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Milara J, Ribera P, Marín S, Montero P, Roger I, Tenor H, Cortijo J. Phosphodiesterase 4 is overexpressed in human keloids and its inhibition reduces fibroblast activation and skin fibrosis. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 402:111211. [PMID: 39197814 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.111211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Abstract
There is a pressing medical need for improved treatments in skin fibrosis including keloids and hypertrophic scars (HTS). This study aimed to characterize the role of phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4), specifically PDE4B in fibrotic skin remodeling in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, effects of PDE4A-D (Roflumilast) or PDE4B (siRNA) inhibition on TGFβ1-induced myofibroblast differentiation and dedifferentiation were studied in normal (NHDF) and keloid (KF) human dermal fibroblasts. In vivo, the role of PDE4 on HOCl-induced skin fibrosis in mice was addressed in preventive and therapeutic protocols. PDE4B (mRNA, protein) was increased in Keloid > HTS compared to healthy skin and in TGFβ-stimulated NHDF and KF. In Keloid > HTS, collagen Iα1, αSMA, TGFβ1 and NOX4 mRNA were all elevated compared to healthy skin confirming skin fibrosis. In vitro, inhibition of PDE4A-D and PDE4B similarly prevented TGFβ1-induced Smad3 and ERK1/2 phosphorylation and myofibroblast differentiation, elevated NOX4 protein and proliferation in NHDF. PDE4A-D inhibition enabled myofibroblast dedifferentiation and curbed TGFβ1-induced reactive oxygen species and fibroblast senescence. In KF PDE4A-D inhibition restrained TGFβ1-induced Smad3 and ERK1/2 phosphorylation, myofibroblast differentiation and senescence. Mechanistically, PDE4A-D inhibition rescued from TGFβ1-induced loss in PPM1A, a Smad3 phosphatase. In vivo, PDE4 inhibition mitigated HOCl-induced skin fibrosis in mice in preventive and therapeutic protocols. The current study provides novel evidence evolving rationale for PDE4 inhibitors in skin fibrosis (including keloids and HTS) and delivered evidence for a functional role of PDE4B in this fibrotic condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Milara
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Health Institute Carlos III, Valencia, Spain; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Spain; Pharmacy Unit, University General Hospital Consortium of Valencia, Spain.
| | - Pilar Ribera
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Spain
| | - Severiano Marín
- Plastic Surgery Unit, University General Hospital Consortium, 46014, Valencia, Spain
| | - Paula Montero
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Spain; Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Valencia, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Inés Roger
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Health Institute Carlos III, Valencia, Spain; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Spain; Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Valencia, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Julio Cortijo
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Health Institute Carlos III, Valencia, Spain; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Spain
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Milara J, Ribera P, Marín S, Montero P, Roger I, Cortijo J. Phosphodiesterase 4 is overexpressed in keloid epidermal scars and its inhibition reduces keratinocyte fibrotic alterations. Mol Med 2024; 30:134. [PMID: 39223490 PMCID: PMC11370283 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-024-00906-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidermal remodeling and hypertrophy are hallmarks of skin fibrotic disorders, and keratinocyte to mesenchymal (EMT)-like transformations drive epidermis alteration in skin fibrosis such as keloids and hypertrophic scars (HTS). While phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitors have shown effectiveness in various fibrotic disorders, their role in skin fibrosis is not fully understood. This study aimed to explore the specific role of PDE4B in epidermal remodeling and hypertrophy seen in skin fibrosis. METHODS In vitro experiments examined the effects of inhibiting PDE4A-D (with Roflumilast) or PDE4B (with siRNA) on TGFβ1-induced EMT differentiation and dedifferentiation in human 3D epidermis. In vivo studies investigated the impact of PDE4 inhibition on HOCl-induced skin fibrosis and epidermal hypertrophy in mice, employing both preventive and therapeutic approaches. RESULTS The study found increased levels of PDE4B (mRNA, protein) in keloids > HTS compared to healthy epidermis, as well as in TGFβ-stimulated 3D epidermis. Keloids and HTS epidermis exhibited elevated levels of collagen Iα1, fibronectin, αSMA, N-cadherin, and NOX4 mRNA, along with decreased levels of E-cadherin and ZO-1, confirming an EMT process. Inhibition of both PDE4A-D and PDE4B prevented TGFβ1-induced Smad3 and ERK1/2 phosphorylation and mesenchymal differentiation in vitro. PDE4A-D inhibition also promoted mesenchymal dedifferentiation and reduced TGFβ1-induced ROS and keratinocyte senescence by rescuing PPM1A, a Smad3 phosphatase. In vivo, PDE4 inhibition mitigated HOCl-induced epidermal hypertrophy in mice in both preventive and therapeutic settings. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the study supports the potential of PDE4 inhibitors, particularly PDE4B, in treating skin fibrosis, including keloids and HTS, shedding light on their functional role in this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Milara
- CIBER de enfermedades respiratorias, Health Institute Carlos III, Valencia, Spain.
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Avenida Blasco Ibáñez, 15, Valencia, 46010, Spain.
- Pharmacy unit, University General Hospital Consortium of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Pilar Ribera
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Avenida Blasco Ibáñez, 15, Valencia, 46010, Spain
| | - Severiano Marín
- Plastic Surgery Unit, University General Hospital Consortium, Valencia, 46014, Spain
| | - Paula Montero
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Avenida Blasco Ibáñez, 15, Valencia, 46010, Spain
- Faculty of health sciences, Universidad Europea de Valencia, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Inés Roger
- CIBER de enfermedades respiratorias, Health Institute Carlos III, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Avenida Blasco Ibáñez, 15, Valencia, 46010, Spain
- Faculty of health sciences, Universidad Europea de Valencia, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Julio Cortijo
- CIBER de enfermedades respiratorias, Health Institute Carlos III, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Avenida Blasco Ibáñez, 15, Valencia, 46010, Spain
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Aribindi K, Liu GY, Albertson TE. Emerging pharmacological options in the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2024; 17:817-835. [PMID: 39192604 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2024.2396121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive-fibrosing lung disease with a median survival of less than 5 years. Currently, two agents, pirfenidone and nintedanib are approved for this disease, and both have been shown to reduce the rate of decline in lung function in patients with IPF. However, both have significant adverse effects and neither completely arrest the decline in lung function. AREAS COVERED Thirty experimental agents with unique mechanisms of action that are being evaluated for the treatment of IPF are discussed. These agents work through various mechanisms of action, these include inhibition of transcription nuclear factor k-B on fibroblasts, reduced expression of metalloproteinase 7, the generation of more lysophosphatidic acids, blocking the effects of transforming growth factor ß, and reducing reactive oxygen species as examples of some unique mechanisms of action of these agents. EXPERT OPINION New drug development has the potential to expand the treatment options available in the treatment of IPF patients. It is expected that the adverse drug effect profiles will be more favorable than current agents. It is further anticipated that these new agents or combinations of agents will arrest the fibrosis, not just slow the fibrotic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katyayini Aribindi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Department of Veterans Affairs Northern California Health Care System, Mather, CA, USA
| | - Gabrielle Y Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Timothy E Albertson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Department of Veterans Affairs Northern California Health Care System, Mather, CA, USA
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Fu Q, Wang Y, Yan C, Xiang YK. Phosphodiesterase in heart and vessels: from physiology to diseases. Physiol Rev 2024; 104:765-834. [PMID: 37971403 PMCID: PMC11281825 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00015.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are a superfamily of enzymes that hydrolyze cyclic nucleotides, including cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). Both cyclic nucleotides are critical secondary messengers in the neurohormonal regulation in the cardiovascular system. PDEs precisely control spatiotemporal subcellular distribution of cyclic nucleotides in a cell- and tissue-specific manner, playing critical roles in physiological responses to hormone stimulation in the heart and vessels. Dysregulation of PDEs has been linked to the development of several cardiovascular diseases, such as hypertension, aneurysm, atherosclerosis, arrhythmia, and heart failure. Targeting these enzymes has been proven effective in treating cardiovascular diseases and is an attractive and promising strategy for the development of new drugs. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of the complex regulation of PDE isoforms in cardiovascular function, highlighting the divergent and even opposing roles of PDE isoforms in different pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- The Key Laboratory for Drug Target Research and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chen Yan
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Yang K Xiang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, United States
- Department of Veterans Affairs Northern California Healthcare System, Mather, California, United States
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Sofia C, Comes A, Sgalla G, Richeldi L. Promising advances in treatments for the management of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2024; 25:717-725. [PMID: 38832823 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2024.2354460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Following the INPULSIS and ASCEND studies, leading to the first two approved antifibrotic therapies for patients with IPF, ongoing investigations are firmly exploring novel agents for a targeted effective and better tolerated therapy able to improve the natural history of the disease. AREAS COVERED This review aims to analyze recent advances in pharmacological research of IPF, discussing the currently available treatments and the novel drugs under investigation in phase 3 trials, with particular emphasis on BI 1015550 and inhaled treprostinil. The literature search utilized Medline and Clinicaltrials.org databases. Critical aspects of clinical trial design in IPF are discussed in light of recently completed phase III studies. EXPERT OPINION While randomized clinical trials in IPF are currently underway, future objectives should explore potential synergistic benefits when combining novel molecules with the existing therapies and identify more specific molecular targets. Moreover, refining the study design represent another crucial goal. The aim of the pharmacological research will be not only stabilizing but also potentially reversing the fibrotic changes in IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo Sofia
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessia Comes
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Giacomo Sgalla
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Richeldi
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Sofia C, Comes A, Sgalla G, Richeldi L. An update on emerging drugs for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a look towards 2023 and beyond. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2023; 28:283-296. [PMID: 37953604 DOI: 10.1080/14728214.2023.2281416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Currently approved drug treatments for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), pirfenidone and nintedanib, have been shown to slow lung function decline and improve clinical outcomes. Since significant advances in the understanding of pathogenetic mechanisms in IPF, novel potential agents are being tested to identify new targeted and better tolerated therapeutic strategies. AREAS COVERED This review describes the evidence from IPF phase II and III clinical trials that have been completed or are ongoing in recent years. The literature search was performed using Medline and Clinicaltrials.org databases. Particular attention is paid to the new inhibitor of phosphodiesterase 4B (BI 1015550), being studied in a more advanced research phase. Some emerging critical issues of the pharmacological research are highlighted considering the recent outstanding failures of several phase III trials. EXPERT OPINION An exponential number of randomized clinical trials are underway testing promising new molecules to increase treatment choices for patients with IPF and improve patients' quality of life. The next goals should aim at a deeper understanding of the pathogenic pathways of the disease with the challenging goal of being able not only to stabilize but also to reverse the ongoing fibrotic process in patients with IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo Sofia
- Dipartimento di scienze mediche e chirurgiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessia Comes
- Dipartimento di scienze mediche e chirurgiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giacomo Sgalla
- Dipartimento di scienze mediche e chirurgiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Richeldi
