B.M.B.); INSERM U1161 and Lariboisière Hospital, Paris 7 University, Paris, France (G.C., S.S., S.D.); Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, The Netherlands (C.M.D.); Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (I.F
| | - Mark van Buchem
- From the Department of Neurology (E.H., M.C., H.S., R.S.) and Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation (E.H.), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P.), Radiology (D.K.S.), and Neurology and Epidemiology (W.T.L.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Sacramento (C.D.C., O.M.); Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.) and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston; Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland (S.S., V.G., A.S.); Stroke and Ageing Research Group, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (V.S., M.C., C.M., T.P., R.B.); Departments of Cardiology (S.T., J.W.J.), Gerontology and Geriatrics (S.T., A.J.M.C., R.G.J.W.), Molecular Epidemiology (P.E.S.), and Radiology (M.B.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Departments of Epidemiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., C.M.D., A.H., M.W.V., M.A.I.), Radiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., M.W.V., M.A.I.), and Medical Informatics (W.J.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM U897 (C.W., G.C., C.D., S.S., S.D.), CNRS-CEA UMR5296 (B.M.), and INSERM U708 (C.T.), Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France; Department of Statistical Genetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (C.W.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y., A.B., J.W.); INSERM U744, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France (P.A.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland (B.M.B.); INSERM U1161 and Lariboisière Hospital, Paris 7 University, Paris, France (G.C., S.S., S.D.); Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, The Netherlands (C.M.D.); Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (I.F
| | - Jing Wang
- From the Department of Neurology (E.H., M.C., H.S., R.S.) and Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation (E.H.), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P.), Radiology (D.K.S.), and Neurology and Epidemiology (W.T.L.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Sacramento (C.D.C., O.M.); Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.) and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston; Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland (S.S., V.G., A.S.); Stroke and Ageing Research Group, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (V.S., M.C., C.M., T.P., R.B.); Departments of Cardiology (S.T., J.W.J.), Gerontology and Geriatrics (S.T., A.J.M.C., R.G.J.W.), Molecular Epidemiology (P.E.S.), and Radiology (M.B.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Departments of Epidemiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., C.M.D., A.H., M.W.V., M.A.I.), Radiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., M.W.V., M.A.I.), and Medical Informatics (W.J.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM U897 (C.W., G.C., C.D., S.S., S.D.), CNRS-CEA UMR5296 (B.M.), and INSERM U708 (C.T.), Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France; Department of Statistical Genetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (C.W.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y., A.B., J.W.); INSERM U744, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France (P.A.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland (B.M.B.); INSERM U1161 and Lariboisière Hospital, Paris 7 University, Paris, France (G.C., S.S., S.D.); Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, The Netherlands (C.M.D.); Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (I.F
| | - Rudi G J Westendorp
- From the Department of Neurology (E.H., M.C., H.S., R.S.) and Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation (E.H.), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P.), Radiology (D.K.S.), and Neurology and Epidemiology (W.T.L.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Sacramento (C.D.C., O.M.); Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.) and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston; Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland (S.S., V.G., A.S.); Stroke and Ageing Research Group, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (V.S., M.C., C.M., T.P., R.B.); Departments of Cardiology (S.T., J.W.J.), Gerontology and Geriatrics (S.T., A.J.M.C., R.G.J.W.), Molecular Epidemiology (P.E.S.), and Radiology (M.B.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Departments of Epidemiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., C.M.D., A.H., M.W.V., M.A.I.), Radiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., M.W.V., M.A.I.), and Medical Informatics (W.J.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM U897 (C.W., G.C., C.D., S.S., S.D.), CNRS-CEA UMR5296 (B.M.), and INSERM U708 (C.T.), Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France; Department of Statistical Genetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (C.W.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y., A.B., J.W.); INSERM U744, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France (P.A.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland (B.M.B.); INSERM U1161 and Lariboisière Hospital, Paris 7 University, Paris, France (G.C., S.S., S.D.); Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, The Netherlands (C.M.D.); Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (I.F
| | - B Gwen Windham
- From the Department of Neurology (E.H., M.C., H.S., R.S.) and Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation (E.H.), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P.), Radiology (D.K.S.), and Neurology and Epidemiology (W.T.L.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Sacramento (C.D.C., O.M.); Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.) and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston; Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland (S.S., V.G., A.S.); Stroke and Ageing Research Group, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (V.S., M.C., C.M., T.P., R.B.); Departments of Cardiology (S.T., J.W.J.), Gerontology and Geriatrics (S.T., A.J.M.C., R.G.J.W.), Molecular Epidemiology (P.E.S.), and Radiology (M.B.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Departments of Epidemiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., C.M.D., A.H., M.W.V., M.A.I.), Radiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., M.W.V., M.A.I.), and Medical Informatics (W.J.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM U897 (C.W., G.C., C.D., S.S., S.D.), CNRS-CEA UMR5296 (B.M.), and INSERM U708 (C.T.), Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France; Department of Statistical Genetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (C.W.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y., A.B., J.W.); INSERM U744, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France (P.A.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland (B.M.B.); INSERM U1161 and Lariboisière Hospital, Paris 7 University, Paris, France (G.C., S.S., S.D.); Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, The Netherlands (C.M.D.); Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (I.F
| | - Meike W Vernooij
- From the Department of Neurology (E.H., M.C., H.S., R.S.) and Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation (E.H.), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P.), Radiology (D.K.S.), and Neurology and Epidemiology (W.T.L.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Sacramento (C.D.C., O.M.); Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.) and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston; Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland (S.S., V.G., A.S.); Stroke and Ageing Research Group, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (V.S., M.C., C.M., T.P., R.B.); Departments of Cardiology (S.T., J.W.J.), Gerontology and Geriatrics (S.T., A.J.M.C., R.G.J.W.), Molecular Epidemiology (P.E.S.), and Radiology (M.B.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Departments of Epidemiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., C.M.D., A.H., M.W.V., M.A.I.), Radiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., M.W.V., M.A.I.), and Medical Informatics (W.J.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM U897 (C.W., G.C., C.D., S.S., S.D.), CNRS-CEA UMR5296 (B.M.), and INSERM U708 (C.T.), Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France; Department of Statistical Genetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (C.W.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y., A.B., J.W.); INSERM U744, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France (P.A.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland (B.M.B.); INSERM U1161 and Lariboisière Hospital, Paris 7 University, Paris, France (G.C., S.S., S.D.); Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, The Netherlands (C.M.D.); Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (I.F
| | - Alex Zijdenbos
- From the Department of Neurology (E.H., M.C., H.S., R.S.) and Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation (E.H.), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P.), Radiology (D.K.S.), and Neurology and Epidemiology (W.T.L.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Sacramento (C.D.C., O.M.); Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.) and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston; Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland (S.S., V.G., A.S.); Stroke and Ageing Research Group, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (V.S., M.C., C.M., T.P., R.B.); Departments of Cardiology (S.T., J.W.J.), Gerontology and Geriatrics (S.T., A.J.M.C., R.G.J.W.), Molecular Epidemiology (P.E.S.), and Radiology (M.B.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Departments of Epidemiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., C.M.D., A.H., M.W.V., M.A.I.), Radiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., M.W.V., M.A.I.), and Medical Informatics (W.J.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM U897 (C.W., G.C., C.D., S.S., S.D.), CNRS-CEA UMR5296 (B.M.), and INSERM U708 (C.T.), Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France; Department of Statistical Genetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (C.W.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y., A.B., J.W.); INSERM U744, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France (P.A.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland (B.M.B.); INSERM U1161 and Lariboisière Hospital, Paris 7 University, Paris, France (G.C., S.S., S.D.); Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, The Netherlands (C.M.D.); Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (I.F
| | - Richard Beare
- From the Department of Neurology (E.H., M.C., H.S., R.S.) and Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation (E.H.), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P.), Radiology (D.K.S.), and Neurology and Epidemiology (W.T.L.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Sacramento (C.D.C., O.M.); Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.) and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston; Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland (S.S., V.G., A.S.); Stroke and Ageing Research Group, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (V.S., M.C., C.M., T.P., R.B.); Departments of Cardiology (S.T., J.W.J.), Gerontology and Geriatrics (S.T., A.J.M.C., R.G.J.W.), Molecular Epidemiology (P.E.S.), and Radiology (M.B.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Departments of Epidemiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., C.M.D., A.H., M.W.V., M.A.I.), Radiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., M.W.V., M.A.I.), and Medical Informatics (W.J.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM U897 (C.W., G.C., C.D., S.S., S.D.), CNRS-CEA UMR5296 (B.M.), and INSERM U708 (C.T.), Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France; Department of Statistical Genetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (C.W.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y., A.B., J.W.); INSERM U744, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France (P.A.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland (B.M.B.); INSERM U1161 and Lariboisière Hospital, Paris 7 University, Paris, France (G.C., S.S., S.D.); Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, The Netherlands (C.M.D.); Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (I.F
| | - Stéphanie Debette
- From the Department of Neurology (E.H., M.C., H.S., R.S.) and Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation (E.H.), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P.), Radiology (D.K.S.), and Neurology and Epidemiology (W.T.L.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Sacramento (C.D.C., O.M.); Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.) and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston; Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland (S.S., V.G., A.S.); Stroke and Ageing Research Group, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (V.S., M.C., C.M., T.P., R.B.); Departments of Cardiology (S.T., J.W.J.), Gerontology and Geriatrics (S.T., A.J.M.C., R.G.J.W.), Molecular Epidemiology (P.E.S.), and Radiology (M.B.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Departments of Epidemiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., C.M.D., A.H., M.W.V., M.A.I.), Radiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., M.W.V., M.A.I.), and Medical Informatics (W.J.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM U897 (C.W., G.C., C.D., S.S., S.D.), CNRS-CEA UMR5296 (B.M.), and INSERM U708 (C.T.), Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France; Department of Statistical Genetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (C.W.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y., A.B., J.W.); INSERM U744, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France (P.A.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland (B.M.B.); INSERM U1161 and Lariboisière Hospital, Paris 7 University, Paris, France (G.C., S.S., S.D.); Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, The Netherlands (C.M.D.); Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (I.F
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- From the Department of Neurology (E.H., M.C., H.S., R.S.) and Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation (E.H.), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P.), Radiology (D.K.S.), and Neurology and Epidemiology (W.T.L.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Sacramento (C.D.C., O.M.); Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.) and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston; Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland (S.S., V.G., A.S.); Stroke and Ageing Research Group, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (V.S., M.C., C.M., T.P., R.B.); Departments of Cardiology (S.T., J.W.J.), Gerontology and Geriatrics (S.T., A.J.M.C., R.G.J.W.), Molecular Epidemiology (P.E.S.), and Radiology (M.B.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Departments of Epidemiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., C.M.D., A.H., M.W.V., M.A.I.), Radiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., M.W.V., M.A.I.), and Medical Informatics (W.J.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM U897 (C.W., G.C., C.D., S.S., S.D.), CNRS-CEA UMR5296 (B.M.), and INSERM U708 (C.T.), Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France; Department of Statistical Genetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (C.W.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y., A.B., J.W.); INSERM U744, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France (P.A.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland (B.M.B.); INSERM U1161 and Lariboisière Hospital, Paris 7 University, Paris, France (G.C., S.S., S.D.); Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, The Netherlands (C.M.D.); Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (I.F
| | - J Wouter Jukema
- From the Department of Neurology (E.H., M.C., H.S., R.S.) and Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation (E.H.), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P.), Radiology (D.K.S.), and Neurology and Epidemiology (W.T.L.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Sacramento (C.D.C., O.M.); Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.) and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston; Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland (S.S., V.G., A.S.); Stroke and Ageing Research Group, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (V.S., M.C., C.M., T.P., R.B.); Departments of Cardiology (S.T., J.W.J.), Gerontology and Geriatrics (S.T., A.J.M.C., R.G.J.W.), Molecular Epidemiology (P.E.S.), and Radiology (M.B.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Departments of Epidemiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., C.M.D., A.H., M.W.V., M.A.I.), Radiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., M.W.V., M.A.I.), and Medical Informatics (W.J.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM U897 (C.W., G.C., C.D., S.S., S.D.), CNRS-CEA UMR5296 (B.M.), and INSERM U708 (C.T.), Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France; Department of Statistical Genetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (C.W.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y., A.B., J.W.); INSERM U744, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France (P.A.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland (B.M.B.); INSERM U1161 and Lariboisière Hospital, Paris 7 University, Paris, France (G.C., S.S., S.D.); Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, The Netherlands (C.M.D.); Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (I.F
| | - Lenore J Launer
- From the Department of Neurology (E.H., M.C., H.S., R.S.) and Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation (E.H.), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P.), Radiology (D.K.S.), and Neurology and Epidemiology (W.T.L.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Sacramento (C.D.C., O.M.); Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.) and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston; Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland (S.S., V.G., A.S.); Stroke and Ageing Research Group, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (V.S., M.C., C.M., T.P., R.B.); Departments of Cardiology (S.T., J.W.J.), Gerontology and Geriatrics (S.T., A.J.M.C., R.G.J.W.), Molecular Epidemiology (P.E.S.), and Radiology (M.B.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Departments of Epidemiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., C.M.D., A.H., M.W.V., M.A.I.), Radiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., M.W.V., M.A.I.), and Medical Informatics (W.J.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM U897 (C.W., G.C., C.D., S.S., S.D.), CNRS-CEA UMR5296 (B.M.), and INSERM U708 (C.T.), Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France; Department of Statistical Genetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (C.W.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y., A.B., J.W.); INSERM U744, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France (P.A.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland (B.M.B.); INSERM U1161 and Lariboisière Hospital, Paris 7 University, Paris, France (G.C., S.S., S.D.); Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, The Netherlands (C.M.D.); Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (I.F
| | - W T Longstreth
- From the Department of Neurology (E.H., M.C., H.S., R.S.) and Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation (E.H.), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P.), Radiology (D.K.S.), and Neurology and Epidemiology (W.T.L.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Sacramento (C.D.C., O.M.); Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.) and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston; Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland (S.S., V.G., A.S.); Stroke and Ageing Research Group, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (V.S., M.C., C.M., T.P., R.B.); Departments of Cardiology (S.T., J.W.J.), Gerontology and Geriatrics (S.T., A.J.M.C., R.G.J.W.), Molecular Epidemiology (P.E.S.), and Radiology (M.B.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Departments of Epidemiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., C.M.D., A.H., M.W.V., M.A.I.), Radiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., M.W.V., M.A.I.), and Medical Informatics (W.J.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM U897 (C.W., G.C., C.D., S.S., S.D.), CNRS-CEA UMR5296 (B.M.), and INSERM U708 (C.T.), Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France; Department of Statistical Genetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (C.W.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y., A.B., J.W.); INSERM U744, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France (P.A.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland (B.M.B.); INSERM U1161 and Lariboisière Hospital, Paris 7 University, Paris, France (G.C., S.S., S.D.); Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, The Netherlands (C.M.D.); Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (I.F
| | - Thomas H Mosley
- From the Department of Neurology (E.H., M.C., H.S., R.S.) and Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation (E.H.), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P.), Radiology (D.K.S.), and Neurology and Epidemiology (W.T.L.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Sacramento (C.D.C., O.M.); Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.) and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston; Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland (S.S., V.G., A.S.); Stroke and Ageing Research Group, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (V.S., M.C., C.M., T.P., R.B.); Departments of Cardiology (S.T., J.W.J.), Gerontology and Geriatrics (S.T., A.J.M.C., R.G.J.W.), Molecular Epidemiology (P.E.S.), and Radiology (M.B.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Departments of Epidemiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., C.M.D., A.H., M.W.V., M.A.I.), Radiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., M.W.V., M.A.I.), and Medical Informatics (W.J.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM U897 (C.W., G.C., C.D., S.S., S.D.), CNRS-CEA UMR5296 (B.M.), and INSERM U708 (C.T.), Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France; Department of Statistical Genetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (C.W.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y., A.B., J.W.); INSERM U744, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France (P.A.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland (B.M.B.); INSERM U1161 and Lariboisière Hospital, Paris 7 University, Paris, France (G.C., S.S., S.D.); Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, The Netherlands (C.M.D.); Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (I.F
| | - Sudha Seshadri
- From the Department of Neurology (E.H., M.C., H.S., R.S.) and Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation (E.H.), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P.), Radiology (D.K.S.), and Neurology and Epidemiology (W.T.L.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Sacramento (C.D.C., O.M.); Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.) and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston; Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland (S.S., V.G., A.S.); Stroke and Ageing Research Group, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (V.S., M.C., C.M., T.P., R.B.); Departments of Cardiology (S.T., J.W.J.), Gerontology and Geriatrics (S.T., A.J.M.C., R.G.J.W.), Molecular Epidemiology (P.E.S.), and Radiology (M.B.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Departments of Epidemiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., C.M.D., A.H., M.W.V., M.A.I.), Radiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., M.W.V., M.A.I.), and Medical Informatics (W.J.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM U897 (C.W., G.C., C.D., S.S., S.D.), CNRS-CEA UMR5296 (B.M.), and INSERM U708 (C.T.), Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France; Department of Statistical Genetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (C.W.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y., A.B., J.W.); INSERM U744, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France (P.A.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland (B.M.B.); INSERM U1161 and Lariboisière Hospital, Paris 7 University, Paris, France (G.C., S.S., S.D.); Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, The Netherlands (C.M.D.); Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (I.F
| | - Helena Schmidt
- From the Department of Neurology (E.H., M.C., H.S., R.S.) and Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation (E.H.), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P.), Radiology (D.K.S.), and Neurology and Epidemiology (W.T.L.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Sacramento (C.D.C., O.M.); Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.) and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston; Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland (S.S., V.G., A.S.); Stroke and Ageing Research Group, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (V.S., M.C., C.M., T.P., R.B.); Departments of Cardiology (S.T., J.W.J.), Gerontology and Geriatrics (S.T., A.J.M.C., R.G.J.W.), Molecular Epidemiology (P.E.S.), and Radiology (M.B.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Departments of Epidemiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., C.M.D., A.H., M.W.V., M.A.I.), Radiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., M.W.V., M.A.I.), and Medical Informatics (W.J.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM U897 (C.W., G.C., C.D., S.S., S.D.), CNRS-CEA UMR5296 (B.M.), and INSERM U708 (C.T.), Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France; Department of Statistical Genetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (C.W.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y., A.B., J.W.); INSERM U744, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France (P.A.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland (B.M.B.); INSERM U1161 and Lariboisière Hospital, Paris 7 University, Paris, France (G.C., S.S., S.D.); Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, The Netherlands (C.M.D.); Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (I.F
| | - Reinhold Schmidt
- From the Department of Neurology (E.H., M.C., H.S., R.S.) and Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation (E.H.), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine (J.C.B., B.M.P.), Radiology (D.K.S.), and Neurology and Epidemiology (W.T.L.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Sacramento (C.D.C., O.M.); Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine (M.F.) and Human Genetics Center (M.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston; Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland (S.S., V.G., A.S.); Stroke and Ageing Research Group, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (V.S., M.C., C.M., T.P., R.B.); Departments of Cardiology (S.T., J.W.J.), Gerontology and Geriatrics (S.T., A.J.M.C., R.G.J.W.), Molecular Epidemiology (P.E.S.), and Radiology (M.B.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Departments of Epidemiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., C.M.D., A.H., M.W.V., M.A.I.), Radiology (B.F.J.V., H.H.H.A., M.W.V., M.A.I.), and Medical Informatics (W.J.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM U897 (C.W., G.C., C.D., S.S., S.D.), CNRS-CEA UMR5296 (B.M.), and INSERM U708 (C.T.), Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France; Department of Statistical Genetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (C.W.); Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (Q.Y., A.B., J.W.); INSERM U744, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France (P.A.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland (B.M.B.); INSERM U1161 and Lariboisière Hospital, Paris 7 University, Paris, France (G.C., S.S., S.D.); Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, The Netherlands (C.M.D.); Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (I.F
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lund
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford, UK
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23
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van Leeuwen EM, Karssen LC, Deelen J, Isaacs A, Medina-Gomez C, Mbarek H, Kanterakis A, Trompet S, Postmus I, Verweij N, van Enckevort DJ, Huffman JE, White CC, Feitosa MF, Bartz TM, Manichaikul A, Joshi PK, Peloso GM, Deelen P, van Dijk F, Willemsen G, de Geus EJ, Milaneschi Y, Penninx BWJH, Francioli LC, Menelaou A, Pulit SL, Rivadeneira F, Hofman A, Oostra BA, Franco OH, Mateo Leach I, Beekman M, de Craen AJM, Uh HW, Trochet H, Hocking LJ, Porteous DJ, Sattar N, Packard CJ, Buckley BM, Brody JA, Bis JC, Rotter JI, Mychaleckyj JC, Campbell H, Duan Q, Lange LA, Wilson JF, Hayward C, Polasek O, Vitart V, Rudan I, Wright AF, Rich SS, Psaty BM, Borecki IB, Kearney PM, Stott DJ, Adrienne Cupples L, Jukema JW, van der Harst P, Sijbrands EJ, Hottenga JJ, Uitterlinden AG, Swertz MA, van Ommen GJB, de Bakker PIW, Eline Slagboom P, Boomsma DI, Wijmenga C, van Duijn CM. Genome of The Netherlands population-specific imputations identify an ABCA6 variant associated with cholesterol levels. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6065. [PMID: 25751400 PMCID: PMC4366498 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Variants associated with blood lipid levels may be population-specific. To identify
low-frequency variants associated with this phenotype, population-specific reference
panels may be used. Here we impute nine large Dutch biobanks (~35,000
samples) with the population-specific reference panel created by the Genome of the
Netherlands Project and perform association testing with blood lipid levels. We
report the discovery of five novel associations at four loci (P value
<6.61 × 10−4), including a rare missense
variant in ABCA6
(rs77542162, p.Cys1359Arg, frequency 0.034), which is predicted to be deleterious.
