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Karam MB, El Khoury J, Chakar C, Changotade S, Lutomski D, Naaman N, Godeau G, Elm’selmi A, Younes R, Senni K. Heparan-mimetics: Potential agents of tissue regeneration for bone and periodontal therapies. MEDICINE IN NOVEL TECHNOLOGY AND DEVICES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medntd.2021.100066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
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Muhamad II, Zulkifli N, Selvakumaran SA, Lazim NAM. Bioactive Algal-Derived Polysaccharides: Multi-Functionalization, Therapeutic Potential and Biomedical Applications. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25:1147-1162. [PMID: 31258069 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190618152133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent decades, there has been an increased interest in the utilization of polysaccharides showing biological activity for various novel applications owing to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-toxicity, and some specific therapeutic activities. Increasing studies have started in the past few years to develop algal polysaccharides-based biomaterials for various applications. METHODS Saccharide mapping or enzymatic profiling plays a role in quality control of polysaccharides. Whereby, in vitro and in vivo tests as well as toxicity level discriminating polysaccharides biological activities. Extraction and purification methods are performed in obtaining algal derived polysaccharides followed by chromatographic profiles of their active compounds, structural features, physicochemical properties, and reported biological activities. RESULTS Marine algae are capable of synthesizing Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and non-GAGs or GAG mimetics such as sulfated glycans. The cell walls of algae are rich in sulfated polysaccharides, including alginate, carrageenan, ulvan and fucoidan. These biopolymers are widely used algal-derived polysaccharides for biological and biomedical applications due to their biocompatibility and availability. They constitute biochemical compounds that have multi-functionalization, therapeutic potential and immunomodulatory abilities, making them promising bioactive products and biomaterials with a wide range of biomedical applications. CONCLUSION Algal-derived polysaccharides with clearly elucidated compositions/structures, identified cellular activities, as well as desirable physical properties have shown the potential that may create new opportunities. They could be maximally exploited to serve as therapeutic tools such as immunoregulatory agents or drug delivery vehicles. Hence, novel strategies could be applied to tailor multi-functionalization of the polysaccharides from algal species with vast biomedical application potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Idayu Muhamad
- School of Chemical and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
- School of Bioscience and Medical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Nabilah Zulkifli
- School of Bioscience and Medical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Suguna A/P Selvakumaran
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Science and Engineering, Manipal University, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Asmak Md Lazim
- School of Chemical and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
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Kurtagic E, Rich CB, Buczek-Thomas JA, Nugent MA. Neutrophil Elastase-Generated Fragment of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-A Stimulates Macrophage and Endothelial Progenitor Cell Migration. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145115. [PMID: 26672607 PMCID: PMC4682631 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Elastase released from neutrophils as part of the innate immune system has been implicated in chronic diseases such as emphysema and cardiovascular disease. We have previously shown that neutrophil elastase targets vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF) for partial degradation to generate a fragment of VEGF (VEGFf) that has distinct activities. Namely, VEGFf binds to VEGF receptor 1 but not to VEGF receptor 2 and shows altered signaling compared to intact VEGF. In the present study we investigated the chemotactic function of VEGF and VEGFf released from cells by neutrophil elastase. We found that endothelial cells migrated in response to intact VEGF but not VEGFf whereas RAW 264.7 macrophages/monocytes and embryonic endothelial progenitor cells were stimulated to migrate by either VEGF or VEGFf. To investigate the role of elastase-mediated release of VEGF from cells/extracellular matrices, a co-culture system was established. High or low VEGF producing cells were co-cultured with macrophages, endothelial or endothelial progenitor cells and treated with neutrophil elastase. Elastase treatment stimulated macrophage and endothelial progenitor cell migration with the response being greater with the high VEGF expressing cells. However, elastase treatment led to decreased endothelial cell migration due to VEGF cleavage to VEGF fragment. These findings suggest that the tissue response to NE-mediated injury might involve the generation of diffusible VEGF fragments that stimulate inflammatory cell recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elma Kurtagic
- Department of Biochemistry Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Celeste B. Rich
- Department of Biochemistry Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jo Ann Buczek-Thomas
- Department of Biochemistry Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Matthew A. Nugent
- Department of Biochemistry Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Gallagher J. Fell-Muir Lecture: Heparan sulphate and the art of cell regulation: a polymer chain conducts the protein orchestra. Int J Exp Pathol 2015; 96:203-31. [PMID: 26173450 PMCID: PMC4561558 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulphate (HS) sits at the interface of the cell and the extracellular matrix. It is a member of the glycosaminoglycan family of anionic polysaccharides with unique structural features designed for protein interaction and regulation. Its client proteins include soluble effectors (e.g. growth factors, morphogens, chemokines), membrane receptors and cell adhesion proteins such as fibronectin, fibrillin and various types of collagen. The protein-binding properties of HS, together with its strategic positioning in the pericellular domain, are indicative of key roles in mediating the flow of regulatory signals between cells and their microenvironment. The control of transmembrane signalling is a fundamental element in the complex biology of HS. It seems likely that, in some way, HS orchestrates diverse signalling pathways to facilitate information processing inside the cell. A dictionary definition of an orchestra is 'a large group of musicians who play together on various instruments …' to paraphrase, the HS orchestra is 'a large group of proteins that play together on various receptors'. HS conducts this orchestra to ensure that proteins hit the right notes on their receptors but, in the manner of a true conductor, does it also set 'the musical pulse' and create rhythm and harmony attractive to the cell? This is too big a question to answer but fun to think about as you read this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Gallagher
