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Houari S, DeRocher K, Thuy TT, Coradin T, Srot V, van Aken PA, Lecoq H, Sauvage T, Balan E, Aufort J, Calemme M, Roubier N, Bosco J, Jedeon K, Berdal A, Joester D, Babajko S. Multi-scale characterization of Developmental Defects of Enamel and their clinical significance for diagnosis and treatment. Acta Biomater 2023; 169:155-167. [PMID: 37574156 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Developmental Defects of Enamel (DDE) such as Dental Fluorosis (DF) and Molar Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH) are a major public health problem. Their clinical aspects are extremely variable, challenging their early and specific diagnosis and hindering progresses in restorative treatments. Here, a combination of macro-, micro- and nano-scale structural and chemical methods, including, among others, Atom Probe Tomography recently applied on tooth enamel, were used to study and compare MIH, DF and healthy teeth from 89 patients. Globally, we show that DF is characterized by an homogenous loss of mineral content and crystallinity mainly disrupting outside layer of enamel, whereas MIH is associated with localized defects in the depth of enamel where crystalline mineral particles are embedded in an organic phase. Only minor differences in elemental composition of the mineral phase could be detected at the nanoscale such as increased F and Fe content in both severe DDE. We demonstrate that an improved digital color measurement of clinical relevance can discriminate between DF and MIH lesions, both in mild and severe forms. Such discriminating ability was discussed in the light of enamel composition and structure, especially its microstructure, organics presence and metal content (Fe, Zn). Our results offer additional insights on DDE characterization and pathogenesis, highlight the potentiality of colorimetric measurements in their clinical diagnosis and provide leads to improve the performance of minimally invasive restorative strategies. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Developmental Defects of Enamel (DDE) are associated to caries and tooth loose affecting billions of people worldwide. Their precise characterization for adapted minimally invasive care with optimized materials is highly expected. Here In this study, first we propose the use of color parameters measured by a spectrophotometer as a means of differential clinical diagnosis. Second, we have used state-of-the-art techniques to systematically characterize the structure, chemical composition and mechanical optical properties of dental enamel teeth affected by two major DDE, Dental Fluorosis (DF) or Molar Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH). We evidence specific enamel structural and optical features for DF and MIH while chemical modifications of the mineral nanocrystals were mostly correlated with lesion severity. Our results pave the way of the concept of personalized dentistry. In the light of our results, we propose a new means of clinical diagnosis for an adapted and improved restoration protocol for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Houari
- Laboratoire de Pathophysiologie Orale Moleculaire, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM UMRS, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Paris 1138, France; Unité de Formation et de Recherche d'Odontologie, Université Paris Cité, APHP, Service d'Odontologie - Hôpital La pitié-Salpetrière, Paris, France; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire DDS-ParisNet, INSERM, Université Paris Cité, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, France.
| | - Karen DeRocher
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, IL, USA
| | - Tran Thu Thuy
- Faculty of Odonto-stomatology, HochiMinh University of Medicine and Pharmacology, HôchiMinh Ville, Viet Nam
| | - Thibaud Coradin
- Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Vesna Srot
- Stuttgart Center for Electron Microscopy, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Peter A van Aken
- Stuttgart Center for Electron Microscopy, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Hélène Lecoq
- CNRS UPR3079, Université d'Orléans, Conditions Extrêmes et Matériaux: Haute Température et Irradiation, Orléans, France
| | - Thierry Sauvage
- CNRS UPR3079, Université d'Orléans, Conditions Extrêmes et Matériaux: Haute Température et Irradiation, Orléans, France
| | - Etienne Balan
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Institut de Minéralogie, Physique des Matériaux et Cosmochimie, Paris, France
| | - Julie Aufort
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Institut de Minéralogie, Physique des Matériaux et Cosmochimie, Paris, France
| | | | - Nicolas Roubier
- Laboratoire de Mécanique Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centrale-Supélec, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Julia Bosco
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche d'Odontologie, Université Paris Cité, APHP, Service d'Odontologie - Hôpital La pitié-Salpetrière, Paris, France
| | - Katia Jedeon
- Laboratoire de Pathophysiologie Orale Moleculaire, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM UMRS, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Paris 1138, France; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire DDS-ParisNet, INSERM, Université Paris Cité, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, France
| | - Ariane Berdal