- Dipartimento di scienze mediche e chirurgiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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Richeldi L, Azuma A, Cottin V, Kreuter M, Maher TM, Martinez FJ, Oldham JM, Valenzuela C, Gordat M, Liu Y, Stowasser S, Zoz DF, Wijsenbeek MS. Design of a phase III, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial of BI 1015550 in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (FIBRONEER-IPF). BMJ Open Respir Res 2023; 10:e001563. [PMID: 37597969 PMCID: PMC10441083 DOI: 10.1136/bmjresp-2022-001563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionThere is an unmet need for new treatments for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). The oral preferential phosphodiesterase 4B inhibitor, BI 1015550, prevented a decline in forced vital capacity (FVC) in a phase II study in patients with IPF. This study design describes the subsequent pivotal phase III study of BI 1015550 in patients with IPF (FIBRONEER-IPF). METHODS AND ANALYSIS In this placebo-controlled, double-blind, phase III trial, patients are being randomised in a 1:1:1 ratio to receive 9 mg or 18 mg of BI 1015550 or placebo two times per day over at least 52 weeks, stratified by use of background antifibrotics (nintedanib/pirfenidone vs neither). The primary endpoint is the absolute change in FVC at week 52. The key secondary endpoint is a composite of time to first acute IPF exacerbation, hospitalisation due to respiratory cause or death over the duration of the trial. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The trial is being carried out in compliance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, in accordance with the International Council on Harmonisation Guideline for Good Clinical Practice and other local ethics committees. The results of the study will be disseminated at scientific congresses and in peer-reviewed publications. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT05321069.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Richeldi
- Unità Operativa Complessa di Pneumologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Arata Azuma
- Pulmonary Medicine and Oncology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
- Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Research Centre, Meisei Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Vincent Cottin
- Hôpital Louis Pradel, Centre Coordonnateur National de référence des Maladies Pulmonaires Rares, Hospices Civils de Lyon, UMR754, INRAE, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Member of ERN-LUNG, Lyon, France
| | - Michael Kreuter
- Centre for Interstitial and Rare Lung Diseases, Department of Pneumology, Thoraxklinik, University of Heidelberg, German Center for Lung Research, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Pneumology, RKH Clinic Ludwigsburg, Ludwigsburg, Germany
| | - Toby M Maher
- Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, USC Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Section of Inflammation, Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Justin M Oldham
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Claudia Valenzuela
- ILD Unit, Pulmonology Department, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maud Gordat
- Clinical Development & Operation Department, Boehringer Ingelheim, Reims, France
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Susanne Stowasser
- TA Inflammation Med, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Donald F Zoz
- Global Clinical Development and Medical Affairs, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Marlies S Wijsenbeek
- Centre for Interstitial Lung Diseases and Sarcoidosis, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Pan W, Xiang L, Liang X, Du W, Zhao J, Zhang S, Zhou X, Geng L, Gong S, Xu W. Vitronectin Destroyed Intestinal Epithelial Cell Differentiation through Activation of PDE4-Mediated Ferroptosis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Mediators Inflamm 2023; 2023:6623329. [PMID: 37501933 PMCID: PMC10371469 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6623329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Vitronectin (VTN) has been reported to trigger cell pyroptosis to aggravate inflammation in our previous study. However, the function of VTN in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remains to be addressed. Methods Real-time PCR and western blotting were performed to analyze VTN-regulated intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) differentiation through ferroptosis, and immunofluorescence (IF), luciferase, and chromatin immunoprecipitation were used to identify whether VTN-modulated ferroptosis is dependent on phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4)/protein kinase A (PKA)/cyclic adenosine monophosphate-response element-binding protein (CREB) cascade pathway. In vivo experiment in mice and a pilot study in patients with IBD were used to confirm inhibition of PDE4-alleviated IECs ferroptosis, leading to cell differentiation during mucosal healing. Results Herein, we found that caudal-related homeobox transcription factor 2-mediated IECs differentiation was impaired in response to VTN, which was attributed to enhanced ferroptosis characterized by decreased glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and solute carrier family 7 member 11 expression. Inhibition of ferroptosis in IECs rescued the inhibitory effect of VTN on cell differentiation. Further analysis showed that VTN triggered phosphorylation of PDE4, leading to inhibit PKA/CREB activation and CREB nuclear translocation, which further reduced GPX4 transactivation. Endogenous PKA interacted with CREB, and this interaction was destroyed in response to VTN stimulation. What is more, overexpression of CREB in CaCO2 cells overcame the promotion of VTN on ferroptosis. Most importantly, inhibition of PDE4 by roflumilast or dipyridamole could alleviate dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice and in a pilot clinical study confirmed by IF. Conclusions These findings demonstrated that highly expressed VTN disrupted IECs differentiation through PDE4-mediated ferroptosis in IBD, suggesting targeting PDE4 could be a promising therapeutic strategy for patients with IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxu Pan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Li Xiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Xinhua Liang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Wenjun Du
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Junhong Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Song Zhang
- Department of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lanlan Geng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Sitang Gong
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Wanfu Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
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Kolb M, Crestani B, Maher TM. Phosphodiesterase 4B inhibition: a potential novel strategy for treating pulmonary fibrosis. Eur Respir Rev 2023; 32:32/167/220206. [PMID: 36813290 PMCID: PMC9949383 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0206-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with interstitial lung disease can develop a progressive fibrosing phenotype characterised by an irreversible, progressive decline in lung function despite treatment. Current therapies slow, but do not reverse or stop, disease progression and are associated with side-effects that can cause treatment delay or discontinuation. Most crucially, mortality remains high. There is an unmet need for more efficacious and better-tolerated and -targeted treatments for pulmonary fibrosis. Pan-phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitors have been investigated in respiratory conditions. However, the use of oral inhibitors can be complicated due to class-related systemic adverse events, including diarrhoea and headaches. The PDE4B subtype, which has an important role in inflammation and fibrosis, has been identified in the lungs. Preferentially targeting PDE4B has the potential to drive anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects via a subsequent increase in cAMP, but with improved tolerability. Phase I and II trials of a novel PDE4B inhibitor in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis have shown promising results, stabilising pulmonary function measured by change in forced vital capacity from baseline, while maintaining an acceptable safety profile. Further research into the efficacy and safety of PDE4B inhibitors in larger patient populations and for a longer treatment period is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kolb
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada,Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Bruno Crestani
- Service de Pneumologie A, Hôpital Bichat, APHP, Paris, France,INSERM, Unité 1152, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Toby M. Maher
- Keck Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK,Corresponding author: Toby M. Maher ()
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Yang X, Xu Z, Hu S, Shen J. Perspectives of PDE inhibitor on treating idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1111393. [PMID: 36865908 PMCID: PMC9973527 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1111393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive interstitial lung disease (ILD) without an identifiable cause. If not treated after diagnosis, the average life expectancy is 3-5 years. Currently approved drugs for the treatment of IPF are Pirfenidone and Nintedanib, as antifibrotic drugs, which can reduce the decline rate of forced vital capacity (FVC) and reduce the risk of acute exacerbation of IPF. However these drugs can not relieve the symptoms associated with IPF, nor improve the overall survival rate of IPF patients. We need to develop new, safe and effective drugs to treat pulmonary fibrosis. Previous studies have shown that cyclic nucleotides participate in the pathway and play an essential role in the process of pulmonary fibrosis. Phosphodiesterase (PDEs) is involved in cyclic nucleotide metabolism, so PDE inhibitors are candidates for pulmonary fibrosis. This paper reviews the research progress of PDE inhibitors related to pulmonary fibrosis, so as to provide ideas for the development of anti-pulmonary fibrosis drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudan Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yiwu, China
| | | | - Songhua Hu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yiwu, China
| | - Juan Shen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yiwu, China
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11
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Targeting phosphodiesterase 4 as a therapeutic strategy for cognitive improvement. Bioorg Chem 2022; 130:106278. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.106278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Richeldi L, Azuma A, Cottin V, Hesslinger C, Stowasser S, Valenzuela C, Wijsenbeek MS, Zoz DF, Voss F, Maher TM. Trial of a Preferential Phosphodiesterase 4B Inhibitor for Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. N Engl J Med 2022; 386:2178-2187. [PMID: 35569036 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2201737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibition is associated with antiinflammatory and antifibrotic effects that may be beneficial in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. METHODS In this phase 2, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, we investigated the efficacy and safety of BI 1015550, an oral preferential inhibitor of the PDE4B subtype, in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Patients were randomly assigned in a 2:1 ratio to receive BI 1015550 at a dose of 18 mg twice daily or placebo. The primary end point was the change from baseline in the forced vital capacity (FVC) at 12 weeks, which we analyzed with a Bayesian approach separately according to background nonuse or use of an antifibrotic agent. RESULTS A total of 147 patients were randomly assigned to receive BI 1015550 or placebo. Among patients without background antifibrotic use, the median change in the FVC was 5.7 ml (95% credible interval, -39.1 to 50.5) in the BI 1015550 group and -81.7 ml (95% credible interval, -133.5 to -44.8) in the placebo group (median difference, 88.4 ml; 95% credible interval, 29.5 to 154.2; probability that BI 1015550 was superior to placebo, 0.998). Among patients with background antifibrotic use, the median change in the FVC was 2.7 ml (95% credible interval, -32.8 to 38.2) in the BI 1015550 group and -59.2 ml (95% credible interval, -111.8 to -17.9) in the placebo group (median difference, 62.4 ml; 95% credible interval, 6.3 to 125.5; probability that BI 1015550 was superior to placebo, 0.986). A mixed model with repeated measures analysis provided results that were consistent with those of the Bayesian analysis. The most frequent adverse event was diarrhea. A total of 13 patients discontinued BI 1015550 treatment owing to adverse events. The percentages of patients with serious adverse events or severe adverse events were similar in the two trial groups. CONCLUSIONS In this placebo-controlled trial, treatment with BI 1015550, either alone or with background use of an antifibrotic agent, prevented a decrease in lung function in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. (Funded by Boehringer Ingelheim; 1305-0013 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04419506.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Richeldi
- From Unità Operativa Complessa di Pneumologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome (L.R.); Nippon Medical School, Tokyo (A.A.); Hôpital Louis Pradel, Centre National de Référence des Maladies Pulmonaires Rares, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Unité Mixte de Recherche 754 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique and Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ERN-LUNG (European Reference Network on Rare Respiratory Diseases), RespiFil, OrphaLung, Lyon, France (V.C.); Translational Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Boehringer Ingelheim International, Biberach (C.H.), and TA Inflammation Medicine (S.S.), Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma (F.V.), Ingelheim am Rhein - both in Germany; the Interstitial Lung Disease Unit, Department of Pulmonology, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, University Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid (C.V.); the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (M.S.W.); Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, CT (D.F.Z.); Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (T.M.M.); and the National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London (T.M.M.)
