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Kim CJ, Singh C, Kaczmarek M, O'Donnell M, Lee C, DiMagno K, Young MW, Letsou W, Ramos RL, Granatosky MC, Hadjiargyrou M. Mustn1 ablation in skeletal muscle results in functional alterations. FASEB Bioadv 2023; 5:541-557. [PMID: 38094159 PMCID: PMC10714068 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2023-00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Mustn1, a gene expressed exclusively in the musculoskeletal system, was shown in previous in vitro studies to be a key regulator of myogenic differentiation and myofusion. Other studies also showed Mustn1 expression associated with skeletal muscle development and hypertrophy. However, its specific role in skeletal muscle function remains unclear. This study sought to investigate the effects of Mustn1 in a conditional knockout (KO) mouse model in Pax7 positive skeletal muscle satellite cells. Specifically, we investigated the potential effects of Mustn1 on myogenic gene expression, grip strength, alterations in gait, ex vivo investigations of isolated skeletal muscle isometric contractions, and potential changes in the composition of muscle fiber types. Results indicate that Mustn1 KO mice did not present any substantial phenotypic changes or significant variations in genes related to myogenic differentiation and fusion. However, an approximately 10% decrease in overall grip strength was observed in the 2-month-old KO mice in comparison to the control wild type (WT), but this decrease was not significant when normalized by weight. KO mice also generated approximately 8% higher vertical force than WT at 4 months in the hindlimb. Ex vivo experiments revealed decreases in about 20 to 50% in skeletal muscle contractions and about 10%-20% fatigue in soleus of both 2- and 4-month-old KO mice, respectively. Lastly, immunofluorescent analyses showed a persistent increase of Type IIb fibers up to 15-fold in the KO mice while Type I fibers decreased about 20% and 30% at both 2 and 4 months, respectively. These findings suggest a potential adaptive or compensatory mechanism following Mustn1 loss, as well as hinting at an association between Mustn1 and muscle fiber typing. Collectively, Mustn1's complex roles in skeletal muscle physiology requires further research, particularly in terms of understanding the potential role of Mustn1 in muscle repair and regeneration, as well as with influence of exercise. Collectively, these will offer valuable insights into Mustn1's key biological functions and regulatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J. Kim
- College of Osteopathic MedicineNew York Institute of TechnologyOld WestburyNew YorkUSA
- Department of Biological and Chemical SciencesNew York Institute of TechnologyOld WestburyNew YorkUSA
| | - Chanpreet Singh
- College of Osteopathic MedicineNew York Institute of TechnologyOld WestburyNew YorkUSA
| | - Marina Kaczmarek
- College of Osteopathic MedicineNew York Institute of TechnologyOld WestburyNew YorkUSA
| | - Madison O'Donnell
- College of Osteopathic MedicineNew York Institute of TechnologyOld WestburyNew YorkUSA
| | - Christine Lee
- Department of Biological and Chemical SciencesNew York Institute of TechnologyOld WestburyNew YorkUSA
| | - Kevin DiMagno
- College of Osteopathic MedicineNew York Institute of TechnologyOld WestburyNew YorkUSA
| | - Melody W. Young
- Department of Anatomy, College of Osteopathic MedicineNew York Institute of TechnologyOld WestburyNew YorkUSA
| | - William Letsou
- Department of Biological and Chemical SciencesNew York Institute of TechnologyOld WestburyNew YorkUSA
| | - Raddy L. Ramos
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic MedicineNew York Institute of TechnologyOld WestburyNew YorkUSA
| | - Michael C. Granatosky
- Department of Anatomy, College of Osteopathic MedicineNew York Institute of TechnologyOld WestburyNew YorkUSA
- Center for Biomedical InnovationNew York Institute of TechnologyOld WestburyNew YorkUSA
| | - Michael Hadjiargyrou
- College of Osteopathic MedicineNew York Institute of TechnologyOld WestburyNew YorkUSA
- Department of Biological and Chemical SciencesNew York Institute of TechnologyOld WestburyNew YorkUSA