- Laboratoire de Pathophysiologie Orale Moleculaire, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM UMRS, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Paris 1138, France; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire DDS-ParisNet, INSERM, Université Paris Cité, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, France
| | - Derk Joester
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, IL, USA
| | - Sylvie Babajko
- Laboratoire de Pathophysiologie Orale Moleculaire, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM UMRS, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Paris 1138, France; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire DDS-ParisNet, INSERM, Université Paris Cité, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, France; UR2496, Biomedical research in Odontology, Université Paris Cité, Montrouge, France
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2
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Du C, Xiao P, Gao S, Chen S, Chen B, Huang W, Zhao C. High Fluoride Ingestion Impairs Bone Fracture Healing by Attenuating M2 Macrophage Differentiation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:791433. [PMID: 35669059 PMCID: PMC9164140 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.791433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorosis is still endemic in at least 25 countries around the world. In this study, we investigated the effect of high fluoride intake on fracture healing. Our in vitro experiments found that fluoride inhibited the osteogenic and angiogenic differentiation of MSCs in a dose-dependent manner. By constructing a bone fracture model, we found that high fluoride intake influences bone fracture by attenuating endochondral ossification and angiogenesis. In the mechanism, we clarified that high fluoride inhibits M2 differentiation rather than M1 differentiation in the fracture area, which may contribute to the delayed healing of the fracture. These findings provide an essential reference for the clinical treatment of bone fracture patients with a history of high fluoride intake or skeletal fluorosis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Wei Huang
- *Correspondence: Wei Huang, ; Chen Zhao,
| | - Chen Zhao
- *Correspondence: Wei Huang, ; Chen Zhao,
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3
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Kao YH, Igarashi N, Abduweli Uyghurturk D, Li Z, Zhang Y, Ohshima H, MacDougall M, Takano Y, Den Besten P, Nakano Y. Fluoride Alters Signaling Pathways Associated with the Initiation of Dentin Mineralization in Enamel Fluorosis Susceptible Mice. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:3021-3034. [PMID: 33113116 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02434-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Fluoride can alter the formation of mineralized tissues, including enamel, dentin, and bone. Dentin fluorosis occurs in tandem with enamel fluorosis. However, the pathogenesis of dentin fluorosis and its mechanisms are poorly understood. In this study, we report the effects of fluoride on the initiation of dentin matrix formation and odontoblast function. Mice from two enamel fluorosis susceptible strains (A/J and C57BL/6J) were given either 0 or 50 ppm fluoride in drinking water for 4 weeks. In both mouse strains, there was no overall change in dentin thickness, but fluoride treatment resulted in a significant increase in the thickness of the predentin layer. The lightly mineralized layer (LL), which lies at the border between predentin and fully mineralized dentin and is associated with dentin phosphoprotein (DPP), was absent in fluoride exposed mice. Consistent with a possible reduction of DPP, fluoride-treated mice showed reduced immunostaining for dentin sialoprotein (DSP). Fluoride reduced RUNX2, the transcription regulator of dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), that is cleaved to form both DPP and DSP. In fluoride-treated mouse odontoblasts, the effect of fluoride was further seen in the upstream of RUNX2 as the reduced nuclear translocation of β-catenin and phosphorylated p65/NFκB. In vitro, MD10-F2 pre-odontoblast cells showed inhibition of the Dspp mRNA level in the presence of 10 μM fluoride, and qPCR analysis showed a significantly downregulated level of mRNAs for RUNX2, β-catenin, and Wnt10b. These findings indicate that in mice, systemic exposure to excess fluoride resulted in reduced Wnt/β-catenin signaling in differentiating odontoblasts to downregulate DSPP production via RUNX2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsing Kao
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Nanase Igarashi
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Dawud Abduweli Uyghurturk
- Division of Anatomy and Cell Biology of the Hard Tissue, Department of Tissue Regeneration and Reconstruction, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Zhu Li
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
- Center for Children's Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Hayato Ohshima
- Division of Anatomy and Cell Biology of the Hard Tissue, Department of Tissue Regeneration and Reconstruction, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Mary MacDougall
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Yoshiro Takano
- Biostructural Science, Graduate School of Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Pamela Den Besten
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
- Center for Children's Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Yukiko Nakano
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA.
- Center for Children's Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA.