The frequency of this ABCA6
variant is 3.65-fold increased in the Dutch and its effect
(βLDL-C=0.135,
βTC=0.140) is estimated to be very similar to those
observed for single variants in well-known lipid genes, such as LDLR. Frequencies of rare variants fluctuate over populations, hampering
gene discovery. Here the authors use a population-specific reference panel, the Genome
of the Netherlands, to discover four novel loci involved in lipid metabolism, including
an exonic variant in ABCA6.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lennart C Karssen
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Joris Deelen
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Aaron Isaacs
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Carolina Medina-Gomez
- Department of Epidemiology and Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Hamdi Mbarek
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam 1081BT, The Netherlands
| | - Alexandros Kanterakis
- Department of Genetics, Genomics Coordination Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | - Stella Trompet
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Iris Postmus
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Niek Verweij
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jennifer E Huffman
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Charles C White
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston U School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Mary F Feitosa
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
| | - Traci M Bartz
- Department of Biostatistics and Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
| | - Ani Manichaikul
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
| | - Peter K Joshi
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland EH8 9AG, UK
| | - Gina M Peloso
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02176, USA
| | - Patrick Deelen
- Department of Genetics, Genomics Coordination Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | - Freerk van Dijk
- Department of Genetics, Genomics Coordination Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam 1081BT, The Netherlands
| | - Eco J de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam 1081BT, The Netherlands
| | - Yuri Milaneschi
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam/GGZinGeest, EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081HL, The Netherlands
| | - Brenda W J H Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam/GGZinGeest, EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081HL, The Netherlands
| | - Laurent C Francioli
- Department of Medical Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Androniki Menelaou
- Department of Medical Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Sara L Pulit
- Department of Medical Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Epidemiology and Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Ben A Oostra
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Oscar H Franco
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Irene Mateo Leach
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | - Marian Beekman
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Anton J M de Craen
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Hae-Won Uh
- Department of Genetical Statistics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Holly Trochet
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Lynne J Hocking
- Division of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - David J Porteous
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Naveed Sattar
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Chris J Packard
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Brendan M Buckley
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Jennifer A Brody
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
| | - Joshua C Bis
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles BioMedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California 90502, USA
| | - Josyf C Mychaleckyj
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
| | - Harry Campbell
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland EH8 9AG, UK
| | - Qing Duan
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina NC 27599, USA
| | - Leslie A Lange
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina NC 27599, USA
| | - James F Wilson
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland EH8 9AG, UK
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Ozren Polasek
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split 21000, Croatia
| | - Veronique Vitart
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Igor Rudan
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland EH8 9AG, UK
| | - Alan F Wright
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Stephen S Rich
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
| | - Bruce M Psaty
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
| | - Ingrid B Borecki
- Department of Genetics and Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
| | - Patricia M Kearney
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - David J Stott
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - L Adrienne Cupples
- 1] Department of Biostatistics, Boston U School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA [2] Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts 01702, USA
| | | | - J Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Pim van der Harst
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | - Eric J Sijbrands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam and EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam 1081BT, The Netherlands
| | - Andre G Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology and Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Morris A Swertz
- Department of Genetics, Genomics Coordination Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | - Gert-Jan B van Ommen
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Paul I W de Bakker
- 1] Department of Medical Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 CG, The Netherlands [2] Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - P Eline Slagboom
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081BT, The Netherlands
| | - Cisca Wijmenga
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
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24
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Davies G, Armstrong N, Bis JC, Bressler J, Chouraki V, Giddaluru S, Hofer E, Ibrahim-Verbaas CA, Kirin M, Lahti J, van der Lee SJ, Le Hellard S, Liu T, Marioni RE, Oldmeadow C, Postmus I, Smith AV, Smith JA, Thalamuthu A, Thomson R, Vitart V, Wang J, Yu L, Zgaga L, Zhao W, Boxall R, Harris SE, Hill WD, Liewald DC, Luciano M, Adams H, Ames D, Amin N, Amouyel P, Assareh AA, Au R, Becker JT, Beiser A, Berr C, Bertram L, Boerwinkle E, Buckley BM, Campbell H, Corley J, De Jager PL, Dufouil C, Eriksson JG, Espeseth T, Faul JD, Ford I, Scotland G, Gottesman RF, Griswold ME, Gudnason V, Harris TB, Heiss G, Hofman A, Holliday EG, Huffman J, Kardia SLR, Kochan N, Knopman DS, Kwok JB, Lambert JC, Lee T, Li G, Li SC, Loitfelder M, Lopez OL, Lundervold AJ, Lundqvist A, Mather KA, Mirza SS, Nyberg L, Oostra BA, Palotie A, Papenberg G, Pattie A, Petrovic K, Polasek O, Psaty BM, Redmond P, Reppermund S, Rotter JI, Schmidt H, Schuur M, Schofield PW, Scott RJ, Steen VM, Stott DJ, van Swieten JC, Taylor KD, Trollor J, Trompet S, Uitterlinden AG, Weinstein G, Widen E, Windham BG, Jukema JW, Wright AF, Wright MJ, Yang Q, Amieva H, Attia JR, Bennett DA, Brodaty H, de Craen AJM, Hayward C, Ikram MA, Lindenberger U, Nilsson LG, Porteous DJ, Räikkönen K, Reinvang I, Rudan I, Sachdev PS, Schmidt R, Schofield PR, Srikanth V, Starr JM, Turner ST, Weir DR, Wilson JF, van Duijn C, Launer L, Fitzpatrick AL, Seshadri S, Mosley TH, Deary IJ. Genetic contributions to variation in general cognitive function: a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies in the CHARGE consortium (N=53949). Mol Psychiatry 2015; 20:183-92. [PMID: 25644384 PMCID: PMC4356746 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2014.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
General cognitive function is substantially heritable across the human life course from adolescence to old age. We investigated the genetic contribution to variation in this important, health- and well-being-related trait in middle-aged and older adults. We conducted a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies of 31 cohorts (N=53,949) in which the participants had undertaken multiple, diverse cognitive tests. A general cognitive function phenotype was tested for, and created in each cohort by principal component analysis. We report 13 genome-wide significant single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) associations in three genomic regions, 6q16.1, 14q12 and 19q13.32 (best SNP and closest gene, respectively: rs10457441, P=3.93 × 10(-9), MIR2113; rs17522122, P=2.55 × 10(-8), AKAP6; rs10119, P=5.67 × 10(-9), APOE/TOMM40). We report one gene-based significant association with the HMGN1 gene located on chromosome 21 (P=1 × 10(-6)). These genes have previously been associated with neuropsychiatric phenotypes. Meta-analysis results are consistent with a polygenic model of inheritance. To estimate SNP-based heritability, the genome-wide complex trait analysis procedure was applied to two large cohorts, the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study (N=6617) and the Health and Retirement Study (N=5976). The proportion of phenotypic variation accounted for by all genotyped common SNPs was 29% (s.e.=5%) and 28% (s.e.=7%), respectively. Using polygenic prediction analysis, ~1.2% of the variance in general cognitive function was predicted in the Generation Scotland cohort (N=5487; P=1.5 × 10(-17)). In hypothesis-driven tests, there was significant association between general cognitive function and four genes previously associated with Alzheimer's disease: TOMM40, APOE, ABCG1 and MEF2C.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Davies
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK,Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - N Armstrong
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - J C Bis
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - J Bressler
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - V Chouraki
- Inserm-UMR744, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Unité d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Lille, France,Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S Giddaluru
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research and the Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway,Dr Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - E Hofer
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria,Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - C A Ibrahim-Verbaas
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Kirin
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J Lahti
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland,Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland
| | - S J van der Lee
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S Le Hellard
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research and the Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway,Dr Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - T Liu
- Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany,Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - R E Marioni
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK,Medical Genetics Section, University of Edinburgh Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK,Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - C Oldmeadow
- Hunter Medical Research Institute and Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - I Postmus
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands,Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - A V Smith
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland,University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - J A Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - A Thalamuthu
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - R Thomson
- Menzies Research Institute, Hobart, Tasmania
| | - V Vitart
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J Wang
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA,Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - L Yu
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - L Zgaga
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland,Andrija Stampar School of Public Health, Medical School, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - W Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - R Boxall
- Medical Genetics Section, University of Edinburgh Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - S E Harris
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK,Medical Genetics Section, University of Edinburgh Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - W D Hill
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - D C Liewald
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - M Luciano
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK,Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - H Adams
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - D Ames
- National Ageing Research Institute, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, St George's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Kew, Australia
| | - N Amin
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - P Amouyel
- Inserm-UMR744, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Unité d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Lille, France
| | - A A Assareh
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - R Au
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA,Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - J T Becker
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - A Beiser
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA,Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - C Berr
- Inserm, U106, Montpellier, France,Université Montpellier I, Montpellier, France
| | - L Bertram
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany,Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - E Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA,Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA,Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - B M Buckley
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - H Campbell
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J Corley
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - P L De Jager
- Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - C Dufouil
- Inserm U708, Neuroepidemiology, Paris, France,Inserm U897, Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France
| | - J G Eriksson
- Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland,National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland,Department of General Practice and Primary health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland,Unit of General Practice, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - T Espeseth
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Norwegian Centre For Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - J D Faul
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - I Ford
- Robertson Center for Biostatistics, Glasgow, UK
| | - Generation Scotland
- Generation Scotland, University of Edinburgh Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - R F Gottesman
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - M E Griswold
- Center of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - V Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland,University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - T B Harris
- Intramural Research Program National Institutes on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - G Heiss
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - A Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - E G Holliday
- Hunter Medical Research Institute and Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - J Huffman
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - S L R Kardia
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - N Kochan
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia,Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - D S Knopman
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - J B Kwok
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia,School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - J-C Lambert
- Inserm-UMR744, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Unité d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Lille, France
| | - T Lee
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia,Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - G Li
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - S-C Li
- Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany,Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - M Loitfelder
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - O L Lopez
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - A J Lundervold
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway,Kavli Research Centre for Aging and Dementia, Haraldsplass Deaconess Hospital, Bergen, Norway,K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - A Lundqvist
- Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging (UFBI), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - K A Mather
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - S S Mirza
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - L Nyberg
- Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging (UFBI), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden,Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden,Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - B A Oostra
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A Palotie
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK,Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland,Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki and University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - G Papenberg
- Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany,Karolinska Institutet, Aging Research Center, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Pattie
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - K Petrovic
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - O Polasek
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - B M Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA,Deparment of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA,Deparment of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA,Group Health Research Unit, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - P Redmond
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - S Reppermund
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - J I Rotter
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences Los Angeles BioMedical Research Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Division of Genetic Outcomes, Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - H Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria,Centre for Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - M Schuur
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P W Schofield
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - R J Scott
- Hunter Medical Research Institute and Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - V M Steen
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research and the Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway,Dr Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - D J Stott
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - J C van Swieten
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K D Taylor
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences Los Angeles BioMedical Research Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - J Trollor
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia,Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - S Trompet
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands,Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - A G Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Leiden, The Netherlands,Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G Weinstein
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA,Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - E Widen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - B G Windham
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - J W Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands,Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - A F Wright
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - M J Wright
- Neuroimaging Genetics Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Q Yang
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA,Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - H Amieva
- Inserm U897, Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France
| | - J R Attia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute and Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - D A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - H Brodaty
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia,Dementia Collaborative Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - A J M de Craen
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands,Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - C Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - M A Ikram
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Leiden, The Netherlands,Department of Radiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - U Lindenberger
- Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - L-G Nilsson
- ARC, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm and UFBI, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - D J Porteous
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK,Medical Genetics Section, University of Edinburgh Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK,Generation Scotland, University of Edinburgh Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - K Räikkönen
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - I Reinvang
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - I Rudan
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - P S Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia,Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - R Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - P R Schofield
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia,Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - V Srikanth
- Menzies Research Institute, Hobart, Tasmania,Stroke and Ageing Research, Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - J M Starr
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK,Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - S T Turner
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - D R Weir
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - J F Wilson
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - C van Duijn
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - L Launer
- Intramural Research Program National Institutes on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - A L Fitzpatrick
- Deparment of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - S Seshadri
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA,Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - T H Mosley
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - I J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK,Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK,Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, Scotland, UK. E-mail:
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25
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Baumert J, Huang J, McKnight B, Sabater-Lleal M, Steri M, Chu AY, Trompet S, Lopez LM, Fornage M, Teumer A, Tang W, Rudnicka AR, Mälarstig A, Hottenga JJ, Kavousi M, Lahti J, Tanaka T, Hayward C, Huffman JE, Morange PE, Rose LM, Basu S, Rumley A, Stott DJ, Buckley BM, de Craen AJM, Sanna S, Masala M, Biffar R, Homuth G, Silveira A, Sennblad B, Goel A, Watkins H, Müller-Nurasyid M, Rückerl R, Taylor K, Chen MH, de Geus EJC, Hofman A, Witteman JCM, de Maat MPM, Palotie A, Davies G, Siscovick DS, Kolcic I, Wild SH, Song J, McArdle WL, Ford I, Sattar N, Schlessinger D, Grotevendt A, Franzosi MG, Illig T, Waldenberger M, Lumley T, Tofler GH, Willemsen G, Uitterlinden AG, Rivadeneira F, Räikkönen K, Chasman DI, Folsom AR, Lowe GD, Westendorp RGJ, Slagboom PE, Cucca F, Wallaschofski H, Strawbridge RJ, Seedorf U, Koenig W, Bis JC, Mukamal KJ, van Dongen J, Widen E, Franco OH, Starr JM, Liu K, Ferrucci L, Polasek O, Wilson JF, Oudot-Mellakh T, Campbell H, Navarro P, Bandinelli S, Eriksson J, Boomsma DI, Dehghan A, Clarke R, Hamsten A, Boerwinkle E, Jukema JW, Naitza S, Ridker PM, Völzke H, Deary IJ, Reiner AP, Trégouët DA, O'Donnell CJ, Strachan DP, Peters A, Smith NL. No evidence for genome-wide interactions on plasma fibrinogen by smoking, alcohol consumption and body mass index: results from meta-analyses of 80,607 subjects. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111156. [PMID: 25551457 PMCID: PMC4281156 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma fibrinogen is an acute phase protein playing an important role in the blood coagulation cascade having strong associations with smoking, alcohol consumption and body mass index (BMI). Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified a variety of gene regions associated with elevated plasma fibrinogen concentrations. However, little is yet known about how associations between environmental factors and fibrinogen might be modified by genetic variation. Therefore, we conducted large-scale meta-analyses of genome-wide interaction studies to identify possible interactions of genetic variants and smoking status, alcohol consumption or BMI on fibrinogen concentration. The present study included 80,607 subjects of European ancestry from 22 studies. Genome-wide interaction analyses were performed separately in each study for about 2.6 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across the 22 autosomal chromosomes. For each SNP and risk factor, we performed a linear regression under an additive genetic model including an interaction term between SNP and risk factor. Interaction estimates were meta-analysed using a fixed-effects model. No genome-wide significant interaction with smoking status, alcohol consumption or BMI was observed in the meta-analyses. The most suggestive interaction was found for smoking and rs10519203, located in the LOC123688 region on chromosome 15, with a p value of 6.2×10−8. This large genome-wide interaction study including 80,607 participants found no strong evidence of interaction between genetic variants and smoking status, alcohol consumption or BMI on fibrinogen concentrations. Further studies are needed to yield deeper insight in the interplay between environmental factors and gene variants on the regulation of fibrinogen concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Baumert
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jie Huang
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute Division of Intramural Research, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara McKnight
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Maria Sabater-Lleal
- Cardiovascular Genetics and Genomics Group, Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maristella Steri
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Audrey Y. Chu
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Stella Trompet
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Lorna M. Lopez
- Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Myriam Fornage
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Weihong Tang
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Alicja R. Rudnicka
- Division of Population Health Sciences & Education, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anders Mälarstig
- Cardiovascular Genetics and Genomics Group, Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University & EMGO+ institute, VU Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maryam Kavousi
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-Sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jari Lahti
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhalsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Toshiko Tanaka
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer E. Huffman
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | | | - Lynda M. Rose
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Saonli Basu
- Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Ann Rumley
- Division of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Stott
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Brendan M. Buckley
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Anton J. M. de Craen
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Serena Sanna
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Marco Masala
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Reiner Biffar
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Gerostomatology and Dental Materials, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Angela Silveira
- Cardiovascular Genetics and Genomics Group, Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bengt Sennblad
- Cardiovascular Genetics and Genomics Group, Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Insitutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anuj Goel
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hugh Watkins
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Martina Müller-Nurasyid
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Regina Rückerl
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- ESC-Environmental Science Center, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Kent Taylor
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ming-Huei Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Eco J. C. de Geus
- Department of Haematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-Sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline C. M. Witteman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-Sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Aarno Palotie
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki and University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gail Davies
- Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David S. Siscovick
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ivana Kolcic
- Department of Public Health, University of Split Medical School, Split, Croatia
| | - Sarah H. Wild
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Jaejoon Song
- Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Wendy L. McArdle
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Ford
- Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Naveed Sattar
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - David Schlessinger
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Anne Grotevendt
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Maria Grazia Franzosi
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Thomas Illig
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Hannover Unified Biobank, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Melanie Waldenberger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Lumley
- Department of Statistics, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University & EMGO+ institute, VU Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - André G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-Sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Katri Räikkönen
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Daniel I. Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Aaron R. Folsom
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Gordon D. Lowe
- Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Rudi G. J. Westendorp
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - P. Eline Slagboom
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Francesco Cucca
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Henri Wallaschofski
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Rona J. Strawbridge
