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Rivera‐de‐Torre E, Lampadariou S, Møiniche M, Bohn MF, Kazemi SM, Laustsen AH. Discovery of broadly-neutralizing antibodies against brown recluse spider and Gadim scorpion sphingomyelinases using consensus toxins as antigens. Protein Sci 2024; 33:e4901. [PMID: 38358130 PMCID: PMC10868436 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Broadly-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies are becoming increasingly important tools for treating infectious diseases and animal envenomings. However, designing and developing broadly-neutralizing antibodies can be cumbersome using traditional low-throughput iterative protein engineering methods. Here, we present a new high-throughput approach for the standardized discovery of broadly-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies relying on phage display technology and consensus antigens representing average sequences of related proteins. We showcase the utility of this approach by applying it to toxic sphingomyelinases from the venoms of species from very distant orders of the animal kingdom, the recluse spider and Gadim scorpion. First, we designed a consensus sphingomyelinase and performed three rounds of phage display selection, followed by DELFIA-based screening and ranking, and benchmarked this to a similar campaign involving cross-panning against recombinant versions of the native toxins. Second, we identified two scFvs that not only bind the consensus toxins, but which can also neutralize sphingomyelinase activity of native whole venom in vitro. Finally, we conclude that the phage display campaign involving the use of the consensus toxin was more successful in yielding cross-neutralizing scFvs than the phage display campaign involving cross-panning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefanos Lampadariou
- Department of Biotechnology and BiomedicineTechnical University of DenmarkKongens LyngbyDenmark
| | - Mark Møiniche
- Department of Biotechnology and BiomedicineTechnical University of DenmarkKongens LyngbyDenmark
| | - Markus F. Bohn
- Department of Biotechnology and BiomedicineTechnical University of DenmarkKongens LyngbyDenmark
| | | | - Andreas H. Laustsen
- Department of Biotechnology and BiomedicineTechnical University of DenmarkKongens LyngbyDenmark
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2
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Chaves-Moreira D, Gremski LH, de Moraes FR, Vuitika L, Wille ACM, Hernández González JE, Chaim OM, Senff-Ribeiro A, Arni RK, Veiga SS. Brown Spider Venom Phospholipase-D Activity upon Different Lipid Substrates. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15020109. [PMID: 36828423 PMCID: PMC9965952 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15020109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Brown spider envenomation results in dermonecrosis, characterized by an intense inflammatory reaction. The principal toxins of brown spider venoms are phospholipase-D isoforms, which interact with different cellular membrane components, degrade phospholipids, and generate bioactive mediators leading to harmful effects. The Loxosceles intermedia phospholipase D, LiRecDT1, possesses a loop that modulates the accessibility to the active site and plays a crucial role in substrate. In vitro and in silico analyses were performed to determine aspects of this enzyme's substrate preference. Sphingomyelin d18:1/6:0 was the preferred substrate of LiRecDT1 compared to other Sphingomyelins. Lysophosphatidylcholine 16:0/0:0 was preferred among other lysophosphatidylcholines, but much less than Sphingomyelin d18:1/6:0. In contrast, phosphatidylcholine d18:1/16:0 was not cleaved. Thus, the number of carbon atoms in the substrate plays a vital role in determining the optimal activity of this phospholipase-D. The presence of an amide group at C2 plays a key role in recognition and activity. In silico analyses indicated that a subsite containing the aromatic residues Y228 and W230 appears essential for choline recognition by cation-π interactions. These findings may help to explain why different cells, with different phospholipid fatty acid compositions exhibit distinct susceptibilities to brown spider venoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Chaves-Moreira
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Luiza Helena Gremski
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Fábio Rogério de Moraes
- Department of Physics, Multi-User Center for Biomolecular Innovation, State University of São Paulo (UNESP), São Paulo 05315-970, Brazil
| | - Larissa Vuitika
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Martins Wille
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, State University of Ponta Grossa (UEPG), Ponta Grossa 84030-900, Brazil
| | - Jorge Enrique Hernández González
- Department of Physics, Multi-User Center for Biomolecular Innovation, State University of São Paulo (UNESP), São Paulo 05315-970, Brazil
| | - Olga Meiri Chaim
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba 81531-980, Brazil
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Andrea Senff-Ribeiro
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Raghuvir Krishnaswamy Arni
- Department of Physics, Multi-User Center for Biomolecular Innovation, State University of São Paulo (UNESP), São Paulo 05315-970, Brazil
| | - Silvio Sanches Veiga
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba 81531-980, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-41-3361-1776
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3
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Medina-Santos R, Fernandes Costa TG, Silva de Assis TC, Kalapothakis Y, de Almeida Lima S, do Carmo AO, Gonzalez-Kozlova EE, Kalapothakis E, Chávez-Olórtegui C, Guerra-Duarte C. Analysis of NGS data from Peruvian Loxosceles laeta spider venom gland reveals toxin diversity. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2022; 43:101017. [PMID: 35932519 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2022.101017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Accidents involving spiders from the genus Loxosceles cause medical emergencies in several countries of South America. The species Loxosceles laeta is ubiquitously present in Peru and is responsible for severe accidents in this country. To further characterize L. laeta venom components and to unveil possible variations in the Peruvian population, we provide an overview of the toxins-related transcripts present in the venom gland of Peruvian L. laeta. A dataset from a cDNA library previously sequenced by MiSeq sequencer (Illumina) was re-analyzed and the obtained data was compared with available sequences from Loxosceles toxins. Phospholipase-D represent the majority (69,28 %) of the transcripts related to venom toxins, followed by metalloproteases (20,72 %), sicaritoxins (6,03 %), serine-proteases (2,28 %), hyaluronidases (1,80 %) and Translationally Controlled Tumor Protein (TCTP) (0,56 %). New sequences of phospholipases D,sicaritoxins, hyaluronidase, TCTP and serine proteinases were described. Differences between the here-described toxin sequences and others, previously identified in venom glands from other spiders, were visualized upon sequence alignments. In addition, an in vitro hyaluronidase activity assay was also performed to complement comparisons between Peruvian and Brazilian L. laeta venom enzymatic activities, revealing a superior activity in the venom from Brazilian specimens. These new data provide a molecular basis that can help to explain the difference in toxicity among L. laeta venoms from different countries in South America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raíssa Medina-Santos