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4
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de Sousa Neto IV, Tibana RA, da Silva LGDO, de Lira EM, do Prado GPG, de Almeida JA, Franco OL, Durigan JLQ, Adesida AB, de Sousa MV, Ricart CAO, Damascena HL, Castro MS, Fontes W, Prestes J, Marqueti RDC. Paternal Resistance Training Modulates Calcaneal Tendon Proteome in the Offspring Exposed to High-Fat Diet. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:380. [PMID: 32656202 PMCID: PMC7325979 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The increase in high-energy dietary intakes is a well-known risk factor for many diseases, and can also negatively impact the tendon. Ancestral lifestyle can mitigate the metabolic harmful effects of offspring exposed to high-fat diet (HF). However, the influence of paternal exercise on molecular pathways associated to offspring tendon remodeling remains to be determined. We investigated the effects of 8 weeks of paternal resistance training (RT) on offspring tendon proteome exposed to standard diet or HF diet. Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups: sedentary fathers and trained fathers (8 weeks, three times per week, with 8–12 dynamic movements per climb in a stair climbing apparatus). The offspring were obtained by mating with sedentary females. Upon weaning, male offspring were divided into four groups (five animals per group): offspring from sedentary fathers were exposed either to control diet (SFO-C), or to high-fat diet (SFO-HF); offspring from trained fathers were exposed to control diet (TFO-C) or to a high-fat diet (TFO-HF). The Nano-LC-MS/MS analysis revealed 383 regulated proteins among offspring groups. HF diet induced a decrease of abundance in tendon proteins related to extracellular matrix organization, transport, immune response and translation. On the other hand, the changes in the offspring tendon proteome in response to paternal RT were more pronounced when the offspring were exposed to HF diet, resulting in positive regulation of proteins essential for the maintenance of tendon integrity. Most of the modulated proteins are associated to biological pathways related to tendon protection and damage recovery, such as extracellular matrix organization and transport. The present study demonstrated that the father’s lifestyle could be crucial for tendon homeostasis in the first generation. Our results provide important insights into the molecular mechanisms involved in paternal intergenerational effects and potential protective outcomes of paternal RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Vieira de Sousa Neto
- Laboratory of Molecular Analysis, Graduate Program of Sciences and Technology of Health, Universidade de Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Ramires Alsamir Tibana
- Graduate Program of Physical Education, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
| | | | - Eliene Martins de Lira
- Laboratory of Molecular Analysis, Graduate Program of Sciences and Technology of Health, Universidade de Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Gleyce Pires Gonçalves do Prado
- Laboratory of Molecular Analysis, Graduate Program of Sciences and Technology of Health, Universidade de Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Jeeser Alves de Almeida
- Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Midwest Region, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil.,Research in Exercise and Nutrition in Health and Sports Performance-PENSARE, Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Octavio Luiz Franco
- Center for Proteomic and Biochemical Analyses, Graduate Program in Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology, Universidade Católicade Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil.,S-Inova Biotech, Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - João Luiz Quaglioti Durigan
- Laboratory of Molecular Analysis, Graduate Program of Sciences and Technology of Health, Universidade de Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Adetola B Adesida
- University of Alberta, Divisions of Orthopaedic Surgery and Surgical Research, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Marcelo Valle de Sousa
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade de Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Carlos André Ornelas Ricart
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade de Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Hylane Luiz Damascena
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade de Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Mariana S Castro
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade de Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Wagner Fontes
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade de Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Jonato Prestes
- Graduate Program of Physical Education, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Rita de Cassia Marqueti
- Laboratory of Molecular Analysis, Graduate Program of Sciences and Technology of Health, Universidade de Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
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5
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Houari S, Picard E, Wurtz T, Vennat E, Roubier N, Wu T, Guerquin-Kern J, Duttine M, Thuy T, Berdal A, Babajko S. Disrupted Iron Storage in Dental Fluorosis. J Dent Res 2019; 98:994-1001. [DOI: 10.1177/0022034519855650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Enamel formation and quality are dependent on environmental conditions, including exposure to fluoride, which is a widespread natural element. Fluoride is routinely used to prevent caries. However, when absorbed in excess, fluoride may also lead to altered enamel structural properties associated with enamel gene expression modulations. As iron plays a determinant role in enamel quality, the aim of our study was to evaluate the iron metabolism in dental epithelial cells and forming enamel of mice exposed to fluoride, as well as its putative relation with enamel mechanical properties. Iron storage was investigated in dental epithelial cells with Perl’s blue