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, Institute of Cancer Sciences, Paterson Building, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Nugent MA, Zaia J, Spencer JL. Heparan sulfate-protein binding specificity. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2014; 78:726-35. [PMID: 24010836 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297913070055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) represents a large class of linear polysaccharides that are required for the function of all mammalian physiological systems. HS is characterized by a repeating disaccharide backbone that is subject to a wide range of modifications, making this class of macromolecules arguably the most information dense in all of biology. The majority of HS functions are associated with the ability to bind and regulate a wide range of proteins. Indeed, recent years have seen an explosion in the discovery of new activities for HS where it is now recognized that this class of glycans functions as co-receptors for growth factors and cytokines, modulates cellular uptake of lipoproteins, regulates protease activity, is critical to amyloid plaque formation, is used by opportunistic pathogens to enter cells, and may even participate in epigenetic regulation. This review will discuss the current state of understanding regarding the specificity of HS-protein binding and will describe the concept that protein binding to HS depends on the overall organization of domains within HS rather than fine structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Nugent
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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Adhikari N, Billaud M, Carlson M, Lake SP, Montaniel KRC, Staggs R, Guan W, Walek D, Desir S, Isakson BE, Barocas VH, Hall JL. Vascular biomechanical properties in mice with smooth muscle specific deletion of Ndst1. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 385:225-38. [PMID: 24101444 PMCID: PMC4853023 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-013-1831-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans act as co-receptors for many chemokines and growth factors. The sulfation pattern of the heparan sulfate chains is a critical regulatory step affecting the binding of chemokines and growth factors. N-deacetylase-N-sulfotransferase1 (Ndst1) is one of the first enzymes to catalyze sulfation. Previously published work has shown that HSPGs alter tangent moduli and stiffness of tissues and cells. We hypothesized that loss of Ndst1 in smooth muscle would lead to significant changes in heparan sulfate modification and the elastic properties of arteries. In line with this hypothesis, the axial tangent modulus was significantly decreased in aorta from mice lacking Ndst1 in smooth muscle (SM22αcre(+)Ndst1(-/-), p < 0.05, n = 5). The decrease in axial tangent modulus was associated with a significant switch in myosin and actin types and isoforms expressed in aorta and isolated aortic vascular smooth muscle cells. In contrast, no changes were found in the compliance of smaller thoracodorsal arteries of SM22αcre(+)Ndst1(-/-) mice. In summary, the major findings of this study were that targeted ablation of Ndst1 in smooth muscle cells results in altered biomechanical properties of aorta and differential expression of myosin and actin types and isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeta Adhikari
- Lillehei Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Marie Billaud
- Robert M Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Marjorie Carlson
- Lillehei Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Spencer P. Lake
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, MN 55455
| | - Kim Ramil C. Montaniel
- Lillehei Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Rod Staggs
- Lillehei Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Weihua Guan
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Dinesha Walek
- Biomedical Genomics Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Snider Desir
- Lillehei Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Brant E. Isakson
- Robert M Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Victor H. Barocas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, MN 55455
| | - Jennifer L. Hall
- Lillehei Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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Unusual glycosaminoglycans from a deep sea hydrothermal bacterium improve fibrillar collagen structuring and fibroblast activities in engineered connective tissues. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:1351-69. [PMID: 23612369 PMCID: PMC3705409 DOI: 10.3390/md11041351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biopolymers produced by marine organisms can offer useful tools for regenerative medicine. Particularly, HE800 exopolysaccharide (HE800 EPS) secreted by a deep-sea hydrothermal bacterium displays an interesting glycosaminoglycan-like feature resembling hyaluronan. Previous studies demonstrated its effectiveness to enhance in vivo bone regeneration and to support osteoblastic cell metabolism in culture. Thus, in order to assess the usefulness of this high-molecular weight polymer in tissue engineering and tissue repair, in vitro reconstructed connective tissues containing HE800 EPS were performed. We showed that this polysaccharide promotes both collagen structuring and extracellular matrix settle by dermal fibroblasts. Furthermore, from the native HE800 EPS, a low-molecular weight sulfated derivative (HE800 DROS) displaying chemical analogy with heparan-sulfate, was designed. Thus, it was demonstrated that HE800 DROS mimics some properties of heparan-sulfate, such as promotion of fibroblast proliferation and inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) secretion. Therefore, we suggest that the HE800EPS family can be considered as an innovative biotechnological source of glycosaminoglycan-like compounds useful to design biomaterials and drugs for tissue engineering and repair.