- Biochemistry and Immunology Department, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil; Genetic, Ecology and Evolution Department, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | - Yan Kalapothakis
- Genetic, Ecology and Evolution Department, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | - Edgar E Gonzalez-Kozlova
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School for Data Science and Genomic Technology, New York, United States of America
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4
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Gremski LH, Matsubara FH, Polli NLC, Antunes BC, Schluga PHDC, da Justa HC, Minozzo JC, Wille ACM, Senff-Ribeiro A, Veiga SS. Prospective Use of Brown Spider Venom Toxins as Therapeutic and Biotechnological Inputs. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:706704. [PMID: 34222343 PMCID: PMC8247472 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.706704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown spider (genus Loxosceles) venoms are mainly composed of protein toxins used for predation and defense. Bites of these spiders most commonly produce a local dermonecrotic lesion with gravitational spread, edema and hemorrhage, which together are defined as cutaneous loxoscelism. Systemic loxoscelism, such as hematological abnormalities and renal injury, are less frequent but more lethal. Some Loxosceles venom toxins have already been isolated and extensively studied, such as phospholipases D (PLDs), which have been recombinantly expressed and were proven to reproduce toxic activities associated to the whole venom. PLDs have a notable potential to be engineered and converted in non-toxic antigens to produce a new generation of antivenoms or vaccines. PLDs also can serve as tools to discover inhibitors to be used as therapeutic agents. Other Loxosceles toxins have been identified and functionally characterized, such as hyaluronidases, allergen factor, serpin, TCTP and knottins (ICK peptides). All these toxins were produced as recombinant molecules and are biologically active molecules that can be used as tools for the potential development of chemical candidates to tackle many medical and biological threats, acting, for instance, as antitumoral, insecticides, analgesic, antigens for allergy tests and biochemical reagents for cell studies. In addition, these recombinant toxins may be useful to develop a rational therapy for loxoscelism. This review summarizes the main candidates for the development of drugs and biotechnological inputs that have been described in Brown spider venoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bruno Cesar Antunes
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.,Production and Research Center of Immunobiological Products, State Department of Health, Piraquara, Brazil
| | | | | | - João Carlos Minozzo
- Production and Research Center of Immunobiological Products, State Department of Health, Piraquara, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Martins Wille
- Department of Structural, Molecular Biology and Genetics, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Brazil
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5
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Arán-Sekul T, Perčić-Sarmiento I, Valencia V, Olivero N, Rojas JM, Araya JE, Taucare-Ríos A, Catalán A. Toxicological Characterization and Phospholipase D Activity of the Venom of the Spider Sicarius thomisoides. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E702. [PMID: 33171968 PMCID: PMC7694614 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12110702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Envenomation by Loxosceles spiders (Sicariidae family) has been thoroughly documented. However, little is known about the potential toxicity of members from the Sicarius genus. Only the venom of the Brazilian Sicarius ornatus spider has been toxicologically characterized. In Chile, the Sicarius thomisoides species is widely distributed in desert and semidesert environments, and it is not considered a dangerous spider for humans. This study aimed to characterize the potential toxicity of the Chilean S. thomisoides spider. To do so, specimens of S. thomisoides were captured in the Atacama Desert, the venom was extracted, and the protein concentration was determined. Additionally, the venoms were analyzed by electrophoresis and Western blotting using anti-recombinant L. laeta PLD1 serum. Phospholipase D enzymatic activity was assessed, and the hemolytic and cytotoxic effects were evaluated and compared with those of the L. laeta venom. The S. thomisoides venom was able to hydrolyze sphingomyelin as well as induce complement-dependent hemolysis and the loss of viability of skin fibroblasts with a dermonecrotic effect of the venom in rabbits. The venom of S. thomisoides showed intraspecific variations, with a similar protein pattern as that of L. laeta venom at 32-35 kDa, recognized by serum anti-LlPLD1. In this context, we can conclude that the venom of Sicarius thomisoides is similar to Loxosceles laeta in many aspects, and the dermonecrotic toxin present in their venom could cause severe harm to humans; thus, precautions are necessary to avoid exposure to their bite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Arán-Sekul
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta 1270300, Chile; (T.A.-S.); (I.P.-S.); (V.V.); (N.O.); (J.M.R.); (J.E.A.)
| | - Ivanka Perčić-Sarmiento
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta 1270300, Chile; (T.A.-S.); (I.P.-S.); (V.V.); (N.O.); (J.M.R.); (J.E.A.)
| | - Verónica Valencia
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta 1270300, Chile; (T.A.-S.); (I.P.-S.); (V.V.); (N.O.); (J.M.R.); (J.E.A.)
| | - Nelly Olivero
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta 1270300, Chile; (T.A.-S.); (I.P.-S.); (V.V.); (N.O.); (J.M.R.); (J.E.A.)
| | - José M. Rojas
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta 1270300, Chile; (T.A.-S.); (I.P.-S.); (V.V.); (N.O.); (J.M.R.); (J.E.A.)
| | - Jorge E. Araya
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta 1270300, Chile; (T.A.-S.); (I.P.-S.); (V.V.); (N.O.); (J.M.R.); (J.E.A.)
| | - Andrés Taucare-Ríos
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Arturo Prat, Iquique 1110939, Chile;
- Centro de Investigación en Medio Ambiente (CENIMA), Universidad Arturo Prat, Iquique 1110939, Chile
| | - Alejandro Catalán
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta 1270300, Chile; (T.A.-S.); (I.P.-S.); (V.V.); (N.O.); (J.M.R.); (J.E.A.)