staining and secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging. Iron was mainly stored by maturation-stage ameloblasts involved in terminal enamel mineralization. Iron storage was drastically reduced by fluoride. Among the proteins involved in iron metabolism, ferritin heavy chain (Fth), in charge of iron storage, appeared as the preferential target of fluoride according to quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry analyses. Fluorotic enamel presented a decreased quantity of iron oxides attested by electron spin resonance technique, altered mechanical properties measured by nanoindentation, and ultrastructural defects analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. The in vivo functional role of Fth was illustrated with Fth+/-mice, which incorporated less iron into their dental epithelium and exhibited poor enamel quality. These data demonstrate that exposure to excessive fluoride decreases ameloblast iron storage, which contributes to the defective structural and mechanical properties in rodent fluorotic enamel. They raise the question of fluoride’s effects on iron storage in other cells and organs that may contribute to its effects on population health.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Houari
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM UMRS 1138, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Laboratory of Molecular Oral Pathophysiology, Paris, France
- Garancière Dental Faculty, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - E. Picard
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers INSERM UMRS 1138 Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Physiopathology of Ocular Diseases to Clinical Development, Paris, France
| | - T. Wurtz
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM UMRS 1138, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Laboratory of Molecular Oral Pathophysiology, Paris, France
| | - E. Vennat
- Laboratory of Mechanics of Soils, Structures and Materials, CNRS, Centrale-Supélec, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - N. Roubier
- Laboratory of Mechanics of Soils, Structures and Materials, CNRS, Centrale-Supélec, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - T.D. Wu
- Institut Curie, INSERM U1196, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
- Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 9187, Orsay, France
| | - J.L. Guerquin-Kern
- Institut Curie, INSERM U1196, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
- Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 9187, Orsay, France
| | - M. Duttine
- CNRS UPR 9048, Université de Bordeaux, Institute of Chemistry and Condensed Matter of Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - T.T. Thuy
- Faculty of Odonto-stomatology, HochiMinh University of Medicine and Pharmacology, HôchiMinh Ville, Vietnam
| | - A. Berdal
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM UMRS 1138, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Laboratory of Molecular Oral Pathophysiology, Paris, France
- Garancière Dental Faculty, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Reference Center for Oral and Dental Rare Diseases, Rothschild Hospital, Paris, France
| | - S. Babajko
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM UMRS 1138, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Laboratory of Molecular Oral Pathophysiology, Paris, France
- Garancière Dental Faculty, Université de Paris, Paris, France
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6
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de Melo Pereira D, Habibovic P. Biomineralization-Inspired Material Design for Bone Regeneration. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1800700. [PMID: 30240157 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201800700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic substitutes of bone grafts, such as calcium phosphate-based ceramics, have shown some good clinical successes in the regeneration of large bone defects and are currently extensively used. In the past decade, the field of biomineralization has delivered important new fundamental knowledge and techniques to better understand this fascinating phenomenon. This knowledge is also applied in the field of biomaterials, with the aim of bringing the composition and structure, and hence the performance, of synthetic bone graft substitutes even closer to those of the extracellular matrix of bone. The purpose of this progress report is to critically review advances in mimicking the extracellular matrix of bone as a strategy for development of new materials for bone regeneration. Lab-made biomimicking or bioinspired materials are discussed against the background of the natural extracellular matrix, starting from basic organic and inorganic components, and progressing into the building block of bone, the mineralized collagen fibril, and finally larger, 2D and 3D constructs. Moreover, bioactivity studies on state-of-the-art biomimicking materials are discussed. By addressing these different topics, an overview is given of how far the field has advanced toward a true bone-mimicking material, and some suggestions are offered for bridging current knowledge and technical gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel de Melo Pereira
- MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine; Maastricht University; P.O. Box 616 6200 MD Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Pamela Habibovic
- MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine; Maastricht University; P.O. Box 616 6200 MD Maastricht The Netherlands
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7