- Cardiovascular Genetics and Genomics Group, Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Udo Seedorf
- Leibniz-Institut für Arterioskleroseforschung an der Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Koenig
- Department of Internal Medicine II - Cardiology, University of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Joshua C. Bis
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kenneth J. Mukamal
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of General Medicine and Primary Care, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jenny van Dongen
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University & EMGO+ institute, VU Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Widen
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Oscar H. Franco
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-Sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - John M. Starr
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Kiang Liu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ozren Polasek
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - James F. Wilson
- Department of Public Health, University of Split Medical School, Split, Croatia
| | - Tiphaine Oudot-Mellakh
- INSERM, UMR_S 1166, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 1166, Team Genomics & Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases, Paris, France
- ICAN Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France
| | - Harry Campbell
- Department of Public Health, University of Split Medical School, Split, Croatia
| | - Pau Navarro
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | | | - Johan Eriksson
- Folkhalsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki University Central Hospital, Unit of General Practice, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dorret I. Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University & EMGO+ institute, VU Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Abbas Dehghan
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-Sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Robert Clarke
- Clinical Trial Service Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anders Hamsten
- Cardiovascular Genetics and Genomics Group, Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - J. Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Silvia Naitza
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Paul M. Ridker
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ian J. Deary
- Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander P. Reiner
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki and University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - David-Alexandre Trégouët
- INSERM, UMR_S 1166, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 1166, Team Genomics & Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases, Paris, France
- ICAN Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France
| | - Christopher J. O'Donnell
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute Division of Intramural Research, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David P. Strachan
- Division of Population Health Sciences & Education, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, United Kingdom
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail: (A. Peters); (NLS)
| | - Nicholas L. Smith
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki and University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Seattle Epidemiologic Research & Information Center, Veterans Affairs Office of Research & Development, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail: (A. Peters); (NLS)
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Welsh P, Preiss D, Lloyd SM, de Craen AJ, Jukema JW, Westendorp RG, Buckley BM, Kearney PM, Briggs A, Stott DJ, Ford I, Sattar N. Contrasting associations of insulin resistance with diabetes, cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in the elderly: PROSPER long-term follow-up. Diabetologia 2014; 57:2513-20. [PMID: 25264116 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-014-3383-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Insulin resistance is commonly proposed as a precursor to both type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD), yet few studies have directly compared insulin resistance with both outcomes simultaneously and determined whether associations with each outcome differ in strength or are comparable. We assessed the association of fasting insulin and HOMA-IR with incident CVD and diabetes in older people. METHODS In the long-term follow-up of the Prospective Study of Pravastatin in the Elderly at Risk (PROSPER) cohort, HOMA-IR measurement was available in 4,742 older people (70-82 years) without diabetes at baseline. Of these, 283 developed diabetes during the 3.2 year within-trial follow-up, while 1,943 all-cause deaths, 470 CHD deaths (identified from death records) and 590 fatal/non-fatal CVD events (identified from medical record linkage in the Scottish participants) occurred during an extended 8.6 years of total follow-up. Cause-specific Cox proportional-hazards models were fitted using multivariable models. RESULTS Higher HOMA-IR was associated with incident diabetes: HR 4.80 (95% CI 3.14, 7.33) comparing extreme thirds after adjustment for confounders. However, HOMA-IR in the top third was not associated with all-cause mortality, CHD mortality or fatal/non-fatal CVD: HR 1.02 (95% CI 0.90, 1.17), 1.03 (0.79, 1.36) and 0.94 (0.74, 1.20), respectively. Results were similar when fasting insulin was considered as an exposure. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our data support insulin resistance as a predictor of diabetes in later life but, perhaps surprisingly, suggest this pathway is of negligible importance to CVD outcomes in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Welsh
- British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK,
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27
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Wood AR, Esko T, Yang J, Vedantam S, Pers TH, Gustafsson S, Chu AY, Estrada K, Luan J, Kutalik Z, Amin N, Buchkovich ML, Croteau-Chonka DC, Day FR, Duan Y, Fall T, Fehrmann R, Ferreira T, Jackson AU, Karjalainen J, Lo KS, Locke AE, Mägi R, Mihailov E, Porcu E, Randall JC, Scherag A, Vinkhuyzen AAE, Westra HJ, Winkler TW, Workalemahu T, Zhao JH, Absher D, Albrecht E, Anderson D, Baron J, Beekman M, Demirkan A, Ehret GB, Feenstra B, Feitosa MF, Fischer K, Fraser RM, Goel A, Gong J, Justice AE, Kanoni S, Kleber ME, Kristiansson K, Lim U, Lotay V, Lui JC, Mangino M, Mateo Leach I, Medina-Gomez C, Nalls MA, Nyholt DR, Palmer CD, Pasko D, Pechlivanis S, Prokopenko I, Ried JS, Ripke S, Shungin D, Stancáková A, Strawbridge RJ, Sung YJ, Tanaka T, Teumer A, Trompet S, van der Laan SW, van Setten J, Van Vliet-Ostaptchouk JV, Wang Z, Yengo L, Zhang W, Afzal U, Arnlöv J, Arscott GM, Bandinelli S, Barrett A, Bellis C, Bennett AJ, Berne C, Blüher M, Bolton JL, Böttcher Y, Boyd HA, Bruinenberg M, Buckley BM, Buyske S, Caspersen IH, Chines PS, Clarke R, Claudi-Boehm S, Cooper M, Daw EW, De Jong PA, Deelen J, Delgado G, Denny JC, Dhonukshe-Rutten R, Dimitriou M, Doney ASF, Dörr M, Eklund N, Eury E, Folkersen L, Garcia ME, Geller F, Giedraitis V, Go AS, Grallert H, Grammer TB, Gräßler J, Grönberg H, de Groot LCPGM, Groves CJ, Haessler J, Hall P, Haller T, Hallmans G, Hannemann A, Hartman CA, Hassinen M, Hayward C, Heard-Costa NL, Helmer Q, Hemani G, Henders AK, Hillege HL, Hlatky MA, Hoffmann W, Hoffmann P, Holmen O, Houwing-Duistermaat JJ, Illig T, Isaacs A, James AL, Jeff J, Johansen B, Johansson Å, Jolley J, Juliusdottir T, Junttila J, Kho AN, Kinnunen L, Klopp N, Kocher T, Kratzer W, Lichtner P, Lind L, Lindström J, Lobbens S, Lorentzon M, Lu Y, Lyssenko V, Magnusson PKE, Mahajan A, Maillard M, McArdle WL, McKenzie CA, McLachlan S, McLaren PJ, Menni C, Merger S, Milani L, Moayyeri A, Monda KL, Morken MA, Müller G, Müller-Nurasyid M, Musk AW, Narisu N, Nauck M, Nolte IM, Nöthen MM, Oozageer L, Pilz S, Rayner NW, Renstrom F, Robertson NR, Rose LM, Roussel R, Sanna S, Scharnagl H, Scholtens S, Schumacher FR, Schunkert H, Scott RA, Sehmi J, Seufferlein T, Shi J, Silventoinen K, Smit JH, Smith AV, Smolonska J, Stanton AV, Stirrups K, Stott DJ, Stringham HM, Sundström J, Swertz MA, Syvänen AC, Tayo BO, Thorleifsson G, Tyrer JP, van Dijk S, van Schoor NM, van der Velde N, van Heemst D, van Oort FVA, Vermeulen SH, Verweij N, Vonk JM, Waite LL, Waldenberger M, Wennauer R, Wilkens LR, Willenborg C, Wilsgaard T, Wojczynski MK, Wong A, Wright AF, Zhang Q, Arveiler D, Bakker SJL, Beilby J, Bergman RN, Bergmann S, Biffar R, Blangero J, Boomsma DI, Bornstein SR, Bovet P, Brambilla P, Brown MJ, Campbell H, Caulfield MJ, Chakravarti A, Collins R, Collins FS, Crawford DC, Cupples LA, Danesh J, de Faire U, den Ruijter HM, Erbel R, Erdmann J, Eriksson JG, Farrall M, Ferrannini E, Ferrières J, Ford I, Forouhi NG, Forrester T, Gansevoort RT, Gejman PV, Gieger C, Golay A, Gottesman O, Gudnason V, Gyllensten U, Haas DW, Hall AS, Harris TB, Hattersley AT, Heath AC, Hengstenberg C, Hicks AA, Hindorff LA, Hingorani AD, Hofman A, Hovingh GK, Humphries SE, Hunt SC, Hypponen E, Jacobs KB, Jarvelin MR, Jousilahti P, Jula AM, Kaprio J, Kastelein JJP, Kayser M, Kee F, Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi SM, Kiemeney LA, Kooner JS, Kooperberg C, Koskinen S, Kovacs P, Kraja AT, Kumari M, Kuusisto J, Lakka TA, Langenberg C, Le Marchand L, Lehtimäki T, Lupoli S, Madden PAF, Männistö S, Manunta P, Marette A, Matise TC, McKnight B, Meitinger T, Moll FL, Montgomery GW, Morris AD, Morris AP, Murray JC, Nelis M, Ohlsson C, Oldehinkel AJ, Ong KK, Ouwehand WH, Pasterkamp G, Peters A, Pramstaller PP, Price JF, Qi L, Raitakari OT, Rankinen T, Rao DC, Rice TK, Ritchie M, Rudan I, Salomaa V, Samani NJ, Saramies J, Sarzynski MA, Schwarz PEH, Sebert S, Sever P, Shuldiner AR, Sinisalo J, Steinthorsdottir V, Stolk RP, Tardif JC, Tönjes A, Tremblay A, Tremoli E, Virtamo J, Vohl MC, Amouyel P, Asselbergs FW, Assimes TL, Bochud M, Boehm BO, Boerwinkle E, Bottinger EP, Bouchard C, Cauchi S, Chambers JC, Chanock SJ, Cooper RS, de Bakker PIW, Dedoussis G, Ferrucci L, Franks PW, Froguel P, Groop LC, Haiman CA, Hamsten A, Hayes MG, Hui J, Hunter DJ, Hveem K, Jukema JW, Kaplan RC, Kivimaki M, Kuh D, Laakso M, Liu Y, Martin NG, März W, Melbye M, Moebus S, Munroe PB, Njølstad I, Oostra BA, Palmer CNA, Pedersen NL, Perola M, Pérusse L, Peters U, Powell JE, Power C, Quertermous T, Rauramaa R, Reinmaa E, Ridker PM, Rivadeneira F, Rotter JI, Saaristo TE, Saleheen D, Schlessinger D, Slagboom PE, Snieder H, Spector TD, Strauch K, Stumvoll M, Tuomilehto J, Uusitupa M, van der Harst P, Völzke H, Walker M, Wareham NJ, Watkins H, Wichmann HE, Wilson JF, Zanen P, Deloukas P, Heid IM, Lindgren CM, Mohlke KL, Speliotes EK, Thorsteinsdottir U, Barroso I, Fox CS, North KE, Strachan DP, Beckmann JS, Berndt SI, Boehnke M, Borecki IB, McCarthy MI, Metspalu A, Stefansson K, Uitterlinden AG, van Duijn CM, Franke L, Willer CJ, Price AL, Lettre G, Loos RJF, Weedon MN, Ingelsson E, O'Connell JR, Abecasis GR, Chasman DI, Goddard ME, Visscher PM, Hirschhorn JN, Frayling TM. Defining the role of common variation in the genomic and biological architecture of adult human height. Nat Genet 2014; 46:1173-86. [PMID: 25282103 PMCID: PMC4250049 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1192] [Impact Index Per Article: 119.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Using genome-wide data from 253,288 individuals, we identified 697 variants at genome-wide significance that together explained one-fifth of the heritability for adult height. By testing different numbers of variants in independent studies, we show that the most strongly associated ∼2,000, ∼3,700 and ∼9,500 SNPs explained ∼21%, ∼24% and ∼29% of phenotypic variance. Furthermore, all common variants together captured 60% of heritability. The 697 variants clustered in 423 loci were enriched for genes, pathways and tissue types known to be involved in growth and together implicated genes and pathways not highlighted in earlier efforts, such as signaling by fibroblast growth factors, WNT/β-catenin and chondroitin sulfate-related genes. We identified several genes and pathways not previously connected with human skeletal growth, including mTOR, osteoglycin and binding of hyaluronic acid. Our results indicate a genetic architecture for human height that is characterized by a very large but finite number (thousands) of causal variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Wood
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Tonu Esko
- 1] Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia. [2] Division of Endocrinology, Genetics and Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [4] Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jian Yang
- 1] Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. [2] University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translation Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sailaja Vedantam
- 1] Division of Endocrinology, Genetics and Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tune H Pers
- 1] Division of Endocrinology, Genetics and Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [4] Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Stefan Gustafsson
- 1] Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. [2] Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Audrey Y Chu
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Karol Estrada
- 1] Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [3] Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jian'an Luan
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Zoltán Kutalik
- 1] Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland. [2] Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland. [3] Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Najaf Amin
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martin L Buchkovich
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Damien C Croteau-Chonka
- 1] Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA. [2] Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Felix R Day
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yanan Duan
- Department of Genetics, Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Tove Fall
- 1] Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. [2] Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. [3] Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rudolf Fehrmann
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Teresa Ferreira
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Anne U Jackson
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Juha Karjalainen
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ken Sin Lo
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Adam E Locke
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Reedik Mägi
- 1] Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia. [2] Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Evelin Mihailov
- 1] Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia. [2] Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Eleonora Porcu
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Joshua C Randall
- 1] Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. [2] Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - André Scherag
- 1] Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology (IMIBE), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany. [2] Clinical Epidemiology, Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Anna A E Vinkhuyzen
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Harm-Jan Westra
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas W Winkler
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tsegaselassie Workalemahu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jing Hua Zhao
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Devin Absher
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, USA
| | - Eva Albrecht
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Denise Anderson
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Baron
- Section on Growth and Development, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Marian Beekman
- 1] Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ayse Demirkan
- 1] Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Georg B Ehret
- 1] Center for Complex Disease Genomics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. [2] Department of Specialties of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Bjarke Feenstra
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mary F Feitosa
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Krista Fischer
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ross M Fraser
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Anuj Goel
- 1] Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. [2] Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jian Gong
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Anne E Justice
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Stavroula Kanoni
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Marcus E Kleber
- 1] Vth Department of Medicine (Nephrology, Hypertensiology, Endocrinology, Diabetology, Rheumatology), Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. [2] Department of Internal Medicine II, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Unhee Lim
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Vaneet Lotay
- Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Julian C Lui
- Section on Growth and Development, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Irene Mateo Leach
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Carolina Medina-Gomez
- 1] Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [2] Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [3] Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Michael A Nalls
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dale R Nyholt
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Cameron D Palmer
- 1] Division of Endocrinology, Genetics and Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dorota Pasko
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Sonali Pechlivanis
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology (IMIBE), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Inga Prokopenko
- 1] Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. [2] Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. [3] Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Janina S Ried
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Ripke
- 1] Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dmitry Shungin
- 1] Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University Diabetes Center, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden. [2] Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Unit of Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden. [3] Department of Odontology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Alena Stancáková
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Rona J Strawbridge
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yun Ju Sung
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Toshiko Tanaka
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stella Trompet
- 1] Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Sander W van der Laan
- Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jessica van Setten
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jana V Van Vliet-Ostaptchouk
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Zhaoming Wang
- 1] DZHK (Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung-German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany. [2] Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany. [3] Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. [4] Core Genotyping Facility, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Loïc Yengo
- 1] CNRS UMR 8199, Lille, France. [2] European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France. [3] Université de Lille 2, Lille, France
| | - Weihua Zhang
- 1] Ealing Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Middlesex, UK. [2] Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Uzma Afzal
- 1] Ealing Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Middlesex, UK. [2] Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Johan Arnlöv
- 1] Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. [2] Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. [3] School of Health and Social Studies, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden
| | - Gillian M Arscott
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Amy Barrett
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Claire Bellis
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Amanda J Bennett
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christian Berne
- Department of Medical Sciences, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Matthias Blüher
- 1] Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany. [2] Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jennifer L Bolton
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Yvonne Böttcher
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Heather A Boyd
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marcel Bruinenberg
- LifeLines, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Brendan M Buckley
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Steven Buyske
- 1] Department of Statistics and Biostatistics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersy, USA. [2] Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Ida H Caspersen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Peter S Chines
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert Clarke
- Clinical Trial Service Unit, Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Simone Claudi-Boehm
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
| | - Matthew Cooper
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - E Warwick Daw
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Pim A De Jong
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Joris Deelen
- 1] Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Graciela Delgado
- Vth Department of Medicine (Nephrology, Hypertensiology, Endocrinology, Diabetology, Rheumatology), Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Josh C Denny
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Maria Dimitriou
- Department of Dietetics-Nutrition, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Alex S F Doney
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Marcus Dörr
- 1] DZHK (Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung-German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany. [2] Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Niina Eklund
- 1] National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland. [2] Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elodie Eury
- 1] CNRS UMR 8199, Lille, France. [2] European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France. [3] Université de Lille 2, Lille, France
| | - Lasse Folkersen
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Melissa E Garcia
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Frank Geller
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vilmantas Giedraitis
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alan S Go
- Kaiser Permanente, Division of Research, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Harald Grallert
- 1] Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. [2] Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. [3] German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tanja B Grammer
- Vth Department of Medicine (Nephrology, Hypertensiology, Endocrinology, Diabetology, Rheumatology), Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Gräßler
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Henrik Grönberg
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Christopher J Groves
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jeffrey Haessler
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Per Hall
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Toomas Haller
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Goran Hallmans
- Unit of Nutritional Research, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anke Hannemann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Catharina A Hartman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Maija Hassinen
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nancy L Heard-Costa
- 1] National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Quinta Helmer
- 1] Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Medical Statistics and Bioinformatics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands. [3] Faculty of Psychology and Education, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gibran Hemani
- 1] Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. [2] University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translation Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anjali K Henders
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hans L Hillege
- 1] Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Mark A Hlatky
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Wolfgang Hoffmann
- 1] DZHK (Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung-German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany. [2] Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Per Hoffmann
- 1] Department of Biomedicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland. [2] Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany. [3] Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Oddgeir Holmen
- Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jeanine J Houwing-Duistermaat
- 1] Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Medical Statistics and Bioinformatics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Illig
- 1] Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. [2] Hannover Unified Biobank, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Aaron Isaacs
- 1] Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [2] Center for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Alan L James
- 1] Department of Pulmonary Physiology and Sleep Medicine, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia. [2] School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Janina Jeff
- Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Berit Johansen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Åsa Johansson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, SciLifeLab, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jennifer Jolley
- 1] Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. [2] NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Abel N Kho
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Leena Kinnunen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Norman Klopp
- 1] Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. [2] Hannover Unified Biobank, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Kocher
- Unit of Periodontology, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Periodontology and Endodontology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kratzer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
| | - Peter Lichtner
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jaana Lindström
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stéphane Lobbens
- 1] CNRS UMR 8199, Lille, France. [2] European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France. [3] Université de Lille 2, Lille, France
| | - Mattias Lorentzon
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yingchang Lu
- 1] Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA. [2] Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Patrik K E Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anubha Mahajan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Marc Maillard
- Service of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Wendy L McArdle
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Colin A McKenzie
- Tropical Metabolism Research Unit, Tropical Medicine Research Institute, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Stela McLachlan
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Paul J McLaren
- 1] Global Health Institute, Department of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland. [2] Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Menni
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sigrun Merger
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Alireza Moayyeri
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Keri L Monda
- 1] Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA. [2] Center for Observational Research, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Mario A Morken
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Gabriele Müller
- Center for Evidence-Based Healthcare, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Martina Müller-Nurasyid
- 1] Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. [2] Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Großhadern, Ludwig Maximilians Universität, Munich, Germany. [3] Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ludwig Maximilians Universität, Neuherberg, Germany. [4] DZHK (Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Herz-Kreislauferkrankungen-German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Arthur W Musk
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Narisu Narisu
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Matthias Nauck
- 1] DZHK (Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung-German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany. [2] Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ilja M Nolte
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Markus M Nöthen
- 1] Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany. [2] Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Laticia Oozageer
- Ealing Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Middlesex, UK
| | - Stefan Pilz
- 1] Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute for Research in Extramural Medicine (EMGO) Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Nigel W Rayner
- 1] Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. [2] Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK. [3] Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Frida Renstrom
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University Diabetes Center, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Neil R Robertson
- 1] Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. [2] Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lynda M Rose
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ronan Roussel
- 1] Diabetology-Endocrinology-Nutrition, Public Hospital System of the City of Paris (AP-HP), Bichat Hospital, Paris, France. [2] INSERM U872, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France. [3] Paris Diderot University, Paris, France
| | - Serena Sanna
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Hubert Scharnagl
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Salome Scholtens
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Fredrick R Schumacher
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Heribert Schunkert
- 1] DZHK (Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Herz-Kreislauferkrankungen-German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany. [2] Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Robert A Scott
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Joban Sehmi
- 1] Ealing Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Middlesex, UK. [2] Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas Seufferlein
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jianxin Shi
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Johannes H Smit
- 1] EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Campus, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Albert Vernon Smith
- 1] Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland. [2] University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Joanna Smolonska
- 1] Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Alice V Stanton
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kathleen Stirrups
- 1] Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK. [2] William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - David J Stott
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Heather M Stringham
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Johan Sundström