| | - Arata Azuma
- From Unità Operativa Complessa di Pneumologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome (L.R.); Nippon Medical School, Tokyo (A.A.); Hôpital Louis Pradel, Centre National de Référence des Maladies Pulmonaires Rares, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Unité Mixte de Recherche 754 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique and Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ERN-LUNG (European Reference Network on Rare Respiratory Diseases), RespiFil, OrphaLung, Lyon, France (V.C.); Translational Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Boehringer Ingelheim International, Biberach (C.H.), and TA Inflammation Medicine (S.S.), Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma (F.V.), Ingelheim am Rhein - both in Germany; the Interstitial Lung Disease Unit, Department of Pulmonology, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, University Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid (C.V.); the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (M.S.W.); Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, CT (D.F.Z.); Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (T.M.M.); and the National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London (T.M.M.)
| | - Vincent Cottin
- From Unità Operativa Complessa di Pneumologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome (L.R.); Nippon Medical School, Tokyo (A.A.); Hôpital Louis Pradel, Centre National de Référence des Maladies Pulmonaires Rares, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Unité Mixte de Recherche 754 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique and Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ERN-LUNG (European Reference Network on Rare Respiratory Diseases), RespiFil, OrphaLung, Lyon, France (V.C.); Translational Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Boehringer Ingelheim International, Biberach (C.H.), and TA Inflammation Medicine (S.S.), Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma (F.V.), Ingelheim am Rhein - both in Germany; the Interstitial Lung Disease Unit, Department of Pulmonology, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, University Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid (C.V.); the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (M.S.W.); Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, CT (D.F.Z.); Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (T.M.M.); and the National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London (T.M.M.)
| | - Christian Hesslinger
- From Unità Operativa Complessa di Pneumologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome (L.R.); Nippon Medical School, Tokyo (A.A.); Hôpital Louis Pradel, Centre National de Référence des Maladies Pulmonaires Rares, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Unité Mixte de Recherche 754 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique and Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ERN-LUNG (European Reference Network on Rare Respiratory Diseases), RespiFil, OrphaLung, Lyon, France (V.C.); Translational Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Boehringer Ingelheim International, Biberach (C.H.), and TA Inflammation Medicine (S.S.), Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma (F.V.), Ingelheim am Rhein - both in Germany; the Interstitial Lung Disease Unit, Department of Pulmonology, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, University Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid (C.V.); the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (M.S.W.); Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, CT (D.F.Z.); Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (T.M.M.); and the National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London (T.M.M.)
| | - Susanne Stowasser
- From Unità Operativa Complessa di Pneumologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome (L.R.); Nippon Medical School, Tokyo (A.A.); Hôpital Louis Pradel, Centre National de Référence des Maladies Pulmonaires Rares, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Unité Mixte de Recherche 754 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique and Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ERN-LUNG (European Reference Network on Rare Respiratory Diseases), RespiFil, OrphaLung, Lyon, France (V.C.); Translational Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Boehringer Ingelheim International, Biberach (C.H.), and TA Inflammation Medicine (S.S.), Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma (F.V.), Ingelheim am Rhein - both in Germany; the Interstitial Lung Disease Unit, Department of Pulmonology, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, University Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid (C.V.); the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (M.S.W.); Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, CT (D.F.Z.); Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (T.M.M.); and the National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London (T.M.M.)
| | - Claudia Valenzuela
- From Unità Operativa Complessa di Pneumologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome (L.R.); Nippon Medical School, Tokyo (A.A.); Hôpital Louis Pradel, Centre National de Référence des Maladies Pulmonaires Rares, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Unité Mixte de Recherche 754 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique and Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ERN-LUNG (European Reference Network on Rare Respiratory Diseases), RespiFil, OrphaLung, Lyon, France (V.C.); Translational Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Boehringer Ingelheim International, Biberach (C.H.), and TA Inflammation Medicine (S.S.), Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma (F.V.), Ingelheim am Rhein - both in Germany; the Interstitial Lung Disease Unit, Department of Pulmonology, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, University Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid (C.V.); the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (M.S.W.); Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, CT (D.F.Z.); Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (T.M.M.); and the National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London (T.M.M.)
| | - Marlies S Wijsenbeek
- From Unità Operativa Complessa di Pneumologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome (L.R.); Nippon Medical School, Tokyo (A.A.); Hôpital Louis Pradel, Centre National de Référence des Maladies Pulmonaires Rares, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Unité Mixte de Recherche 754 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique and Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ERN-LUNG (European Reference Network on Rare Respiratory Diseases), RespiFil, OrphaLung, Lyon, France (V.C.); Translational Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Boehringer Ingelheim International, Biberach (C.H.), and TA Inflammation Medicine (S.S.), Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma (F.V.), Ingelheim am Rhein - both in Germany; the Interstitial Lung Disease Unit, Department of Pulmonology, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, University Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid (C.V.); the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (M.S.W.); Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, CT (D.F.Z.); Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (T.M.M.); and the National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London (T.M.M.)
| | - Donald F Zoz
- From Unità Operativa Complessa di Pneumologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome (L.R.); Nippon Medical School, Tokyo (A.A.); Hôpital Louis Pradel, Centre National de Référence des Maladies Pulmonaires Rares, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Unité Mixte de Recherche 754 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique and Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ERN-LUNG (European Reference Network on Rare Respiratory Diseases), RespiFil, OrphaLung, Lyon, France (V.C.); Translational Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Boehringer Ingelheim International, Biberach (C.H.), and TA Inflammation Medicine (S.S.), Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma (F.V.), Ingelheim am Rhein - both in Germany; the Interstitial Lung Disease Unit, Department of Pulmonology, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, University Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid (C.V.); the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (M.S.W.); Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, CT (D.F.Z.); Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (T.M.M.); and the National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London (T.M.M.)
| | - Florian Voss
- From Unità Operativa Complessa di Pneumologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome (L.R.); Nippon Medical School, Tokyo (A.A.); Hôpital Louis Pradel, Centre National de Référence des Maladies Pulmonaires Rares, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Unité Mixte de Recherche 754 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique and Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ERN-LUNG (European Reference Network on Rare Respiratory Diseases), RespiFil, OrphaLung, Lyon, France (V.C.); Translational Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Boehringer Ingelheim International, Biberach (C.H.), and TA Inflammation Medicine (S.S.), Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma (F.V.), Ingelheim am Rhein - both in Germany; the Interstitial Lung Disease Unit, Department of Pulmonology, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, University Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid (C.V.); the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (M.S.W.); Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, CT (D.F.Z.); Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (T.M.M.); and the National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London (T.M.M.)
| | - Toby M Maher
- From Unità Operativa Complessa di Pneumologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome (L.R.); Nippon Medical School, Tokyo (A.A.); Hôpital Louis Pradel, Centre National de Référence des Maladies Pulmonaires Rares, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Unité Mixte de Recherche 754 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique and Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ERN-LUNG (European Reference Network on Rare Respiratory Diseases), RespiFil, OrphaLung, Lyon, France (V.C.); Translational Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Boehringer Ingelheim International, Biberach (C.H.), and TA Inflammation Medicine (S.S.), Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma (F.V.), Ingelheim am Rhein - both in Germany; the Interstitial Lung Disease Unit, Department of Pulmonology, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, University Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid (C.V.); the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (M.S.W.); Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, CT (D.F.Z.); Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (T.M.M.); and the National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London (T.M.M.)