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Houari S, Babajko S, Loiodice S, Berdal A, Jedeon K. Micro-dissection of Enamel Organ from Mandibular Incisor of Rats Exposed to Environmental Toxicants. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29658923 DOI: 10.3791/57081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Enamel defects resulting from environmental conditions and ways of life are public health concerns because of their high prevalence. These defects result from altered activity of cells responsible for enamel synthesis named ameloblasts, which present in enamel organ. During amelogenesis, ameloblasts follow a specific and precise sequence of events of proliferation, differentiation, and death. A rat continually growing incisors is a suitable experimental model to study ameloblast activity and differentiation stages in physiological and pathological conditions. Here, we describe a reliable and consistent method to micro-dissect enamel organ of rats exposed to environmental toxicants. The micro-dissected dental epithelia contain secretion- and maturation-stage ameloblasts that may be used for qualitative experiments, such as immunohistochemistry assays and in situ hybridization, as well as for quantitative analyses such as RT-qPCR, RNA-seq, and Western blotting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Houari
- Institut National de la Santé et Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMRS 1138, Paris-Diderot University, Pierre & Marie Curie University, Paris-Descartes University, Laboratory of Molecular Oral Pathophysiology, Cordeliers Research Centre; Unit of Formation and Research (UFR) of Odontology, Paris-Diderot University
| | - Sylvie Babajko
- Institut National de la Santé et Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMRS 1138, Paris-Diderot University, Pierre & Marie Curie University, Paris-Descartes University, Laboratory of Molecular Oral Pathophysiology, Cordeliers Research Centre; Unit of Formation and Research (UFR) of Odontology, Paris-Diderot University;
| | - Sophia Loiodice
- Institut National de la Santé et Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMRS 1138, Paris-Diderot University, Pierre & Marie Curie University, Paris-Descartes University, Laboratory of Molecular Oral Pathophysiology, Cordeliers Research Centre; Unit of Formation and Research (UFR) of Odontology, Paris-Diderot University
| | - Ariane Berdal
- Institut National de la Santé et Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMRS 1138, Paris-Diderot University, Pierre & Marie Curie University, Paris-Descartes University, Laboratory of Molecular Oral Pathophysiology, Cordeliers Research Centre; Unit of Formation and Research (UFR) of Odontology, Paris-Diderot University
| | - Katia Jedeon
- Institut National de la Santé et Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMRS 1138, Paris-Diderot University, Pierre & Marie Curie University, Paris-Descartes University, Laboratory of Molecular Oral Pathophysiology, Cordeliers Research Centre; Unit of Formation and Research (UFR) of Odontology, Paris-Diderot University
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8
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Jedeon K, Houari S, Loiodice S, Thuy TT, Le Normand M, Berdal A, Babajko S. Chronic Exposure to Bisphenol A Exacerbates Dental Fluorosis in Growing Rats. J Bone Miner Res 2016; 31:1955-1966. [PMID: 27257137 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Enamel defects resulting from environmental conditions and way of life are public health concerns because of their high prevalence. Because their etiology is unclear, the aim of this study was to analyze the various forms of enamel hypomineralization, and to characterize the genes involved in this process to determine the mechanisms involved in disruptions of amelogenesis. We used bisphenol A (BPA) and fluoride as models; both are commonly encountered in human populations and utilized in dentistry. Wistar rats were chronically exposed to 5 μg/kg/day BPA from day 1 of gestation to day 65 after birth (P65) and 5 mM fluoride from P21 to P65. Resulting enamel defects were comparable to the human enamel pathologies molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) and dental fluorosis (DF) respectively, and were more severe in rats exposed to both agents than to each agent alone. Large-scale transcriptomic analysis of dental epithelium showed a small group of genes the expression of which was affected by exposure to BPA or NaF. Among the most modulated, many are directly involved in amelogenesis (Amelx, Enam, Klk4, Mmp12, Slc26a4, and Slc5a8), and can be regrouped as forming the "hypomineralization enameloma." Each of these gene expression perturbations may contribute to enamel defects. Exposure to BPA weakens enamel, making it more prone to generate frequent mineralization defects MIH and DF. Our study identifies hypomineralization genes that may enable the use of dental enamel as an early marker of exposure to environmental toxicants because of its unique ability to retrospectively record ameloblast pathophysiology. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Jedeon
- Cordeliers Research Centre Inserm UMRS 1138, Paris-Diderot University, Paris-Descartes University, Pierre & Marie Curie-Paris University, Laboratory of Molecular Oral Pathophysiology, Paris, France.,Paris-Diderot University, Faculty of Dentistry, Paris, France.,Centre de Référence des maladies rares de la face et de la cavité buccale MAFACE hôpital Rothschild, Paris, France
| | - Sophia Houari
- Cordeliers Research Centre Inserm UMRS 1138, Paris-Diderot University, Paris-Descartes University, Pierre & Marie Curie-Paris University, Laboratory of Molecular Oral Pathophysiology, Paris, France.,Paris-Diderot University, Faculty of Dentistry, Paris, France.,Groupe Hospitalier La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Paris, France
| | - Sophia Loiodice
- Cordeliers Research Centre Inserm UMRS 1138, Paris-Diderot University, Paris-Descartes University, Pierre & Marie Curie-Paris University, Laboratory of Molecular Oral Pathophysiology, Paris, France.,Paris-Diderot University, Faculty of Dentistry, Paris, France
| | - Tran Thu Thuy
- Cordeliers Research Centre Inserm UMRS 1138, Paris-Diderot University, Paris-Descartes University, Pierre & Marie Curie-Paris University, Laboratory of Molecular Oral Pathophysiology, Paris, France.,Paris-Diderot University, Faculty of Dentistry, Paris, France.,Faculty of Odonto-Stomatology, Ho Chi Minh University of Medicine and Pharmacology, Ho Chi Minh-Ville, Vietnam
| | - Manon Le Normand