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Young SAE, Rummler M, Taïeb HM, Garske DS, Ellinghaus A, Duda GN, Willie BM, Cipitria A. In vivo microCT-based time-lapse morphometry reveals anatomical site-specific differences in bone (re)modeling serving as baseline parameters to detect early pathological events. Bone 2022; 161:116432. [PMID: 35569733 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2022.116432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The bone structure is very dynamic and continuously adapts its geometry to external stimuli by modeling and remodeling the mineralized tissue. In vivo microCT-based time-lapse morphometry is a powerful tool to study the temporal and spatial dynamics of bone (re)modeling. Here an advancement in the methodology to detect and quantify site-specific differences in bone (re)modeling of 12-week-old BALB/c nude mice is presented. We describe our method of quantifying new bone surface interface readouts and how these are influenced by bone curvature. This method is then used to compare bone surface (re)modeling in mice across different anatomical regions to demonstrate variations in the rate of change and spatial gradients thereof. Significant differences in bone (re)modeling baseline parameters between the metaphyseal and epiphyseal, as well as cortical and trabecular bone of the distal femur and proximal tibia are shown. These results are validated using conventional static in vivo microCT analysis. Finally, the insights from these new baseline values of physiological bone (re)modeling were used to evaluate pathological bone (re)modeling in a pilot breast cancer bone metastasis model. The method shows the potential to be suitable to detect early pathological events and track their spatio-temporal development in both cortical and trabecular bone. This advancement in (re)modeling surface analysis and defined baseline parameters according to distinct anatomical regions will be valuable to others investigating various disease models with site-distinct local alterations in bone (re)modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A E Young
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Maximilian Rummler
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany; Research Centre, Shriners Hospital for Children-Canada, Montreal, Canada; Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Hubert M Taïeb
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Daniela S Garske
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Agnes Ellinghaus
- Julius Wolff Institute & Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin Institute of Health and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Georg N Duda
- Julius Wolff Institute & Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin Institute of Health and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bettina M Willie
- Research Centre, Shriners Hospital for Children-Canada, Montreal, Canada; Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Amaia Cipitria
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany; Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Group of Bioengineering in Regeneration and Cancer, San Sebastian, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.
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3
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Castro AA, Karakostis FA, Copes LE, McClendon HE, Trivedi AP, Schwartz NE, Garland T. Effects of selective breeding for voluntary exercise, chronic exercise, and their interaction on muscle attachment site morphology in house mice. J Anat 2022; 240:279-295. [PMID: 34519035 PMCID: PMC8742976 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscles attach to bone at their origins and insertions, and the interface where tendon meets bone is termed the attachment site or enthesis. Mechanical stresses at the muscle/tendon-bone interface are proportional to the surface area of the bony attachment sites, such that a larger attachment site will distribute loads over a wider area. Muscles that are frequently active and/or are of larger size should cause attachment sites to hypertrophy (training effect); however, experimental studies of animals subjected to exercise have provided mixed results. To enhance our ability to detect training effects (a type of phenotypic plasticity), we studied a mouse model in which 4 replicate lines of High Runner (HR) mice have been selectively bred for 57 generations. Selection is based on the average number of wheel revolutions on days 5 & 6 of a 6-day period of wheel access as young adults (6-8 weeks old). Four additional lines are bred without regard to running and serve as non-selected controls (C). On average, mice from HR lines voluntarily run ~3 times more than C mice on a daily basis. For this study, we housed 50 females (half HR, half C) with wheels (Active group) and 50 (half HR, half C) without wheels (Sedentary group) for 12 weeks starting at weaning (~3 weeks old). We tested for evolved differences in muscle attachment site surface area between HR and C mice, plastic changes resulting from chronic exercise, and their interaction. We used a precise, highly repeatable method for quantifying the three-dimensional (3D) surface area of four muscle attachment sites: the humerus deltoid tuberosity (the insertion point for the spinodeltoideus, superficial pectoralis, and acromiodeltoideus), the femoral third trochanter (the insertion point for