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13
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Herrmann FE, Hesslinger C, Wollin L, Nickolaus P. BI 1015550 is a PDE4B Inhibitor and a Clinical Drug Candidate for the Oral Treatment of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:838449. [PMID: 35517783 PMCID: PMC9065678 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.838449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory abilities of oral selective phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitors enabled the approval of roflumilast and apremilast for use in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and psoriasis/psoriatic arthritis, respectively. However, the antifibrotic potential of PDE4 inhibitors has not yet been explored clinically. BI 1015550 is a novel PDE4 inhibitor showing a preferential enzymatic inhibition of PDE4B. In vitro, BI 1015550 inhibits lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and phytohemagglutinin-induced interleukin-2 synthesis in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, as well as LPS-induced TNF-α synthesis in human and rat whole blood. In vivo, oral BI 1015550 shows potent anti-inflammatory activity in mice by inhibiting LPS-induced TNF-α synthesis ex vivo and in Suncus murinus by inhibiting neutrophil influx into bronchoalveolar lavage fluid stimulated by nebulized LPS. In Suncus murinus, PDE4 inhibitors induce emesis, a well-known gastrointestinal side effect limiting the use of PDE4 inhibitors in humans, and the therapeutic ratio of BI 1015550 appeared to be substantially improved compared with roflumilast. Oral BI 1015550 was also tested in two well-known mouse models of lung fibrosis (induced by either bleomycin or silica) under therapeutic conditions, and appeared to be effective by modulating various model-specific parameters. To better understand the antifibrotic potential of BI 1015550 in vivo, its direct effect on human fibroblasts from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) was investigated in vitro. BI 1015550 inhibited transforming growth factor-β-stimulated myofibroblast transformation and the mRNA expression of various extracellular matrix proteins, as well as basic fibroblast growth factor plus interleukin-1β-induced cell proliferation. Nintedanib overall was unremarkable in these assays, but interestingly, the inhibition of proliferation was synergistic when it was combined with BI 1015550, leading to a roughly 10-fold shift of the concentration–response curve to the left. In summary, the unique preferential inhibition of PDE4B by BI 1015550 and its anticipated improved tolerability in humans, plus its anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic potential, suggest BI 1015550 to be a promising oral clinical candidate for the treatment of IPF and other fibro-proliferative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lutz Wollin
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Peter Nickolaus
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
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14
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Zhao F, Chen W, Zhou H, Reinach PS, Wang Y, Juo SHH, Yang Z, Xue A, Shi Y, Liang CL, Zeng C, Qu J, Zhou X. PDE4B Proposed as a High Myopia Susceptibility Gene in Chinese Population. Front Genet 2022; 12:775797. [PMID: 35116054 PMCID: PMC8804583 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.775797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Myopia is the most common cause of refractive error worldwide. High myopia is a severe type of myopia, which usually accompanies pathological changes in the fundus. To identify high myopia susceptibility genes, DNA-pooling based genome-wide association analysis was used to search for a correlation between single nucleotide polymorphisms and high myopia in a Han Chinese cohort (cases vs. controls in discovery stage: 507 vs. 294; replication stage 1: 991 vs. 1,025; replication stage 2: 1,021 vs. 52,708). Three variants (rs10889602T/G, rs2193015T/C, rs9676191A/C) were identified as being significantly associated with high myopia in the discovery, and replication stage. rs10889602T/G is located at the third intron of phosphodiesterase 4B (PDE4B), whose functional assays were performed by comparing the effects of rs10889602T/T deletion of this risk allele on PDE4B and COL1A1 gene and protein expression levels in the rs10889602T/Tdel/del, rs10889602T/Tdel/wt, and normal control A549 cell lines. The declines in the PDE4B and COL1A1 gene expression levels were larger in the rs10889602T/T deleted A549 cells than in the normal control A549 cells (one-way ANOVA, p < 0.001). The knockdown of PDE4B by siRNA in human scleral fibroblasts led to downregulation of COL1A1. This correspondence between the declines in rs10889602 of the PDE4B gene, PDE4B knockdown, and COL1A1 protein expression levels suggest that PDE4B may be a novel high myopia susceptibility gene, which regulates myopia progression through controlling scleral collagen I expression levels. More studies are needed to determine if there is a correlation between PDE4B and high myopia in other larger sample sized cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuxin Zhao
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Engineering Medicine, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Wenzhou, China
| | - Peter S Reinach
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yuhan Wang
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Wenzhou, China
| | - Suh-Hang H Juo
- Center for Myopia and Eye Disease, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, China
| | - Zhenglin Yang
- The Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study of Sichuan Province and Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Anquan Xue
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yi Shi
- The Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study of Sichuan Province and Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Chung-Ling Liang
- Center for Myopia and Eye Disease, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, China
| | - Changqing Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Qu
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Wenzhou, China.,Research Unit of Myopia Basic Research and Clinical Prevention and Control, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiangtian Zhou
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Wenzhou, China.,Research Unit of Myopia Basic Research and Clinical Prevention and Control, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wenzhou, China
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15
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Huang YY, Deng J, Tian YJ, Liang J, Xie X, Huang Y, Zhu J, Zhu Z, Zhou Q, He X, Luo HB. Mangostanin Derivatives as Novel and Orally Active Phosphodiesterase 4 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis with Improved Safety. J Med Chem 2021; 64:13736-13751. [PMID: 34520193 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive lung disease, and its incidence rate is rapidly rising. However, effective therapies for the treatment of IPF are still lacking. Phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitors were reported to be potential anti-fibrotic agents, but their clinical use was hampered by side effects like emesis and nausea. Herein, structure-based hit-to-lead optimizations of natural mangostanin resulted in the novel and orally active PDE4 inhibitor 18a with potent inhibitory affinity (IC50 = 4.2 nM), favorable physico-chemical properties, and a different binding pattern from roflumilast. Emetic activity tests on dogs demonstrated that 18a cannot cause emesis even at an oral dose of 10 mg/kg, whereas rolipram had severe emetic effects at an oral dose of 1 mg/kg. Finally, the oral administration of 18a (10 mg/kg) exhibited comparable anti-pulmonary fibrosis effects with pirfenidone (150 mg/kg) in a bleomycin-induced IPF rat model, indicating its potential as a novel anti-IPF agent with improved safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-You Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Jinhui Deng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Jing Tian
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Jinhao Liang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Xi Xie
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yue Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Jiaqi Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Ziran Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Xixin He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Bin Luo
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
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16
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Zhao F, Zhou H, Chen W, Zhao C, Zheng Y, Tao Y, Pan M, Reinach PS, Zhu J, An J, Lu R, Chen JF, Tang H, Zeng C, Qu J, Zhou X. Declines in PDE4B activity promote myopia progression through downregulation of scleral collagen expression. Exp Eye Res 2021; 212:108758. [PMID: 34506801 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Myopia is the most common cause of a visual refractive error worldwide. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-linked signaling pathways contribute to the regulation of myopia development, and increases in cAMP accumulation promote myopia progression. To pinpoint the underlying mechanisms by which cAMP modulates myopia progression, we performed scleral transcriptome sequencing analysis in form-deprived mice, a well-established model of myopia development. Form deprivation significantly inhibited the expression levels of genes in the cAMP catabolic pathway. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis validated that the gene expression level of phosphodiesterase 4B (PDE4B), a cAMP hydrolase, was downregulated in form-deprived mouse eyes. Under visually unobstructed conditions, loss of PDE4B function in Pde4b-knockout mice increased the myopic shift in refraction, -3.661 ± 1.071 diopters, more than that in the Pde4b-wildtype littermates (P < 0.05). This suggests that downregulation and inhibition of PDE4B gives rise to myopia. In guinea pigs, subconjunctival injection of rolipram, a selective inhibitor of PDE4, led to myopia in normal eyes, and it also enhanced form-deprivation myopia (FDM). Subconjunctival injection of dibutyryl-cyclic adenosine monophosphate, a cAMP analog, induced only a myopic shift in the normal visually unobstructed eyes, but it did not enhance FDM. As myopia developed, axial elongation occurred during scleral remodeling that was correlated with changes in collagen fibril thickness and distribution. The median collagen fibril diameter in the FDM + rolipram group, 55.09 ± 1.83 nm, was thinner than in the FDM + vehicle group, 59.33 ± 2.06 nm (P = 0.011). Thus, inhibition of PDE4 activity with rolipram thinned the collagen fibril diameter relative to the vehicle treatment in form-deprived eyes. Rolipram also inhibited increases in collagen synthesis induced by TGF-β2 in cultured human scleral fibroblasts. The current results further support a role for PDE enzymes such as PDE4B in the regulation of normal refractive development and myopia because either loss or inhibition of PDE4B function increased myopia and FDM development through declines in the scleral collagen fibril diameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuxin Zhao
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Hui Zhou
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chenchen Zhao
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yangyang Zheng
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yijin Tao
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Miaozhen Pan
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Peter S Reinach
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiadi Zhu
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianhong An
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Runxia Lu
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiang-Fan Chen
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huifang Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Changqing Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Qu
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Research Unit of Myopia Basic Research and Clinical Prevention and Control, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU025), Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiangtian Zhou
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Research Unit of Myopia Basic Research and Clinical Prevention and Control, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU025), Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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17
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Mokra D, Mokry J. Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors in Acute Lung Injury: What Are the Perspectives? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1929. [PMID: 33669167 PMCID: PMC7919656 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite progress in understanding the pathophysiology of acute lung damage, currently approved treatment possibilities are limited to lung-protective ventilation, prone positioning, and supportive interventions. Various pharmacological approaches have also been tested, with neuromuscular blockers and corticosteroids considered as the most promising. However, inhibitors of phosphodiesterases (PDEs) also exert a broad spectrum of favorable effects potentially beneficial in acute lung damage. This article reviews pharmacological action and therapeutical potential of nonselective and selective PDE inhibitors and summarizes the results from available studies focused on the use of PDE inhibitors in animal models and clinical studies, including their adverse effects. The data suggest that xanthines as representatives of nonselective PDE inhibitors may reduce acute lung damage, and decrease mortality and length of hospital stay. Various (selective) PDE3, PDE4, and PDE5 inhibitors have also demonstrated stabilization of the pulmonary epithelial-endothelial barrier and reduction the sepsis- and inflammation-increased microvascular permeability, and suppression of the production of inflammatory mediators, which finally resulted in improved oxygenation and ventilatory parameters. However, the current lack of sufficient clinical evidence limits their recommendation for a broader use. A separate chapter focuses on involvement of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and PDE-related changes in its metabolism in association with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The chapter illuminates perspectives of the use of PDE inhibitors as an add-on treatment based on actual experimental and clinical trials with preliminary data suggesting their potential benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Mokra
- Department of Physiology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Juraj Mokry
- Department of Pharmacology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia;
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18
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A Novel, Pan-PDE Inhibitor Exerts Anti-Fibrotic Effects in Human Lung Fibroblasts via Inhibition of TGF-β Signaling and Activation of cAMP/PKA Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21114008. [PMID: 32503342 PMCID: PMC7312375 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors are currently a widespread and extensively studied group of anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic compounds which may find use in the treatment of numerous lung diseases, including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Several PDE inhibitors are currently in clinical development, and some of them, e.g., roflumilast, are already recommended for clinical use. Due to numerous reports indicating that elevated intracellular cAMP levels may contribute to the alleviation of inflammation and airway fibrosis, new and effective PDE inhibitors are constantly being sought. Recently, a group of 7,8-disubstituted purine-2,6-dione derivatives, representing a novel and prominent pan-PDE inhibitors has been synthesized. Some of them were reported to modulate transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) ion channels as well. In this study, we investigated the effect of selected derivatives (832—a pan-PDE inhibitor, 869—a TRPA1 modulator, and 145—a pan-PDE inhibitor and a weak TRPA1 modulator) on cellular responses related to airway remodeling using MRC-5 human lung fibroblasts. Compound 145 exerted the most considerable effect in limiting fibroblast to myofibroblasts transition (FMT) as well as proliferation, migration, and contraction. The effect of this compound appeared to depend mainly on its strong PDE inhibitory properties, and not on its effects on TRPA1 modulation. The strong anti-remodeling effects of 145 required activation of the cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA)/cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) pathway leading to inhibition of transforming growth factor type β1 (TGF-β1) and Smad-dependent signaling in MRC-5 cells. These data suggest that the TGF-β pathway is a major target for PDE inhibitors leading to inhibitory effects on cell responses involved in airway remodeling. These potent, pan-PDE inhibitors from the group of 7,8-disubstituted purine-2,6-dione derivatives, thus represent promising anti-remodeling drug candidates for further research.
