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Zeng B, Moi D, Tolley L, Molotkov N, Frazer IH, Perry C, Dolcetti R, Mazzieri R, Cruz JLG. Skin-Grafting and Dendritic Cell "Boosted" Humanized Mouse Models Allow the Pre-Clinical Evaluation of Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines. Cells 2023; 12:2094. [PMID: 37626903 PMCID: PMC10453599 DOI: 10.3390/cells12162094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines have been hailed as one of the most remarkable medical advancements in human history, and their potential for treating cancer by generating or expanding anti-tumor T cells has garnered significant interest in recent years. However, the limited efficacy of therapeutic cancer vaccines in clinical trials can be partially attributed to the inadequacy of current preclinical mouse models in recapitulating the complexities of the human immune system. In this study, we developed two innovative humanized mouse models to assess the immunogenicity and therapeutic effectiveness of vaccines targeting human papillomavirus (HPV16) antigens and delivering tumor antigens to human CD141+ dendritic cells (DCs). Both models were based on the transference of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) into immunocompromised HLA-A*02-NSG mice (NSG-A2), where the use of fresh PBMCs boosted the engraftment of human cells up to 80%. The dynamics of immune cells in the PBMC-hu-NSG-A2 mice demonstrated that T cells constituted the vast majority of engrafted cells, which progressively expanded over time and retained their responsiveness to ex vivo stimulation. Using the PBMC-hu-NSG-A2 system, we generated a hyperplastic skin graft model expressing the HPV16-E7 oncogene. Remarkably, human cells populated the skin grafts, and upon vaccination with a DNA vaccine encoding an HPV16-E6/E7 protein, rapid rejection targeted to the E7-expressing skin was detected, underscoring the capacity of the model to mount a vaccine-specific response. To overcome the decline in DC numbers observed over time in PBMC-hu-NSG-A2 animals, we augmented the abundance of CD141+ DCs, the specific targets of our tailored nanoemulsions (TNEs), by transferring additional autologous PBMCs pre-treated in vitro with the growth factor Flt3-L. The Flt3-L treatment bolstered CD141+ DC numbers, leading to potent antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses in vivo, which caused the regression of pre-established triple-negative breast cancer and melanoma tumors following CD141+ DC-targeting TNE vaccination. Notably, using HLA-A*02-matching PBMCs for humanizing NSG-A2 mice resulted in a delayed onset of graft-versus-host disease and enhanced the efficacy of the TNE vaccination compared with the parental NSG strain. In conclusion, we successfully established two humanized mouse models that exhibited strong antigen-specific responses and demonstrated tumor regression following vaccination. These models serve as valuable platforms for assessing the efficacy of therapeutic cancer vaccines targeting HPV16-dysplastic skin and diverse tumor antigens specifically delivered to CD141+ DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijun Zeng
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Davide Moi
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Lynn Tolley
- Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Natalie Molotkov
- Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Ian Hector Frazer
- Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Christopher Perry
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Department of Otolaryngology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Riccardo Dolcetti
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Roberta Mazzieri
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Jazmina L. G. Cruz
- Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
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Brai A, Poggialini F, Pasqualini C, Trivisani CI, Vagaggini C, Dreassi E. Progress towards Adjuvant Development: Focus on Antiviral Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9225. [PMID: 37298177 PMCID: PMC10253057 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, vaccines have been extraordinary resources to prevent pathogen diffusion and cancer. Even if they can be formed by a single antigen, the addition of one or more adjuvants represents the key to enhance the response of the immune signal to the antigen, thus accelerating and increasing the duration and the potency of the protective effect. Their use is of particular importance for vulnerable populations, such as the elderly or immunocompromised people. Despite their importance, only in the last forty years has the search for novel adjuvants increased, with the discovery of novel classes of immune potentiators and immunomodulators. Due to the complexity of the cascades involved in immune signal activation, their mechanism of action remains poorly understood, even if significant discovery has been recently made thanks to recombinant technology and metabolomics. This review focuses on the classes of adjuvants under research, recent mechanism of action studies, as well as nanodelivery systems and novel classes of adjuvants that can be chemically manipulated to create novel small molecule adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalaura Brai
- Department of Biotechnologies, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy; (A.B.); (F.P.); (C.P.); (C.V.)
| | - Federica Poggialini
- Department of Biotechnologies, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy; (A.B.); (F.P.); (C.P.); (C.V.)
| | - Claudia Pasqualini
- Department of Biotechnologies, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy; (A.B.); (F.P.); (C.P.); (C.V.)
| | - Claudia Immacolata Trivisani
- Department of Biotechnologies, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy; (A.B.); (F.P.); (C.P.); (C.V.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Chiara Vagaggini
- Department of Biotechnologies, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy; (A.B.); (F.P.); (C.P.); (C.V.)
| | - Elena Dreassi
- Department of Biotechnologies, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy; (A.B.); (F.P.); (C.P.); (C.V.)