the quadratus femoris), the femoral lesser trochanter (the insertion point for the iliacus muscle), and the femoral greater trochanter (insertion point for the middle gluteal muscles). In univariate analyses, with body mass as a covariate, mice in the Active group had significantly larger humerus deltoid tuberosities than Sedentary mice, with no significant difference between HR and C mice and no interaction between exercise treatment and linetype. These differences between Active and Sedentary mice were also apparent in the multivariate analyses. Surface areas of the femoral third trochanter, femoral lesser trochanter, and femoral greater trochanter were unaffected by either chronic wheel access or selective breeding. Our results, which used robust measurement protocols and relatively large sample sizes, demonstrate that muscle attachment site morphology can be (but is not always) affected by chronic exercise experienced during ontogeny. However, contrary to previous results for other aspects of long bone morphology, we did not find evidence for evolutionary coadaptation of muscle attachments with voluntary exercise behavior in the HR mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto A. Castro
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal BiologyUniversity of California, RiversideRiversideCaliforniaUSA
| | - Fotios Alexandros Karakostis
- PaleoanthropologyDepartment of GeosciencesSenckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and PalaeoenvironmentUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Lynn E. Copes
- Department of Medical SciencesFrank H. Netter MD School of MedicineQuinnipiac UniversityHamdenConnecticutUSA
| | - Holland E. McClendon
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal BiologyUniversity of California, RiversideRiversideCaliforniaUSA
| | - Aayushi P. Trivedi
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal BiologyUniversity of California, RiversideRiversideCaliforniaUSA
| | - Nicole E. Schwartz
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal BiologyUniversity of California, RiversideRiversideCaliforniaUSA
| | - Theodore Garland
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal BiologyUniversity of California, RiversideRiversideCaliforniaUSA
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Chevalier T, Colard T, Colombo A, Golovanova L, Doronichev V, Hublin JJ. Early ontogeny of humeral trabecular bone in Neandertals and recent modern humans. J Hum Evol 2021; 154:102968. [PMID: 33774376 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.102968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Trabecular bone ontogeny is well known in modern humans and unknown in Neandertals. Yet the bone developmental pattern is useful for interpreting fossils from evolutionary and functional perspectives. Interestingly, microstructure in early ontogeny is supposedly not influenced by high and specific mechanical loading related to the lifestyle of a human group and consequently does not directly depend on the activities of hunter-gatherers. Here, we specifically explored the early growth trajectories of the trabecular bone structure of the humerus and emphasized in particular how bone fraction (bone volume/total volume [BV/TV]) was built up in Neandertals, given the specific modern human bone loss after birth and the use of BV/TV in functional studies. Six Neandertals and 26 recent modern humans ranging from perinates to adolescents were included in this study. Six trabecular parameters were measured within a cubic region of interest extracted from the proximal metaphysis of the humerus. We found that the microstructural changes in Neandertals during early ontogeny (<1 year) fit with modern human growth trajectories for each parameter. The specific bone loss occurring immediately after birth in modern humans also occurred in Neandertals (but not in chimpanzees). However, the early childhood fossil Ferrassie 6 presented unexpectedly high BV/TV, whereas the high BV/TV in the Crouzade I adolescent was predictable. These results suggest that Neandertals and modern humans shared predetermined early growth trajectories and developmental mechanisms. We assume that the close relationship between skeletal characteristics in early ontogeny and adults in modern humans also existed in Neandertals. However, it was difficult to ensure that the high BV/TV in Neandertal early childhood, represented by only one individual, was at the origin of the high BV/TV observed in adults. Consequently, our study does not challenge the mechanical hypothesis that explains the trabecular gracilization of the humerus during the Holocene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Chevalier
- UMR 7194 HNHP, University of Perpignan Via Domitia, EPCC-CERP de Tautavel, Avenue Léon Jean Grégory 66720 Tautavel, France.