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19
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El-Husseiny WM, El-Sayed MAA, El-Azab AS, AlSaif NA, Alanazi MM, Abdel-Aziz AAM. Synthesis, antitumor activity, and molecular docking study of 2-cyclopentyloxyanisole derivatives: mechanistic study of enzyme inhibition. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2020; 35:744-758. [PMID: 32183576 PMCID: PMC7144195 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2020.1740695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of 24 compounds was synthesised based on a 2-cyclopentyloxyanisole scaffold 3–14 and their in vitro antitumor activity was evaluated. Compounds 4a, 4b, 6b, 7b, 13, and 14 had the most potent antitumor activity (IC50 range: 5.13–17.95 μM), compared to those of the reference drugs celecoxib, afatinib, and doxorubicin. The most active derivatives 4a, 4b, 7b, and 13 were evaluated for their inhibitory activity against COX-2, PDE4B, and TNF-α. Compounds 4a and 13 potently inhibited TNF-α (IC50 values: 2.01 and 6.72 μM, respectively) compared with celecoxib (IC50=6.44 μM). Compounds 4b and 13 potently inhibited COX-2 (IC50 values: 1.08 and 1.88 μM, respectively) comparable to that of celecoxib (IC50=0.68 μM). Compounds 4a, 7b, and 13 inhibited PDE4B (IC50 values: 5.62, 5.65, and 3.98 μM, respectively) compared with the reference drug roflumilast (IC50=1.55 μM). The molecular docking of compounds 4b and 13 with the COX-2 and PDE4B binding pockets was studied.Highlights Antitumor activity of new synthesized cyclopentyloxyanisole scaffold was evaluated. The powerful antitumor 4a, 4b, 6b, 7b & 13 were assessed as COX-2, PDE4B & TNF-α inhibitors. Compounds 4a, 7b, and 13 exhibited COX-2, PDE4B, and TNF-α inhibition. Compounds 4b and 13 showed strong interactions at the COX-2 and PDE4B binding pockets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walaa M El-Husseiny
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Magda A-A El-Sayed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University, New Damietta, Egypt
| | - Adel S El-Azab
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nawaf A AlSaif
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M Alanazi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alaa A-M Abdel-Aziz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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20
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The modulatory effects of the PDE4 inhibitors CHF6001 and roflumilast in alveolar macrophages and lung tissue from COPD patients. Cytokine 2019; 123:154739. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.154739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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21
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WITHDRAWN: The modulatory effects of the PDE4 inhibitors CHF6001 and roflumilast in alveolar macrophages and lung tissue from COPD patients. Cytokine X 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytox.2019.100006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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22
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Increased Levels of cAMP by the Calcium-Dependent Activation of Soluble Adenylyl Cyclase in Parkin-Mutant Fibroblasts. Cells 2019; 8:cells8030250. [PMID: 30875974 PMCID: PMC6468892 DOI: 10.3390/cells8030250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Almost half of autosomal recessive early-onset parkinsonism has been associated with mutations in PARK2, coding for parkin, which plays an important role in mitochondria function and calcium homeostasis. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is a major second messenger regulating mitochondrial metabolism, and it is strictly interlocked with calcium homeostasis. Parkin-mutant (Pt) fibroblasts, exhibiting defective mitochondrial respiratory/OxPhos activity, showed a significant higher value of basal intracellular level of cAMP, as compared with normal fibroblasts (CTRL). Specific pharmacological inhibition/activation of members of the adenylyl cyclase- and of the phosphodiesterase-families, respectively, as well as quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis, indicate that the higher level of cAMP observed in Pt fibroblasts can contribute to a higher level of activity/expression by soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) and to low activity/expression of the phosphodiesterase isoform 4 (PDE4). As Ca2+ regulates sAC, we performed quantitative calcium-fluorimetric analysis, showing a higher level of Ca2+ in the both cytosol and mitochondria of Pt fibroblasts as compared with CTRL. Most notably, inhibition of the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter decreased, specifically the cAMP level in PD fibroblasts. All together, these findings support the occurrence of an altered mitochondrial Ca2+-mediated cAMP homeostasis in fibroblasts with the parkin mutation.
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Zuo H, Cattani-Cavalieri I, Musheshe N, Nikolaev VO, Schmidt M. Phosphodiesterases as therapeutic targets for respiratory diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 197:225-242. [PMID: 30759374 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic respiratory diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma, affect millions of people all over the world. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) which is one of the most important second messengers, plays a vital role in relaxing airway smooth muscles and suppressing inflammation. Given its vast role in regulating intracellular responses, cAMP provides an attractive pharmaceutical target in the treatment of chronic respiratory diseases. Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are enzymes that hydrolyze cyclic nucleotides and help control cyclic nucleotide signals in a compartmentalized manner. Currently, the selective PDE4 inhibitor, roflumilast, is used as an add-on treatment for patients with severe COPD associated with bronchitis and a history of frequent exacerbations. In addition, other novel PDE inhibitors are in different phases of clinical trials. The current review provides an overview of the regulation of various PDEs and the potential application of selective PDE inhibitors in the treatment of COPD and asthma. The possibility to combine various PDE inhibitors as a way to increase their therapeutic effectiveness is also emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoxiao Zuo
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, the Netherlands; Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Isabella Cattani-Cavalieri
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, the Netherlands; Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, GRIAC, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Nshunge Musheshe
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Viacheslav O Nikolaev
- Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martina Schmidt
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, the Netherlands; Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, GRIAC, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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24
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Al-Sajee D, Yin X, Gauvreau GM. An evaluation of roflumilast and PDE4 inhibitors with a focus on the treatment of asthma. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2019; 20:609-620. [PMID: 30722707 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2019.1570132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Asthma is a common chronic airway inflammatory disease characterized by diverse inflammatory events leading to airway hyperresponsiveness and reversible airflow obstruction. Corticosteroids have been the mainstay for asthma treatment due to their broad anti-inflammatory actions; however, other medications such as phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors also demonstrate anti-inflammatory activity in the airways. AREAS COVERED This review describes tissue expression of phosphodiesterase 4 in the airways, the different phosphodiesterase 4 isoenzymes identified, and the anti-inflammatory activities of phosphodiesterase 4 inhibition in asthma and related findings in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The authors further review clinical trials demonstrating that drugs such as roflumilast have an excellent safety profile and efficacy in patients with asthma and COPD. EXPERT OPINION Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors suppress the activity of immune cells, an effect similar to corticosteroids although by acting through different anti-inflammatory pathways and uniquely blocking neutrophilic inflammation. Roflumilast and other phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors have been shown to provide additive protection in asthma when added to corticosteroid and anti-leukotriene treatment. Developmental drugs with dual phosphodiesterase 3 and 4 inhibition are thought to be able to provide bronchodilation and anti-inflammatory activities and will consequently be pushed forward in their clinical development for the treatment of asthma and COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhuha Al-Sajee
- a Department of Medicine , McMaster University , Hamilton , ON , Canada
| | - Xuanzhi Yin
- a Department of Medicine , McMaster University , Hamilton , ON , Canada
| | - Gail M Gauvreau
- a Department of Medicine , McMaster University , Hamilton , ON , Canada
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25
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Zuo H, Han B, Poppinga WJ, Ringnalda L, Kistemaker LEM, Halayko AJ, Gosens R, Nikolaev VO, Schmidt M. Cigarette smoke up-regulates PDE3 and PDE4 to decrease cAMP in airway cells. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:2988-3006. [PMID: 29722436 PMCID: PMC6016635 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE cAMP is a central second messenger that broadly regulates cell function and can underpin pathophysiology. In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, a lung disease primarily provoked by cigarette smoke (CS), the activation of cAMP-dependent pathways, via inhibition of hydrolyzing PDEs, is a major therapeutic strategy. Mechanisms that disrupt cAMP signalling in airway cells, in particular regulation of endogenous PDEs, are poorly understood. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We used a novel Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) based cAMP biosensor in mice in vivo, ex vivo precision cut lung slices (PCLS) and in human cell models, in vitro, to track the effects of CS exposure. KEY RESULTS Under fenoterol stimulation, FRET responses to cilostamide were significantly increased in in vivo, ex vivo PCLS exposed to CS and in human airway smooth muscle cells exposed to CS extract. FRET signals to rolipram were only increased in the in vivo CS model. Under basal conditions, FRET responses to cilostamide and rolipram were significantly increased in in vivo, ex vivo PCLS exposed to CS. Elevated FRET signals to rolipram correlated with a protein up-regulation of PDE4 subtypes. In ex vivo PCLS exposed to CS extract, rolipram reversed down-regulation of ciliary beating frequency, whereas only cilostamide significantly increased airway relaxation of methacholine pre-contracted airways. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Exposure to CS, in vitro or in vivo, up-regulated expression and activity of both PDE3 and PDE4, which affected real-time cAMP dynamics. These mechanisms determine the availability of cAMP and can contribute to CS-induced pulmonary pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoxiao Zuo
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, GRIAC, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bing Han
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, GRIAC, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wilfred J Poppinga
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, GRIAC, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lennard Ringnalda
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Loes E M Kistemaker
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, GRIAC, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew J Halayko
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Reinoud Gosens
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, GRIAC, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Viacheslav O Nikolaev
- Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martina Schmidt
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, GRIAC, Groningen, The Netherlands
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26
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Lo CY, Michaeloudes C, Bhavsar PK, Huang CD, Chang PJ, Wang CH, Kuo HP, Chung KF. Reduced suppressive effect of β 2-adrenoceptor agonist on fibrocyte function in severe asthma. Respir Res 2017; 18:194. [PMID: 29162108 PMCID: PMC5697384 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-017-0678-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Patients with severe asthma have increased airway remodelling and elevated numbers of circulating fibrocytes with enhanced myofibroblastic differentiation capacity, despite being treated with high doses of corticosteroids, and long acting β2-adrenergic receptor (AR) agonists (LABAs). We determined the effect of β2-AR agonists, alone or in combination with corticosteroids, on fibrocyte function. Methods Non-adherent non-T cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from healthy subjects and patients with non-severe or severe asthma were treated with the β2-AR agonist, salmeterol, in the presence or absence of the corticosteroid dexamethasone. The number of fibrocytes (collagen I+/CD45+ cells) and differentiating fibrocytes (α-smooth muscle actin+ cells), and the expression of CC chemokine receptor 7 and of β2-AR were determined using flow cytometry. The role of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) was elucidated using the cAMP analogue 8-bromoadenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (8-Br-cAMP) and the phosphodiesterase type IV (PDE4) inhibitor, rolipram. Results Salmeterol reduced the proliferation, myofibroblastic differentiation and CCR7 expression of fibrocytes from healthy subjects and non-severe asthma patients. Fibrocytes from severe asthma patients had a lower baseline surface β2-AR expression and were relatively insensitive to salmeterol but not to 8-Br-cAMP or rolipram. Dexamethasone increased β2-AR expression and enhanced the inhibitory effect of salmeterol on severe asthma fibrocyte differentiation. Conclusions Fibrocytes from patients with severe asthma are relatively insensitive to the inhibitory effects of salmeterol, an effect which is reversed by combination with corticosteroids. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12931-017-0678-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yu Lo
- Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London and Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK.,Department of Thoracic Medicine, Chang Gung Medical Foundation, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Charalambos Michaeloudes
- Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London and Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
| | - Pankaj K Bhavsar
- Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London and Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK. .,Airway Disease, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London, SW3 6LY, UK.