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Forsten-Williams K, Kurtagic E, Nugent MA. Complex receptor-ligand dynamics control the response of the VEGF system to protease injury. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2011; 5:170. [PMID: 22014244 PMCID: PMC3253741 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-5-170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular homeostasis and response to injury are dependent on the coordinated activity of growth factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF). VEGF signaling is mediated by VEGF receptors 1 (VEGFR1) and 2 (VEGFR2). VEGF also binds to extracellular matrix (ECM) and neuropilin (NP), a cell surface glycoprotein that enhances VEGF binding to VEGFR2 while inhibiting VEGF-VEGFR1 interactions. Proteases such as neutrophil elastase release VEGF bound to ECM; however, this results in proteolytic processing of VEGF to a smaller species termed VEGF fragment (VEGFf). We hypothesized that the generation and presence of VEGFf would have significant effects on the binding distribution of VEGF. RESULTS We show that VEGFf, unlike VEGF, does not bind ECM, fibronectin, or NP-1. Using computational simulations, we find that excess VEGFf can lead to increased binding of VEGF to VEGFR2 through VEGFf binding to VEGFR1 and subsequent liberation of NP-1. We show experimentally that VEGF-induced migration has a biphasic response to conversion of VEGF to VEGFf. Simulations suggest that a simple change in VEGFR1 or VEGFR2 complexes are unlikely to be responsible and that a more complex integration of signals is more likely involved. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that proteolytic damage at sites of tissue injury and inflammation has the potential to modulate the VEGF system through a complex process and highlight the need for quantitative analysis to reveal mechanisms of growth factor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Forsten-Williams
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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Marine polysaccharides: a source of bioactive molecules for cell therapy and tissue engineering. Mar Drugs 2011; 9:1664-1681. [PMID: 22131964 PMCID: PMC3225941 DOI: 10.3390/md9091664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Revised: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of natural bioactive compounds such as polysaccharides, especially glycosaminoglycans, is now well documented, and this activity combined with natural biodiversity will allow the development of a new generation of therapeutics. Advances in our understanding of the biosynthesis, structure and function of complex glycans from mammalian origin have shown the crucial role of this class of molecules to modulate disease processes and the importance of a deeper knowledge of structure-activity relationships. Marine environment offers a tremendous biodiversity and original polysaccharides have been discovered presenting a great chemical diversity that is largely species specific. The study of the biological properties of the polysaccharides from marine eukaryotes and marine prokaryotes revealed that the polysaccharides from the marine environment could provide a valid alternative to traditional polysaccharides such as glycosaminoglycans. Marine polysaccharides present a real potential for natural product drug discovery and for the delivery of new marine derived products for therapeutic applications.
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Oshikawa J, Urao N, Kim HW, Kaplan N, Razvi M, McKinney R, Poole LB, Fukai T, Ushio-Fukai M. Extracellular SOD-derived H2O2 promotes VEGF signaling in caveolae/lipid rafts and post-ischemic angiogenesis in mice. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10189. [PMID: 20422004 PMCID: PMC2858087 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), in particular, H(2)O(2), is essential for full activation of VEGF receptor2 (VEGFR2) signaling involved in endothelial cell (EC) proliferation and migration. Extracellular superoxide dismutase (ecSOD) is a major secreted extracellular enzyme that catalyzes the dismutation of superoxide to H(2)O(2), and anchors to EC surface through heparin-binding domain (HBD). Mice lacking ecSOD show impaired postnatal angiogenesis. However, it is unknown whether ecSOD-derived H(2)O(2) regulates VEGF signaling. Here we show that gene transfer of ecSOD, but not ecSOD lacking HBD (ecSOD-DeltaHBD), increases H(2)O(2) levels in adductor muscle of mice, and promotes angiogenesis after hindlimb ischemia. Mice lacking ecSOD show reduction of H(2)O(2) in non-ischemic and ischemic limbs. In vitro, overexpression of ecSOD, but not ecSOD-DeltaHBD, in cultured medium in ECs enhances VEGF-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of VEGFR2 (VEGFR2-pY), which is prevented by short-term pretreatment with catalase that scavenges extracellular H(2)O(2). Either exogenous H(2)O(2) (<500 microM), which is diffusible, or nitric oxide donor has no effect on VEGF-induced VEGFR2-pY. These suggest that ecSOD binding to ECs via HBD is required for localized generation of extracellular H(2)O(2) to regulate VEGFR2-pY. Mechanistically, VEGF-induced VEGFR2-pY in caveolae/lipid rafts, but non-lipid rafts, is enhanced by ecSOD, which localizes at lipid rafts via HBD. One of the targets of ROS is protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). ecSOD induces oxidation and inactivation of both PTP1B and DEP1, which negatively regulates VEGFR2-pY, in caveolae/lipid rafts, but not non-lipid rafts. Disruption of caveolae/lipid rafts, or PTPs inhibitor orthovanadate, or siRNAs for PTP1B and DEP1 enhances VEGF-induced VEGFR2-pY, which prevents ecSOD-induced effect. Functionally, ecSOD promotes VEGF-stimulated EC migration and proliferation. In summary, extracellular H(2)O(2) generated by ecSOD localized at caveolae/lipid rafts via HBD promotes VEGFR2 signaling via oxidative inactivation of PTPs in these microdomains. Thus, ecSOD is a potential therapeutic target for angiogenesis-dependent cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Oshikawa
- Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Norifumi Urao
- Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ha Won Kim
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Nihal Kaplan
- Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Masooma Razvi
- Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ronald McKinney
- Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Leslie B. Poole
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Tohru Fukai
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Masuko Ushio-Fukai
- Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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Kothapalli CR, Taylor PM, Smolenski RT, Yacoub MH, Ramamurthi A. Transforming growth factor beta 1 and hyaluronan oligomers synergistically enhance elastin matrix regeneration by vascular smooth muscle cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2009; 15:501-11. [PMID: 18847364 PMCID: PMC2810272 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2008.0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2008] [Accepted: 05/21/2008] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Elastin is a vital structural and regulatory matrix protein that plays an important role in conferring elasticity to blood vessel wall. Previous tissue engineering approaches to regenerate elastin in situ or within tissue engineering constructs are curtailed by innate poor elastin synthesis potential by adult vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Currently, we seek to develop cellular cues to enhance tropoelastin synthesis and improve elastin matrix yield, stability, and ultrastructure. Our earlier studies attest to the elastogenic utility of hyaluronan (HA)-based cellular cues, though their effects are fragment size dependent and dose dependent, with HA oligomers deemed most elastogenic. We presently show transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-beta1) and HA oligomers, when provided concurrently, to synergistically and dramatically improve elastin matrix regeneration by adult vascular SMCs. Together, these cues suppress SMC proliferation, enhance synthesis of tropoelastin (8-fold) and matrix elastin protein (5.5-fold), and also improve matrix elastin yield (45% of total elastin vs. 10% for nonadditive controls), possibly by more efficient recruitment of tropoelastin for crosslinking. The density of desmosine crosslinks within the elastin matrix was itself attenuated, although the cues together modestly increased production and activity of the elastin crosslinking enzyme, lysyl oxidase. TGF-beta1 and HA oligomers together induced much greater assembly of mature elastin fibers than they did separately, and did not induce matrix calcification. The present outcomes might be great utility to therapeutic regeneration of elastin matrix networks in situ within elastin-compromised vessels, and within tissue-engineered vascular graft replacements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patricia M. Taylor
- Heart Science Center, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London at Harefield Hospital, Harefield, Middlesex, United Kingdom
| | - Ryszard T. Smolenski
- Heart Science Center, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London at Harefield Hospital, Harefield, Middlesex, United Kingdom
| | - Magdi H. Yacoub
- Heart Science Center, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London at Harefield Hospital, Harefield, Middlesex, United Kingdom
| | - Anand Ramamurthi
- Clemson University-Medical University of South Carolina Bioengineering Program, Charleston, South Carolina
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
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Kurtagic E, Jedrychowski MP, Nugent MA. Neutrophil elastase cleaves VEGF to generate a VEGF fragment with altered activity. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2009; 296:L534-46. [PMID: 19136576 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.90505.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive neutrophil elastase (NE) activity and altered vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling have independently been implicated in the development and progression of pulmonary emphysema. In the present study, we investigated the potential link between NE and VEGF. We noted that VEGF(165) is a substrate for NE. Digestion of purified VEGF(165) with NE generated a partially degraded disulfide-linked fragment of VEGF. Mass spectrometric analysis revealed that NE likely cleaves VEGF(165) at both the NH(2) and COOH termini to produce VEGF fragment chains approximately 5 kDa reduced in size. NE treatment of VEGF-laden endothelial cell cultures and smooth muscle cells endogenously expressing VEGF generated VEGF fragments similar to those observed with purified VEGF(165). NE-generated VEGF fragment showed significantly reduced binding to VEGF receptor 2 and heparin yet retained the ability to bind to VEGF receptor 1. Interestingly, VEGF fragment showed altered signaling in pulmonary artery endothelial cells compared with intact VEGF(165). Specifically, treatment with VEGF fragment did not activate extracellular-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), yet resulted in enhanced activation of protein kinase B (Akt). Treatment of monocyte/macrophage RAW 264.7 cells with VEGF fragment, on the other hand, led to both Akt and ERK1/2 activation, increased VEGFR1 expression, and stimulated chemotaxis. These findings suggest that the tissue response to NE-mediated injury might involve the generation of diffusible VEGF fragments that stimulate inflammatory cell recruitment and activation via VEGF receptor 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elma Kurtagic
- Departments of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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Baker AB, Groothuis A, Jonas M, Ettenson DS, Shazly T, Zcharia E, Vlodavsky I, Seifert P, Edelman ER. Heparanase alters arterial structure, mechanics, and repair following endovascular stenting in mice. Circ Res 2008; 104:380-7. [PMID: 19096032 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.108.180695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are potent regulators of vascular remodeling and repair. Heparanase is the major enzyme capable of degrading heparan sulfate in mammalian cells. Here we examined the role of heparanase in controlling arterial structure, mechanics, and remodeling. In vitro studies supported that heparanase expression in endothelial cells serves as a negative regulator of endothelial inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell (vSMC) proliferation. Arterial structure and remodeling to injury were also modified by heparanase expression. Transgenic mice overexpressing heparanase had increased arterial thickness, cellular density, and mechanical compliance. Endovascular stenting studies in Zucker rats demonstrated increased heparanase expression in the neointima of obese, hyperlipidemic rats in comparison to lean rats. The extent of heparanase expression within the neointima strongly correlated with the neointimal thickness following injury. To test the effects of heparanase overexpression on arterial repair, we developed a novel murine model of stent injury using small diameter self-expanding stents. Using this model, we found that increased neointimal formation and macrophage recruitment occurs in transgenic mice overexpressing heparanase. Taken together, these results support a role for heparanase in the regulation of arterial structure, mechanics, and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron B Baker
- Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Buczek-Thomas JA, Hsia E, Rich CB, Foster JA, Nugent MA. Inhibition of histone acetyltransferase by glycosaminoglycans. J Cell Biochem 2008; 105:108-20. [PMID: 18459114 PMCID: PMC2596351 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Histone acetyltransferases (HATs) are a class of enzymes that participate in modulating chromatin structure and gene expression. Altered HAT activity has been implicated in a number of diseases, yet little is known about the regulation of HATs. In this study, we report that glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are potent inhibitors of p300 and pCAF HAT activities in vitro, with heparin and heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) being the most potent inhibitors. The mechanism of inhibition by heparin was investigated. The ability of heparin to inhibit HAT activity was in part dependent upon its size and structure, as small heparin-derived oligosaccharides (>8 sugars) and N-desulfated or O-desulfated heparin showed reduced inhibitory activity. Heparin was shown to bind to pCAF; and enzyme assays indicated that heparin shows the characteristics of a competitive-like inhibitor causing an approximately 50-fold increase in the apparent Km of pCAF for histone H4. HSPGs isolated from corneal and pulmonary fibroblasts inhibited HAT activity with similar effectiveness as heparin. As evidence that endogenous GAGs might be involved in modulating histone acetylation, the direct addition of heparin to pulmonary fibroblasts resulted in an approximately 50% reduction of histone H3 acetylation after 6 h of treatment. In addition, Chinese hamster ovary cells deficient in GAG synthesis showed increased levels of acetylated histone H3 compared to wild-type parent cells. GAGs represent a new class of HAT inhibitors that might participate in modulating cell function by regulating histone acetylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo Ann Buczek-Thomas
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118
| | - Edward Hsia
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118
| | - Celeste B. Rich
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118
| | - Judith A. Foster
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118
| | - Matthew A. Nugent
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118
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15
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Fannon M, Forsten-Williams K, Nugent MA, Gregory KJ, Chu CL, Goerges-Wildt AL, Panigrahy D, Kaipainen A, Barnes C, Lapp C, Shing Y. Sucrose octasulfate regulates fibroblast growth factor-2 binding, transport, and activity: potential for regulation of tumor growth. J Cell Physiol 2008; 215:434-41. [PMID: 18163458 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The antithrombotic activity of heparin has largely been credited with the success found in some cancer treatment by heparin. There are, however, many potent growth factors involved in tumor and blood vessel growth that bind to heparin with high affinity and their regulation by heparin may play a role in heparin's efficacy. We therefore chose to study the activity of a heparin analog, sucrose octasulfate (SOS), which has been similarly shown to interact with heparin-binding growth factors. Using mouse melanoma and lung carcinoma models, we demonstrate in vivo inhibition of tumor growth by SOS. SOS, however, showed little effect in coagulation assays indicating that this activity was not a primary mechanism of action for this molecule. Studies were then performed to assess the effect of SOS on basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) activity, a growth factor which promotes tumor and blood vessel growth and is produced by B16 melanoma cells. SOS potently inhibited FGF-2 binding to endothelial cells and stripped pre-bound FGF-2 from cells. SOS also regulated FGF-2 stimulated proliferation. Further, SOS facilitated FGF-2 diffusion through Descemet's membrane, a heparan sulfate-rich basement membrane from the cornea, suggesting a possible role in FGF-2 clearance. Our results suggest that molecules such as SOS have the potential to remove growth factors from tumor microenvironments and the approach offers an attractive area for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Fannon
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.
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16
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Kumarasuriyar A, Dombrowski C, Rider DA, Nurcombe V, Cool SM. A novel use of TAT-EGFP to validate techniques to alter osteosarcoma cell surface glycosaminoglycan expression. J Mol Histol 2007; 38:435-47. [PMID: 17885814 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-007-9136-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2007] [Accepted: 08/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Several methods to alter cell surface glycosaminoglycan (GAG) expression have previously been described, including treatments with chlorate to reduce the addition of charged sulfate groups, xyloside compounds to displace GAGs from their core proteins, and GAG lyases, such as heparinase and chondroitinase, to release GAG fragments from the cell layer. While these methods are useful in identifying cellular mechanisms which are dependent on GAGs, they must be stringently validated to assess results in the appropriate context. To determine the most useful technique for the evaluation of GAG function in osteogenesis, MG-63 osteosarcoma cells were systematically treated with these agents and evaluated for changes in cell surface GAGs using a TAT-EGFP fusion protein. TAT, a protein transduction domain from the HIV-1 virus, requires cell surface GAGs to traverse cell membranes. The EGFP component provides a method to assess protein entry into cells in both qualitative and quantitative tests. Here, TAT-EGFP transduction analysis confirmed radiochemical and physiological data that chlorate effectively disrupts GAG expression. TAT-EGFP entry into cells was also inhibited by the exogenous application of commercial heparin and GAGs extracted from MG-63 cells as well as by the pre-treatment of cells with chondroitinase ABC. However, neither heparinase III treatment nor the addition of exogenous chondroitin-6-sulfate affected TAT-EGFP entry into cells. In addition, xyloside-beta-D-naphthol and xyloside-beta-D-cis/trans-decahydro-2-naphthol treatment could not induce significant phenotypic change in these cells, and the unaffected TAT-EGFP transduction confirmed that this was due to an inability to efficiently prime GAG synthesis. The use of TAT-EGFP is thus a useful technique to specifically evaluate cell surface GAG expression in a simple, quantifiable manner, and avoids the complications involved with conventional radiochemical assays or analytical chromatography.