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Morris A Swertz
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ann-Christine Syvänen
- 1] Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. [2] Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bamidele O Tayo
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University of Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | | | | | - Suzanne van Dijk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Natasja M van Schoor
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute for Research in Extramural Medicine (EMGO) Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nathalie van der Velde
- 1] Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [2] Section of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Diana van Heemst
- 1] Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Floor V A van Oort
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sita H Vermeulen
- 1] Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Niek Verweij
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Judith M Vonk
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Lindsay L Waite
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, USA
| | - Melanie Waldenberger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Roman Wennauer
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lynne R Wilkens
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Christina Willenborg
- 1] DZHK (Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Herz-Kreislauferkrankungen-German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg-Lubeck-Kiel, Lubeck, Germany. [2] Institut für Integrative und Experimentelle Genomik, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Tom Wilsgaard
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Mary K Wojczynski
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Andrew Wong
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at University College London, London, UK
| | - Alan F Wright
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Qunyuan Zhang
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Dominique Arveiler
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Strasbourg, Faculty of Medicine, Strasbourg, France
| | - Stephan J L Bakker
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - John Beilby
- 1] PathWest Laboratory Medicine of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia. [2] Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Richard N Bergman
- Cedars-Sinai Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sven Bergmann
- 1] Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland. [2] Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Reiner Biffar
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Gerostomatology and Dental Materials, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - John Blangero
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stefan R Bornstein
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Pascal Bovet
- 1] Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland. [2] Ministry of Health, Victoria, Republic of Seychelles
| | - Paolo Brambilla
- Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of Desio, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milano, Bicocca, Italy
| | - Morris J Brown
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Harry Campbell
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mark J Caulfield
- 1] Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK. [2] Barts and The London Genome Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Aravinda Chakravarti
- Center for Complex Disease Genomics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rory Collins
- Clinical Trial Service Unit, Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Francis S Collins
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dana C Crawford
- 1] Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - L Adrienne Cupples
- 1] National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John Danesh
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ulf de Faire
- Division of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hester M den Ruijter
- 1] Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands. [2] Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Raimund Erbel
- Clinic of Cardiology, West German Heart Centre, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jeanette Erdmann
- 1] DZHK (Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Herz-Kreislauferkrankungen-German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg-Lubeck-Kiel, Lubeck, Germany. [2] Institut für Integrative und Experimentelle Genomik, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Johan G Eriksson
- 1] National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland. [2] Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. [3] Unit of General Practice, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Martin Farrall
- 1] Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. [2] Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ele Ferrannini
- 1] Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy. [2] National Research Council (CNR) Institute of Clinical Physiology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Jean Ferrières
- Department of Cardiology, Toulouse University School of Medicine, Rangueil Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Ian Ford
- Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Nita G Forouhi
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Terrence Forrester
- Tropical Metabolism Research Unit, Tropical Medicine Research Institute, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Ron T Gansevoort
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Pablo V Gejman
- NorthShore University HealthSystem, University of Chicago, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Christian Gieger
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Alain Golay
- Service of Therapeutic Education for Diabetes, Obesity and Chronic Diseases, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Omri Gottesman
- Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- 1] Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland. [2] University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Ulf Gyllensten
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, SciLifeLab, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - David W Haas
- Department of Medicine, Pharmacology, Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Alistair S Hall
- Leeds MRC Medical Bioinformatics Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Tamara B Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew T Hattersley
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Andrew C Heath
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Christian Hengstenberg
- 1] DZHK (Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Herz-Kreislauferkrankungen-German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany. [2] Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrew A Hicks
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen, Bolzano (EURAC), Bolzano, Italy (affiliated institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany)
| | - Lucia A Hindorff
- Division of Genomic Medicine, National Human Genome Research Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Aroon D Hingorani
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Albert Hofman
- 1] Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - G Kees Hovingh
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Steve E Humphries
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Steven C Hunt
- Cardiovascular Genetics Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Elina Hypponen
- 1] School of Population Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. [2] Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. [3] South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. [4] Centre for Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Kevin B Jacobs
- 1] Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. [2] Core Genotyping Facility, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin
- 1] Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK. [2] National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland. [3] MRC Health Protection Agency (HPA) Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK. [4] Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland. [5] Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland. [6] Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Antti M Jula
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- 1] National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland. [2] Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. [3] Hjelt Institute Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - John J P Kastelein
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Manfred Kayser
- 1] Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Forensic Molecular Biology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frank Kee
- UK Clinical Research Collaboration Centre of Excellence for Public Health (Northern Ireland), Queens University of Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Sirkka M Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi
- 1] Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland. [2] Unit of General Practice, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Lambertus A Kiemeney
- 1] Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Urology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jaspal S Kooner
- 1] Ealing Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Middlesex, UK. [2] Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK. [3] National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Charles Kooperberg
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Seppo Koskinen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Peter Kovacs
- 1] Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany. [2] Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Aldi T Kraja
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Meena Kumari
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Johanna Kuusisto
- Department of Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Timo A Lakka
- 1] Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland. [2] Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Kuopio, Finland. [3] Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- 1] Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK. [2] Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Loic Le Marchand
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Sara Lupoli
- 1] Department of Health Sciences, University of Milano, Milan, Italy. [2] Fondazione Filarete, Milan, Italy
| | - Pamela A F Madden
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Satu Männistö
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paolo Manunta
- 1] Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy. [2] Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - André Marette
- 1] Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. [2] Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tara C Matise
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Barbara McKnight
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- DZHK (Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Herz-Kreislauferkrankungen-German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Frans L Moll
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Grant W Montgomery
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew D Morris
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Andrew P Morris
- 1] Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia. [2] Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. [3] Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jeffrey C Murray
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Mari Nelis
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Albertine J Oldehinkel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ken K Ong
- 1] Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK. [2] MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at University College London, London, UK
| | - Willem H Ouwehand
- 1] Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. [2] NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gerard Pasterkamp
- Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Annette Peters
- 1] Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. [2] DZHK (Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Herz-Kreislauferkrankungen-German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany. [3] Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Peter P Pramstaller
- 1] Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen, Bolzano (EURAC), Bolzano, Italy (affiliated institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany). [2] Department of Neurology, General Central Hospital, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Jackie F Price
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lu Qi
- 1] Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- 1] Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland. [2] Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Tuomo Rankinen
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - D C Rao
- 1] Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA. [2] Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA. [3] Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Treva K Rice
- 1] Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA. [2] Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Marylyn Ritchie
- Center for Systems Genomics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Igor Rudan
- 1] Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. [2] Croatian Centre for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nilesh J Samani
- 1] Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK. [2] National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | | | - Mark A Sarzynski
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Peter E H Schwarz
- 1] Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany. [2] Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden, German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Dresden, Germany
| | - Sylvain Sebert
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Peter Sever
- International Centre for Circulatory Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alan R Shuldiner
- 1] Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. [2] Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. [3] Geriatric Research and Education Clinical Center, Vetrans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Juha Sinisalo
- Helsinki University Central Hospital Heart and Lung Center, Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Ronald P Stolk
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jean-Claude Tardif
- 1] Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. [2] Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anke Tönjes
- 1] Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany. [2] Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Angelo Tremblay
- Department of Kinesiology, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Elena Tremoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università di Milano and Centro Cardiologico Monzino, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy
| | - Jarmo Virtamo
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marie-Claude Vohl
- 1] Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. [2] Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Philippe Amouyel
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, INSERM U744, Université de Lille 2, Lille, France
| | - Folkert W Asselbergs
- 1] Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK. [2] Department of Cardiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands. [3] Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, Interuniversity Cardiology Institute Netherlands-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Themistocles L Assimes
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Murielle Bochud
- 1] Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland. [2] Ministry of Health, Victoria, Republic of Seychelles
| | - Bernhard O Boehm
- 1] Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany. [2] Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Imperial College London and Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Health Science Center at Houston, University of Texas, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Erwin P Bottinger
- Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Claude Bouchard
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Stéphane Cauchi
- 1] CNRS UMR 8199, Lille, France. [2] European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France. [3] Université de Lille 2, Lille, France
| | - John C Chambers
- 1] Ealing Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Middlesex, UK. [2] Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK. [3] Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Stephen J Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard S Cooper
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University of Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Paul I W de Bakker
- 1] Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands. [2] Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - George Dedoussis
- Department of Dietetics-Nutrition, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Paul W Franks
- 1] Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University Diabetes Center, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden. [3] Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Unit of Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Philippe Froguel
- 1] Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK. [2] CNRS UMR 8199, Lille, France. [3] European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France. [4] Université de Lille 2, Lille, France
| | - Leif C Groop
- 1] Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. [2] Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden. [3] Diabetes and Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical Science, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Christopher A Haiman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Anders Hamsten
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Geoffrey Hayes
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jennie Hui
- 1] PathWest Laboratory Medicine of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia. [2] Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia. [3] School of Population Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. [4] Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - David J Hunter
- 1] Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kristian Hveem
- Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - J Wouter Jukema
- 1] Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands. [2] Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, Interuniversity Cardiology Institute Netherlands-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands. [3] Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands (ICIN), Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Robert C Kaplan
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine. Belfer, New York, USA
| | - Mika Kivimaki
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Diana Kuh
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at University College London, London, UK
| | - Markku Laakso
- Department of Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Yongmei Liu
- Center for Human Genetics, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Winfried März
- 1] Vth Department of Medicine (Nephrology, Hypertensiology, Endocrinology, Diabetology, Rheumatology), Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. [2] Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria. [3] Synlab Academy, Synlab Services, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Mads Melbye
- 1] Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark. [2] Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Susanne Moebus
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology (IMIBE), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Patricia B Munroe
- 1] Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK. [2] Barts and The London Genome Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Inger Njølstad
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ben A Oostra
- 1] Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [2] Center for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, the Netherlands. [3] Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Colin N A Palmer
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Nancy L Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Markus Perola
- 1] Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia. [2] National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland. [3] Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Louis Pérusse
- 1] Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. [2] Department of Kinesiology, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ulrike Peters
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Joseph E Powell
- 1] Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. [2] University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translation Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Chris Power
- Centre for Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Thomas Quertermous
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Rainer Rauramaa
- 1] Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland. [2] Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Eva Reinmaa
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Paul M Ridker
- 1] Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- 1] Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [2] Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [3] Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles BioMedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
| | - Timo E Saaristo
- 1] Finnish Diabetes Association, Tampere, Finland. [2] Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
| | - Danish Saleheen
- 1] Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. [2] Center for Non-Communicable Diseases, Karatchi, Pakistan. [3] Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David Schlessinger
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - P Eline Slagboom
- 1] Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Tim D Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Konstantin Strauch
- 1] Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. [2] Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ludwig Maximilians Universität, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michael Stumvoll
- 1] Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany. [2] Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jaakko Tuomilehto
- 1] National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland. [2] Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria del Hospital Universario La Paz (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain. [3] Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. [4] Centre for Vascular Prevention, Danube University Krems, Krems, Austria
| | - Matti Uusitupa
- 1] Department of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland. [2] Research Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pim van der Harst
- 1] Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands. [3] Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, Interuniversity Cardiology Institute Netherlands-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Henry Völzke
- 1] DZHK (Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung-German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany. [2] Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Mark Walker
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hugh Watkins
- 1] Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. [2] Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - H-Erich Wichmann
- 1] Chair of Epidemiology, Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ludwig Maximilians Universität, Munich, Germany. [2] Klinikum Großhadern, Munich, Germany. [3] Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - James F Wilson
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Pieter Zanen
- Department of Pulmonology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Panos Deloukas
- 1] Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK. [2] William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK. [3] King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Iris M Heid
- 1] Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany. [2] Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Cecilia M Lindgren
- 1] Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Karen L Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Elizabeth K Speliotes
- 1] Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. [2] Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Unnur Thorsteinsdottir
- 1] deCODE Genetics, Amgen, Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland. [2] Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Inês Barroso
- 1] Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK. [2] University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK. [3] NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Caroline S Fox
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kari E North
- 1] Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA. [2] Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - David P Strachan
- Division of Population Health Sciences and Education, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Jacques S Beckmann
- 1] Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland. [2] Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland. [3] Service of Medical Genetics, CHUV University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sonja I Berndt
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ingrid B Borecki
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- 1] Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. [2] Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. [3] Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Andres Metspalu
- 1] Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia. [2] Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kari Stefansson
- 1] deCODE Genetics, Amgen, Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland. [2] Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- 1] Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [2] Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [3] Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- 1] Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [2] Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [3] Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [4] Center for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Lude Franke
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Cristen J Willer
- 1] Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. [2] Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. [3] Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Alkes L Price
- 1] Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Guillaume Lettre
- 1] Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. [2] Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ruth J F Loos
- 1] Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK. [2] Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA. [3] Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA. [4] Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael N Weedon
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- 1] Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. [2] Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. [3] Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jeffrey R O'Connell
- 1] Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. [2] Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Goncalo R Abecasis
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Daniel I Chasman
- 1] Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael E Goddard
- 1] Biosciences Research Division, Department of Primary Industries, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. [2] Department of Food and Agricultural Systems, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter M Visscher
- 1] Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. [2] University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translation Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Joel N Hirschhorn
- 1] Division of Endocrinology, Genetics and Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Timothy M Frayling
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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Akao H, Polisecki E, Schaefer EJ, Trompet S, Robertson M, Ford I, Jukema JW, de Craen AJM, Packard C, Buckley BM, Kajinami K. ABCA1 gene variation and heart disease risk reduction in the elderly during pravastatin treatment. Atherosclerosis 2014; 235:176-81. [PMID: 24854628 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Our goals were to examine the relationships of a specific ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) variant, rs2230806 (R219K), on baseline lipids, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) lowering due to pravastatin, baseline heart disease, and cardiac endpoints on trial. METHODS AND RESULTS The ABCA1 R219K variant was assessed in 5414 participants in PROSPER (PROspective Study of Pravastatin in the Elderly at Risk) (mean age 75.3 years), who had been randomized to pravastatin 40 mg/day or placebo and followed for a mean of 3.2 years. Of these subjects 47.6% carried the variant, with 40.0% carrying one allele, and 7.6% carrying both alleles. No effects on baseline LDL-C levels were noted, but mean HDL-C increased modestly according to the number of variant alleles being present (1.27 vs 1.28 vs 1.30 mmol/L, p = 0.024). No relationships between the presence or absence of this variant and statin induced LDL-C lowering response or CHD at baseline were noted. However within trial those with the variant as compared to those without the variant, the overall adjusted hazard ratio for new cardiovascular disease (fatal CHD, non-fatal myocardial infarction, or fatal or non-fatal stroke) was 1.22 (95% CI 1.06-1.40, p = 0.006), while for those in the pravastatin group it was 1.41 (1.15-1.73, p = 0.001), and for those in the placebo group it was 1.08 (0.89-1.30, p = 0.447) (p for interaction 0.058). CONCLUSION Our data indicate that subjects with the ABCA1 R219K variant may get significantly less heart disease risk reduction from pravastatin treatment than those without the variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironobu Akao
- Lipid Metabolism Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University and Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Cardiology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Japan
| | - Eliana Polisecki
- Lipid Metabolism Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University and Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Boston Heart Diagnostics, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Ernst J Schaefer
- Lipid Metabolism Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University and Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Boston Heart Diagnostics, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Stella Trompet
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Gerontology, and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Michele Robertson
- Robertson Centre of Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Ian Ford
- Robertson Centre of Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - J Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Gerontology, and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anton J M de Craen
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Gerontology, and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Christopher Packard
- Department of Vascular Biochemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Brendan M Buckley
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kouji Kajinami
- Department of Cardiology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Japan.