| | - Chien-Da Huang
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Chang Gung Medical Foundation, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Jui Chang
- Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London and Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK.,Department of Thoracic Medicine, Chang Gung Medical Foundation, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hua Wang
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Chang Gung Medical Foundation, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Han-Pin Kuo
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Chang Gung Medical Foundation, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kian Fan Chung
- Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London and Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
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Jenei-Lanzl Z, Zwingenberg J, Lowin T, Anders S, Straub RH. Proinflammatory receptor switch from Gαs to Gαi signaling by β-arrestin-mediated PDE4 recruitment in mixed RA synovial cells. Brain Behav Immun 2015. [PMID: 26212359 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In chronic inflammation, prevention of cAMP degradation by phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) inhibition can be anti-inflammatory therapy. However, PDE4 inhibition was uneffective in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Recent studies demonstrated that PDE4/β-arrestin interaction at β-adrenoceptors resulted in switching from Gαs to Gαi signaling and ERK1/2 activation. Such a switch in signaling might elicit proinflammatory effects. We aimed to investigate this possible Gαs to Gαi signaling switch in RA and osteoarthritis (OA) mixed synoviocytes. METHODS Synoviocytes were treated alone or with combinations of adrenergic, dopaminergic, and adenosinergic drugs, rolipram (PDE4 inhibitor), inhibitors of Gαi signaling (pertussis toxin), and blockers of protein kinase A (PKA). Under normoxic or hypoxic conditions, proinflammatory TNF was the readout-parameter. We investigated co-expression and interaction of PDE4 and β-arrestin by imaging techniques. Expression of pERK1/2 was analyzed by western blotting. RESULTS Mixed synoviocytes in RA and OA possessed all major Gαs-coupled neurotransmitter receptors. Under hypoxia, particularly in RA cells, Gαs-coupled receptor agonists unexpectedly increased TNF and respective antagonists decreased TNF. Under hypoxia, rolipram alone or rolipram plus Gαs agonists increased TNF, which was reversed by pertussis toxin or PKA inhibition. Co-localization and interaction of PDE4 and β-arrestin in synovial tissue and cells was demonstrated. Gαs agonists or rolipram plus Gαs agonists increased pERK1/2 expression. CONCLUSIONS This study in human arthritic synovial tissue presents an unexpected proinflammatory switch from Gαs to Gαi signaling, which depends on PDE4/β-arrestin interaction. This phenomenon is most probably responsible for reduced efficacy of PDE4 inhibitors and Gαs agonists in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsa Jenei-Lanzl
- Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Neuroendocrine Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Janika Zwingenberg
- Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Neuroendocrine Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany
| | - Torsten Lowin
- Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Neuroendocrine Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sven Anders
- Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Neuroendocrine Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany
| | - Rainer H Straub
- Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Neuroendocrine Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany
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Milara J, Morcillo E, Monleon D, Tenor H, Cortijo J. Roflumilast Prevents the Metabolic Effects of Bleomycin-Induced Fibrosis in a Murine Model. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133453. [PMID: 26192616 PMCID: PMC4507994 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrotic remodeling is a process common to chronic lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pulmonary fibrosis, acute respiratory distress syndrome and asthma. Based on preclinical studies phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitors may exhibit beneficial anti-inflammatory and anti-remodeling properties for the treatment of these respiratory disorders. Effects of PDE4 inhibitors on changes in the lung metabolome in models of pulmonary fibrotic remodeling have not yet been explored. This work studies the effects of the PDE4 inhibitor roflumilast on changes in the lung metabolome in the common murine model of bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolic profiling of intact lung tissue. Metabolic profiling reveals strong differences between fibrotic and non-fibrotic tissue. These differences include increases in proline, glycine, lactate, taurine, phosphocholine and total glutathione and decreases in global fatty acids. In parallel, there was a loss in plasma BH4. This profile suggests that bleomycin produces alterations in the oxidative equilibrium, a strong inflammatory response and activation of the collagen synthesis among others. Roflumilast prevented most of these metabolic effects associated to pulmonary fibrosis suggesting a favorable anti-fibrotic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Milara
- Clinical Research Unit, University General Hospital Consortium, Valencia, Spain; CIBERES, Health Institute Carlos III, Valencia, Spain; Research Foundation of General Hospital of Valencia, Av. tres cruces s/n., E-46014, Valencia, Spain
| | - Esteban Morcillo
- CIBERES, Health Institute Carlos III, Valencia, Spain; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Daniel Monleon
- Fundacion Investigacion Hospital Clinico Universitario/INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Herman Tenor
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Julio Cortijo
- Clinical Research Unit, University General Hospital Consortium, Valencia, Spain; CIBERES, Health Institute Carlos III, Valencia, Spain; Research Foundation of General Hospital of Valencia, Av. tres cruces s/n., E-46014, Valencia, Spain; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Woeller CF, O'Loughlin CW, Pollock SJ, Thatcher TH, Feldon SE, Phipps RP. Thy1 (CD90) controls adipogenesis by regulating activity of the Src family kinase, Fyn. FASEB J 2014; 29:920-31. [PMID: 25416548 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-257121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide obesity rates are at epidemic levels, and new insight into the regulation of obesity and adipogenesis are required. Thy1 (CD90), a cell surface protein with an enigmatic function, is expressed on subsets of fibroblasts and stem cells. We used a diet-induced obesity model to show that Thy1-null mice gain weight at a faster rate and gain 30% more weight than control C57BL/6 mice. During adipogenesis, Thy1 expression is lost in mouse 3T3-L1 cells. Overexpression of Thy1 blocked adipocyte formation and reduced mRNA and protein expression of an adipocyte marker, fatty acid-binding protein 4, by 5-fold. Although preadipocyte fibroblasts expressed Thy1 mRNA and protein, adipocytes from mouse and human fat tissue had almost undetectable Thy1 levels. Thy1 decreases the activity of the adipogenic transcription factor PPARγ by more than 60% as shown by PPARγ-dependent reporter assays. Using both genetic and pharmacologic approaches, we show Thy1 expression dampens PPARγ by inhibiting the activity of the Src-family kinase, Fyn. Thus, these studies reveal Thy1 blocks adipogenesis and PPARγ by inhibiting Fyn and support the idea that Thy1 is a novel therapeutic target in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collynn F Woeller
- *Department of Environmental Medicine and Flaum Eye Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Charles W O'Loughlin
- *Department of Environmental Medicine and Flaum Eye Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Stephen J Pollock
- *Department of Environmental Medicine and Flaum Eye Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Thomas H Thatcher
- *Department of Environmental Medicine and Flaum Eye Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Steven E Feldon
- *Department of Environmental Medicine and Flaum Eye Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Richard P Phipps
- *Department of Environmental Medicine and Flaum Eye Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
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Milara J, Peiró T, Serrano A, Artigues E, Aparicio J, Tenor H, Sanz C, Cortijo J. Simvastatin Increases the Ability of Roflumilast N-oxide to Inhibit Cigarette Smoke-Induced Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition in Well-differentiated Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells in vitro. COPD 2014; 12:320-31. [PMID: 25207459 DOI: 10.3109/15412555.2014.948995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cigarette smoking contributes to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in COPD small bronchi as part of the lung remodeling process. We recently observed that roflumilast N-oxide (RNO), the active metabolite of the PDE4 inhibitor roflumilast, prevents cigarette smoke-induced EMT in differentiated human bronchial epithelial cells. Further, statins were shown to protect renal and alveolar epithelial cells from EMT. OBJECTIVES To analyze how RNO and simvastatin (SIM) interact on CSE-induced EMT in well-differentiated human bronchial epithelial cells (WD-HBEC) from small bronchi in vitro. METHODS WD-HBEC were stimulated with CSE (2.5%). The mesenchymal markers vimentin, collagen type I and α-SMA, the epithelial markers E-cadherin and ZO-1, as well as β-catenin were quantified by real time quantitative PCR or Western blotting. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured using the H2DCF-DA probe. GTP-Rac1 and pAkt were evaluated by Western blotting. RESULTS The combination of RNO at 2 nM and SIM at 100 nM was (over) additive to reverse CSE-induced EMT. CSE-induced EMT was partially mediated by the generation of ROS and the activation of the PI3K/Akt/β-catenin pathway. Both RNO at 2 nM and SIM at 100 nM partially abrogated this pathway, and its combination almost abolished ROS/ PI3K/Akt/β-catenin signaling and therefore EMT. CONCLUSIONS The PDE4 inhibitor roflumilast N-oxide acts (over)additively with simvastatin to prevent CSE-induced EMT in WD-HBEC in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Milara
- 1Clinical Research Unit (UIC), University General Hospital Consortium, Valencia , Spain
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31