| | - Thomas Colard
- UMR 5199 PACEA, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, MCC; LabEx Sciences Archéologiques de Bordeaux, N°ANR-10-LABX-52, Bâtiment B8, Allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, CS50023, F-33615 Pessac, France; Department of Orthodontics, University of Lille, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Antony Colombo
- Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, PSL University, Chair of Biological Anthropology Paul Broca, 4-14 Rue Ferrus, F-75014 Paris, France
| | | | | | - Jean-Jacques Hublin
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany; Chaire Internationale de Paléoanthropologie du Collège de France, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, France
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5
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Senger JLB, Rabey KN, Morhart MJ, Chan KM, Webber CA. Conditioning Electrical Stimulation Accelerates Regeneration in Nerve Transfers. Ann Neurol 2020; 88:363-374. [PMID: 32447758 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Compared to the upper limb, lower limb distal nerve transfer (DNT) outcomes are poor, likely due to the longer length of regeneration required. DNT surgery to treat foot drop entails rerouting a tibial nerve branch to the denervated common fibular nerve stump to reinnervate the tibialis anterior muscle for ankle dorsiflexion. Conditioning electrical stimulation (CES) prior to nerve repair surgery accelerates nerve regeneration and promotes sensorimotor recovery. We hypothesize that CES prior to DNT will promote nerve regeneration to restore ankle dorsiflexion. METHODS One week following common fibular nerve crush, CES was delivered to the tibial nerve in half the animals, and at 2 weeks, all animals received a DNT. To investigate the effects of CES on nerve regeneration, a series of kinetic, kinematic, skilled locomotion, electrophysiologic, and immunohistochemical outcomes were assessed. The effects of CES on the nerve were investigated. RESULTS CES-treated animals had significantly accelerated nerve regeneration (p < 0.001), increased walking speed, and improved skilled locomotion. The injured limb had greater vertical peak forces, with improved duty factor, near-complete recovery of braking, propulsive forces, and dorsiflexion (p < 0.01). Reinnervation of the tibialis anterior muscle was confirmed with nerve conduction studies and immunohistochemical analysis of the neuromuscular junction. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that CES does not induce Wallerian degeneration, nor does it cause macrophage infiltration of the distal tibial nerve. INTERPRETATION Tibial nerve CES prior to DNT significantly improved functional recovery of the common fibular nerve and its muscle targets without inducing injury to the donor nerve. ANN NEUROL 2020;88:363-374.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna-Lynn B Senger
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Karyne N Rabey
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Michael J Morhart
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - K Ming Chan
- Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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6
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Silva MJ, Eekhoff JD, Patel T, Kenney-Hunt JP, Brodt MD, Steger-May K, Scheller EL, Cheverud JM. Effects of High-Fat Diet and Body Mass on Bone Morphology and Mechanical Properties in 1100 Advanced Intercross Mice. J Bone Miner Res 2019; 34:711-725. [PMID: 30615803 PMCID: PMC6879418 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is generally protective against osteoporosis and bone fracture. However, recent studies indicate that the influence of obesity on the skeleton is complex and can be detrimental. We evaluated the effects of a high-fat, obesogenic diet on the femur and radius of 1100 mice (males and females) from the Large-by-Small advanced intercross line (F34 generation). At age 5 months, bone morphology was assessed by microCT and mechanical properties by three-point bending. Mice raised on a high-fat diet had modestly greater cortical area, bending stiffness, and strength. Size-independent material properties were unaffected by a high-fat diet, indicating that diet influenced bone quantity but not quality. Bone size and mechanical properties were strongly correlated with body mass. However, the increases in many bone traits per unit increase in body mass were less in high-fat diet mice than low-fat diet mice. Thus, although mice raised on a high-fat diet have, on average, bigger and stronger bones than low-fat-fed mice, a high-fat diet diminished the positive relationship between body mass and bone size and whole-bone strength. The findings support the concept that there are diminishing benefits to skeletal health with increasing obesity. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Silva
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jeremy D Eekhoff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tarpit Patel
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jane P Kenney-Hunt
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael D Brodt
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Karen Steger-May
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Erica L Scheller
- Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - James M Cheverud