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6
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Costa TGF, Costal-Oliveira F, de Assis TCS, Lima SA, Martins CA, Finco AB, Veiga SS, Soccol VT, Machado-de-Ávila RA, Figueiredo LFM, Minozzo JC, Kalapothakis E, Guerra-Duarte C, Alvarenga LM, Chávez-Olórtegui C. Engineered antigen containing epitopes from Loxosceles spp. spider toxins induces a monoclonal antibody (Lox-mAb3) against astacin-like metalloproteases. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 162:490-500. [PMID: 32574737 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Loxoscelism pose a health issue in the South America. The treatment for these accidents is based on the administration of antivenom produced in animals immunized with Loxosceles venom. In this work, a previously produced non-toxic multiepitopic chimeric protein (rMEPlox), composed of epitopes derived from the main toxins families (sphyngomielinase-D, metalloproteases, and hyaluronidases) of Loxosceles spider venoms, was used as antigen to produce monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). A selected anti-rMEPlox mAb (Lox-mAb3) reacted with metalloprotease from L. intermedia venom and showed cross-reactivity with metalloproteses from Brazilian and Peruvian Loxosceles laeta and Loxosceles gaucho venoms in immunoassays. The sequence recognized by Lox-mAb3 (184ENNTRTIGPFDYDSIMLYGAY205) corresponds to the C-terminal region of Astacin-like metalloprotease 1 and the amino acid sequence IGPFDYDSI, conserved among the homologs metalloproteases sequences, is important for antibody recognition. Lox-mAb3 neutralizes the fibrinogenolytic activity caused by metalloprotease from L. intermedia spider venom in vitro, which may lead to a decrease in hemorrhagic disturbances caused by Loxosceles envenomation. Our results show, for the first time, the use of a non-toxic multiepitopic protein for the production of a neutralizing monoclonal antibody against a metalloprotease of medically important Loxosceles venoms. These results contribute for the production improvement of therapeutic antivenom against loxoscelism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara G F Costa
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia and Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Costal-Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia and Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thamyres C S de Assis
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia and Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sabrina A Lima
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia and Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Christina A Martins
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia and Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Sílvio S Veiga
- Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - João C Minozzo
- Centro de Pesquisa e Produção de Imunobiológicos (CPPI), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Evanguedes Kalapothakis
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia and Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Clara Guerra-Duarte
- Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, 30510-010 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Chávez-Olórtegui
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia and Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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7
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Fingermann M, de Roodt AR, Cascone O, Miranda MV. Biotechnological potential of Phospholipase D for Loxosceles antivenom development. Toxicon X 2020; 6:100036. [PMID: 32550591 PMCID: PMC7286061 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxcx.2020.100036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Loxoscelism is one of the most important forms of araneism in South America. The Health Authorities from countries with the highest incidence and longer history in registering loxoscelism cases indicate that specific antivenom should be administered during the first hours after the accident, especially in the presence or at risk of the most severe clinical outcome. Current antivenoms are based on immunoglobulins or their fragments, obtained from plasma of hyperimmunized horses. Antivenom has been produced using the same traditional techniques for more than 120 years. Although the whole composition of the spider venom remains unknown, the discovery and biotechnological production of the phospholipase D enzymes represented a milestone for the knowledge of the physiopathology of envenomation and for the introduction of new innovative tools in antivenom production. The fact that this protein is a principal toxin of the venom opens the possibility of replacing the use of whole venom as an immunogen, an attractive alternative considering the laborious techniques and low yields associated with venom extraction. This challenge warrants technological innovation to facilitate production and obtain more effective antidotes. In this review, we compile the reported studies, examining the advances in the expression and application of phospholipase D as a new immunogen and how the new biotechnological tools have introduced some degree of innovation in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías Fingermann
- Instituto Nacional de Producción de Biológicos (INPB), ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Vélez Sársfield 563, (1282) Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz, 2290, (1425) Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adolfo Rafael de Roodt
- Instituto Nacional de Producción de Biológicos (INPB), ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Vélez Sársfield 563, (1282) Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Área de Zootoxicología, Cátedra de Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay, 2155, (1113) Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Osvaldo Cascone
- Instituto Nacional de Producción de Biológicos (INPB), ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Vélez Sársfield 563, (1282) Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz, 2290, (1425) Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Nanobiotecnología (NANOBIOTEC), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, (1113) Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Cátedra de Biotecnología, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, (1113) Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Victoria Miranda
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz, 2290, (1425) Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Nanobiotecnología (NANOBIOTEC), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, (1113) Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Cátedra de Biotecnología, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, (1113) Buenos Aires, Argentina
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8