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Postmus I, Johnson PCD, Trompet S, de Craen AJM, Slagboom PE, Devlin JJ, Shiffman D, Sacks FM, Kearney PM, Stott DJ, Buckley BM, Sattar N, Ford I, Westendorp RGJ, Jukema JW. In search for genetic determinants of clinically meaningful differential cardiovascular event reduction by pravastatin in the PHArmacogenetic study of Statins in the Elderly at risk (PHASE)/PROSPER study. Atherosclerosis 2014; 235:58-64. [PMID: 24816038 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Statin therapy is widely used in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular events and is associated with significant risk reductions. However, there is considerable variation in response to statin therapy both in terms of LDL cholesterol reduction and clinical outcomes. It has been hypothesized that genetic variation contributes importantly to this individual drug response. METHODS AND RESULTS We investigated the interaction between genetic variants and pravastatin or placebo therapy on the incidence of cardiovascular events by performing a genome-wide association study in the participants of the PROspective Study of Pravastatin in the Elderly at Risk for vascular disease--PHArmacogenetic study of Statins in the Elderly at risk (PROSPER/PHASE) study (n = 5244). We did not observe genome-wide significant associations with a clinically meaningful differential cardiovascular event reduction by pravastatin therapy. In addition, SNPs with p-values lower than 1 × 10(-4) were assessed for replication in a case-only analysis within two randomized placebo controlled pravastatin trials, CARE (n = 711) and WOSCOPS (n = 522). rs7102569, on chromosome 11 near the ODZ4 gene, was replicated in the CARE study (p = 0.008), however the direction of effect was opposite. This SNP was not associated in WOSCOPS. In addition, none of the SNPs replicated significantly after correcting for multiple testing. CONCLUSIONS We could not identify genetic variation that was significantly associated at genome-wide level with a clinically meaningful differential event reduction by pravastatin treatment in a large prospective study. We therefore assume that in daily practice the use of genetic characteristics to personalize pravastatin treatment to improve prevention of cardiovascular disease will be limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Postmus
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Paul C D Johnson
- Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom.
| | - Stella Trompet
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Anton J M de Craen
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - P Eline Slagboom
- Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | - Frank M Sacks
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Patricia M Kearney
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Ireland.
| | - David J Stott
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom.
| | - Brendan M Buckley
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Ireland.
| | - Naveed Sattar
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
| | - Ian Ford
- Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom.
| | - Rudi G J Westendorp
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; Leyden Academy of Vitality and Ageing, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - J Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Huang J, Huffman JE, Yamakuchi M, Yamkauchi M, Trompet S, Asselbergs FW, Sabater-Lleal M, Trégouët DA, Chen WM, Smith NL, Kleber ME, Shin SY, Becker DM, Tang W, Dehghan A, Johnson AD, Truong V, Folkersen L, Yang Q, Oudot-Mellkah T, Buckley BM, Moore JH, Williams FMK, Campbell H, Silbernagel G, Vitart V, Rudan I, Tofler GH, Navis GJ, Destefano A, Wright AF, Chen MH, de Craen AJM, Worrall BB, Rudnicka AR, Rumley A, Bookman EB, Psaty BM, Chen F, Keene KL, Franco OH, Böhm BO, Uitterlinden AG, Carter AM, Jukema JW, Sattar N, Bis JC, Ikram MA, Sale MM, McKnight B, Fornage M, Ford I, Taylor K, Slagboom PE, McArdle WL, Hsu FC, Franco-Cereceda A, Goodall AH, Yanek LR, Furie KL, Cushman M, Hofman A, Witteman JCM, Folsom AR, Basu S, Matijevic N, van Gilst WH, Wilson JF, Westendorp RGJ, Kathiresan S, Reilly MP, Tracy RP, Polasek O, Winkelmann BR, Grant PJ, Hillege HL, Cambien F, Stott DJ, Lowe GD, Spector TD, Meigs JB, Marz W, Eriksson P, Becker LC, Morange PE, Soranzo N, Williams SM, Hayward C, van der Harst P, Hamsten A, Lowenstein CJ, Strachan DP, O'Donnell CJ. Genome-wide association study for circulating tissue plasminogen activator levels and functional follow-up implicates endothelial STXBP5 and STX2. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:1093-101. [PMID: 24578379 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.302088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a serine protease, catalyzes the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin, the major enzyme responsible for endogenous fibrinolysis. In some populations, elevated plasma levels of tPA have been associated with myocardial infarction and other cardiovascular diseases. We conducted a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies to identify novel correlates of circulating levels of tPA. APPROACH AND RESULTS Fourteen cohort studies with tPA measures (N=26 929) contributed to the meta-analysis. Three loci were significantly associated with circulating tPA levels (P<5.0×10(-8)). The first locus is on 6q24.3, with the lead single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP; rs9399599; P=2.9×10(-14)) within STXBP5. The second locus is on 8p11.21. The lead SNP (rs3136739; P=1.3×10(-9)) is intronic to POLB and <200 kb away from the tPA encoding the gene PLAT. We identified a nonsynonymous SNP (rs2020921) in modest linkage disequilibrium with rs3136739 (r(2)=0.50) within exon 5 of PLAT (P=2.0×10(-8)). The third locus is on 12q24.33, with the lead SNP (rs7301826; P=1.0×10(-9)) within intron 7 of STX2. We further found evidence for the association of lead SNPs in STXBP5 and STX2 with expression levels of the respective transcripts. In in vitro cell studies, silencing STXBP5 decreased the release of tPA from vascular endothelial cells, whereas silencing STX2 increased the tPA release. Through an in silico lookup, we found no associations of the 3 lead SNPs with coronary artery disease or stroke. CONCLUSIONS We identified 3 loci associated with circulating tPA levels, the PLAT region, STXBP5, and STX2. Our functional studies implicate a novel role for STXBP5 and STX2 in regulating tPA release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Huang
- From National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA (J.H., A.D.J., C.J.O.); Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (J.H., A.D.J., C.J.O.); MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom (J.E.H., V.V., A.F.W., C.H.); The Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (M.Y., C.J.L.); Departments of Cardiology (S.T., J.W.J.), Gerontology and Geriatrics (S.T., A.J.M.d.C., R.G.J.W.), and Molecular Epidemiology (P.E.S.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Cardiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (F.W.A.); Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands (F.W.A.); Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom (F.W.A.); Cardiovascular Genetics and Genomics Group, Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine (M.S.-L., L.F., P.E., A.H.), Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden; INSERM UMRS 937, Pierre et Marie Curie University, Paris, France (D.-A.T., V.T., T.O.M., F.C.); ICAN Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrion, Paris, France (D.-A.T., V.T., F.C.); Departments of Public Health Sciences (W.M.C., B.B.W., F.C.) and Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (M.M.S.), Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA; Departments of Epidemiology (N.L.S., B.M.P., B.M.), Medicine (B.M.P., J.C.B.), and Health Services (B.M.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, WA (N.L.S., B.M.P.); Seattle Epidemiologic Research and Information Center, VA Office of Research and
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Avery CL, Sitlani CM, Arking DE, Arnett DK, Bis JC, Boerwinkle E, Buckley BM, Ida Chen YD, de Craen AJM, Eijgelsheim M, Enquobahrie D, Evans DS, Ford I, Garcia ME, Gudnason V, Harris TB, Heckbert SR, Hochner H, Hofman A, Hsueh WC, Isaacs A, Jukema JW, Knekt P, Kors JA, Krijthe BP, Kristiansson K, Laaksonen M, Liu Y, Li X, Macfarlane PW, Newton-Cheh C, Nieminen MS, Oostra BA, Peloso GM, Porthan K, Rice K, Rivadeneira FF, Rotter JI, Salomaa V, Sattar N, Siscovick DS, Slagboom PE, Smith AV, Sotoodehnia N, Stott DJ, Stricker BH, Stürmer T, Trompet S, Uitterlinden AG, van Duijn C, Westendorp RGJ, Witteman JC, Whitsel EA, Psaty BM. Drug-gene interactions and the search for missing heritability: a cross-sectional pharmacogenomics study of the QT interval. Pharmacogenomics J 2014; 14:6-13. [PMID: 23459443 PMCID: PMC3766418 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2013.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Variability in response to drug use is common and heritable, suggesting that genome-wide pharmacogenomics studies may help explain the 'missing heritability' of complex traits. Here, we describe four independent analyses in 33 781 participants of European ancestry from 10 cohorts that were designed to identify genetic variants modifying the effects of drugs on QT interval duration (QT). Each analysis cross-sectionally examined four therapeutic classes: thiazide diuretics (prevalence of use=13.0%), tri/tetracyclic antidepressants (2.6%), sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agents (2.9%) and QT-prolonging drugs as classified by the University of Arizona Center for Education and Research on Therapeutics (4.4%). Drug-gene interactions were estimated using covariable-adjusted linear regression and results were combined with fixed-effects meta-analysis. Although drug-single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) interactions were biologically plausible and variables were well-measured, findings from the four cross-sectional meta-analyses were null (Pinteraction>5.0 × 10(-8)). Simulations suggested that additional efforts, including longitudinal modeling to increase statistical power, are likely needed to identify potentially important pharmacogenomic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Avery
- Department of Epidemiology, Bank of America Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - C M Sitlani
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - D E Arking
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - D K Arnett
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - J C Bis
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - E Boerwinkle
- Division of Epidemiology and Center for Human Genetics, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - B M Buckley
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, UK
| | - Y-D Ida Chen
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - A J M de Craen
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M Eijgelsheim
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D Enquobahrie
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - D S Evans
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - I Ford
- Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - M E Garcia
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - V Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
| | - T B Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - S R Heckbert
- 1] Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA [2] Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - H Hochner
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - A Hofman
- 1] Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands [2] Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - W-C Hsueh
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - A Isaacs
- 1] Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands [2] Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J W Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - P Knekt
- THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - J A Kors
- 1] Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands [2] Department of Medical Informatics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - B P Krijthe
- 1] Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands [2] Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - K Kristiansson
- THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M Laaksonen
- THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Y Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - X Li
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - P W Macfarlane
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - C Newton-Cheh
- 1] Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA [2] Center for Human Genetic Research, Cardiovascular Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA [3] Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M S Nieminen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - B A Oostra
- 1] Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands [2] Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - G M Peloso
- 1] National Heart Lung and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA [2] Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - K Porthan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - K Rice
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - F F Rivadeneira
- 1] Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands [2] Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden, The Netherlands [3] Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J I Rotter
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - V Salomaa
- THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - N Sattar
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Glasgow, UK
| | - D S Siscovick
- 1] Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA [2] Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - P E Slagboom
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - A V Smith
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
| | - N Sotoodehnia
- Division of Cardiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - D J Stott
- Academic Section of Geriatric Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - B H Stricker
- 1] Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands [2] Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden, The Netherlands [3] Department of Medical Informatics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands [4] Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T Stürmer
- Department of Epidemiology, Bank of America Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - S Trompet
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - A G Uitterlinden
- 1] Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands [2] Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden, The Netherlands [3] Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C van Duijn
- 1] Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands [2] Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - R G J Westendorp
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J C Witteman
- 1] Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands [2] Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - E A Whitsel
- 1] Department of Epidemiology, Bank of America Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA [2] Departments of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - B M Psaty
- 1] Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA [2] Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA [3] Departments of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA [4] Department of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA [5] Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, WA, USA
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Oei L, Hsu YH, Styrkarsdottir U, Eussen BH, de Klein A, Peters MJ, Halldorsson B, Liu CT, Alonso N, Kaptoge SK, Thorleifsson G, Hallmans G, Hocking LJ, Husted LB, Jameson KA, Kruk M, Lewis JR, Patel MS, Scollen S, Svensson O, Trompet S, van Schoor NM, Zhu K, Buckley BM, Cooper C, Ford I, Goltzman D, González-Macías J, Langdahl BL, Leslie WD, Lips P, Lorenc RS, Olmos JM, Pettersson-Kymmer U, Reid DM, Riancho JA, Slagboom PE, Garcia-Ibarbia C, Ingvarsson T, Johannsdottir H, Luben R, Medina-Gómez C, Arp P, Nandakumar K, Palsson ST, Sigurdsson G, van Meurs JBJ, Zhou Y, Hofman A, Jukema JW, Pols HAP, Prince RL, Cupples LA, Marshall CR, Pinto D, Sato D, Scherer SW, Reeve J, Thorsteinsdottir U, Karasik D, Richards JB, Stefansson K, Uitterlinden AG, Ralston SH, Ioannidis JPA, Kiel DP, Rivadeneira F, Estrada K. A genome-wide copy number association study of osteoporotic fractures points to the 6p25.1 locus. J Med Genet 2014; 51:122-31. [PMID: 24343915 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2013-102064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease characterised by reduced bone mineral density and increased susceptibility to fracture; these traits are highly heritable. Both common and rare copy number variants (CNVs) potentially affect the function of genes and may influence disease risk. AIM To identify CNVs associated with osteoporotic bone fracture risk. METHOD We performed a genome-wide CNV association study in 5178 individuals from a prospective cohort in the Netherlands, including 809 osteoporotic fracture cases, and performed in silico lookups and de novo genotyping to replicate in several independent studies. RESULTS A rare (population prevalence 0.14%, 95% CI 0.03% to 0.24%) 210 kb deletion located on chromosome 6p25.1 was associated with the risk of fracture (OR 32.58, 95% CI 3.95 to 1488.89; p = 8.69 × 10(-5)). We performed an in silico meta-analysis in four studies with CNV microarray data and the association with fracture risk was replicated (OR 3.11, 95% CI 1.01 to 8.22; p = 0.02). The prevalence of this deletion showed geographic diversity, being absent in additional samples from Australia, Canada, Poland, Iceland, Denmark, and Sweden, but present in the Netherlands (0.34%), Spain (0.33%), USA (0.23%), England (0.15%), Scotland (0.10%), and Ireland (0.06%), with insufficient evidence for association with fracture risk. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that deletions in the 6p25.1 locus may predispose to higher risk of fracture in a subset of populations of European origin; larger and geographically restricted studies will be needed to confirm this regional association. This is a first step towards the evaluation of the role of rare CNVs in osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Oei
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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33
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Parsa A, Fuchsberger C, Köttgen A, O’Seaghdha CM, Pattaro C, de Andrade M, Chasman DI, Teumer A, Endlich K, Olden M, Chen MH, Tin A, Kim YJ, Taliun D, Li M, Feitosa M, Gorski M, Yang Q, Hundertmark C, Foster MC, Glazer N, Isaacs A, Rao M, Smith AV, O’Connell JR, Struchalin M, Tanaka T, Li G, Hwang SJ, Atkinson EJ, Lohman K, Cornelis MC, Johansson Å, Tönjes A, Dehghan A, Couraki V, Holliday EG, Sorice R, Kutalik Z, Lehtimäki T, Esko T, Deshmukh H, Ulivi S, Chu AY, Murgia F, Trompet S, Imboden M, Kollerits B, Pistis G, Harris TB, Launer LJ, Aspelund T, Eiriksdottir G, Mitchell BD, Boerwinkle E, Schmidt H, Hofer E, Hu F, Demirkan A, Oostra BA, Turner ST, Ding J, Andrews JS, Freedman BI, Giulianini F, Koenig W, Illig T, Döring A, Wichmann HE, Zgaga L, Zemunik T, Boban M, Minelli C, Wheeler HE, Igl W, Zaboli G, Wild SH, Wright AF, Campbell H, Ellinghaus D, Nöthlings U, Jacobs G, Biffar R, Ernst F, Homuth G, Kroemer HK, Nauck M, Stracke S, Völker U, Völzke H, Kovacs P, Stumvoll M, Mägi R, Hofman A, Uitterlinden AG, Rivadeneira F, Aulchenko YS, Polasek O, Hastie N, Vitart V, Helmer C, Wang JJ, Stengel B, Ruggiero D, Bergmann S, Kähönen M, Viikari J, Nikopensius T, Province M, Colhoun H, Doney A, Robino A, Krämer BK, Portas L, Ford I, Buckley BM, Adam M, Thun GA, Paulweber B, Haun M, Sala C, Mitchell P, Ciullo M, Vollenweider P, Raitakari O, Metspalu A, Palmer C, Gasparini P, Pirastu M, Jukema JW, Probst-Hensch NM, Kronenberg F, Toniolo D, Gudnason V, Shuldiner AR, Coresh J, Schmidt R, Ferrucci L, van Duijn CM, Borecki I, Kardia SL, Liu Y, Curhan GC, Rudan I, Gyllensten U, Wilson JF, Franke A, Pramstaller PP, Rettig R, Prokopenko I, Witteman J, Hayward C, Ridker PM, Bochud M, Heid IM, Siscovick DS, Fox CS, Kao WL, Böger CA. Common variants in Mendelian kidney disease genes and their association with renal function. J Am Soc Nephrol 2013; 24:2105-17. [PMID: 24029420 PMCID: PMC3839542 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2012100983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Many common genetic variants identified by genome-wide association studies for complex traits map to genes previously linked to rare inherited Mendelian disorders. A systematic analysis of common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes responsible for Mendelian diseases with kidney phenotypes has not been performed. We thus developed a comprehensive database of genes for Mendelian kidney conditions and evaluated the association between common genetic variants within these genes and kidney function in the general population. Using the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man database, we identified 731 unique disease entries related to specific renal search terms and confirmed a kidney phenotype in 218 of these entries, corresponding to mutations in 258 genes. We interrogated common SNPs (minor allele frequency >5%) within these genes for association with the estimated GFR in 74,354 European-ancestry participants from the CKDGen Consortium. However, the top four candidate SNPs (rs6433115 at LRP2, rs1050700 at TSC1, rs249942 at PALB2, and rs9827843 at ROBO2) did not achieve significance in a stage 2 meta-analysis performed in 56,246 additional independent individuals, indicating that these common SNPs are not associated with estimated GFR. The effect of less common or rare variants in these genes on kidney function in the general population and disease-specific cohorts requires further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afshin Parsa
- Division of Nephrology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Christian Fuchsberger
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Anna Köttgen
- Renal Division, Freiburg University Clinic, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Conall M. O’Seaghdha
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study and the Center for Population Studies, Framingham, Massachusetts
- Division of Nephrology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Cristian Pattaro