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Fabre AC, Granatosky MC, Hanna JB, Schmitt D. Do forelimb shape and peak forces co-vary in strepsirrhines? AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 167:602-614. [PMID: 30159895 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In this study, we explore whether ground reaction forces recorded during horizontal walking co-vary with the shape of the long bones of the forelimb in strepsirrhines. To do so, we quantify (1) the shape of the shaft and articular surfaces of each long bone of the forelimb, (2) the peak vertical, mediolateral, and horizontal ground reaction forces applied by the forelimb during arboreal locomotion, and (3) the relationship between the shape of the forelimb and peak forces. MATERIALS AND METHODS Geometric morphometric approaches were used to quantify the shape of the bones. Kinetic data were collected during horizontal arboreal walking in eight species of strepsirrhines that show variation in habitual substrate use and morphology of the forelimb. These data were then used to explore the links between locomotor behavior, morphology, and mechanics using co-variation analyses in a phylogenetic framework. RESULTS Our results show significant differences between slow quadrupedal climbers (lorises), vertical clinger and leapers (sifaka), and active arboreal quadrupeds (ring-tailed lemur, ruffed lemur) in both ground reaction forces and the shape of the long bones of the forelimb, with the propulsive and medially directed peak forces having the highest impact on the shape of the humerus. Co-variation between long bone shape and ground reaction forces was detected in both the humerus and ulna even when accounting for differences in body mass. DISCUSSION These results demonstrate the importance of considering limb-loading beyond just peak vertical force, or substrate reaction force. A re-evaluation of osseous morphology and functional interpretations is necessary in light of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Claire Fabre
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
- UMR 7179 C.N.R.S., M.N.H.N. Département Adaptations du Vivant, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Michael C Granatosky
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jandy B Hanna
- Department of Biomedical Science, West Virginia School of Osteopathic Medicine, Lewisburg, West Virginia
| | - Daniel Schmitt
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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8
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Peacock SJ, Coats BR, Kirkland JK, Tanner CA, Garland T, Middleton KM. Predicting the bending properties of long bones: Insights from an experimental mouse model. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 165:457-470. [PMID: 29154456 PMCID: PMC5823733 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Analyses of bone cross-sectional geometry are frequently used by anthropologists and paleontologists to infer the loading histories of past populations. To address some underlying assumptions, we investigated the relative roles of genetics and exercise on bone cross-sectional geometry and bending mechanics in three mouse strains: high bone density (C3H/He), low bone density (C57BL/6), and a high-runner strain homozygous for the Myh4Minimsc allele (MM). METHODS AND MATERIALS Weanlings of each strain were divided into exercise (wheel) or control (sedentary) treatment groups for a 7-week experimental period. Morphometrics of the femoral mid-diaphysis and mechanical testing were used to assess both theoretical and ex vivo bending mechanics. RESULTS Across all measured morphological and bending traits, we found relatively small effects of exercise treatment compared to larger and more frequent interstrain differences. In the exercised group, total distance run over the experimental period was not a predictor of any morphological or bending traits. Cross-sectional geometry did not accurately predict bone response to loading. DISCUSSION Results from this experimental model do not support hypothesized associations among extreme exercise, cross-sectional geometry, and bending mechanics. Our results suggest that analysis of cross-sectional geometry alone is insufficient to predict loading response, and questions the common assumption that cross-sectional geometry differences are indicative of differential loading history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Peacock
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | | | - J Kyle Kirkland
- Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | | | - Theodore Garland
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, California
| | - Kevin M Middleton
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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9
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Piorkowski D, Blamires SJ, Doran NE, Liao CP, Wu CL, Tso IM. Ontogenetic shift toward stronger, tougher silk of a web-building, cave-dwelling spider. J Zool (1987) 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Piorkowski
- Department of Life Science; Tunghai University; Taichung Taiwan
| | - S. J. Blamires
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre; University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - N. E. Doran
- Bookend Trust and the School of Biological Sciences; University of Tasmania; Sandy Bay Tasmania Australia
| | - C.-P. Liao
- Department of Life Science; Tunghai University; Taichung Taiwan
| | - C.-L. Wu
- Center for Measurement Standards; Industrial Technology Research Institute; Hsinchu Taiwan
| | - I.-M. Tso
- Department of Life Science; Tunghai University; Taichung Taiwan
- Center for Tropical Ecology and Biodiversity; Tunghai University; Taichung Taiwan
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10
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Guo W, Miller AD, Pencina K, Wong S, Lee A, Yee M, Toraldo G, Jasuja R, Bhasin S. Joint dysfunction and functional decline in middle age myostatin null mice. Bone 2016; 83:141-148. [PMID: 26549246 PMCID: PMC5461924 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since its discovery as a potent inhibitor for muscle development, myostatin has been actively pursued as a drug target for age- and disease-related muscle loss. However, potential adverse effects of long-term myostatin deficiency have not been thoroughly investigated. We report herein that male myostatin null mice (mstn(-/-)), in spite of their greater muscle mass compared to wild-type (wt) mice, displayed more significant functional decline from young (3-6months) to middle age (12-15months) than age-matched wt mice, measured as gripping strength and treadmill endurance. Mstn(-/-) mice displayed markedly restricted ankle mobility and degenerative changes of the ankle joints, including disorganization of bone, tendon and peri-articular connective tissue, as well as synovial thickening with inflammatory cell infiltration. Messenger RNA expression of several pro-osteogenic genes was higher in the Achilles tendon-bone insertion in mstn(-/-) mice than wt mice, even at the neonatal age. At middle age, higher plasma concentrations of growth factors characteristic of excessive bone remodeling were found in mstn(-/-) mice than wt controls. These data collectively indicate that myostatin may play an important role in maintaining ankle and wrist joint health, possibly through negative regulation of the pro-osteogenic WNT/BMP pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Guo