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Gremski LH, da Justa HC, da Silva TP, Polli NLC, Antunes BC, Minozzo JC, Wille ACM, Senff-Ribeiro A, Arni RK, Veiga SS. Forty Years of the Description of Brown Spider Venom Phospholipases-D. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12030164. [PMID: 32155765 PMCID: PMC7150852 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12030164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Spiders of the genus Loxosceles, popularly known as Brown spiders, are considered a serious public health issue, especially in regions of hot or temperate climates, such as parts of North and South America. Although the venoms of these arachnids are complex in molecular composition, often containing proteins with distinct biochemical characteristics, the literature has primarily described a family of toxins, the Phospholipases-D (PLDs), which are highly conserved in all Loxosceles species. PLDs trigger most of the major clinical symptoms of loxoscelism i.e., dermonecrosis, thrombocytopenia, hemolysis, and acute renal failure. The key role played by PLDs in the symptomatology of loxoscelism was first described 40 years ago, when researches purified a hemolytic toxin that cleaved sphingomyelin and generated choline, and was referred to as a Sphingomyelinase-D, which was subsequently changed to Phospholipase-D when it was demonstrated that the enzyme also cleaved other cellular phospholipids. In this review, we present the information gleaned over the last 40 years about PLDs from Loxosceles venoms especially with regard to the production and characterization of recombinant isoforms. The history of obtaining these toxins is discussed, as well as their molecular organization and mechanisms of interaction with their substrates. We will address cellular biology aspects of these toxins and how they can be used in the development of drugs to address inflammatory processes and loxoscelism. Present and future aspects of loxoscelism diagnosis will be discussed, as well as their biotechnological applications and actions expected for the future in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza Helena Gremski
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba 81531-980, PR, Brazil; (L.H.G.); (H.C.d.J.); (T.P.d.S.); (N.L.C.P.); (B.C.A.); (A.S.-R.)
| | - Hanna Câmara da Justa
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba 81531-980, PR, Brazil; (L.H.G.); (H.C.d.J.); (T.P.d.S.); (N.L.C.P.); (B.C.A.); (A.S.-R.)
| | - Thaís Pereira da Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba 81531-980, PR, Brazil; (L.H.G.); (H.C.d.J.); (T.P.d.S.); (N.L.C.P.); (B.C.A.); (A.S.-R.)
| | - Nayanne Louise Costacurta Polli
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba 81531-980, PR, Brazil; (L.H.G.); (H.C.d.J.); (T.P.d.S.); (N.L.C.P.); (B.C.A.); (A.S.-R.)
| | - Bruno César Antunes
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba 81531-980, PR, Brazil; (L.H.G.); (H.C.d.J.); (T.P.d.S.); (N.L.C.P.); (B.C.A.); (A.S.-R.)
- Centro de Produção e Pesquisa de Imunobiológicos (CPPI), Piraquara 83302-200, PR, Brazil;
| | - João Carlos Minozzo
- Centro de Produção e Pesquisa de Imunobiológicos (CPPI), Piraquara 83302-200, PR, Brazil;
| | - Ana Carolina Martins Wille
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural, Molecular e Genética, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa 84030-900, PR, Brazil;
| | - Andrea Senff-Ribeiro
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba 81531-980, PR, Brazil; (L.H.G.); (H.C.d.J.); (T.P.d.S.); (N.L.C.P.); (B.C.A.); (A.S.-R.)
| | - Raghuvir Krishnaswamy Arni
- Centro Multiusuário de Inovação Biomolecular, Departamento de Física, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto 15054-000, SP, Brazil;
| | - Silvio Sanches Veiga
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba 81531-980, PR, Brazil; (L.H.G.); (H.C.d.J.); (T.P.d.S.); (N.L.C.P.); (B.C.A.); (A.S.-R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-(41)-3361-1776
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9
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From taxonomy to molecular characterization of brown spider venom: An overview focused on Loxosceles similis. Toxicon 2020; 173:5-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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10
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Arán-Sekul T, Rojas JM, Subiabre M, Cruz V, Cortés W, Osorio L, González J, Araya JE, Catalán A. Heterophilic antibodies in sera from individuals without loxoscelism cross-react with phospholipase D from the venom of Loxosceles and Sicarius spiders. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2018; 24:18. [PMID: 30065755 PMCID: PMC6062995 DOI: 10.1186/s40409-018-0155-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Loxoscelism is a severe human envenomation caused by Loxosceles spider venom. To the best of our knowledge, no study has evaluated the presence of antibodies against Loxosceles venom in loxoscelism patients without treatment with antivenom immunotherapy. We perform a comparative analysis for the presence of antibodies capable of recognizing Loxosceles venom in a group of patients diagnosed with loxoscelism and in a group of people without loxoscelism. Methods The detection of L. laeta venom, Sicarius venom and recombinant phospholipases D from Loxosceles (PLDs) in sera from people with loxoscelism (Group 1) and from healthy people with no history of loxoscelism (Group 2) was evaluated using immuno-dot blot, indirect ELISA, and Western blot. Results We found naturally heterophilic antibodies (IgG-type) in people without contact with Loxosceles spiders or any clinical history of loxoscelism. Either serum pools or single sera from Group 1 and Group 2 analyzed by dot blot tested positive for L. laeta venom. Indirect ELISA for venom recognition showed titles of 1:320 for Group 1 sera and 1:160 for Group 2 sera. Total IgG quantification showed no difference in sera from both groups. Pooled sera and purified IgG from sera of both groups revealed venom proteins between 25 and 32 kDa and the recombinant phospholipase D isoform 1 (rLlPLD1), specifically. Moreover, heterophile antibodies cross-react with PLDs from other Loxosceles species and the venom of Sicarius spider. Conclusions People without contact with the spider venom produced heterophilic antibodies capable of generating a cross-reaction against the venom of L. laeta and Sicarius spiders. Their presence and possible interference should be considered in the development of immunoassays for Loxosceles venom detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Arán-Sekul
- 1Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Antofagasta, 1270300 Antofagasta, Chile
| | - José M Rojas
- 1Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Antofagasta, 1270300 Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Mario Subiabre
- 1Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Antofagasta, 1270300 Antofagasta, Chile.,2Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, 8330024 Santiago, Chile
| | - Victoria Cruz