- Cordeliers Research Centre Inserm UMRS 1138, Paris-Diderot University, Paris-Descartes University, Pierre & Marie Curie-Paris University, Laboratory of Molecular Oral Pathophysiology, Paris, France
| | - Ariane Berdal
- Cordeliers Research Centre Inserm UMRS 1138, Paris-Diderot University, Paris-Descartes University, Pierre & Marie Curie-Paris University, Laboratory of Molecular Oral Pathophysiology, Paris, France.,Paris-Diderot University, Faculty of Dentistry, Paris, France.,Centre de Référence des maladies rares de la face et de la cavité buccale MAFACE hôpital Rothschild, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Babajko
- Cordeliers Research Centre Inserm UMRS 1138, Paris-Diderot University, Paris-Descartes University, Pierre & Marie Curie-Paris University, Laboratory of Molecular Oral Pathophysiology, Paris, France.,Paris-Diderot University, Faculty of Dentistry, Paris, France
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9
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Srinivasan K, Naula DP, Mijares DQ, Janal MN, LeGeros RZ, Zhang Y. Preservation and promotion of bone formation in the mandible as a response to a novel calcium-phosphate based biomaterial in mineral deficiency induced low bone mass male versus female rats. J Biomed Mater Res A 2016; 104:1622-32. [PMID: 26914814 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Calcium and other trace mineral supplements have previously demonstrated to safely improve bone quality. We hypothesize that our novel calcium-phosphate based biomaterial (SBM) preserves and promotes mandibular bone formation in male and female rats on mineral deficient diet (MD). Sixty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to receive one of three diets (n = 10): basic diet (BD), MD or mineral deficient diet with 2% SBM. Rats were sacrificed after 6 months. Micro-computed tomography (µCT) was used to evaluate bone volume and 3D-microarchitecture while microradiography (Faxitron) was used to measure bone mineral density from different sections of the mandible. Results showed that bone quality varied with region, gender and diet. MD reduced bone mineral density (BMD) and volume and increased porosity. SBM preserved BMD and bone mineral content (BMC) in the alveolar bone and condyle in both genders. In the alveolar crest and mandibular body, while preserving more bone in males, SBM also significantly supplemented female bone. Results indicate that mineral deficiency leads to low bone mass in skeletally immature rats, comparatively more in males. Furthermore, SBM administered as a dietary supplement was effective in preventing mandibular bone loss in all subjects. This study suggests that the SBM preparation has potential use in minimizing low peak bone mass induced by mineral deficiency and related bone loss irrespective of gender. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 1622-1632, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kritika Srinivasan
- Department of Biomaterials and Biomimetics, New York University College of Dentistry, 433 First Avenue, New York, New York, 10010
| | - Diana P Naula
- Department of Biomaterials and Biomimetics, New York University College of Dentistry, 433 First Avenue, New York, New York, 10010
| | - Dindo Q Mijares
- Department of Biomaterials and Biomimetics, New York University College of Dentistry, 433 First Avenue, New York, New York, 10010
| | - Malvin N Janal
- Department of Epidemiology and Health promotion, New York University College of Dentistry, 380 Second Avenue, Suite 301, New York, New York, 10010
| | - Racquel Z LeGeros
- Department of Biomaterials and Biomimetics, New York University College of Dentistry, 433 First Avenue, New York, New York, 10010
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Biomaterials and Biomimetics, New York University College of Dentistry, 433 First Avenue, New York, New York, 10010
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10
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Yamaba S, Yamada S, Kajikawa T, Awata T, Sakashita H, Tsushima K, Fujihara C, Yanagita M, Murakami S. PLAP-1/Asporin Regulates TLR2- and TLR4-induced Inflammatory Responses. J Dent Res 2015; 94:1706-14. [PMID: 26399972 DOI: 10.1177/0022034515606859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal ligament-associated protein 1 (PLAP-1)/asporin is an extracellular matrix protein preferentially expressed in periodontal ligaments. PLAP-1/asporin inhibits the cytodifferentiation and mineralization of periodontal ligament cells and has important roles in the maintenance of periodontal tissue homeostasis. However, the involvement of PLAP-1/asporin in inflammatory responses during periodontitis is poorly understood. This study hypothesized that PLAP-1/asporin might affect the pathogenesis of periodontitis by regulating periodontopathic bacteria-induced inflammatory responses. Proinflammatory cytokine expression induced by Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4 was significantly downregulated when PLAP-1/asporin was overexpressed in periodontal ligament cells. Similarly, recombinant PLAP-1/asporin inhibited TLR2- and TLR4-induced proinflammatory cytokine expression in macrophages. We also confirmed that NF-κB activity induced by TLR2 and TLR4 signaling was suppressed by the addition of recombinant PLAP-1/asporin. Furthermore, IκB kinase α degradation induced by TLR4 was reduced by PLAP-1/asporin. Immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated the binding abilities of PLAP-1/asporin to both TLR2 and TLR4. Taken together, PLAP-1/asporin negatively regulates TLR2- and TLR4-induced inflammatory responses through direct molecular interactions. These findings indicate that PLAP-1/asporin has a defensive role in periodontitis lesions by suppressing pathophysiologic TLR signaling and that the modulating effects of PLAP-1/asporin might be useful for periodontal treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yamaba
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - S Yamada
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - T Kajikawa
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - T Awata
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - H Sakashita
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - K Tsushima