- Research Program in Men's Health, Boston Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Andrew D Miller
- Section of Anatomic Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
| | - Karol Pencina
- Research Program in Men's Health, Boston Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Siu Wong
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, United States
| | - Amanda Lee
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, United States
| | - Michael Yee
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, United States
| | - Gianluca Toraldo
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, United States
| | - Ravi Jasuja
- Research Program in Men's Health, Boston Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Shalender Bhasin
- Research Program in Men's Health, Boston Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
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Wallace IJ, Judex S, Demes B. Effects of load-bearing exercise on skeletal structure and mechanics differ between outbred populations of mice. Bone 2015; 72:1-8. [PMID: 25460574 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Revised: 11/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Effects of load-bearing exercise on skeletal structure and mechanical properties can vary between inbred strains of mice. Here, we examine whether such variation also exists at the population level. An experiment was performed with two outbred mouse stocks that have been reproductively isolated for >120 generations (Hsd:ICR, Crl:CD1). Growing females from each stock were either treated with a treadmill-running regimen for 1 month or served as controls. Limb forces were recorded with a force plate and cage activity monitored to verify that they were similar between stocks. After the experiment, femoral cortical and trabecular bone structure were quantified with micro-CT in the mid-diaphysis and distal metaphysis, respectively, and diaphyseal structural strength was determined with mechanical testing. Among Hsd:ICR mice, running led to significant improvements in diaphyseal bone quantity, structural geometry, and mechanical properties, as well as enhanced trabecular morphology. In contrast, among Crl:CD1 mice, the same running regimen had little effect on cortical and trabecular structure and significantly reduced diaphyseal resistance to fracture. In neither stock was body mass, muscle mass, or cage activity level different between runners and controls. Given that most environmental variables were controlled in this study, the differential effects of exercise on Hsd:ICR and Crl:CD1 bones were likely due to genetic differences between stocks. These results suggest that the benefits of loading for bone may vary between human populations (e.g., ethnic groups), in which case exercise programs and technologies designed to promote bone health with mechanical signals may be more advantageous to certain populations than others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J Wallace
- Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
| | - Stefan Judex
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Brigitte Demes
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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Rabey KN, Green DJ, Taylor AB, Begun DR, Richmond BG, McFarlin SC. Locomotor activity influences muscle architecture and bone growth but not muscle attachment site morphology. J Hum Evol 2014; 78:91-102. [PMID: 25467113 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The ability to make behavioural inferences from skeletal remains is critical to understanding the lifestyles and activities of past human populations and extinct animals. Muscle attachment site (enthesis) morphology has long been assumed to reflect muscle strength and activity during life, but little experimental evidence exists to directly link activity patterns with muscle development and the morphology of their attachments to the skeleton. We used a mouse model to experimentally test how the level and type of activity influences forelimb muscle architecture of spinodeltoideus, acromiodeltoideus, and superficial pectoralis, bone growth rate and gross morphology of their insertion sites. Over an 11-week period, we collected data on activity levels in one control group and two experimental activity groups (running, climbing) of female wild-type mice. Our results show that both activity type and level increased bone growth rates influenced muscle architecture, including differences in potential muscular excursion (fibre length) and potential force production (physiological cross-sectional area). However, despite significant influences on muscle architecture and bone development, activity had no observable effect on enthesis morphology. These results suggest that the gross morphology of entheses is less reliable than internal bone structure for making inferences about an individual's past behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karyne N Rabey
- Center for the Advanced Study of Hominid Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, 2114 G Street NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA; Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Box 90383, 103 Science Drive, Room 108, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, 19 Russell Street, Toronto, ON M5S 2S2, Canada.