- 1Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Antofagasta, 1270300 Antofagasta, Chile
| | - William Cortés
- 1Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Antofagasta, 1270300 Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Luis Osorio
- 1Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Antofagasta, 1270300 Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Jorge González
- 1Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Antofagasta, 1270300 Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Jorge E Araya
- 1Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Antofagasta, 1270300 Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Alejandro Catalán
- 1Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Antofagasta, 1270300 Antofagasta, Chile
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11
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Langenegger N, Koua D, Schürch S, Heller M, Nentwig W, Kuhn-Nentwig L. Identification of a precursor processing protease from the spider Cupiennius salei essential for venom neurotoxin maturation. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:2079-2090. [PMID: 29269415 PMCID: PMC5808768 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.810911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spider venom neurotoxins and cytolytic peptides are expressed as elongated precursor peptides, which are post-translationally processed by proteases to yield the active mature peptides. The recognition motifs for these processing proteases, first published more than 10 years ago, include the processing quadruplet motif (PQM) and the inverted processing quadruplet motif (iPQM). However, the identification of the relevant proteases was still pending. Here we describe the purification of a neurotoxin precursor processing protease from the venom of the spider Cupiennius salei The chymotrypsin-like serine protease is a 28-kDa heterodimer with optimum activity at venom's pH of 6.0. We designed multiple synthetic peptides mimicking the predicted cleavage sites of neurotoxin precursors. Using these peptides as substrates, we confirm the biochemical activity of the protease in propeptide removal from neurotoxin precursors by cleavage C-terminal of the PQM. Furthermore, the PQM protease also cleaves the iPQM relevant for heterodimerization of a subgroup of neurotoxins. An involvement in the maturing of cytolytic peptides is very likely, due to high similarity of present protease recognition motifs. Finally, bioinformatics analysis, identifying sequences of homolog proteins from 18 spiders of 9 families, demonstrate the wide distribution and importance of the isolated enzyme for spiders. In summary, we establish the first example of a PQM protease, essential for maturing of spider venom neurotoxins. In the future, the here described protease may be established as a powerful tool for production strategies of recombinant toxic peptides, adapted to the maturing of spider venom toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Langenegger
- From the Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 6, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Koua
- From the Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 6, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
- the Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouet-Boigny, BP 1093 Yamoussoukro, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Stefan Schürch
- the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland, and
| | - Manfred Heller
- the Department of Clinical Research, Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 15, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Nentwig
- From the Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 6, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lucia Kuhn-Nentwig
- From the Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 6, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland,
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12
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Rojas JM, Arán-Sekul T, Cortés E, Jaldín R, Ordenes K, Orrego PR, González J, Araya JE, Catalán A. Phospholipase D from Loxosceles laeta Spider Venom Induces IL-6, IL-8, CXCL1/GRO-α, and CCL2/MCP-1 Production in Human Skin Fibroblasts and Stimulates Monocytes Migration. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9040125. [PMID: 28379166 PMCID: PMC5408199 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9040125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous loxoscelism envenomation by Loxosceles spiders is characterized by the development of a dermonecrotic lesion, strong inflammatory response, the production of pro-inflammatory mediators, and leukocyte migration to the bite site. The role of phospholipase D (PLD) from Loxosceles in the recruitment and migration of monocytes to the envenomation site has not yet been described. This study reports on the expression and production profiles of cytokines and chemokines in human skin fibroblasts treated with catalytically active and inactive recombinant PLDs from Loxosceles laeta (rLlPLD) and lipid inflammatory mediators ceramide 1-phosphate (C1P) and lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), and the evaluation of their roles in monocyte migration. Recombinant rLlPLD1 (active) and rLlPLD2 (inactive) isoforms induce interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, CXCL1/GRO-α, and CCL2/monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) expression and secretion in fibroblasts. Meanwhile, C1P and LPA only exhibited a minor effect on the expression and secretion of these cytokines and chemokines. Moreover, neutralization of both enzymes with anti-rLlPLD1 antibodies completely inhibited the secretion of these cytokines and chemokines. Importantly, conditioned media from fibroblasts, treated with rLlPLDs, stimulated the transmigration of THP-1 monocytes. Our data demonstrate the direct role of PLDs in chemotactic mediator synthesis for monocytes in human skin fibroblasts and indicate that inflammatory processes play an important role during loxoscelism.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Rojas
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, CP 1270300, Chile.
| | - Tomás Arán-Sekul
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, CP 1270300, Chile.
| | - Emmanuel Cortés
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, CP 1270300, Chile.
| | - Romina Jaldín
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, CP 1270300, Chile.
| | - Kely Ordenes
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, CP 1270300, Chile.
| | - Patricio R Orrego
- Departamento Biomédico, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, CP 1270300, Chile.
| | - Jorge González
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, CP 1270300, Chile.
| | - Jorge E Araya
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, CP 1270300, Chile.
| | - Alejandro Catalán
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, CP 1270300, Chile.