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17
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McLaughlin PJ, Chen Q, Horiguchi M, Starcher BC, Stanton JB, Broekelmann TJ, Marmorstein AD, McKay B, Mecham R, Nakamura T, Marmorstein LY. Targeted disruption of fibulin-4 abolishes elastogenesis and causes perinatal lethality in mice. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 26:1700-9. [PMID: 16478991 PMCID: PMC1430262 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.26.5.1700-1709.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Elastic fibers provide tissues with elasticity which is critical to the function of arteries, lungs, skin, and other dynamic organs. Loss of elasticity is a major contributing factor in aging and diseases. However, the mechanism of elastic fiber development and assembly is poorly understood. Here, we show that lack of fibulin-4, an extracellular matrix molecule, abolishes elastogenesis. fibulin-4-/- mice generated by gene targeting exhibited severe lung and vascular defects including emphysema, artery tortuosity, irregularity, aneurysm, rupture, and resulting hemorrhages. All the homozygous mice died perinatally. The earliest abnormality noted was a uniformly narrowing of the descending aorta in fibulin-4-/- embryos at embryonic day 12.5 (E12.5). Aorta tortuosity and irregularity became noticeable at E15.5. Histological analysis demonstrated that fibulin-4-/- mice do not develop intact elastic fibers but contain irregular elastin aggregates. Electron microscopy revealed that the elastin aggregates are highly unusual in that they contain evenly distributed rod-like filaments, in contrast to the amorphous appearance of normal elastic fibers. Desmosine analysis indicated that elastin cross-links in fibulin-4-/- tissues were largely diminished. However, expression of tropoelastin or lysyl oxidase mRNA was unaffected in fibulin-4-/- mice. In addition, fibulin-4 strongly interacts with tropoelastin and colocalizes with elastic fibers in culture. These results demonstrate that fibulin-4 plays an irreplaceable role in elastogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Precious J McLaughlin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85711, USA
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18
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Joddar B, Ramamurthi A. Fragment size- and dose-specific effects of hyaluronan on matrix synthesis by vascular smooth muscle cells. Biomaterials 2006; 27:2994-3004. [PMID: 16457881 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2005] [Accepted: 01/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering of vascular elastin matrices disrupted by mechanical injury, disease, or congenitally absent, is among other factors, limited by the lack of suitable cell scaffolds to up-regulate and guide innately poor elastin synthesis by adult vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Evidence suggests that scaffolds based on hyaluronan (HA), a glycosaminoglycan, may be useful to elicit elastogenic cell responses, although these effects appear to be dictated by HA fragment size and/or dose. This study investigates the efficacy of a simple, frequently adopted exogenous HA supplementation model to test this hypothesis. Rat aortic SMCs were cultured with HA (2 x 10(6) Da (HMW) > or = MW < or = 2.2 x 10(4) Da) supplemented at doses between 0.2 and 200 microg/ml. Cell layers were biochemically assayed for DNA, elastin and collagen content. Fragmented, but not high molecular weight (HMW) HA, stimulated cell proliferation in inverse correlation fragment size while the opposite effect was observed for synthesis of soluble and matrix elastin; almost no dose effects were observed within any group. SDS-Page/Western Blot and a desmosine assay semi-quantitatively confirmed the observed biochemical trends for tropoelastin and matrix elastin, respectively. Quantitative differences in elastin deposition were mirrored in TEM micrographs. Elastin was mostly deposited in the form of amorphous clumps but fibers were increasingly present in cell layers cultured with HMW HA. HA and its fragments did not disrupt normal fibrillin-mediated mechanisms of elastin matrix deposition. While the current outcomes confirm that the effects of HA on elastin synthesis are fragment size-specific, this study shows that an exogenous supplementation model does not necessarily simulate cellular matrix synthesis responses to HA-based biomaterial scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binata Joddar
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
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19
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Senni K, Gueniche F, Foucault-Bertaud A, Igondjo-Tchen S, Fioretti F, Colliec-Jouault S, Durand P, Guezennec J, Godeau G, Letourneur D. Fucoidan a sulfated polysaccharide from brown algae is a potent modulator of connective tissue proteolysis. Arch Biochem Biophys 2006; 445:56-64. [PMID: 16364234 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2005.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2005] [Revised: 11/02/2005] [Accepted: 11/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fucoidans are sulfated fucosylated polymers from brown algae cell wall that exhibit some heparin/heparan sulfate properties. We previously demonstrated that these polysaccharides were able in vitro to stimulate dermal fibroblast proliferation and extracellular matrix deposition. Here, we investigated the action of a 16kDa fucoidan fraction on parameters involved in connective tissue breakdown. This fucoidan is able to inhibit gelatinase A secretion and stromelysin 1 induction by interleukin-1beta on dermal fibroblasts in culture. Furthermore, we observed that fucoidan increases the rate of association of MMPs with their specific inhibitors namely TIMPs. Using tissue sections of human skin in ex vivo experiments, we evidenced that this polysaccharide was able to minimize human leukocyte elastase activity resulting in the protection of human skin elastic fiber network against the enzymatic proteolysis due to this serine proteinase. These results suggested that fucoidan could be used for treating some inflammatory pathologies in which uncontrolled extracellular matrix degradation takes place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Senni
- Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, EA2496 Réparations et Remodelages Oro-faciaux, Montrouge, France.