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Weng MK, Natarajan K, Scholz D, Ivanova VN, Sachinidis A, Hengstler JG, Waldmann T, Leist M. Lineage-specific regulation of epigenetic modifier genes in human liver and brain. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102035. [PMID: 25054330 PMCID: PMC4108363 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite an abundance of studies on chromatin states and dynamics, there is an astonishing dearth of information on the expression of genes responsible for regulating histone and DNA modifications. We used here a set of 156 defined epigenetic modifier genes (EMG) and profiled their expression pattern in cells of different lineages. As reference value, expression data from human embryonic stem cells (hESC) were used. Hepatocyte-like cells were generated from hESC, and their EMG expression was compared to primary human liver cells. In parallel, we generated postmitotic human neurons (Lu d6), and compared their relative EMG expression to human cortex (Ctx). Clustering analysis of all cell types showed that neuronal lineage samples grouped together (94 similarly regulated EMG), as did liver cells (61 similarly-regulated), while the two lineages were clearly distinct. The general classification was followed by detailed comparison of the major EMG groups; genes that were higher expressed in differentiated cells than in hESC included the acetyltransferase KAT2B and the methyltransferase SETD7. Neuro-specific EMGs were the histone deacetylases HDAC5 and HDAC7, and the arginine-methyltransferase PRMT8. Comparison of young (Lu d6) and more aged (Ctx) neuronal samples suggested a maturation-dependent switch in the expression of functionally homologous proteins. For instance, the ratio of the histone H3 K27 methyltransfereases, EZH1 to EZH2, was high in Ctx and low in Lu d6. The same was observed for the polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1) subunits CBX7 and CBX8. A large proportion of EMGs in differentiated cells was very differently expressed than in hESC, and absolute levels were significantly higher in neuronal samples than in hepatic cells. Thus, there seem to be distinct qualitative and quantitative differences in EMG expression between cell lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias K. Weng
- Doerenkamp-Zbinden Chair for In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Karthick Natarajan
- Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Neurophysiology, University of Cologne (UKK), Cologne, Germany
| | - Diana Scholz
- Doerenkamp-Zbinden Chair for In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Violeta N. Ivanova
- Nycomed-Chair for Bioinformatics and Information Mining, Dept. of Computer and Information Science, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Agapios Sachinidis
- Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Neurophysiology, University of Cologne (UKK), Cologne, Germany
| | - Jan G. Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Technical University of Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Tanja Waldmann
- Doerenkamp-Zbinden Chair for In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Marcel Leist
- Doerenkamp-Zbinden Chair for In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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Yang Y, Zhang N, Lan F, Van Crombruggen K, Fang L, Hu G, Hong S, Bachert C. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 pathways in inflammatory airway diseases. Allergy 2014; 69:699-707. [PMID: 24750111 DOI: 10.1111/all.12403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) has been reported being involved in the remodeling and immunosuppression processes of inflammatory airway diseases; understanding the regulation of TGF-β1 is therefore a key to unravel the pathomechanisms of these diseases. This review briefly summarizes the current knowledge on the influencing factors for driving TGF-β1 and its regulatory pathways in inflammatory airway diseases and discusses possible therapeutic approaches to TGF-β1 control. The factors include smoking and oxidative stress, prostaglandins (PGs), leukotrienes (LTs), bradykinin (BK), and microRNAs (miRs). Based on the summary, new innovative treatment strategies may be developed for inflammatory airway diseases with an impaired expression of TGF-β1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Yang
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology; The First Affiliated Hospital; Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - N. Zhang
- Upper Airway Research Laboratory; Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
- Division of Nose, Throat and Ear Diseases; Clintec; Karolinska Institute; Stockholm Sweden
| | - F. Lan
- Upper Airway Research Laboratory; Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
- Division of Nose, Throat and Ear Diseases; Clintec; Karolinska Institute; Stockholm Sweden
| | - K. Van Crombruggen
- Upper Airway Research Laboratory; Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
- Division of Nose, Throat and Ear Diseases; Clintec; Karolinska Institute; Stockholm Sweden
| | - L. Fang
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology; The First Affiliated Hospital; Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - G. Hu
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology; The First Affiliated Hospital; Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - S. Hong
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology; The First Affiliated Hospital; Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - C. Bachert
- Upper Airway Research Laboratory; Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
- Division of Nose, Throat and Ear Diseases; Clintec; Karolinska Institute; Stockholm Sweden
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Ikari J, Michalski JM, Iwasawa S, Gunji Y, Nogel S, Park JH, Nelson AJ, Farid M, Wang X, Schulte N, Basma H, Toews ML, Feghali-Bostwick C, Tenor H, Liu X, Rennard SI. Phosphodiesterase-4 inhibition augments human lung fibroblast vascular endothelial growth factor production induced by prostaglandin E2. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 49:571-81. [PMID: 23656623 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0004oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung fibroblasts are believed to be a major source of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which supports the survival of lung endothelial cells and modulates the maintenance of the pulmonary microvasculature. VEGF has been related to the pathogenesis of lung diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) stimulates VEGF production from lung fibroblasts via the E-prostanoid (EP)-2 receptor. The EP2 signaling pathway uses cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) as a second messenger, and cAMP is degraded by phosphodiesterases (PDEs). This study investigates whether phosphodiesterase inhibition modulates the human lung fibroblast VEGF production induced by PGE2. Human fetal lung fibroblasts were cultured with PGE2 and PDE inhibitors. The PDE4 inhibitors roflumilast, roflumilast N-oxide, and rolipram with PGE2 increased VEGF release, as quantified in supernatant media by ELISA. In contrast, PDE3, PDE5, and PDE7 inhibitors did not affect VEGF release. Roflumilast increased VEGF release with either an EP2 or an EP4 agonist. Roflumilast augmented the cytosolic cAMP levels induced by PGE2 and VEGF release with other agents that use the cAMP signaling pathway. Roflumilast-augmented VEGF release was completely inhibited by a protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor. Roflumilast with PGE2 increased VEGF mRNA levels, and the blockade of mRNA synthesis inhibited the augmented VEGF release. The stimulatory effect of roflumilast on VEGF release was replicated using primary healthy and COPD lung fibroblasts. These findings demonstrate that PDE4 inhibition can modulate human lung fibroblast VEGF release by PGE2 acting through the EP2 and EP4 receptor-cAMP/PKA signaling pathway. Through this action, PDE4 inhibitors such as roflumilast could contribute to the survival of lung endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ikari
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy Medicine, and
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Gobejishvili L, Barve S, Breitkopf-Heinlein K, Li Y, Zhang J, Avila DV, Dooley S, McClain CJ. Rolipram attenuates bile duct ligation-induced liver injury in rats: a potential pathogenic role of PDE4. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2013; 347:80-90. [PMID: 23887098 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.113.204933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects of the broad spectrum phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor pentoxifylline have suggested an important role for cyclic nucleotides in the pathogenesis of hepatic fibrosis; however, studies examining the role of specific PDEs are lacking. Endotoxemia and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-mediated inflammatory and profibrotic signaling play a major role in the development of hepatic fibrosis. Because cAMP-specific PDE4 critically regulates lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-TLR4-induced inflammatory cytokine expression, its pathogenic role in bile duct ligation-induced hepatic injury and fibrogenesis in Sprague-Dawley rats was examined. Initiation of cholestatic liver injury and fibrosis was accompanied by a significant induction of PDE4A, B, and D expression and activity. Treatment with the PDE4-specific inhibitor rolipram significantly decreased liver PDE4 activity, hepatic inflammatory and profibrotic cytokine expression, injury, and fibrosis. At the cellular level, in relevance to endotoxemia and inflammatory cytokine production, PDE4B was observed to play a major regulatory role in the LPS-inducible tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production by isolated Kupffer cells. Moreover, PDE4 expression was also involved in the in vitro activation and transdifferentiation of isolated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Particularly, PDE4A, B, and D upregulation preceded induction of the HSC activation marker α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). In vitro treatment of HSCs with rolipram effectively attenuated α-SMA, collagen expression, and accompanying morphologic changes. Overall, these data strongly suggest that upregulation of PDE4 expression during cholestatic liver injury plays a potential pathogenic role in the development of inflammation, injury, and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Gobejishvili
- Department of Internal Medicine (L.G., S.B., J.Z., D.V.A., C.J.M.) and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (S.B., D.V.A., C.J.M.), University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky; Department of Surgery, University of Louisville Medical Center, Louisville, Kentucky (Y.L.); VA Medical Center, Louisville, Kentucky (C.J.M.); University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center Louisville, Kentucky (L.G., S.B., J.Z., D.V.A., C.J.M.); and Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology-Alcohol Associated Diseases, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (K.B.-H., S.D.)