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Toxin Fused with SUMO Tag: A New Expression Vector Strategy to Obtain Recombinant Venom Toxins with Easy Tag Removal inside the Bacteria. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9030082. [PMID: 28264436 PMCID: PMC5371837 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9030082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Many animal toxins may target the same molecules that need to be controlled in certain pathologies; therefore, some toxins have led to the formulation of drugs that are presently used, and many other drugs are still under development. Nevertheless, collecting sufficient toxins from the original source might be a limiting factor in studying their biological activities. Thus, molecular biology techniques have been applied in order to obtain large amounts of recombinant toxins into Escherichia coli. However, most animal toxins are difficult to express in this system, which results in insoluble, misfolded, or unstable proteins. To solve these issues, toxins have been fused with tags that may improve protein expression, solubility, and stability. Among these tags, the SUMO (small ubiquitin-related modifier) has been shown to be very efficient and can be removed by the Ulp1 protease. However, removing SUMO is a labor- and time-consuming process. To enhance this system, here we show the construction of a bicistronic vector that allows the expression of any protein fused to both the SUMO and Ulp1 protease. In this way, after expression, Ulp1 is able to cleave SUMO and leave the protein interest-free and ready for purification. This strategy was validated through the expression of a new phospholipase D from the spider Loxosceles gaucho and a disintegrin from the Bothrops insularis snake. Both recombinant toxins showed good yield and preserved biological activities, indicating that the bicistronic vector may be a viable method to produce proteins that are difficult to express.
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Chaves-Moreira D, Senff-Ribeiro A, Wille ACM, Gremski LH, Chaim OM, Veiga SS. Highlights in the knowledge of brown spider toxins. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2017; 23:6. [PMID: 28194160 PMCID: PMC5299669 DOI: 10.1186/s40409-017-0097-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown spiders are venomous arthropods that use their venom for predation and defense. In humans, bites of these animals provoke injuries including dermonecrosis with gravitational spread of lesions, hematological abnormalities and impaired renal function. The signs and symptoms observed following a brown spider bite are called loxoscelism. Brown spider venom is a complex mixture of toxins enriched in low molecular mass proteins (4-40 kDa). Characterization of the venom confirmed the presence of three highly expressed protein classes: phospholipases D, metalloproteases (astacins) and insecticidal peptides (knottins). Recently, toxins with low levels of expression have also been found in Loxosceles venom, such as serine proteases, protease inhibitors (serpins), hyaluronidases, allergen-like toxins and histamine-releasing factors. The toxin belonging to the phospholipase-D family (also known as the dermonecrotic toxin) is the most studied class of brown spider toxins. This class of toxins single-handedly can induce inflammatory response, dermonecrosis, hemolysis, thrombocytopenia and renal failure. The functional role of the hyaluronidase toxin as a spreading factor in loxoscelism has also been demonstrated. However, the biological characterization of other toxins remains unclear and the mechanism by which Loxosceles toxins exert their noxious effects is yet to be fully elucidated. The aim of this review is to provide an insight into brown spider venom toxins and toxicology, including a description of historical data already available in the literature. In this review article, the identification processes of novel Loxosceles toxins by molecular biology and proteomic approaches, their biological characterization and structural description based on x-ray crystallography and putative biotechnological uses are described along with the future perspectives in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Senff-Ribeiro
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Martins Wille
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR Brazil.,Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, State University of Ponta Grossa (UEPG), Ponta Grossa, PR Brazil
| | - Luiza Helena Gremski
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR Brazil
| | - Olga Meiri Chaim
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR Brazil
| | - Silvio Sanches Veiga
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR Brazil
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15
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Dantas AE, Carmo AO, Horta CCR, Leal HG, Oliveira-Mendes BBR, Martins APV, Chávez-Olórtegui C, Kalapothakis E. Description of Loxtox protein family and identification of a new group of Phospholipases D from Loxosceles similis venom gland. Toxicon 2016; 120:97-106. [PMID: 27496061 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Envenoming resulting from Loxosceles spider bites (loxoscelism) is a recognized public health problem in Brazil. However, the pathophysiology of loxoscelism caused by L. similis bites, which is widespread in Brazil, remains poorly understood. In the present work, the RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq - Next Generation sequencing - NGS) of the L. similis venom gland was performed to identify and analyze the sequences of the key component phospholipase D. The sequences were aligned based on their classical domains, and a phylogenetic tree was constructed. In the bioinformatics analysis, 23 complete sequences of phospholipase D proteins were found and classified as Loxtox proteins, as they contained the characteristic domains of phospholipase D: the active site, the Mg(2+)-binding domain, and the catalytic loop. Three phospholipase D sequences with non-canonical domains were also found in this work. They were analyzed separately and named PLDs from L. similis (PLD-Ls). This study is the first to characterize phospholipase D sequences from Loxosceles spiders by RNA-Seq. These results contribute new knowledge about the composition of L. similis venom, revealing novel tools that could be used for pharmacological, immunological, and biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Estanislau Dantas
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - A O Carmo
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Carolina Campolina Rebello Horta
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Mestrado Profissional em Biotecnologia e Gestão da Inovação, Centro Universitário de Sete Lagoas, Sete Lagoas, 35701-242, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Hortênsia Gomes Leal
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | | | - Ana Paula Vimieiro Martins
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Chávez-Olórtegui
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Evanguedes Kalapothakis
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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16
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Active site mapping of Loxosceles phospholipases D: Biochemical and biological features. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:970-979. [PMID: 27233517 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Brown spider phospholipases D from Loxosceles venoms are among the most widely studied toxins since they induce dermonecrosis, triggering inflammatory responses, increase vascular permeability, cause hemolysis, and renal failure. The catalytic (H12 and H47) and metal-ion binding (E32 and D34) residues in Loxosceles intermedia phospholipase D (LiRecDT1) were mutated to understand their roles in the observed activities. All mutants were identified using whole venom serum antibodies and a specific antibody to wild-type LiRecDT1, they were also analyzed by circular dichroism (CD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The phospholipase D activities of H12A, H47A, H12A-H47A, E32, D34 and E32A-D34A, such as vascular permeability, dermonecrosis, and hemolytic effects were inhibited. The mutant Y228A was equally detrimental to biochemical and biological effects of phospholipase D, suggesting an essential role of this residue in substrate recognition and binding. On the other hand, the mutant C53A-C201A reduced the enzyme's ability to hydrolyze phospholipids and promote dermonecrosis, hemolytic, and vascular effects. These results provide the basis understanding the importance of specific residues in the observed activities and contribute to the design of synthetic and specific inhibitors for Brown spider venom phospholipases D.