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - C Fujihara
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - M Yanagita
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - S Murakami
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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11
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Lignon G, de la Dure-Molla M, Dessombz A, Berdal A, Babajko S. [Enamel: a unique self-assembling in mineral world]. Med Sci (Paris) 2015; 31:515-21. [PMID: 26059302 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20153105013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Enamel is a unique tissue in vertebrates, acellular, formed on a labile scaffolding matrix and hypermineralized. The ameloblasts are epithelial cells in charge of amelogenesis. They secrete a number of matrix proteins degraded by enzymes during enamel mineralization. This ordered cellular and extracellular events imply that any genetic or environmental perturbation will produce indelible and recognizable defects. The specificity of defects will indicate the affected cellular process. Thus, depending on the specificity of alterations, the teratogenic event can be retrospectively established. Advances in the field allow to use enamel defects as diagnostic tools for molecular disorders. The multifunctionality of enamel peptides is presently identified from their chemical roles in mineralization to cell signaling, constituting a source of concrete innovations in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilhem Lignon
- Laboratoire de physiopathologie orale moléculaire, Inserm UMRS 1138, centre de recherche des Cordeliers, université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, université Paris Descartes-Paris 5, 15-21, rue de l'École de Médecine, 75270 Paris cedex 06, France
| | - Muriel de la Dure-Molla
- Laboratoire de physiopathologie orale moléculaire, Inserm UMRS 1138, centre de recherche des Cordeliers, université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, université Paris Descartes-Paris 5, 15-21, rue de l'École de Médecine, 75270 Paris cedex 06, France - Centre de référence des malformations rares de la face et de la cavité buccale, CRMR-MAFACE, hôpital Rothschild, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Dessombz
- Laboratoire de physiopathologie orale moléculaire, Inserm UMRS 1138, centre de recherche des Cordeliers, université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, université Paris Descartes-Paris 5, 15-21, rue de l'École de Médecine, 75270 Paris cedex 06, France
| | - Ariane Berdal
- Laboratoire de physiopathologie orale moléculaire, Inserm UMRS 1138, centre de recherche des Cordeliers, université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, université Paris Descartes-Paris 5, 15-21, rue de l'École de Médecine, 75270 Paris cedex 06, France - Centre de référence des malformations rares de la face et de la cavité buccale, CRMR-MAFACE, hôpital Rothschild, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Babajko
- Laboratoire de physiopathologie orale moléculaire, Inserm UMRS 1138, centre de recherche des Cordeliers, université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, université Paris Descartes-Paris 5, 15-21, rue de l'École de Médecine, 75270 Paris cedex 06, France
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12
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Babajko S, de La Dure-Molla M, Jedeon K, Berdal A. MSX2 in ameloblast cell fate and activity. Front Physiol 2015; 5:510. [PMID: 25601840 PMCID: PMC4283505 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
While many effectors have been identified in enamel matrix and cells via genetic studies, physiological networks underlying their expression levels and thus the natural spectrum of enamel thickness and degree of mineralization are now just emerging. Several transcription factors are candidates for enamel gene expression regulation and thus the control of enamel quality. Some of these factors, such as MSX2, are mainly confined to the dental epithelium. MSX2 homeoprotein controls several stages of the ameloblast life cycle. This chapter introduces MSX2 and its target genes in the ameloblast and provides an overview of knowledge regarding its effects in vivo in transgenic mouse models. Currently available in vitro data on the role of MSX2 as a transcription factor and its links to other players in ameloblast gene regulation are considered. MSX2 modulations are relevant to the interplay between developmental, hormonal and environmental pathways and in vivo investigations, notably in the rodent incisor, have provided insight into dental physiology. Indeed, in vivo models are particularly promising for investigating enamel formation and MSX2 function in ameloblast cell fate. MSX2 may be central to the temporal-spatial restriction of enamel protein production by the dental epithelium and thus regulation of enamel quality (thickness and mineralization level) under physiological and pathological conditions. Studies on MSX2 show that amelogenesis is not an isolated process but is part of the more general physiology of coordinated dental-bone complex growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Babajko
- Laboratory of Molecular Oral Pathophysiology, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMRS 1138 Paris, France ; Laboratory of Molecular Oral Pathophysiology, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Paris-Descartes Paris, France ; Laboratory of Molecular Oral Pathophysiology, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris Paris, France ; Laboratory of Molecular Oral Pathophysiology, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Paris-Diderot Paris, France
| | - Muriel de La Dure-Molla
- Laboratory of Molecular Oral Pathophysiology, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMRS 1138 Paris, France ; Laboratory of Molecular Oral Pathophysiology, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Paris-Descartes Paris, France ; Laboratory of Molecular Oral Pathophysiology, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris Paris, France ; Laboratory of Molecular Oral Pathophysiology, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Paris-Diderot Paris, France ; Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de la Face et de la Cavité Buccale MAFACE, Hôpital Rothschild Paris, France