| | - David J Green
- Department of Anatomy, Midwestern University, 555 31st Street, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA; Center for the Advanced Study of Hominid Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, 2114 G Street NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA.
| | - Andrea B Taylor
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Box 90383, 103 Science Drive, Room 108, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Community and Family Medicine, DPT Program, Duke University School of Medicine, DUMC Box 104002, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
| | - David R Begun
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, 19 Russell Street, Toronto, ON M5S 2S2, Canada.
| | - Brian G Richmond
- Center for the Advanced Study of Hominid Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, 2114 G Street NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA; Division of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA.
| | - Shannon C McFarlin
- Center for the Advanced Study of Hominid Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, 2114 G Street NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA.
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McNeill JN, Wu CL, Rabey KN, Schmitt D, Guilak F. Life-long caloric restriction does not alter the severity of age-related osteoarthritis. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 36:9669. [PMID: 24981112 PMCID: PMC4150885 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-014-9669-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Chronic adipose tissue inflammation and its associated adipokines have been linked to the development of osteoarthritis (OA). It has been shown that caloric restriction may decrease body mass index and adiposity. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of lifelong caloric restriction on bone morphology, joint inflammation, and spontaneously occurring OA development in aged mice. C57BL/NIA mice were fed either a calorie-restricted (CR) or ad libitum (AL) diet starting at 14 weeks of age. All mice were sacrificed at 24 months of age. Adipose tissue and knee joints were then harvested. Bone parameters of the joints were analyzed by micro-CT. OA and joint synovitis were determined using histology and semiquantitative analysis. Lifelong caloric restriction did not alter the severity of OA development in C57BL/NIA aged mice, and there was no difference in the total joint Mankin score between CR and AL groups (p = 0.99). Mice also exhibited similar levels of synovitis (p = 0.54). The bone mineral density of the femur and the tibia was comparable between the groups with a small increase in cancellous bone volume fraction in the lateral femoral condyle of the CR group compared with the AL group. Lifelong caloric restriction did not alter the incidence of OA or joint synovitis in C57BL/NIA mice, indicating that a reduction of caloric intake alone was not sufficient to prevent spontaneous age-related OA. Nonetheless, early initiation of CR continued throughout a life span did not negatively impact bone structural properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna N. McNeill
- />Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, 375 Medical Sciences Research Bldg, 3093, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Chia-Lung Wu
- />Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, 375 Medical Sciences Research Bldg, 3093, Durham, NC 27710 USA
- />Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Karyne N. Rabey
- />Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Daniel Schmitt
- />Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Farshid Guilak
- />Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, 375 Medical Sciences Research Bldg, 3093, Durham, NC 27710 USA
- />Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 USA
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14
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Wallace IJ, Tommasini SM, Judex S, Garland T, Demes B. Genetic variations and physical activity as determinants of limb bone morphology: An experimental approach using a mouse model. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2012; 148:24-35. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Choi SJ, Yablonka-Reuveni Z, Kaiyala KJ, Ogimoto K, Schwartz MW, Wisse BE. Increased energy expenditure and leptin sensitivity account for low fat mass in myostatin-deficient mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2011; 300:E1031-7. [PMID: 21427410 PMCID: PMC3118591 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00656.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Myostatin deficiency causes dramatically increased skeletal muscle mass and reduced fat mass. Previously, myostatin-deficient mice were reported to have unexpectedly low total energy expenditure (EE) after normalizing to body mass, and thus, a metabolic cause for low fat mass was discounted. To clarify how myostatin deficiency affects the control of body fat mass and energy balance, we compared rates of oxygen consumption, body composition, and food intake in young myostatin-deficient mice relative to wild-type (WT) and heterozygous (HET) controls. We report that after adjusting for total body mass using regression analysis, young myostatin-deficient mice display significantly increased EE relative to both WT (+0.81 ± 0.28 kcal/day, P = 0.004) and HET controls (+0.92 ± 0.31 kcal/day, P = 0.005). Since food intake was not different between groups, increased EE likely accounts for the reduced body fat mass (KO: 8.8 ± 1.1% vs. WT: 14.5 ± 1.3%, P = 0.003) and circulating leptin levels (KO: 0.7 ± 0.2 ng/ml vs. WT: 1.9 ± 0.3 ng/ml, P = 0.008). Interestingly, the observed increase in adjusted EE in myostatin-deficient mice occurred despite dramatically reduced ambulatory activity levels (-50% vs. WT, P < 0.05). The absence of hyperphagia together with increased EE in myostatin-deficient mice suggests that increased leptin sensitivity may contribute to their lean phenotype. Indeed, leptin-induced anorexia (KO: -17 ± 1.2% vs. WT: -5 ± 0.3%) and weight loss (KO: -2.2 ± 0.2 g vs. WT: -1.6 ± 0.1, P < 0.05) were increased in myostatin-deficient mice compared with WT controls. We conclude that increased EE, together with increased leptin sensitivity, contributes to low fat mass in mice lacking myostatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Ju Choi