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17
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Lajoie DM, Roberts SA, Zobel-Thropp PA, Delahaye JL, Bandarian V, Binford GJ, Cordes MHJ. Variable Substrate Preference among Phospholipase D Toxins from Sicariid Spiders. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:10994-1007. [PMID: 25752604 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.636951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Venoms of the sicariid spiders contain phospholipase D enzyme toxins that can cause severe dermonecrosis and even death in humans. These enzymes convert sphingolipid and lysolipid substrates to cyclic phosphates by activating a hydroxyl nucleophile present in both classes of lipid. The most medically relevant substrates are thought to be sphingomyelin and/or lysophosphatidylcholine. To better understand the substrate preference of these toxins, we used (31)P NMR to compare the activity of three related but phylogenetically diverse sicariid toxins against a diverse panel of sphingolipid and lysolipid substrates. Two of the three showed significantly faster turnover of sphingolipids over lysolipids, and all three showed a strong preference for positively charged (choline and/or ethanolamine) over neutral (glycerol and serine) headgroups. Strikingly, however, the enzymes vary widely in their preference for choline, the headgroup of both sphingomyelin and lysophosphatidylcholine, versus ethanolamine. An enzyme from Sicarius terrosus showed a strong preference for ethanolamine over choline, whereas two paralogous enzymes from Loxosceles arizonica either preferred choline or showed no significant preference. Intrigued by the novel substrate preference of the Sicarius enzyme, we solved its crystal structure at 2.1 Å resolution. The evolution of variable substrate specificity may help explain the reduced dermonecrotic potential of some natural toxin variants, because mammalian sphingolipids use primarily choline as a positively charged headgroup; it may also be relevant for sicariid predatory behavior, because ethanolamine-containing sphingolipids are common in insect prey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Lajoie
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721 and
| | - Sue A Roberts
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721 and
| | | | - Jared L Delahaye
- the Department of Biology, Lewis and Clark College, Portland, Oregon 97219
| | - Vahe Bandarian
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721 and
| | - Greta J Binford
- the Department of Biology, Lewis and Clark College, Portland, Oregon 97219
| | - Matthew H J Cordes
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721 and
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19
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Recent advances in the understanding of brown spider venoms: From the biology of spiders to the molecular mechanisms of toxins. Toxicon 2014; 83:91-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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20
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Vuitika L, Gremski LH, Belisário-Ferrari MR, Chaves-Moreira D, Ferrer VP, Senff-Ribeiro A, Chaim OM, Veiga SS. Brown spider phospholipase-D containing a conservative mutation (D233E) in the catalytic site: identification and functional characterization. J Cell Biochem 2014; 114:2479-92. [PMID: 23733617 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Brown spider (Loxosceles genus) bites have been reported worldwide. The venom contains a complex composition of several toxins, including phospholipases-D. Native or recombinant phospholipase-D toxins induce cutaneous and systemic loxoscelism, particularly necrotic lesions, inflammatory response, renal failure, and hematological disturbances. Herein, we describe the cloning, heterologous expression and purification of a novel phospholipase-D toxin, LiRecDT7 in reference to six other previously described in phospholipase-D toxin family. The complete cDNA sequence of this novel brown spider phospholipase-D isoform was obtained and the calculated molecular mass of the predicted mature protein is 34.4 kDa. Similarity analyses revealed that LiRecDT7 is homologous to the other dermonecrotic toxin family members particularly to LiRecDT6, sharing 71% sequence identity. LiRecDT7 possesses the conserved amino acid residues involved in catalysis except for a conservative mutation (D233E) in the catalytic site. Purified LiRecDT7 was detected as a soluble 36 kDa protein using anti-whole venom and anti-LiRecDT1 sera, indicating immunological cross-reactivity and evidencing sequence-epitopes identities similar to those of other phospholipase-D family members. Also, LiRecDT7 exhibits sphingomyelinase activity in a concentration dependent-manner and induces experimental skin lesions with swelling, erythema and dermonecrosis. In addition, LiRecDT7 induced a massive inflammatory response in rabbit skin dermis, which is a hallmark of brown spider venom phospholipase-D toxins. Moreover, LiRecDT7 induced in vitro hemolysis in human erythrocytes and increased blood vessel permeability. These features suggest that this novel member of the brown spider venom phospholipase-D family, which naturally contains a mutation (D233E) in the catalytic site, could be useful for future structural and functional studies concerning loxoscelism and lipid biochemistry. HIGHLIGHTS 1- Novel brown spider phospholipase-D recombinant toxin contains a conservative mutation (D233E) on the catalytic site. 2-LiRecDT7 shares high identity level with isoforms of Loxosceles genus. 3-LiRecDT7 is a recombinant protein immunodetected by specific antibodies to native and recombinant phospholipase-D toxins. 4-LiRecDT7 shows sphingomyelinase-D activity in a concentration-dependent manner, but less intense than other isoforms. 5-LiRecDT7 induces dermonecrosis and inflammatory response in rabbit skin. 6-LiRecDT7 increases vascular permeability in mice. 7-LiRecDT7 triggers direct complement-independent hemolysis in erythrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Vuitika