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Tan S, Zheng Z, Liu T, Yao X, Yu M, Ji Y. Schisandrin B Induced ROS-Mediated Autophagy and Th1/Th2 Imbalance via Selenoproteins in Hepa1-6 Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:857069. [PMID: 35419003 PMCID: PMC8996176 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.857069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Schisandrin B (Sch B) is well-known for its antitumor effect; however, its underlying mechanism remains confusing. Our study aimed to investigate the role of selenoproteins in Sch B-induced autophagy and Th1/Th2 imbalance in Hepa1-6 cells. Hepa1-6 cells were chosen to explore the antitumor mechanism and were treated with 0, 25, 50, and 100 μM of Sch B for 24 h, respectively. We detected the inhibition rate of proliferation, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), monodansylcadaverine (MDC) staining, reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and oxidative stress-related indicators, autophagy-related genes, related Th1/Th2 cytokines, and selenoprotein mRNA expression. Moreover, the heat map, principal component analysis (PCA), and correlation analysis were used for further bioinformatics analysis. The results revealed that Sch B exhibited well-inhibited effects on Hepa1-6 cells. Subsequently, under Sch B treatment, typical autophagy characteristics were increasingly apparent, and the level of punctate MDC staining enhanced and regulated the autophagy-related genes. Overall, Sch B induced autophagy in Hepa1-6 cells. In addition, Sch B-promoted ROS accumulation eventually triggered autophagy initiation. Results of Th1 and Th2 cytokine mRNA expression indicated that Th1/Th2 immune imbalance was observed by Sch B treatment in Hepa1-6 cells. Intriguingly, Sch B downregulated the majority of selenoprotein expression. Also, the heat map results observed significant variation of autophagy-related genes, related Th1/Th2 cytokines, and selenoprotein expression in response to Sch B treatment. PCA outcome suggested the key role of Txnrd1, Txnrd3, Selp, GPX2, Dio3, and Selr with its potential interactions in ROS-mediated autophagy and Th1/Th2 imbalance of Hepa1-6 cells. In conclusion, Sch B induced ROS-mediated autophagy and Th1/Th2 imbalance in Hepa1-6 cells. More importantly, the majority of selenoproteins were intimately involved in the process of autophagy and Th1/Th2 imbalance, Txnrd3, Selp, GPX2, Dio3, and Selr had considerable impacts on the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siran Tan
- Engineering Research Center for Medicine, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
| | - Zhi Zheng
- Jiangxi Province People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, China
| | - Tianqi Liu
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoyun Yao
- Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, Jiangxi TCM Cancer Center, Nanchang, China
| | - Miao Yu
- Engineering Research Center for Medicine, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
| | - Yubin Ji
- Engineering Research Center for Medicine, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
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Li Y, Lu W, Yang J, Edwards M, Jiang S. Survivin as a biological biomarker for diagnosis and therapy. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2021; 21:1429-1441. [PMID: 33877952 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2021.1918672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Survivin (SVN) is a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) protein family that promotes cellular proliferation and inhibits apoptosis. Overexpression of SVN is associated with autoimmune disease, hyperplasia, and tumors and can be used as a biomarker in these diseases. SVN is widely recognized as a tumor-associated antigen (TAA) and has become an important target for cancer diagnosis and treatment.Areas covered: We reviewed SVN research progress from the PubMed and clinical trials focused on SVN from https://clinicaltrials.gov since 2000 and anticipate future developments in the field. The trials reviewed cover various modalities including diagnostics for early detection and disease progression, small molecule inhibitors of the SVN pathway and immunotherapy targeting SVN epitopes.Expert opinion: The most promising developments involve anti-SVN immunotherapy, with several therapeutic SVN vaccines under evaluation in phase I/II trials. SVN is an important new immune-oncology target that expands the repertoire of individualized combination treatments for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuming Li
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenshu Lu
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jiarun Yang
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mark Edwards
- Department of Research and Development, Oxford Vacmedix UK Ltd, Oxford, UK
| | - Shisong Jiang
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Department of Research and Development, Oxford Vacmedix UK Ltd, Oxford, UK
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Dai M, Feng X, Mo Z, Sun Y, Fu L, Zhang Y, Wu J, Yu B, Zhang H, Yu X, Wu H, Kong W. Stimulation Effects and Mechanisms of Different Adjuvants on a Norovirus P Particle-Based Active Amyloid-β Vaccine. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 77:1717-1732. [PMID: 32925038 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adjuvants are important components of vaccines and effectively enhance the immune response of specific antigens. However, the role of adjuvants or combinations of adjuvants in stimulating immunogenicity of the amyloid-β (Aβ) vaccine, as well as molecular mechanisms underlying such stimulation still remain unclear. A previous study of ours developed a norovirus P particle-based active Aβ epitope vaccine, PP-3copy-Aβ1-6-loop123, which stimulates a high titer of Aβ-specific antibodies in mouse Alzheimer's disease (AD) models. OBJECTIVE The most effective and safe adjuvant that maximizes the immunogenicity of our protein vaccine was determined. METHODS We investigated four adjuvants (CpG, AS02, AS03, and MF59), and combinations of those, for capacity to enhance immunogenicity, and performed transcriptome analysis to explore mechanisms underlying the role of these in AD immunotherapy. RESULTS Addition of the adjuvant, AS02, remarkably improved the immunogenicity of the PP-3copy-Aβ1-6-loop123 vaccine without triggering an Aβ-specific T-cell response. Combinations of adjuvants, particularly CpG + AS02 and CpG + AS03, elicited a significantly elevated and prolonged Aβ-specific antibody response. Gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses indicated that a combination of two adjuvants was more effective in activating immune-related pathways, thereby enhancing the immunogenicity of PP-3copy-Aβ1-6-loop123. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrated that adjuvants can be used as enhancers in AD protein vaccination, and that a combination of CpG and AS-related adjuvants may be a very effective adjuvant candidate suitable for further clinical trials of the PP-3copy-Aβ1-6-loop123 vaccine. Our studies also revealed potential mechanisms underlying the stimulation of immune response of protein vaccines by adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- MingRui Dai
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - XueJian Feng
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - ZengShuo Mo
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yao Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lu Fu
- Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, College of Life science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiaxin Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bin Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Haihong Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xianghui Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hui Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Kong
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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