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Diabetes and Obesity Center of Excellence, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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16
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Green DJ, Hamrick MW, Richmond BG. The effects of hypermuscularity on shoulder morphology in myostatin-deficient mice. J Anat 2011; 218:544-57. [PMID: 21332716 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2011.01351.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical loads, particularly those generated by skeletal muscle, play a significant role in determining long-bone shape and strength, but it is less clear how these loads influence the morphology of flat bones like the scapula. While scapular morphology has been shown to vary with locomotor mode in mammals, this study seeks to better understand whether genetically modified muscle size can influence scapular shape in the absence of significant locomotor differences. The soft- and hard-tissue morphological characteristics were examined in 11 hypermuscular, mutant (myostatin-deficient), 20 heterozygote, and 15 wild-type mouse shoulders. Body mass did not significantly differ among the genotype groups, but homozygous mutant and heterozygote mice had significantly larger shoulder muscles than wild-type mice. Mutant mice also differed significantly from the wild-type controls in several aspects of scapular size and shape, including glenohumeral joint orientation, total scapular length, superior border length, and supraspinous and infraspinous fossa length. Conversely, several traits describing superoinferior scapular breadth measures (e.g. total breadth and dorsal scapular fossa breadth) did not significantly differ between mutant and wild-type mice. Since the intrinsic musculature of the scapula is oriented in a mediolateral fashion, it follows that mediolaterally configured hard-tissue features like scapular length were most distinct among genotype groups. As had been noted previously with long bones, this study demonstrates that genetically enhanced muscle size has marked effects on the morphological characteristics of the shoulder.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Green
- Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, 2110 G St., NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA.
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Manske SL, Boyd SK, Zernicke RF. Vertical ground reaction forces diminish in mice after botulinum toxin injection. J Biomech 2011; 44:637-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2010] [Revised: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Allen KD, Adams SB, Setton LA. Evaluating intra-articular drug delivery for the treatment of osteoarthritis in a rat model. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2010; 16:81-92. [PMID: 19943805 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2009.0447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease that can result in joint pain, loss of joint function, and deleterious effects on activity levels and lifestyle habits. Current therapies for OA are largely aimed at symptomatic relief and may have limited effects on the underlying cascade of joint degradation. Local drug delivery strategies may provide for the development of more successful OA treatment outcomes that have potential to reduce local joint inflammation, reduce joint destruction, offer pain relief, and restore patient activity levels and joint function. As increasing interest turns toward intra-articular drug delivery routes, parallel interest has emerged in evaluating drug biodistribution, safety, and efficacy in preclinical models. Rodent models provide major advantages for the development of drug delivery strategies, chiefly because of lower cost, successful replication of human OA-like characteristics, rapid disease development, and small joint volumes that enable use of lower total drug amounts during protocol development. These models, however, also offer the potential to investigate the therapeutic effects of local drug therapy on animal behavior, including pain sensitivity thresholds and locomotion characteristics. Herein, we describe a translational paradigm for the evaluation of an intra-articular drug delivery strategy in a rat OA model. This model, a rat interleukin-1beta overexpression model, offers the ability to evaluate anti-interleukin-1 therapeutics for drug biodistribution, activity, and safety as well as the therapeutic relief of disease symptoms. Once the action against interleukin-1 is confirmed in vivo, the newly developed anti-inflammatory drug can be evaluated for evidence of disease-modifying effects in more complex preclinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle D Allen
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0281, USA
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