- Centre for Biomedicine, European Academy of Bozen/Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Mariza de Andrade
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Daniel I. Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Karlhans Endlich
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Matthias Olden
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ming-Huei Chen
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Adrienne Tin
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Young J. Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Genomics Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Daniel Taliun
- Centre for Biomedicine, European Academy of Bozen/Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Man Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mary Feitosa
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Mathias Gorski
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Qiong Yang
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Meredith C. Foster
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study and the Center for Population Studies, Framingham, Massachusetts
| | - Nicole Glazer
- Section of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Aaron Isaacs
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Madhumathi Rao
- Division of Nephrology, Tufts Evidence Practice Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Albert V. Smith
- Research Institute, Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Jeffrey R. O’Connell
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Maksim Struchalin
- Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Forensic Molecular Biology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Toshiko Tanaka
- Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Aging, Baltimore Maryland
| | - Guo Li
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Shih-Jen Hwang
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study and the Center for Population Studies, Framingham, Massachusetts
| | - Elizabeth J. Atkinson
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Kurt Lohman
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Marilyn C. Cornelis
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Åsa Johansson
- Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anke Tönjes
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Adiposity Diseases Integrated Research and Treatment Center, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Abbas Dehghan
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Elizabeth G. Holliday
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
- Centre for Information-Based Medicine, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Rossella Sorice
- Adriano-Buzzati Traverso-CNR Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, Naples, Italy
| | - Zoltan Kutalik
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Fimlab Laboratories, Department of Clinical Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Estonian Biocentre, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Harshal Deshmukh
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Medicine, Clinical Research Centre, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Sheila Ulivi
- IRCCS Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Audrey Y. Chu
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Stella Trompet
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Medea Imboden
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Kollerits
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Giorgio Pistis
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Tamara B. Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Lenore J. Launer
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Thor Aspelund
- Research Institute, Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Braxton D. Mitchell
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Helena Schmidt
- Austrian Stroke Prevention Study, Department of Neurology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Edith Hofer
- Austrian Stroke Prevention Study, Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurology, University Clinic of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Frank Hu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ayse Demirkan
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ben A. Oostra
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stephen T. Turner
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Jingzhong Ding
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Jeanette S. Andrews
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Barry I. Freedman
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Franco Giulianini
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Wolfgang Koenig
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Ulm University Clinic, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas Illig
- Hanover Unified Biobank, Hanover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Angela Döring
- Institute of Epidemiology I and II, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - H.-Erich Wichmann
- Institute of Epidemiology I and II, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry, and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- Grosshadern Clinic, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Lina Zgaga
- Center for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Tatijana Zemunik
- Croatian Centre for Global Health, University of Split Medical School, Split, Croatia
| | - Mladen Boban
- Croatian Centre for Global Health, University of Split Medical School, Split, Croatia
| | - Cosetta Minelli
- Centre for Biomedicine, European Academy of Bozen/Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Heather E. Wheeler
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Wilmar Igl
- Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ghazal Zaboli
- Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sarah H. Wild
- Center for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Alan F. Wright
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Harry Campbell
- Center for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - David Ellinghaus
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ute Nöthlings
- PopGen Biobank, Schleswig-Holstein University Hospital, Kiel, Germany
- Institute for Epidemiology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gunnar Jacobs
- PopGen Biobank, Schleswig-Holstein University Hospital, Kiel, Germany
- Institute for Epidemiology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Reiner Biffar
- Clinic for Prosthodontic Dentistry, Gerostomatology, and Material Science, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Florian Ernst
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Heyo K. Kroemer
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Matthias Nauck
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sylvia Stracke
- Clinic for Internal Medicine A, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Uwe Völker
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Peter Kovacs
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Stumvoll
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Adiposity Diseases Integrated Research and Treatment Center, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yurii S. Aulchenko
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ozren Polasek
- Croatian Centre for Global Health, University of Split Medical School, Split, Croatia
| | - Nick Hastie
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Veronique Vitart
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Helmer
- INSERM U897, Institute of Public Health, Victor Segalen Bordeaux II University, Bordeaux, France
- Victor Segalen Bordeaux II University, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jie Jin Wang
- Centre for Vision Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, East Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bénédicte Stengel
- INSERM UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France
- UMRS 1018, University of Paris-Sud, Paris, France
| | - Daniela Ruggiero
- Adriano-Buzzati Traverso-CNR Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, Naples, Italy
| | - Sven Bergmann
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jorma Viikari
- Department of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Tiit Nikopensius
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Estonian Biocentre, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Michael Province
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Helen Colhoun
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Medicine, Clinical Research Centre, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Doney
- National Health Service Tayside, Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Medicine, Clinical Research Centre, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Antonietta Robino
- IRCCS Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Bernhard K. Krämer
- Fifth Department of Medicine, Mannheim University Medical Centre, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Laura Portas
- CNR Institute of Population Genetics, Sassari, Italy
| | - Ian Ford
- Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Brendan M. Buckley
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Martin Adam
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gian-Andri Thun
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Paulweber
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Margot Haun
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Cinzia Sala
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Paul Mitchell
- Centre for Vision Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Marina Ciullo
- Adriano-Buzzati Traverso-CNR Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, Naples, Italy
| | - Peter Vollenweider
- Department of Internal Medicine, Vaudois University Hospital Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olli Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Estonian Biocentre, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Colin Palmer
- Biomedical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Paolo Gasparini
- IRCCS Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Mario Pirastu
- CNR Institute of Population Genetics, Sassari, Italy
| | - J. Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole M. Probst-Hensch
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Florian Kronenberg
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Daniela Toniolo
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- CNR Institute of Molecular Genetics, Pavia, Italy
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Research Institute, Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Alan R. Shuldiner
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Geriatric Research and Education Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Josef Coresh
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Reinhold Schmidt
- Austrian Stroke Prevention Study, Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurology, University Clinic of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Aging, Baltimore Maryland
| | - Cornelia M. van Duijn
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging, Netherlands Genomics Initiative, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Borecki
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Sharon L.R. Kardia
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Yongmei Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Gary C. Curhan
- Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Igor Rudan
- Center for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Ulf Gyllensten
- Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - James F. Wilson
- Center for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Andre Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Rainer Rettig
- Institute of Physiology, University of Greifswald, Karlsburg, Germany
| | - Inga Prokopenko
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jacqueline Witteman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline Hayward
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Paul M. Ridker
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Murielle Bochud
- University Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Vaudois University Hospital Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Iris M. Heid
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; and
| | | | - Caroline S. Fox
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study and the Center for Population Studies, Framingham, Massachusetts
- Division of Endocrinology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - W. Linda Kao
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Carsten A. Böger
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Sabayan B, van der Grond J, Westendorp RG, Jukema JW, Ford I, Buckley BM, Sattar N, van Osch MJP, van Buchem MA, de Craen AJM. Total cerebral blood flow and mortality in old age: a 12-year follow-up study. Neurology 2013; 81:1922-9. [PMID: 24174588 DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000436618.48402.da] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association of total cerebral blood flow (CBF) with all-cause, noncardiovascular, and cardiovascular mortality in older subjects at risk of cardiovascular disease. METHODS We included 411 subjects with a mean age of 74.5 years from the MRI substudy of the Prospective Study of Pravastatin in the Elderly at Risk. Total CBF was measured at baseline, and occurrence of death was recorded in an average follow-up period of 11.8 years. For each participant, total CBF was standardized for brain parenchymal volume. Cox regression models were used to estimate risk of all-cause, noncardiovascular, and cardiovascular mortality in relation to CBF. RESULTS Mortality rates among participants in low, middle, and high thirds of total CBF were 52.1, 41.5, and 28.7 per 1,000 person-years, respectively. Compared with participants in the high third of CBF, participants in the low third had 1.88-fold (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.30-2.72) higher risk of all-cause mortality, 1.66-fold (95% CI: 1.06-2.59) higher risk of noncardiovascular mortality, and 2.50-fold (95% CI: 1.28-4.91) higher risk of cardiovascular mortality. Likewise, compared with participants in the high third of CBF, participants in the middle third had 1.44-fold (95% CI: 0.98-2.11) higher risk of all-cause mortality, 1.29-fold (95% CI: 0.82-2.04) higher risk of noncardiovascular mortality, and 1.86-fold (95% CI: 0.93-3.74) higher risk of cardiovascular mortality. These associations were independent of prevalent vascular status and risk factors. CONCLUSIONS Low total CBF is linked with higher risk of all-cause, noncardiovascular, and cardiovascular mortality in older people independent of clinical cardiovascular status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Sabayan
- From the Departments of Radiology (B.S., J.v.d.G., M.J.P.v.O., M.A.v.B.), Gerontology and Geriatrics (B.S., R.G.W., A.J.M.d.C.), and Cardiology (J.W.J.), Leiden University Medical Center; Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing (R.G.W., A.J.M.d.C.), Leiden, the Netherlands; Robertson Center for Biostatistics (I.F.), and Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre (N.S.), University of Glasgow, UK; and Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (B.M.B.), University College Cork, Ireland
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Lloyd SM, Stott DJ, de Craen AJM, Kearney PM, Sattar N, Perry I, Packard CJ, Briggs A, Marchbank L, Comber H, Jukema JW, Westendorp RGJ, Trompet S, Buckley BM, Ford I. Long-term effects of statin treatment in elderly people: extended follow-up of the PROspective Study of Pravastatin in the Elderly at Risk (PROSPER). PLoS One 2013; 8:e72642. [PMID: 24023757 PMCID: PMC3759378 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The PROspective Study of Pravastatin in the Elderly at Risk (PROSPER), a placebo-controlled trial of pravastatin, demonstrated a 19% reduction in coronary outcomes (p=0.006) after a mean of 3.2 years, with no impact on stroke outcomes or all-cause mortality. However, there was a suggestion of increased cancer risk. Our aim is to determine the long-term benefits and safety of pravastatin treatment in older people using post-trial follow-up of the PROSPER participants. METHODS 5,804 (2,520 Scottish) men and women aged 70-82 years with either pre-existing vascular disease or increased risk of such disease because of smoking, hypertension or diabetes, were randomised to 40 mg pravastatin or matching placebo. Using record linkage to routinely collected health records, all participants (full cohort) were linked to death and cancer registries, and the Scottish cohort additionally to hospital admissions, to provide composite fatal/non-fatal cardiovascular outcomes (total mean follow-up 8.6 years). RESULTS Pravastatin treatment for 3.2 years reduced CHD death in the full cohort, hazard ratio (HR) 0.80, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.68-0.95, p=0.0091 and fatal coronary events or coronary hospitalisations in the Scottish cohort (HR 0.81, 95% CI 0.69-0.95, p=0.0081) over 8.6 years. There was no reduction in stroke or all-cause mortality. Cancer risk was not increased in the full cohort (HR 1.08, 95% CI 0.96-1.21, p=0.22). CONCLUSIONS Pravastatin treatment of elderly high-risk subjects for 3.2 years provided long-term protection against CHD events and CHD mortality. However, this was not associated with any increase in life expectancy, possibly due to competing mortality with deaths from other causes. There was no evidence of long-term increased risk of cancer. TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN40976937.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M. Lloyd
- Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Stott
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Anton J. M. de Craen
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Patricia M. Kearney
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College, Cork, Ireland
| | - Naveed Sattar
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Ivan Perry
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College, Cork, Ireland
| | - Christopher J. Packard
- National Health Service Research and Development Directorate, Greater Glasgow and Clyde Health Board, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Briggs
- Health Economics and Health Technology Assessment, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Marchbank
- Information Services Division Scotland, National Health Service (Scotland), Paisley, United Kingdom
| | | | - J. Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rudi G. J. Westendorp
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Stella Trompet
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Brendan M. Buckley
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ian Ford
- Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Sabater-Lleal M, Huang J, Chasman D, Naitza S, Dehghan A, Johnson AD, Teumer A, Reiner AP, Folkersen L, Basu S, Rudnicka AR, Trompet S, Mälarstig A, Baumert J, Bis JC, Guo X, Hottenga JJ, Shin SY, Lopez LM, Lahti J, Tanaka T, Yanek LR, Oudot-Mellakh T, Wilson JF, Navarro P, Huffman JE, Zemunik T, Redline S, Mehra R, Pulanic D, Rudan I, Wright AF, Kolcic I, Polasek O, Wild SH, Campbell H, Curb JD, Wallace R, Liu S, Eaton CB, Becker DM, Becker LC, Bandinelli S, Räikkönen K, Widen E, Palotie A, Fornage M, Green D, Gross M, Davies G, Harris SE, Liewald DC, Starr JM, Williams FMK, Grant PJ, Spector TD, Strawbridge RJ, Silveira A, Sennblad B, Rivadeneira F, Uitterlinden AG, Franco OH, Hofman A, van Dongen J, Willemsen G, Boomsma DI, Yao J, Swords Jenny N, Haritunians T, McKnight B, Lumley T, Taylor KD, Rotter JI, Psaty BM, Peters A, Gieger C, Illig T, Grotevendt A, Homuth G, Völzke H, Kocher T, Goel A, Franzosi MG, Seedorf U, Clarke R, Steri M, Tarasov KV, Sanna S, Schlessinger D, Stott DJ, Sattar N, Buckley BM, Rumley A, Lowe GD, McArdle WL, Chen MH, Tofler GH, Song J, Boerwinkle E, Folsom AR, Rose LM, Franco-Cereceda A, Teichert M, Ikram MA, Mosley TH, Bevan S, Dichgans M, Rothwell PM, Sudlow CLM, Hopewell JC, Chambers JC, Saleheen D, Kooner JS, Danesh J, Nelson CP, Erdmann J, Reilly MP, Kathiresan S, Schunkert H, Morange PE, Ferrucci L, Eriksson JG, Jacobs D, Deary IJ, Soranzo N, Witteman JCM, de Geus EJC, Tracy RP, Hayward C, Koenig W, Cucca F, Jukema JW, Eriksson P, Seshadri S, Markus HS, Watkins H, Samani NJ, Wallaschofski H, Smith NL, Tregouet D, Ridker PM, Tang W, Strachan DP, Hamsten A, O'Donnell CJ. Multiethnic meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies in >100 000 subjects identifies 23 fibrinogen-associated Loci but no strong evidence of a causal association between circulating fibrinogen and cardiovascular disease. Circulation 2013; 128:1310-24. [PMID: 23969696 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.113.002251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Estimates of the heritability of plasma fibrinogen concentration, an established predictor of cardiovascular disease, range from 34% to 50%. Genetic variants so far identified by genome-wide association studies explain only a small proportion (<2%) of its variation. METHODS AND RESULTS We conducted a meta-analysis of 28 genome-wide association studies including >90 000 subjects of European ancestry, the first genome-wide association meta-analysis of fibrinogen levels in 7 studies in blacks totaling 8289 samples, and a genome-wide association study in Hispanics totaling 1366 samples. Evaluation for association of single-nucleotide polymorphisms with clinical outcomes included a total of 40 695 cases and 85 582 controls for coronary artery disease, 4752 cases and 24 030 controls for stroke, and 3208 cases and 46 167 controls for venous thromboembolism. Overall, we identified 24 genome-wide significant (P<5×10(-8)) independent signals in 23 loci, including 15 novel associations, together accounting for 3.7% of plasma fibrinogen variation. Gene-set enrichment analysis highlighted key roles in fibrinogen regulation for the 3 structural fibrinogen genes and pathways related to inflammation, adipocytokines, and thyrotrophin-releasing hormone signaling. Whereas lead single-nucleotide polymorphisms in a few loci were significantly associated with coronary artery disease, the combined effect of all 24 fibrinogen-associated lead single-nucleotide polymorphisms was not significant for coronary artery disease, stroke, or venous thromboembolism. CONCLUSIONS We identify 23 robustly associated fibrinogen loci, 15 of which are new. Clinical outcome analysis of these loci does not support a causal relationship between circulating levels of fibrinogen and coronary artery disease, stroke, or venous thromboembolism.