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20
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Broekelmann TJ, Kozel BA, Ishibashi H, Werneck CC, Keeley FW, Zhang L, Mecham RP. Tropoelastin Interacts with Cell-surface Glycosaminoglycans via Its COOH-terminal Domain. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:40939-47. [PMID: 16192266 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m507309200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a biochemical and cell biological approach, we have identified a cell interaction site at the carboxyl terminus of tropoelastin. Cell interactions with the COOH-terminal sequence are not through the elastin-binding protein (EBP67) because neither VGVAPG-like peptides nor galactoside sugars altered adhesion. Our results also show that cell adhesion to tropoelastin is not promoted by integrins. Through the use of mutant Chinese hamster ovary cell lines defective in glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis, as well as competition studies and enzymatic removal of specific cell-surface glycosaminoglycans, the tropoelastin-binding moieties on the cell surface were identified as heparan and chondroitin sulfate-containing glycosaminoglycans, with heparan sulfate being greatly preferred. Heparin affinity chromatography combined with cell adhesion assays identified the last 17 amino acids as the sequence element at the carboxyl terminus of tropoelastin responsible for the adhesive activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Broekelmann
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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21
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Cain SA, Baldock C, Gallagher J, Morgan A, Bax DV, Weiss AS, Shuttleworth CA, Kielty CM. Fibrillin-1 interactions with heparin. Implications for microfibril and elastic fiber assembly. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:30526-37. [PMID: 15980072 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m501390200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrillin-1 assembly into microfibrils and elastic fiber formation involves interactions with glycosaminoglycans. We have used BIAcore technology to investigate fibrillin-1 interactions with heparin and with heparin saccharides that are analogous to S-domains of heparan sulfate. We have identified four high affinity heparin-binding sites on fibrillin-1, localized three of these sites, and defined their binding kinetics. Heparin binding to the fibrillin-1 N terminus has particularly rapid kinetics. Hyaluronan and chondroitin sulfate did not interact significantly with fibrillin-1. Heparin saccharides with more than 12 monosaccharide units bound strongly to all four fibrillin-1 sites. Heparin did not inhibit fibrillin-1 N- and C-terminal interactions or RGD-dependent cell attachment, but heparin and MAGP-1 competed for binding to the fibrillin-1 N terminus, and heparin and tropoelastin competed for binding to a central fibrillin-1 sequence. By regulating these key interactions, heparin can profoundly influence microfibril and elastic fiber assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart A Cain
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
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22
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Black LD, Brewer KK, Morris SM, Schreiber BM, Toselli P, Nugent MA, Suki B, Stone PJ. Effects of elastase on the mechanical and failure properties of engineered elastin-rich matrices. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2005; 98:1434-41. [PMID: 15640390 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00921.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary emphysema and vessel wall aneurysms are diseases characterized by elastolytic damage to elastin fibers that leads to mechanical failure. To model this, neonatal rat aortic smooth muscle cells were cultured, accumulating an extracellular matrix rich in elastin, and mechanical measurements were made before and during enzymatic digestion of elastin. Specifically, the cells in the cultures were killed with sodium azide, the cultures were lifted from the flask, cut into small strips, and fixed to a computer-controlled lever arm and a force transducer. The strips were subjected to a broadband displacement signal to study the dynamic mechanical properties of the samples. Also, quasi-static stress-strain curves were measured. The dynamic data were fit to a linear viscoelastic model to estimate the tissues' loss (G) and storage (H) modulus coefficients, which were evaluated before and during 30 min of elastase treatment, at which point a failure test was performed. G and H decreased significantly to 30% of their baseline values after 30 min. The failure stress of control samples was approximately 15 times higher than that of the digested samples. Understanding the structure-function relationship of elastin networks and the effects of elastolytic injury on their mechanical properties can lead to the elucidation of the mechanism of elastin fiber failure and evaluation of possible treatments to enhance repair in diseases involving elastolytic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren D Black
- Dept. of Biochemistry, 715 Albany St., Boston, MA 02118, USA
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23
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Abstract
Elastin is a key extracellular matrix protein that is critical to the elasticity and resilience of many vertebrate tissues including large arteries, lung, ligament, tendon, skin, and elastic cartilage. Tropoelastin associates with multiple tropoelastin molecules during the major phase of elastogenesis through coacervation, where this process is directed by the precise patterning of mostly alternating hydrophobic and hydrophilic sequences that dictate intermolecular alignment. Massively crosslinked arrays of tropoelastin (typically in association with microfibrils) contribute to tissue structural integrity and biomechanics through persistent flexibility, allowing for repeated stretch and relaxation cycles that critically depend on hydrated environments. Elastin sequences interact with multiple proteins found in or colocalized with microfibrils, and bind to elastogenic cell surface receptors. Knowledge of the major stages in elastin assembly has facilitated the construction of in vitro models of elastogenesis, leading to the identification of precise molecular regions that are critical to elastin-based protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M Mithieux
- School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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24
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Buczek-Thomas JA, Lucey EC, Stone PJ, Chu CL, Rich CB, Carreras I, Goldstein RH, Foster JA, Nugent MA. Elastase Mediates the Release of Growth Factors from LungIn Vivo. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2004; 31:344-50. [PMID: 15191913 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2003-0420oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Uncontrolled elastase activity is involved in the development of several types of lung disease. Previous reports demonstrated that growth factors are liberated from pulmonary matrix storage sites by elastase; however, release of these entities in vivo is not well defined. In the present study, we investigated the release of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), after intratracheal instillation of porcine pancreatic elastase into mice. We found that elastase promoted a time-dependent release of FGF-2 and TGF-beta1 from the lung into bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. A large fraction of the TGF-beta1 in BAL fluid was in the active form (approximately 60%), suggesting that elastase might participate in the activation of TGF-beta1 from its latent form. Analysis of the levels of FGF-2 and TGF-beta1 in mouse blood indicated that the growth factors in BAL fluid were not entirely derived from blood. Moreover, elastase treatment of pulmonary fibroblasts cultures caused the release of TGF-beta1, suggesting that the TGF-beta1 in BAL fluid could have come from lung cells/matrix. Additional in vitro studies also indicated that TGF-beta1 plays a role in upregulating elastin mRNA levels. These data suggest that elastase releases growth factors from lung that participate in elastolytic injury responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo Ann Buczek-Thomas