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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Sapag A, Salinas-Luypaert C, Constenla-Muñoz C. First report of in vitro selection of RNA aptamers targeted to recombinant Loxosceles laeta spider toxins. Biol Res 2014; 47:2. [PMID: 25027855 PMCID: PMC4060373 DOI: 10.1186/0717-6287-47-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Loxoscelism is the envenomation caused by the bite of Loxosceles spp. spiders. It entails severe necrotizing skin lesions, sometimes accompanied by systemic reactions and even death. There are no diagnostic means and treatment is mostly palliative. The main toxin, found in several isoforms in the venom, is sphingomyelinase D (SMD), a phospholipase that has been used to generate antibodies intended for medical applications. Nucleic acid aptamers are a promising alternative to antibodies. Aptamers may be isolated from a combinatorial mixture of oligonucleotides by iterative selection of those that bind to the target. In this work, two Loxosceles laeta SMD isoforms, Ll1 and Ll2, were produced in bacteria and used as targets with the aim of identifying RNA aptamers that inhibit sphingomyelinase activity. RESULTS Six RNA aptamers capable of eliciting partial but statistically significant inhibitions of the sphingomyelinase activity of recombinant SMD-Ll1 and SMD-Ll2 were obtained: four aptamers exert ~17% inhibition of SMD-Ll1, while two aptamers result in ~25% inhibition of SMD-Ll2 and ~18% cross inhibition of SMD-Ll1. CONCLUSIONS This work is the first attempt to obtain aptamers with therapeutic and diagnostic potential for loxoscelism and provides an initial platform to undertake the development of novel anti Loxosceles venom agents.
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Catalán A, Cortés W, Muñoz C, Araya JE. Tryptophan and aspartic acid residues present in the glycerophosphoryl diester phosphodiesterase (GDPD) domain of the Loxosceles laeta phospholipase D are essential for substrate recognition. Toxicon 2014; 81:43-7. [PMID: 24472346 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
It is known that the family of phospholipases D (PLD) from spiders of the genus Loxosceles, hydrolyze the substrates sphingomyelin and lisophosphatidylcholine, by their catalytic acid-base action which involves two histidines. However, little is known about the amino acids that participate on substrate recognition. In this study we identified highly conserved amino acids of the glycerophosphoryl diester phosphodiesterase (GDPD) domain of recombinant LlPLD1, which interact with the substrate sphingomyelin. The mutation of W256 to serine and D259 to glycine decreased significantly the sphingomyelinase and hemolytic activity when compared to wild type LlPLD1. The interaction of LlPLD1 with sphingomyelin was also strongly reduced in both mutants LlPLD1-W256S and LlPLD1-D259G. The results show the importance of these residues in the interaction of the protein with its substrate sphingomyelin in cell membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Catalán
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Antofagasta, P.O. Box 170, Antofagasta, Chile.
| | - William Cortés
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Antofagasta, P.O. Box 170, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Christian Muñoz
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Antofagasta, P.O. Box 170, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Jorge E Araya
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Antofagasta, P.O. Box 170, Antofagasta, Chile
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Cloning, expression and characterization of a phospholipase D from Loxosceles gaucho venom gland. Biochimie 2013; 95:1773-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Modulation of membrane phospholipids, the cytosolic calcium influx and cell proliferation following treatment of B16-F10 cells with recombinant phospholipase-D from Loxosceles intermedia (brown spider) venom. Toxicon 2013; 67:17-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Biochemical and immunological characteristics of Peruvian Loxosceles laeta spider venom: neutralization of its toxic effects by anti-loxoscelic antivenoms. Toxicon 2013; 70:90-7. [PMID: 23648420 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript describes the general biochemical properties and immunological characteristics of Peruvian spider Loxosceles laeta venom (PLlv), which is responsible for the largest number of accidents involving venomous animals in Peru. In this work, we observed that the venom of this spider is more lethal to mice when compared with L. laeta venom from Brazil (BLlv). The LD₅₀ of PLlv was 1.213 mg/kg when the venom was intradermally injected. The venom displayed sphingomyelinase activity and produced dermonecrotic, hemorrhagic and edema effects in rabbits. 2-D SDS-PAGE separation of the soluble venoms resulted in a protein profile ranging from 20 to 205 kDa. Anti-PLlv and anti-BLlv sera produced in rabbits and assayed by ELISA showed that rabbit antibodies cross-reacted with PLlv and BLlv and also with other Brazilian Loxosceles venoms. Western blotting analysis showed that bands corresponding to 25-35 kDa are the proteins best recognized in every Loxosceles spp venoms analyzed. The immunized rabbits displayed protective effect after challenge with PLlv and BLlv. In vitro assays with horse anti-loxoscelic antivenoms produced in Brazil and Peru demonstrated that these commercial antivenoms were efficient to inhibit the sphingomyelinase activity of PLlv and BLlv.
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