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Sabayan B, Wijsman LW, Foster-Dingley JC, Stott DJ, Ford I, Buckley BM, Sattar N, Jukema JW, van Osch MJP, van der Grond J, van Buchem MA, Westendorp RGJ, de Craen AJM, Mooijaart SP. Association of visit-to-visit variability in blood pressure with cognitive function in old age: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2013; 347:f4600. [PMID: 23900315 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.f4600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between visit-to-visit variability in blood pressure and cognitive function in old age (>70 years). DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING PROSPER (PROspective Study of Pravastatin in the Elderly at Risk) study, a collaboration between centres in Ireland, Scotland, and the Netherlands. PARTICIPANTS 5461 participants, mean age 75.3 years, who were at risk of cardiovascular disease. Blood pressure was measured every three months during an average of 3.2 years. Visit-to-visit variability in blood pressure was defined as the standard deviation of blood pressure measurements between visits. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Four domains of cognitive function, testing selective attention, processing speed, and immediate and delayed memory. In a magnetic resonance imaging substudy of 553 participants, structural brain volumes, cerebral microbleeds, infarcts, and white matter hyperintensities were measured. RESULTS Participants with higher visit-to-visit variability in systolic blood pressure had worse performance on all cognitive tests: attention (mean difference high versus low thirds) 3.08 seconds (95% confidence interval 0.85 to 5.31), processing speed -1.16 digits coded (95% confidence interval -1.69 to -0.63), immediate memory -0.27 pictures remembered (95% confidence interval -0.41 to -0.13), and delayed memory -0.30 pictures remembered (95% confidence interval -0.49 to -0.11). Furthermore, higher variability in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure was associated with lower hippocampal volume and cortical infarcts, and higher variability in diastolic blood pressure was associated with cerebral microbleeds (all P<0.05). All associations were adjusted for average blood pressure and cardiovascular risk factors. CONCLUSION Higher visit-to-visit variability in blood pressure independent of average blood pressure was associated with impaired cognitive function in old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Sabayan
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, Netherlands
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Postmus I, Trompet S, de Craen AJM, Buckley BM, Ford I, Stott DJ, Sattar N, Slagboom PE, Westendorp RGJ, Jukema JW. PCSK9 SNP rs11591147 is associated with low cholesterol levels but not with cognitive performance or noncardiovascular clinical events in an elderly population. J Lipid Res 2013. [PMID: 23300213 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m033969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Proprotein convertase subtilisin-like/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a protein involved in LDL-cholesterol metabolism. The single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs11591147 has been associated with lower LDL-cholesterol and a lower risk of coronary heart disease. Because PCSK9 has high affinity to the LDL receptor, inhibiting PCSK9 is a testable therapeutic target for lipid-lowering therapy. Currently, several approaches to inhibit PCSK9 are under development, but it is unknown what the effects of those inhibitors will be on cognition or noncardiovascular clinical events. In this study, we assessed the association between rs11591147 and cognitive performance, activities of daily living (ADL), and noncardiovascular clinical events within 5,777 participants of the PROspective Study of Pravastatin in the Elderly at Risk (PROSPER). Rs11591147 was associated with 10% to 16% lower LDL cholesterol levels (P = 3.62 × 10(-12)), but was not associated with cognitive performance, ADL, or noncardiovascular clinical events in the PROSPER study. Our findings suggest that lower cholesterol levels due to genetic variation in the PCSK9 gene are not associated with cognitive performance, functional status, or noncardiovascular clinical events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Postmus
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Postmus I, Trompet S, de Craen AJM, Buckley BM, Ford I, Stott DJ, Sattar N, Slagboom PE, Westendorp RGJ, Jukema JW. PCSK9 SNP rs11591147 is associated with low cholesterol levels but not with cognitive performance or noncardiovascular clinical events in an elderly population. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:561-6. [PMID: 23300213 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.p033969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Proprotein convertase subtilisin-like/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a protein involved in LDL-cholesterol metabolism. The single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs11591147 has been associated with lower LDL-cholesterol and a lower risk of coronary heart disease. Because PCSK9 has high affinity to the LDL receptor, inhibiting PCSK9 is a testable therapeutic target for lipid-lowering therapy. Currently, several approaches to inhibit PCSK9 are under development, but it is unknown what the effects of those inhibitors will be on cognition or noncardiovascular clinical events. In this study, we assessed the association between rs11591147 and cognitive performance, activities of daily living (ADL), and noncardiovascular clinical events within 5,777 participants of the PROspective Study of Pravastatin in the Elderly at Risk (PROSPER). Rs11591147 was associated with 10% to 16% lower LDL cholesterol levels (P = 3.62 × 10(-12)), but was not associated with cognitive performance, ADL, or noncardiovascular clinical events in the PROSPER study. Our findings suggest that lower cholesterol levels due to genetic variation in the PCSK9 gene are not associated with cognitive performance, functional status, or noncardiovascular clinical events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Postmus
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Porcu E, Medici M, Pistis G, Volpato CB, Wilson SG, Cappola AR, Bos SD, Deelen J, den Heijer M, Freathy RM, Lahti J, Liu C, Lopez LM, Nolte IM, O'Connell JR, Tanaka T, Trompet S, Arnold A, Bandinelli S, Beekman M, Böhringer S, Brown SJ, Buckley BM, Camaschella C, de Craen AJM, Davies G, de Visser MCH, Ford I, Forsen T, Frayling TM, Fugazzola L, Gögele M, Hattersley AT, Hermus AR, Hofman A, Houwing-Duistermaat JJ, Jensen RA, Kajantie E, Kloppenburg M, Lim EM, Masciullo C, Mariotti S, Minelli C, Mitchell BD, Nagaraja R, Netea-Maier RT, Palotie A, Persani L, Piras MG, Psaty BM, Räikkönen K, Richards JB, Rivadeneira F, Sala C, Sabra MM, Sattar N, Shields BM, Soranzo N, Starr JM, Stott DJ, Sweep FCGJ, Usala G, van der Klauw MM, van Heemst D, van Mullem A, H.Vermeulen S, Visser WE, Walsh JP, Westendorp RGJ, Widen E, Zhai G, Cucca F, Deary IJ, Eriksson JG, Ferrucci L, Fox CS, Jukema JW, Kiemeney LA, Pramstaller PP, Schlessinger D, Shuldiner AR, Slagboom EP, Uitterlinden AG, Vaidya B, Visser TJ, Wolffenbuttel BHR, Meulenbelt I, Rotter JI, Spector TD, Hicks AA, Toniolo D, Sanna S, Peeters RP, Naitza S. A meta-analysis of thyroid-related traits reveals novel loci and gender-specific differences in the regulation of thyroid function. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003266. [PMID: 23408906 PMCID: PMC3567175 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone is essential for normal metabolism and development, and overt abnormalities in thyroid function lead to common endocrine disorders affecting approximately 10% of individuals over their life span. In addition, even mild alterations in thyroid function are associated with weight changes, atrial fibrillation, osteoporosis, and psychiatric disorders. To identify novel variants underlying thyroid function, we performed a large meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies for serum levels of the highly heritable thyroid function markers TSH and FT4, in up to 26,420 and 17,520 euthyroid subjects, respectively. Here we report 26 independent associations, including several novel loci for TSH (PDE10A, VEGFA, IGFBP5, NFIA, SOX9, PRDM11, FGF7, INSR, ABO, MIR1179, NRG1, MBIP, ITPK1, SASH1, GLIS3) and FT4 (LHX3, FOXE1, AADAT, NETO1/FBXO15, LPCAT2/CAPNS2). Notably, only limited overlap was detected between TSH and FT4 associated signals, in spite of the feedback regulation of their circulating levels by the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. Five of the reported loci (PDE8B, PDE10A, MAF/LOC440389, NETO1/FBXO15, and LPCAT2/CAPNS2) show strong gender-specific differences, which offer clues for the known sexual dimorphism in thyroid function and related pathologies. Importantly, the TSH-associated loci contribute not only to variation within the normal range, but also to TSH values outside the reference range, suggesting that they may be involved in thyroid dysfunction. Overall, our findings explain, respectively, 5.64% and 2.30% of total TSH and FT4 trait variance, and they improve the current knowledge of the regulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis function and the consequences of genetic variation for hypo- or hyperthyroidism. Levels of thyroid hormones are tightly regulated by TSH produced in the pituitary, and even mild alterations in their concentrations are strong indicators of thyroid pathologies, which are very common worldwide. To identify common genetic variants associated with the highly heritable markers of thyroid function, TSH and FT4, we conducted a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies in 26,420 and 17,520 individuals, respectively, of European ancestry with normal thyroid function. Our analysis identified 26 independent genetic variants regulating these traits, several of which are new, and confirmed previously detected polymorphisms affecting TSH (within the PDE8B gene and near CAPZB, MAF/LOC440389, and NR3C2) and FT4 (within DIO1) levels. Gender-specific differences in the genetic effects of several variants for TSH and FT4 levels were identified at several loci, which offer clues to understand the known sexual dimorphism in thyroid function and pathology. Of particular clinical interest, we show that TSH-associated loci contribute not only to normal variation, but also to TSH values outside reference range, suggesting that they may be involved in thyroid dysfunction. Overall, our findings add to the developing landscape of the regulation of thyroid homeostasis and the consequences of genetic variation for thyroid related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Porcu
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, c/o Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Marco Medici
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Giorgio Pistis
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Research Institute, Milano, Italy
- Università degli Studi di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Claudia B. Volpato
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), Bolzano, Italy (Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany)
| | - Scott G. Wilson
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Anne R. Cappola
- University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Steffan D. Bos
- Leiden University Medical Center, Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Joris Deelen
- Leiden University Medical Center, Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martin den Heijer
- Department of Endocrinology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Free University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rachel M. Freathy
- Genetics of Complex Traits, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Jari Lahti
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Chunyu Liu
- Center for Population Studies, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lorna M. Lopez
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ilja M. Nolte
- Unit of Genetic Epidemiology and Bioinformatics, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey R. O'Connell
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Toshiko Tanaka
- Clinical Research Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Stella Trompet
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Alice Arnold
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit and Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | | | - Marian Beekman
- Leiden University Medical Center, Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Böhringer
- Leiden University Medical Center, Medical Statistics and Bioinformatics, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne J. Brown
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Brendan M. Buckley
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Clara Camaschella
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Research Institute, Milano, Italy
- Vita e Salute University, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Anton J. M. de Craen
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gail Davies
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Marieke C. H. de Visser
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ian Ford
- Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Forsen
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki University Central Hospital, Unit of General Practice, Helsinki, Finland
- Vaasa Health Care Centre, Diabetes Unit, Vaasa, Finland
| | - Timothy M. Frayling
- Genetics of Complex Traits, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Fugazzola
- Endocrine Unit, Fondazione Ca' Granda Policlinico and Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Martin Gögele
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), Bolzano, Italy (Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany)
| | - Andrew T. Hattersley
- Peninsula NIHR Clinical Research Facility, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Ad R. Hermus
- Department of Endocrinology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)–sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Richard A. Jensen
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit and Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Eero Kajantie
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Margreet Kloppenburg
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ee M. Lim
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Pathwest Laboratory Medicine WA, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Corrado Masciullo
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Research Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano Mariotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Università di Cagliari, c/o Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Cosetta Minelli
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), Bolzano, Italy (Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany)
| | - Braxton D. Mitchell
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ramaiah Nagaraja
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Romana T. Netea-Maier
- Department of Endocrinology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki and University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Luca Persani
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Ospedale San Luca, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria G. Piras
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, c/o Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Bruce M. Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Katri Räikkönen
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - J. Brent Richards
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Departments of Human Genetics, Epidemiology, and Biostatistics, Jewish General Hospital, Lady Davis Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Québec
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)–sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cinzia Sala
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Research Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Mona M. Sabra
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Medicine-Endocrinology, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Naveed Sattar
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Beverley M. Shields
- Peninsula NIHR Clinical Research Facility, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole Soranzo
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John M. Starr
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Stott
- Academic Section of Geriatric Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Fred C. G. J. Sweep
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gianluca Usala
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, c/o Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Melanie M. van der Klauw
- LifeLines Cohort Study, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Diana van Heemst
- Leiden University Medical Center, Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Alies van Mullem
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sita H.Vermeulen
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - W. Edward Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John P. Walsh
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Rudi G. J. Westendorp
- Leiden University Medical Center, Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Widen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Guangju Zhai
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Discipline of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. Johns, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Francesco Cucca
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, c/o Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Ian J. Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Johan G. Eriksson
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki University Central Hospital, Unit of General Practice, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhalsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland
- Vasa Central Hospital, Vasa, Finland
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Clinical Research Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Caroline S. Fox
- Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Endocrinology, Hypertension, and Metabolism, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - J. Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lambertus A. Kiemeney
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Urology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter P. Pramstaller
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), Bolzano, Italy (Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany)
- Department of Neurology, General Central Hospital, Bolzano, Italy
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - David Schlessinger
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alan R. Shuldiner
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Geriatric Research and Education Clinical Center, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Eline P. Slagboom
- Leiden University Medical Center, Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - André G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)–sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bijay Vaidya
- Diabetes, Endocrinology and Vascular Health Centre, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Theo J. Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bruce H. R. Wolffenbuttel
- LifeLines Cohort Study, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Meulenbelt
- Leiden University Medical Center, Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jerome I. Rotter
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Tim D. Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew A. Hicks
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), Bolzano, Italy (Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany)
| | - Daniela Toniolo
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Research Institute, Milano, Italy
- Institute of Molecular Genetics–CNR, Pavia, Italy
| | - Serena Sanna
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, c/o Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
- * E-mail: (S Sanna); (RP Peeters); (S Naitza)
| | - Robin P. Peeters
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (S Sanna); (RP Peeters); (S Naitza)
| | - Silvia Naitza
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, c/o Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
- * E-mail: (S Sanna); (RP Peeters); (S Naitza)
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Chasman DI, Fuchsberger C, Pattaro C, Teumer A, Böger CA, Endlich K, Olden M, Chen MH, Tin A, Taliun D, Li M, Gao X, Gorski M, Yang Q, Hundertmark C, Foster MC, O'Seaghdha CM, Glazer N, Isaacs A, Liu CT, Smith AV, O'Connell JR, Struchalin M, Tanaka T, Li G, Johnson AD, Gierman HJ, Feitosa MF, Hwang SJ, Atkinson EJ, Lohman K, Cornelis MC, Johansson A, Tönjes A, Dehghan A, Lambert JC, Holliday EG, Sorice R, Kutalik Z, Lehtimäki T, Esko T, Deshmukh H, Ulivi S, Chu AY, Murgia F, Trompet S, Imboden M, Coassin S, Pistis G, Harris TB, Launer LJ, Aspelund T, Eiriksdottir G, Mitchell BD, Boerwinkle E, Schmidt H, Cavalieri M, Rao M, Hu F, Demirkan A, Oostra BA, de Andrade M, Turner ST, Ding J, Andrews JS, Freedman BI, Giulianini F, Koenig W, Illig T, Meisinger C, Gieger C, Zgaga L, Zemunik T, Boban M, Minelli C, Wheeler HE, Igl W, Zaboli G, Wild SH, Wright AF, Campbell H, Ellinghaus D, Nöthlings U, Jacobs G, Biffar R, Ernst F, Homuth G, Kroemer HK, Nauck M, Stracke S, Völker U, Völzke H, Kovacs P, Stumvoll M, Mägi R, Hofman A, Uitterlinden AG, Rivadeneira F, Aulchenko YS, Polasek O, Hastie N, Vitart V, Helmer C, Wang JJ, Stengel B, Ruggiero D, Bergmann S, Kähönen M, Viikari J, Nikopensius T, Province M, Ketkar S, Colhoun H, Doney A, Robino A, Krämer BK, Portas L, Ford I, Buckley BM, Adam M, Thun GA, Paulweber B, Haun M, Sala C, Mitchell P, Ciullo M, Kim SK, Vollenweider P, Raitakari O, Metspalu A, Palmer C, Gasparini P, Pirastu M, Jukema JW, Probst-Hensch NM, Kronenberg F, Toniolo D, Gudnason V, Shuldiner AR, Coresh J, Schmidt R, Ferrucci L, Siscovick DS, van Duijn CM, Borecki IB, Kardia SLR, Liu Y, Curhan GC, Rudan I, Gyllensten U, Wilson JF, Franke A, Pramstaller PP, Rettig R, Prokopenko I, Witteman J, Hayward C, Ridker PM, Parsa A, Bochud M, Heid IM, Kao WHL, Fox CS, Köttgen A. Integration of genome-wide association studies with biological knowledge identifies six novel genes related to kidney function. Hum Mol Genet 2012; 21:5329-43. [PMID: 22962313 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/dds369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In conducting genome-wide association studies (GWAS), analytical approaches leveraging biological information may further understanding of the pathophysiology of clinical traits. To discover novel associations with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), a measure of kidney function, we developed a strategy for integrating prior biological knowledge into the existing GWAS data for eGFR from the CKDGen Consortium. Our strategy focuses on single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) in genes that are connected by functional evidence, determined by literature mining and gene ontology (GO) hierarchies, to genes near previously validated eGFR associations. It then requires association thresholds consistent with multiple testing, and finally evaluates novel candidates by independent replication. Among the samples of European ancestry, we identified a genome-wide significant SNP in FBXL20 (P = 5.6 × 10(-9)) in meta-analysis of all available data, and additional SNPs at the INHBC, LRP2, PLEKHA1, SLC3A2 and SLC7A6 genes meeting multiple-testing corrected significance for replication and overall P-values of 4.5 × 10(-4)-2.2 × 10(-7). Neither the novel PLEKHA1 nor FBXL20 associations, both further supported by association with eGFR among African Americans and with transcript abundance, would have been implicated by eGFR candidate gene approaches. LRP2, encoding the megalin receptor, was identified through connection with the previously known eGFR gene DAB2 and extends understanding of the megalin system in kidney function. These findings highlight integration of existing genome-wide association data with independent biological knowledge to uncover novel candidate eGFR associations, including candidates lacking known connections to kidney-specific pathways. The strategy may also be applicable to other clinical phenotypes, although more testing will be needed to assess its potential for discovery in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel I Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Pattaro C, Köttgen A, Teumer A, Garnaas M, Böger CA, Fuchsberger C, Olden M, Chen MH, Tin A, Taliun D, Li M, Gao X, Gorski M, Yang Q, Hundertmark C, Foster MC, O'Seaghdha CM, Glazer N, Isaacs A, Liu CT, Smith AV, O'Connell JR, Struchalin M, Tanaka T, Li G, Johnson AD, Gierman HJ, Feitosa M, Hwang SJ, Atkinson EJ, Lohman K, Cornelis MC, Johansson Å, Tönjes A, Dehghan A, Chouraki V, Holliday EG, Sorice R, Kutalik Z, Lehtimäki T, Esko T, Deshmukh H, Ulivi S, Chu AY, Murgia F, Trompet S, Imboden M, Kollerits B, Pistis G, Harris TB, Launer LJ, Aspelund T, Eiriksdottir G, Mitchell BD, Boerwinkle E, Schmidt H, Cavalieri M, Rao M, Hu FB, Demirkan A, Oostra BA, de Andrade M, Turner ST, Ding J, Andrews JS, Freedman BI, Koenig W, Illig T, Döring A, Wichmann HE, Kolcic I, Zemunik T, Boban M, Minelli C, Wheeler HE, Igl W, Zaboli G, Wild SH, Wright AF, Campbell H, Ellinghaus D, Nöthlings U, Jacobs G, Biffar R, Endlich K, Ernst F, Homuth G, Kroemer HK, Nauck M, Stracke S, Völker U, Völzke H, Kovacs P, Stumvoll M, Mägi R, Hofman A, Uitterlinden AG, Rivadeneira F, Aulchenko YS, Polasek O, Hastie N, Vitart V, Helmer C, Wang JJ, Ruggiero D, Bergmann S, Kähönen M, Viikari J, Nikopensius T, Province M, Ketkar S, Colhoun H, Doney A, Robino A, Giulianini F, Krämer BK, Portas L, Ford I, Buckley BM, Adam M, Thun GA, Paulweber B, Haun M, Sala C, Metzger M, Mitchell P, Ciullo M, Kim SK, Vollenweider P, Raitakari O, Metspalu A, Palmer C, Gasparini P, Pirastu M, Jukema JW, Probst-Hensch NM, Kronenberg F, Toniolo D, Gudnason V, Shuldiner AR, Coresh J, Schmidt R, Ferrucci L, Siscovick DS, van Duijn CM, Borecki I, Kardia SLR, Liu Y, Curhan GC, Rudan I, Gyllensten U, Wilson JF, Franke A, Pramstaller PP, Rettig R, Prokopenko I, Witteman JCM, Hayward C, Ridker P, Parsa A, Bochud M, Heid IM, Goessling W, Chasman DI, Kao WHL, Fox CS. Genome-wide association and functional follow-up reveals new loci for kidney function. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1002584. [PMID: 22479191 PMCID: PMC3315455 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2011] [Accepted: 01/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an important public health problem with a genetic component. We performed genome-wide association studies in up to 130,600 European ancestry participants overall, and stratified for key CKD risk factors. We uncovered 6 new loci in association with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), the primary clinical measure of CKD, in or near MPPED2, DDX1, SLC47A1, CDK12, CASP9, and INO80. Morpholino knockdown of mpped2 and casp9 in zebrafish embryos revealed podocyte and tubular abnormalities with altered dextran clearance, suggesting a role for these genes in renal function. By providing new insights into genes that regulate renal function, these results could further our understanding of the pathogenesis of CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Pattaro
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, European Academy of Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC) and Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Anna Köttgen
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Renal Division, Freiburg University Clinic, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Maija Garnaas
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Carsten A. Böger
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christian Fuchsberger
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Matthias Olden
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Regensburg University Medical Center, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ming-Huei Chen
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Adrienne Tin
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Daniel Taliun
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, European Academy of Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC) and Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Man Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Xiaoyi Gao
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Mathias Gorski
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Qiong Yang
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Meredith C. Foster
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study and the Center for Population Studies, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Conall M. O'Seaghdha
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study and the Center for Population Studies, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Nephrology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nicole Glazer
- Section of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Aaron Isaacs
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ching-Ti Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Albert V. Smith
- Icelandic Heart Association, Research Institute, Kopavogur, Iceland
- University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Jeffrey R. O'Connell