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Schmidt M, Dekker FJ, Maarsingh H. Exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (epac): a multidomain cAMP mediator in the regulation of diverse biological functions. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 65:670-709. [PMID: 23447132 DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.003707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery nearly 60 years ago, cAMP is envisioned as one of the most universal and versatile second messengers. The tremendous feature of cAMP to tightly control highly diverse physiologic processes, including calcium homeostasis, metabolism, secretion, muscle contraction, cell fate, and gene transcription, is reflected by the award of five Nobel prizes. The discovery of Epac (exchange protein directly activated by cAMP) has ignited a new surge of cAMP-related research and has depicted novel cAMP properties independent of protein kinase A and cyclic nucleotide-gated channels. The multidomain architecture of Epac determines its activity state and allows cell-type specific protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions that control fine-tuning of pivotal biologic responses through the "old" second messenger cAMP. Compartmentalization of cAMP in space and time, maintained by A-kinase anchoring proteins, phosphodiesterases, and β-arrestins, contributes to the Epac signalosome of small GTPases, phospholipases, mitogen- and lipid-activated kinases, and transcription factors. These novel cAMP sensors seem to implement certain unexpected signaling properties of cAMP and thereby to permit delicate adaptations of biologic responses. Agonists and antagonists selective for Epac are developed and will support further studies on the biologic net outcome of the activation of Epac. This will increase our current knowledge on the pathophysiology of devastating diseases, such as diabetes, cognitive impairment, renal and heart failure, (pulmonary) hypertension, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Further insights into the cAMP dynamics executed by the Epac signalosome will help to optimize the pharmacological treatment of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Schmidt
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
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36
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Gancedo JM. Biological roles of cAMP: variations on a theme in the different kingdoms of life. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2013; 88:645-68. [PMID: 23356492 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic AMP (cAMP) plays a key regulatory role in most types of cells; however, the pathways controlled by cAMP may present important differences between organisms and between tissues within a specific organism. Changes in cAMP levels are caused by multiple triggers, most affecting adenylyl cyclases, the enzymes that synthesize cAMP. Adenylyl cyclases form a large and diverse family including soluble forms and others with one or more transmembrane domains. Regulatory mechanisms for the soluble adenylyl cyclases involve either interaction with diverse proteins, as happens in Escherichia coli or yeasts, or with calcium or bicarbonate ions, as occurs in mammalian cells. The transmembrane cyclases can be regulated by a variety of proteins, among which the α subunit and the βγ complex from G proteins coupled to membrane receptors are prominent. cAMP levels also are controlled by the activity of phosphodiesterases, enzymes that hydrolyze cAMP. Phosphodiesterases can be regulated by cAMP, cGMP or calcium-calmodulin or by phosphorylation by different protein kinases. Regulation through cAMP depends on its binding to diverse proteins, its proximal targets, this in turn causing changes in a variety of distal targets. Specifically, binding of cAMP to regulatory subunits of cAMP-dependent protein kinases (PKAs) affects the activity of substrates of PKA, binding to exchange proteins directly activated by cAMP (Epac) regulates small GTPases, binding to transcription factors such as the cAMP receptor protein (CRP) or the virulence factor regulator (Vfr) modifies the rate of transcription of certain genes, while cAMP binding to ion channels modulates their activity directly. Further studies on cAMP signalling will have important implications, not only for advancing fundamental knowledge but also for identifying targets for the development of new therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juana M Gancedo
- Department of Metabolism and Cell Signalling, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC-UAM, Madrid 28029, Spain.
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Oldenburger A, Maarsingh H, Schmidt M. Multiple facets of cAMP signalling and physiological impact: cAMP compartmentalization in the lung. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2012; 5:1291-331. [PMID: 24281338 PMCID: PMC3816672 DOI: 10.3390/ph5121291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapies involving elevation of the endogenous suppressor cyclic AMP (cAMP) are currently used in the treatment of several chronic inflammatory disorders, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Characteristics of COPD are airway obstruction, airway inflammation and airway remodelling, processes encompassed by increased airway smooth muscle mass, epithelial changes, goblet cell and submucosal gland hyperplasia. In addition to inflammatory cells, airway smooth muscle cells and (myo)fibroblasts, epithelial cells underpin a variety of key responses in the airways such as inflammatory cytokine release, airway remodelling, mucus hypersecretion and airway barrier function. Cigarette smoke, being next to environmental pollution the main cause of COPD, is believed to cause epithelial hyperpermeability by disrupting the barrier function. Here we will focus on the most recent progress on compartmentalized signalling by cAMP. In addition to G protein-coupled receptors, adenylyl cyclases, cAMP-specific phospho-diesterases (PDEs) maintain compartmentalized cAMP signalling. Intriguingly, spatially discrete cAMP-sensing signalling complexes seem also to involve distinct members of the A-kinase anchoring (AKAP) superfamily and IQ motif containing GTPase activating protein (IQGAPs). In this review, we will highlight the interaction between cAMP and the epithelial barrier to retain proper lung function and to alleviate COPD symptoms and focus on the possible molecular mechanisms involved in this process. Future studies should include the development of cAMP-sensing multiprotein complex specific disruptors and/or stabilizers to orchestrate cellular functions. Compartmentalized cAMP signalling regulates important cellular processes in the lung and may serve as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk Oldenburger
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Dekkers BGJ, Racké K, Schmidt M. Distinct PKA and Epac compartmentalization in airway function and plasticity. Pharmacol Ther 2012; 137:248-65. [PMID: 23089371 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are obstructive lung diseases characterized by airway obstruction, airway inflammation and airway remodelling. Next to inflammatory cells and airway epithelial cells, airway mesenchymal cells, including airway smooth muscle cells and (myo)fibroblasts, substantially contribute to disease features by the release of inflammatory mediators, smooth muscle contraction, extracellular matrix deposition and structural changes in the airways. Current pharmacological treatment of both diseases intends to target the dynamic features of the endogenous intracellular suppressor cyclic AMP (cAMP). This review will summarize our current knowledge on cAMP and will emphasize on key discoveries and paradigm shifts reflecting the complex spatio-temporal nature of compartmentalized cAMP signalling networks in health and disease. As airway fibroblasts and airway smooth muscle cells are recognized as central players in the development and progression of asthma and COPD, we will focus on the role of cAMP signalling in their function in relation to airway function and plasticity. We will recapture on the recent identification of cAMP-sensing multi-protein complexes maintained by cAMP effectors, including A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs), proteins kinase A (PKA), exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (Epac), cAMP-elevating seven-transmembrane (7TM) receptors and phosphodiesterases (PDEs) and we will report on findings indicating that the pertubation of compartmentalized cAMP signalling correlates with the pathopysiology of obstructive lung diseases. Future challenges include studies on cAMP dynamics and compartmentalization in the lung and the development of novel drugs targeting these systems for therapeutic interventions in chronic obstructive inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart G J Dekkers
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University Center of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Christiansen SH, Selige J, Dunkern T, Rassov A, Leist M. Combined anti-inflammatory effects of β2-adrenergic agonists and PDE4 inhibitors on astrocytes by upregulation of intracellular cAMP. Neurochem Int 2011; 59:837-46. [PMID: 21871511 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2011.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is an important hallmark of all neurodegenerative diseases and activation of different glial populations may be involved in the progression of some of these disorders. Especially, the activation of astroglia can lead to long-term detrimental morphological changes, such as scar formation. Therefore, improved strategies to modulate inflammation in these cells are currently being investigated. We investigated the interaction of phosphodiesterase (PDE) 4 inhibitors, such as rolipram, with other agents raising cellular cAMP levels. When used alone, none of the PDE4 inhibitors increased cAMP levels. The adenylate cyclase activator forskolin, the β(2)-adrenergic agonist clenbuterol and the mixed β(1)/β(2)-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol increased intracellular cAMP levels of cortical murine astrocytes. This increase was synergistically elevated by rolipram or the PDE4 inhibitor RO-201724, but not by inhibition of PDE3. Inflammatory stimulation of the cells with the cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β and IFN-γ strongly induced PDE4B and augmented overall PDE4 activity, while PDE3 activity was low. Clenbuterol and forskolin caused downregulation of cytokines and chemokines such as IL-6 and MCP-1. This effect was further enhanced by rolipram, but not by the PDE3 inhibitor milrinone. The cAMP-raising drug combinations attenuated the upregulation of TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA and the secretion of IL-6, but did not affect initial NF-κB signalling triggered by the stimulating cytokines. These results indicate that PDE4 may be a valuable anti-inflammatory target in brain diseases, especially under conditions associated with stimulation of cAMP-augmenting astrocyte receptors as is observed by clenbuterol treatment.
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Bozyk PD, Moore BB. Prostaglandin E2 and the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2011; 45:445-52. [PMID: 21421906 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2011-0025rt] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin (PG)E(2) is a bioactive eicosanoid that regulates many biologically important processes in part due to its ability to signal through four distinct G-protein-coupled receptors with differential signaling activity and unique expression patterns in different cell types. Although PGE(2) has been linked to malignancy in many organs, it is believed to play a beneficial role in the setting of fibrotic lung disease. This is in part due to the ability of PGE(2) to limit many of the pathobiologic features of lung fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, including the ability of PGE(2) to limit fibroblast proliferation, migration, collagen secretion, and, as originally reported in the Journal by us in 2003, the ability to limit transforming growth factor (TGF)-β-induced myofibroblast differentiation. In the setting of lung fibrosis, PGE(2) production and signaling is often diminished. In the last 8 years, significant advances have been made to better understand the dysregulation of PGE(2) production and signaling in the setting of lung fibrosis. We also have a clearer picture of how PGE(2) inhibits myofibroblast differentiation and the receptor signaling pathways that can influence fibroblast proliferation. This review highlights these recent advances and offers new insights into the potential ways that PGE(2) and its downstream signals can be regulated for therapeutic benefit in a disease that has no validated treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Bozyk
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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