- Department of Biochemistry and the Pulmonary Center at Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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25
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Kozel BA, Ciliberto CH, Mecham RP. Deposition of tropoelastin into the extracellular matrix requires a competent elastic fiber scaffold but not live cells. Matrix Biol 2004; 23:23-34. [PMID: 15172035 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2004.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2003] [Revised: 02/13/2004] [Accepted: 02/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The initial steps of elastic fiber assembly were investigated using an in vitro assembly model in which purified recombinant tropoelastin (rbTE) was added to cultures of live or dead cells. The ability of tropoelastin to associate with preexisting elastic fibers or microfibrils in the extracellular matrix was then assessed by immunofluorescence microscopy using species-specific tropoelastin antibodies. Results show that rbTE can associate with elastic fiber components in the absence of live cells through a process that does not depend on crosslink formation. Time course studies show a transformation of the deposited protein from an initial globular appearance early in culture to a more fibrous structure as the matrix matures. Deposition required the C-terminal region of tropoelastin and correlated with the presence of preexisting elastic fibers or microfibrils. Association of exogenously added tropoelastin to the cellular extracellular matrix was inhibited by the addition of heparan sulfate but not chondroitin sulfate sugars. Together, these results suggest that the matrix elaborated by the cell is sufficient for the initial deposition of tropoelastin in the extracellular space and that elastin assembly may be influenced by the composition of sulfated proteoglycans in the matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth A Kozel
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8228, 660 South Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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26
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Rich CB, Carreras I, Lucey EC, Jaworski JA, Buczek-Thomas JA, Nugent MA, Stone P, Foster JA. Transcriptional regulation of pulmonary elastin gene expression in elastase-induced injury. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2003; 285:L354-62. [PMID: 12679320 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00026.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously we have shown that treatment of confluent, pulmonary fibroblast cultures with elastase results in upregulation of elastin mRNA and protein levels. In the present study we focused on determining the level at which elastin expression is upregulated after elastase exposure. We examined as models for this investigation elastin gene expression in primary pulmonary fibroblast cells during the transition from subconfluent to confluent cultures and in confluent, matrix-laden cultures treated briefly with elastase. In addition, we extended our studies to mice that were given an intratracheal dose of elastase; the effects on lung elastin mRNA and elastin promoter activity levels were measured and compared with results from in vitro cell models. The results demonstrate that upregulation of elastin gene expression during the transition of subconfluent to confluent cultures and after elastase injury is associated with an increase in the level of transcription both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, intratracheal administration of elastase to transgenic mice illustrates that the increased levels of elastin mRNA are accompanied by increased activity of the elastin gene promoter in cells spatially positioned near major sites of tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste B Rich
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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27
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Hsia E, Richardson TP, Nugent MA. Nuclear localization of basic fibroblast growth factor is mediated by heparan sulfate proteoglycans through protein kinase C signaling. J Cell Biochem 2003; 88:1214-25. [PMID: 12647303 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.10470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the process of wound healing will provide valuable insight for the development of new strategies to treat diseases associated with improper regeneration, such as blindness induced by corneal scarring. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG) are not normally expressed in the corneal stroma, but their presence at sites of injury suggests their involvement in the wound healing response. Primary cultured corneal stromal fibroblasts constitutively express HSPG and represent an injured phenotype. Recently, nuclear localization of HSPG was shown to increase in corneal stromal fibroblasts plated on fibronectin (FN), an extracellular matrix protein whose appearance in the corneal stroma correlates with injury. One possible role for the nuclear localization of HSPG is to function as a shuttle for the nuclear transport of heparin-binding growth factors, such as basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2). Once in the nucleus, these growth factors might directly modulate cellular activities. To investigate this hypothesis, cells were treated with (125)I-labelled FGF-2 under various conditions and fractionated. Our results show that nuclear localization of FGF-2 was increased in cells plated on FN compared to those on collagen type I (CO). Interestingly, FGF-2-stimulated proliferation was increased in cells plated on FN compared to CO and this effect was absent in the presence of heparinase III. Furthermore, pre-treatment with heparinase III decreased nuclear FGF-2, and CHO cells defective in the ability to properly synthesize heparan sulfate chains showed reduced nuclear FGF-2 indicating that the heparan sulfate chains of HSPG are critical for this process. HSPG signaling, particularly through the cytoplasmic tails of syndecans, was investigated as a potential mechanism for the nuclear localization of FGF-2. Treatment with phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA), under conditions that caused downregulation of protein kinase Calpha (PKCalpha), decreased nuclear FGF-2. Using pharmacological inhibitors of specific PKC isozymes, we elucidated a potential mode of regulation whereby PKCalpha mediates the nuclear localization of FGF-2 and PKCdelta inhibits it. Our studies suggest a novel mechanism in which FGF-2 translocates to the nucleus in response to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Hsia
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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