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Maksim Struchalin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Department of Forensic Molecular Biology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Toshiko Tanaka
- Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Guo Li
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Andrew D. Johnson
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study and the Center for Population Studies, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hinco J. Gierman
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Mary Feitosa
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Shih-Jen Hwang
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study and the Center for Population Studies, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth J. Atkinson
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Kurt Lohman
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Marilyn C. Cornelis
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Åsa Johansson
- Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anke Tönjes
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Abbas Dehghan
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Elizabeth G. Holliday
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
- Centre for Information-based Medicine, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Rossella Sorice
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “Adriano-Buzzati Traverso”–CNR, Napoli, Italy
| | - Zoltan Kutalik
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Centre for Laboratory Medicine Tampere Finn-Medi 2, Tampere, Finland
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center of University of Tartu (EGCUT), Tartu, Estonia
- Estonian Biocenter and Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Harshal Deshmukh
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Medicine, Clinical Research Centre, Ninewells Hospital, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Sheila Ulivi
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health – IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, Italy
| | - Audrey Y. Chu
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Stella Trompet
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Medea Imboden
- Unit of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Kollerits
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Giorgio Pistis
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Tamara B. Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, NIA, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lenore J. Launer
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, NIA, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thor Aspelund
- Icelandic Heart Association, Research Institute, Kopavogur, Iceland
- University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Braxton D. Mitchell
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Helena Schmidt
- Austrian Stroke Prevention Study, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry and Department of Neurology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Margherita Cavalieri
- Austrian Stroke Prevention Study, University Clinic of Neurology, Department of Special Neurology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Madhumathi Rao
- Division of Nephrology/Tufts Evidence Practice Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Frank B. Hu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ayse Demirkan
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ben A. Oostra
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mariza de Andrade
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Stephen T. Turner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Jingzhong Ding
- Department of Internal Medicine/Geriatrics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jeanette S. Andrews
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Barry I. Freedman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | | | - Thomas Illig
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Angela Döring
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - H.-Erich Wichmann
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry, and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- Klinikum Grosshadern, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ivana Kolcic
- Croatian Centre for Global Health, University of Split Medical School, Split, Croatia
| | - Tatijana Zemunik
- Croatian Centre for Global Health, University of Split Medical School, Split, Croatia
| | - Mladen Boban
- Croatian Centre for Global Health, University of Split Medical School, Split, Croatia
| | - Cosetta Minelli
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, European Academy of Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC) and Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Heather E. Wheeler
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Wilmar Igl
- Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ghazal Zaboli
- Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sarah H. Wild
- Center for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alan F. Wright
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Harry Campbell
- Center for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David Ellinghaus
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ute Nöthlings
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
- popgen Biobank, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Gunnar Jacobs
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
- popgen Biobank, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Reiner Biffar
- Clinic for Prosthodontic Dentistry, Gerostomatology, and Material Science, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Karlhans Endlich
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Florian Ernst
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Heyo K. Kroemer
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Matthias Nauck
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sylvia Stracke
- Clinic for Internal Medicine A, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Uwe Völker
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Peter Kovacs
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Stumvoll
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Center of University of Tartu (EGCUT), Tartu, Estonia
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics and Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andre G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yurii S. Aulchenko
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ozren Polasek
- Croatian Centre for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Nick Hastie
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Veronique Vitart
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Helmer
- INSERM U897, Université Victor Ségalen Bordeaux 2, ISPED, Bordeaux, France
- Université Bordeaux 2 Victor Segalen, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jie Jin Wang
- Centre for Vision Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Centre for Eye Research Australia (CERA), University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Daniela Ruggiero
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “Adriano-Buzzati Traverso”–CNR, Napoli, Italy
| | - Sven Bergmann
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jorma Viikari
- Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Tiit Nikopensius
- Estonian Biocenter and Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Michael Province
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Shamika Ketkar
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Helen Colhoun
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Medicine, Clinical Research Centre, Ninewells Hospital, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Doney
- NHS Tayside, Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Medicine, Clinical Research Centre, Ninewells Hospital, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Antonietta Robino
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo,” University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Franco Giulianini
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bernhard K. Krämer
- University Medical Centre Mannheim, 5th Department of Medicine, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Laura Portas
- Institute of Population Genetics – CNR, Sassari, Italy
| | - Ian Ford
- Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Brendan M. Buckley
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Martin Adam
- Unit of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gian-Andri Thun
- Unit of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Paulweber
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Margot Haun
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Cinzia Sala
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Marie Metzger
- Inserm UMRS 1018, CESP Team 10, Université Paris Sud, Villejuif, France
| | - Paul Mitchell
- Centre for Vision Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Marina Ciullo
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “Adriano-Buzzati Traverso”–CNR, Napoli, Italy
| | - Stuart K. Kim
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Peter Vollenweider
- Department of Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olli Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Clinical Physiology, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center of University of Tartu (EGCUT), Tartu, Estonia
- Estonian Biocenter and Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Colin Palmer
- Biomedical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Paolo Gasparini
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo,” University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Mario Pirastu
- Institute of Population Genetics – CNR, Sassari, Italy
| | - J. Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands (ICIN), Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole M. Probst-Hensch
- Unit of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Florian Kronenberg
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Daniela Toniolo
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Research Institute, Kopavogur, Iceland
- University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Alan R. Shuldiner
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Geriatric Research and Education Clinical Center, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Josef Coresh
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Reinhold Schmidt
- Austrian Stroke Prevention Study, University Clinic of Neurology, Department of Special Neurology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Cornelia M. van Duijn
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Borecki
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Sharon L. R. Kardia
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Yongmei Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Gary C. Curhan
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and Channing Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Igor Rudan
- Center for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ulf Gyllensten
- Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - James F. Wilson
- Center for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Andre Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Peter P. Pramstaller
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, European Academy of Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC) and Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Rainer Rettig
- Institute of Physiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Inga Prokopenko
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics and Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Ridker
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Afshin Parsa
- Division of Nephrology, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Murielle Bochud
- University Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Iris M. Heid
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Wolfram Goessling
- Divisions of Genetics and Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Daniel I. Chasman
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - W. H. Linda Kao
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Caroline S. Fox
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study and the Center for Population Studies, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Endocrinology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Akao H, Polisecki E, Kajinami K, Trompet S, Robertson M, Ford I, Jukema JW, de Craen AJ, Westendorp RG, Shepherd J, Packard C, Buckley BM, Schaefer EJ. Genetic variation at the SLCO1B1 gene locus and low density lipoprotein cholesterol lowering response to pravastatin in the elderly. Atherosclerosis 2012; 220:413-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Revised: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Akao H, Polisecki E, Kajinami K, Trompet S, Robertson M, Ford I, Jukema JW, de Craen AJM, Westendorp RGJ, Shepherd J, Packard C, Buckley BM, Schaefer EJ. KIF6, LPA, TAS2R50, and VAMP8 genetic variation, low density lipoprotein cholesterol lowering response to pravastatin, and heart disease risk reduction in the elderly. Atherosclerosis 2011; 220:456-62. [PMID: 22192511 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Revised: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at the KIF6 (kinesin like protein 6, rs20455 or 719Arg), LPA (lipoprotein(a), rs3798220), TAS2R50 (taste receptor type 2, member 50, rs1376251) and VAMP8 (vesicle-associated membrane protein 8, rs1010) have previously been associated with low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) lowering response to statins, coronary heart disease (CHD) at baseline, or CHD events on trial. We examined SNPs at the KIF6 (rs20455 or 719Arg), LPA (rs3798220), TAS2R50 (rs1376251) and VAMP8 (rs1010) in 5,411 participants in PROSPER (PROspective Study of Pravastatin in the Elderly at Risk) (mean age 75.3 years), who had been randomized to pravastatin 40 mg/day or placebo and were followed for a mean of 3.2 years. No SNP was related to vascular disease at baseline. Only the KIF6 SNP was related to LDL-C lowering with homozygous Arg 719 subjects being significantly less responsive than other groups (p=0.025, -34.2 vs. -36.1%). With regard to the primary CHD endpoint on trial (fatal or non-fatal myocardial infarction or stroke), we observed a significant relationship for KIF6 719Arg homozygotes (p=0.03, hazards ratio 0.47, 12.8% of the population) in women on pravastatin only, and for TAS2R50 for the AA genotype (p=0.03, hazards ratio 1.76, 8.9% of the population), also only in women on pravastatin. Our data indicate that the assessment of KIF6 rs20455 and TAS2R50 rs1376251 genotypes are not useful for predicting statin induced cardiovascular risk reduction in men, but do predict CHD risk reduction in women in this elderly population. However, these differences are no longer significant after correction for multiple comparisons, and we do not recommend the assessment of any of these SNPs in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironobu Akao
- Lipid Metabolism Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University and Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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Trompet S, de Craen AJM, Postmus I, Ford I, Sattar N, Caslake M, Stott DJ, Buckley BM, Sacks F, Devlin JJ, Slagboom PE, Westendorp RGJ, Jukema JW. Replication of LDL GWAs hits in PROSPER/PHASE as validation for future (pharmaco)genetic analyses. BMC Med Genet 2011; 12:131. [PMID: 21977987 PMCID: PMC3207930 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-12-131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Background The PHArmacogenetic study of Statins in the Elderly at risk (PHASE) is a genome wide association study in the PROspective Study of Pravastatin in the Elderly at risk for vascular disease (PROSPER) that investigates the genetic variation responsible for the individual variation in drug response to pravastatin. Statins lower LDL-cholesterol in general by 30%, however not in all subjects. Moreover, clinical response is highly variable and adverse effects occur in a minority of patients. In this report we first describe the rationale of the PROSPER/PHASE project and second show that the PROSPER/PHASE study can be used to study pharmacogenetics in the elderly. Methods The genome wide association study (GWAS) was conducted using the Illumina 660K-Quad beadchips following manufacturer's instructions. After a stringent quality control 557,192 SNPs in 5,244 subjects were available for analysis. To maximize the availability of genetic data and coverage of the genome, imputation up to 2.5 million autosomal CEPH HapMap SNPs was performed with MACH imputation software. The GWAS for LDL-cholesterol is assessed with an additive linear regression model in PROBABEL software, adjusted for age, sex, and country of origin to account for population stratification. Results Forty-two SNPs reached the GWAS significant threshold of p = 5.0e-08 in 5 genomic loci (APOE/APOC1; LDLR; FADS2/FEN1; HMGCR; PSRC1/CELSR5). The top SNP (rs445925, chromosome 19) with a p-value of p = 2.8e-30 is located within the APOC1 gene and near the APOE gene. The second top SNP (rs6511720, chromosome 19) with a p-value of p = 5.22e-15 is located within the LDLR gene. All 5 genomic loci were previously associated with LDL-cholesterol levels, no novel loci were identified. Replication in WOSCOPS and CARE confirmed our results. Conclusion With the GWAS in the PROSPER/PHASE study we confirm the previously found genetic associations with LDL-cholesterol levels. With this proof-of-principle study we show that the PROSPER/PHASE study can be used to investigate genetic associations in a similar way to population based studies. The next step of the PROSPER/PHASE study is to identify the genetic variation responsible for the variation in LDL-cholesterol lowering in response to statin treatment in collaboration with other large trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Trompet
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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Smith NL, Huffman JE, Strachan DP, Huang J, Dehghan A, Trompet S, Lopez LM, Shin SY, Baumert J, Vitart V, Bis JC, Wild SH, Rumley A, Yang Q, Uitterlinden AG, Stott DJ, Davies G, Carter AM, Thorand B, Polašek O, McKnight B, Campbell H, Rudnicka AR, Chen MH, Buckley BM, Harris SE, Peters A, Pulanic D, Lumley T, de Craen AJM, Liewald DC, Gieger C, Campbell S, Ford I, Gow AJ, Luciano M, Porteous DJ, Guo X, Sattar N, Tenesa A, Cushman M, Slagboom PE, Visscher PM, Spector TD, Illig T, Rudan I, Bovill EG, Wright AF, McArdle WL, Tofler G, Hofman A, Westendorp RGJ, Starr JM, Grant PJ, Karakas M, Hastie ND, Psaty BM, Wilson JF, Lowe GDO, O'Donnell CJ, Witteman JCM, Jukema JW, Deary IJ, Soranzo N, Koenig W, Hayward C. Genetic predictors of fibrin D-dimer levels in healthy adults. Circulation 2011; 123:1864-72. [PMID: 21502573 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.110.009480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibrin fragment D-dimer, one of several peptides produced when crosslinked fibrin is degraded by plasmin, is the most widely used clinical marker of activated blood coagulation. To identity genetic loci influencing D-dimer levels, we performed the first large-scale, genome-wide association search. METHODS AND RESULTS A genome-wide investigation of the genomic correlates of plasma D-dimer levels was conducted among 21 052 European-ancestry adults. Plasma levels of D-dimer were measured independently in each of 13 cohorts. Each study analyzed the association between ≈2.6 million genotyped and imputed variants across the 22 autosomal chromosomes and natural-log–transformed D-dimer levels using linear regression in additive genetic models adjusted for age and sex. Among all variants, 74 exceeded the genome-wide significance threshold and marked 3 regions. At 1p22, rs12029080 (P=6.4×10(-52)) was 46.0 kb upstream from F3, coagulation factor III (tissue factor). At 1q24, rs6687813 (P=2.4×10(-14)) was 79.7 kb downstream of F5, coagulation factor V. At 4q32, rs13109457 (P=2.9×10(-18)) was located between 2 fibrinogen genes: 10.4 kb downstream from FGG and 3.0 kb upstream from FGA. Variants were associated with a 0.099-, 0.096-, and 0.061-unit difference, respectively, in natural-log–transformed D-dimer and together accounted for 1.8% of the total variance. When adjusted for nonsynonymous substitutions in F5 and FGA loci known to be associated with D-dimer levels, there was no evidence of an additional association at either locus. CONCLUSIONS Three genes were associated with fibrin D-dimer levels. Of these 3, the F3 association was the strongest, and has not been previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas L Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle 98101, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward R Cook
- Tree-Ring Laboratory, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA.
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McMurray JJ, Holman RR, Haffner SM, Bethel MA, Holzhauer B, Hua TA, Belenkov Y, Boolell M, Buse JB, Buckley BM, Chacra AR, Chiang FT, Charbonnel B, Chow CC, Davies MJ, Deedwania P, Diem P, Einhorn D, Fonseca V, Fulcher GR, Gaciong Z, Gaztambide S, Giles T, Horton E, Ilkova H, Jenssen T, Kahn SE, Krum H, Laakso M, Leiter LA, Levitt NS, Mareev V, Martinez F, Masson C, Mazzone T, Meaney E, Nesto R, Pan C, Prager R, Raptis SA, Rutten GEHM, Sandstroem H, Schaper F, Scheen A, Schmitz O, Sinay I, Soska V, Stender S, Tamás G, Tognoni G, Tuomilehto J, Villamil AS, Vozár J, Califf RM. Effect of valsartan on the incidence of diabetes and cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med 2010; 362:1477-90. [PMID: 20228403 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1001121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 428] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is not known whether drugs that block the renin-angiotensin system reduce the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular events in patients with impaired glucose tolerance. METHODS In this double-blind, randomized clinical trial with a 2-by-2 factorial design, we assigned 9306 patients with impaired glucose tolerance and established cardiovascular disease or cardiovascular risk factors to receive valsartan (up to 160 mg daily) or placebo (and nateglinide or placebo) in addition to lifestyle modification. We then followed the patients for a median of 5.0 years for the development of diabetes (6.5 years for vital status). We studied the effects of valsartan on the occurrence of three coprimary outcomes: the development of diabetes; an extended composite outcome of death from cardiovascular causes, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, hospitalization for heart failure, arterial revascularization, or hospitalization for unstable angina; and a core composite outcome that excluded unstable angina and revascularization. RESULTS The cumulative incidence of diabetes was 33.1% in the valsartan group, as compared with 36.8% in the placebo group (hazard ratio in the valsartan group, 0.86; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.80 to 0.92; P<0.001). Valsartan, as compared with placebo, did not significantly reduce the incidence of either the extended cardiovascular outcome (14.5% vs. 14.8%; hazard ratio, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.86 to 1.07; P=0.43) or the core cardiovascular outcome (8.1% vs. 8.1%; hazard ratio, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.86 to 1.14; P=0.85). CONCLUSIONS Among patients with impaired glucose tolerance and cardiovascular disease or risk factors, the use of valsartan for 5 years, along with lifestyle modification, led to a relative reduction of 14% in the incidence of diabetes but did not reduce the rate of cardiovascular events. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00097786.)
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Holman RR, Haffner SM, McMurray JJ, Bethel MA, Holzhauer B, Hua TA, Belenkov Y, Boolell M, Buse JB, Buckley BM, Chacra AR, Chiang FT, Charbonnel B, Chow CC, Davies MJ, Deedwania P, Diem P, Einhorn D, Fonseca V, Fulcher GR, Gaciong Z, Gaztambide S, Giles T, Horton E, Ilkova H, Jenssen T, Kahn SE, Krum H, Laakso M, Leiter LA, Levitt NS, Mareev V, Martinez F, Masson C, Mazzone T, Meaney E, Nesto R, Pan C, Prager R, Raptis SA, Rutten GEHM, Sandstroem H, Schaper F, Scheen A, Schmitz O, Sinay I, Soska V, Stender S, Tamás G, Tognoni G, Tuomilehto J, Villamil AS, Vozár J, Califf RM. Effect of nateglinide on the incidence of diabetes and cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med 2010; 362:1463-76. [PMID: 20228402 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1001122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ability of short-acting insulin secretagogues to reduce the risk of diabetes or cardiovascular events in people with impaired glucose tolerance is unknown. METHODS In a double-blind, randomized clinical trial, we assigned 9306 participants with impaired glucose tolerance and either cardiovascular disease or cardiovascular risk factors to receive nateglinide (up to 60 mg three times daily) or placebo, in a 2-by-2 factorial design with valsartan or placebo, in addition to participation in a lifestyle modification program. We followed the participants for a median of 5.0 years for incident diabetes (and a median of 6.5 years for vital status). We evaluated the effect of nateglinide on the occurrence of three coprimary outcomes: the development of diabetes; a core cardiovascular outcome that was a composite of death from cardiovascular causes, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or hospitalization for heart failure; and an extended cardiovascular outcome that was a composite of the individual components of the core composite cardiovascular outcome, hospitalization for unstable angina, or arterial revascularization. RESULTS After adjustment for multiple testing, nateglinide, as compared with placebo, did not significantly reduce the cumulative incidence of diabetes (36% and 34%, respectively; hazard ratio, 1.07; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.00 to 1.15; P=0.05), the core composite cardiovascular outcome (7.9% and 8.3%, respectively; hazard ratio, 0.94, 95% CI, 0.82 to 1.09; P=0.43), or the extended composite cardiovascular outcome (14.2% and 15.2%, respectively; hazard ratio, 0.93, 95% CI, 0.83 to 1.03; P=0.16). Nateglinide did, however, increase the risk of hypoglycemia. CONCLUSIONS Among persons with impaired glucose tolerance and established cardiovascular disease or cardiovascular risk factors, assignment to nateglinide for 5 years did not reduce the incidence of diabetes or the coprimary composite cardiovascular outcomes. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00097786.)
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Sattar N, Preiss D, Murray HM, Welsh P, Buckley BM, de Craen AJM, Seshasai SRK, McMurray JJ, Freeman DJ, Jukema JW, Macfarlane PW, Packard CJ, Stott DJ, Westendorp RG, Shepherd J, Davis BR, Pressel SL, Marchioli R, Marfisi RM, Maggioni AP, Tavazzi L, Tognoni G, Kjekshus J, Pedersen TR, Cook TJ, Gotto AM, Clearfield MB, Downs JR, Nakamura H, Ohashi Y, Mizuno K, Ray KK, Ford I. Statins and risk of incident diabetes: a collaborative meta-analysis of randomised statin trials. Lancet 2010; 375:735-42. [PMID: 20167359 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(09)61965-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1626] [Impact Index Per Article: 116.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trials of statin therapy have had conflicting findings on the risk of development of diabetes mellitus in patients given statins. We aimed to establish by a meta-analysis of published and unpublished data whether any relation exists between statin use and development of diabetes. METHODS We searched Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from 1994 to 2009, for randomised controlled endpoint trials of statins. We included only trials with more than 1000 patients, with identical follow-up in both groups and duration of more than 1 year. We excluded trials of patients with organ transplants or who needed haemodialysis. We used the I(2) statistic to measure heterogeneity between trials and calculated risk estimates for incident diabetes with random-effect meta-analysis. FINDINGS We identified 13 statin trials with 91 140 participants, of whom 4278 (2226 assigned statins and 2052 assigned control treatment) developed diabetes during a mean of 4 years. Statin therapy was associated with a 9% increased risk for incident diabetes (odds ratio [OR] 1.09; 95% CI 1.02-1.17), with little heterogeneity (I(2)=11%) between trials. Meta-regression showed that risk of development of diabetes with statins was highest in trials with older participants, but neither baseline body-mass index nor change in LDL-cholesterol concentrations accounted for residual variation in risk. Treatment of 255 (95% CI 150-852) patients with statins for 4 years resulted in one extra case of diabetes. INTERPRETATION Statin therapy is associated with a slightly increased risk of development of diabetes, but the risk is low both in absolute terms and when compared with the reduction in coronary events. Clinical practice in patients with moderate or high cardiovascular risk or existing cardiovascular disease should not change. FUNDING None.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveed Sattar
- British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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