| | - Katia Jedeon
- Laboratory of Molecular Oral Pathophysiology, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMRS 1138 Paris, France ; Laboratory of Molecular Oral Pathophysiology, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Paris-Descartes Paris, France ; Laboratory of Molecular Oral Pathophysiology, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris Paris, France ; Laboratory of Molecular Oral Pathophysiology, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Paris-Diderot Paris, France
| | - Ariane Berdal
- Laboratory of Molecular Oral Pathophysiology, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMRS 1138 Paris, France ; Laboratory of Molecular Oral Pathophysiology, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Paris-Descartes Paris, France ; Laboratory of Molecular Oral Pathophysiology, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris Paris, France ; Laboratory of Molecular Oral Pathophysiology, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Paris-Diderot Paris, France ; Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de la Face et de la Cavité Buccale MAFACE, Hôpital Rothschild Paris, France
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13
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Nassif A, Senussi I, Meary F, Loiodice S, Hotton D, Robert B, Bensidhoum M, Berdal A, Babajko S. Msx1 role in craniofacial bone morphogenesis. Bone 2014; 66:96-104. [PMID: 24929242 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The homeobox gene Msx1 encodes a transcription factor that is highly expressed during embryogenesis and postnatal development in bone. Mutations of the MSX1 gene in humans are associated with cleft palate and (or) tooth agenesis. A similar phenotype is observed in newborn mice invalidated for the Msx1 gene. However, little is known about Msx1 function in osteoblast differentiation and bone mineralization in vivo. In the present study, we aimed to explore the variations of individualized bone shape in a subtle way avoiding the often severe consequences associated with gene mutations. We established transgenic mice that specifically express Msx1 in mineral-matrix-secreting cells under the control of the mouse 2.3kb collagen 1 alpha 1 (Col1α1) promoter, which enabled us to investigate Msx1 function in bone in vivo. Adult transgenic mice (Msx1-Tg) presented altered skull shape and mineralization resulting from increased Msx1 expression during bone development. Serial section analysis of the mandibles showed a high amount of bone matrix in these mice. In addition, osteoblast number, cell proliferation and apoptosis were higher in Msx1-Tg mice than in controls with regional differences that could account for alterations of bone shape. However, Von Kossa staining and μCT analysis showed that bone mineralization was lower in Msx1-Tg mice than in controls due to alteration of osteoblastic differentiation. Msx1 appears to act as a modeling factor for membranous bone; it stimulates trabecular bone metabolism but limits cortical bone growth by promoting apoptosis, and concomitantly controls the collagen-based mineralization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Nassif
- Cordeliers Research Center, INSERM UMRS 1138, Laboratory of Molecular Oral Pathophysiology, 15 rue de l'école de médecine, Paris, F-75006, France; Paris-Descartes University, Paris, F-75006, France; Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris, F-75006, France; Paris-Diderot University, UFR Odontology, Paris, F-75006, France
| | - Ibtisam Senussi
- Cordeliers Research Center, INSERM UMRS 1138, Laboratory of Molecular Oral Pathophysiology, 15 rue de l'école de médecine, Paris, F-75006, France; Paris-Descartes University, Paris, F-75006, France; Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris, F-75006, France; Paris-Diderot University, UFR Odontology, Paris, F-75006, France
| | - Fleur Meary
- Cordeliers Research Center, INSERM UMRS 1138, Laboratory of Molecular Oral Pathophysiology, 15 rue de l'école de médecine, Paris, F-75006, France; Paris-Descartes University, Paris, F-75006, France; Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris, F-75006, France; Paris-Diderot University, UFR Odontology, Paris, F-75006, France
| | - Sophia Loiodice
- Cordeliers Research Center, INSERM UMRS 1138, Laboratory of Molecular Oral Pathophysiology, 15 rue de l'école de médecine, Paris, F-75006, France; Paris-Descartes University, Paris, F-75006, France; Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris, F-75006, France; Paris-Diderot University, UFR Odontology, Paris, F-75006, France
| | - Dominique Hotton
- Cordeliers Research Center, INSERM UMRS 1138, Laboratory of Molecular Oral Pathophysiology, 15 rue de l'école de médecine, Paris, F-75006, France; Paris-Descartes University, Paris, F-75006, France; Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris, F-75006, France; Paris-Diderot University, UFR Odontology, Paris, F-75006, France
| | - Benoît Robert
- Pasteur Institute, URA CNRS 2578, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, Paris, F-75724, France
| | - Morad Bensidhoum
- Lariboisière-Saint-Louis Medical School, 10 Avenue de Verdun, Paris, F-75010, France
| | - Ariane Berdal
- Cordeliers Research Center, INSERM UMRS 1138, Laboratory of Molecular Oral Pathophysiology, 15 rue de l'école de médecine, Paris, F-75006, France; Paris-Descartes University, Paris, F-75006, France; Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris, F-75006, France; Paris-Diderot University, UFR Odontology, Paris, F-75006, France
| | - Sylvie Babajko
- Cordeliers Research Center, INSERM UMRS 1138, Laboratory of Molecular Oral Pathophysiology, 15 rue de l'école de médecine, Paris, F-75006, France; Paris-Descartes University, Paris, F-75006, France; Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris, F-75006, France; Paris-Diderot University, UFR Odontology, Paris, F-75006, France.
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