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Saluja S, Bansal I, Bhardwaj R, Beg MS, Palanichamy JK. Inflammation as a driver of hematological malignancies. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1347402. [PMID: 38571491 PMCID: PMC10987768 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1347402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Hematopoiesis is a tightly regulated process that produces all adult blood cells and immune cells from multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). HSCs usually remain quiescent, and in the presence of external stimuli like infection or inflammation, they undergo division and differentiation as a compensatory mechanism. Normal hematopoiesis is impacted by systemic inflammation, which causes HSCs to transition from quiescence to emergency myelopoiesis. At the molecular level, inflammatory cytokine signaling molecules such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interferons, interleukins, and toll-like receptors can all cause HSCs to multiply directly. These cytokines actively encourage HSC activation, proliferation, and differentiation during inflammation, which results in the generation and activation of immune cells required to combat acute injury. The bone marrow niche provides numerous soluble and stromal cell signals, which are essential for maintaining normal homeostasis and output of the bone marrow cells. Inflammatory signals also impact this bone marrow microenvironment called the HSC niche to regulate the inflammatory-induced hematopoiesis. Continuous pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine activation can have detrimental effects on the hematopoietic system, which can lead to cancer development, HSC depletion, and bone marrow failure. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), which damage DNA and ultimately lead to the transformation of HSCs into cancerous cells, are produced due to chronic inflammation. The biological elements of the HSC niche produce pro-inflammatory cytokines that cause clonal growth and the development of leukemic stem cells (LSCs) in hematological malignancies. The processes underlying how inflammation affects hematological malignancies are still not fully understood. In this review, we emphasize the effects of inflammation on normal hematopoiesis, the part it plays in the development and progression of hematological malignancies, and potential therapeutic applications for targeting these pathways for therapy in hematological malignancies.
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Gomez Hernandez MP, Starman EE, Davis AB, Harishchandra Hikkaduwa Withanage M, Zeng E, Lieberman SM, Brogden KA, Lanzel EA. A distinguishing profile of chemokines, cytokines, and biomarkers in the saliva of children with Sjögren's syndrome. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2021; 60:4765-4777. [PMID: 33512494 PMCID: PMC8487313 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keab098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective SS is an autoimmune disease most commonly diagnosed in adults but can occur in children. Our objective was to assess the presence of chemokines, cytokines and biomarkers (CCBMs) in saliva from these children that were associated with lymphocyte and mononuclear cell functions. Methods Saliva was collected from 11 children diagnosed with SS prior to age 18 years and 16 normal healthy children. A total of 105 CCBMs were detected in multiplex microparticle-based immunoassays. ANOVA and t test (0.05 level) were used to detect differences. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) was used to assess whether elevated CCBMs were in annotations associated with immune system diseases and select leukocyte activities and functions. Machine learning methods were used to evaluate the predictive power of these CCBMs for SS and were measured by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and area under curve (AUC). Results Of the 105 CCBMs detected, 43 (40.9%) differed in children with SS from those in healthy study controls (P < 0.05) and could differentiate the two groups (P < 0.05). Elevated CCBMs in IPA annotations were associated with autoimmune diseases and with leukocyte chemotaxis, migration, proliferation, and regulation of T cell activation. The best AUC value in ROC analysis was 0.93, indicating that there are small numbers of CCBMs that may be useful for diagnosis of SS. Conclusion While 35 of these 43 CCBMs have been previously reported in SS, 8 CCBMs had not. Additional studies focusing on these CCBMs may provide further insight into disease pathogenesis and may contribute to diagnosis of SS in children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily E Starman
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Andrew B Davis
- Department of Otolaryngology, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA
| | | | - Erliang Zeng
- Division of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Scott M Lieberman
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics-Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Kim A Brogden
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Emily A Lanzel
- Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA
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3
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Abstract
Acute leukaemias are a group of malignancies characterised by the invasion of the bone marrow by immature haematopoietic precursors and differentiation arrest at various maturation steps. Multiplicity of intrinsic and extrinsic factors influences the transformation and progression of leukaemia. The intrinsic factors encompass genetic alterations of cellular pathways leading to the activation of, among others, inflammatory pathways (such as nuclear factor kappa B). The extrinsic components include, among others, the inflammatory pathways activated by the bone marrow microenvironment and include chemokines, cytokines and adhesion molecules. In this chapter, we review the role of inflammatory processes in the transformation, survival and proliferation of leukaemias, particularly the role of nuclear factor kappa B and its downstream signalling in leukaemias and the novel therapeutic strategies that exploit potentially unique properties of inflammatory signalling that offer interesting options for future therapeutic interventions.
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Morais C, Gobe G, Johnson DW, Healy H. The emerging role of nuclear factor kappa B in renal cell carcinoma. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2011; 43:1537-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Revised: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Wang JH, Zhang WP, Liu HX, Wang D, Li YF, Wang WQ, Wang L, He FR, Wang Z, Yan QG, Chen LW, Huang GS. Detection of human parvovirus B19 in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Br J Cancer 2008; 98:611-8. [PMID: 18212749 PMCID: PMC2243166 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate whether parvovirus B19, a common human pathogen, was also involved in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), 112 paraffin-embedded thyroid specimens of benign nodules, papillary, medullary and follicular carcinomas, and normal controls were examined for B19 DNA and capsid protein by nested PCR, in situ hybridisation (ISH) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). The expression of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) was investigated by IHC. The results showed B19 DNA commonly exists in human thyroid tissues; however, there were significant differences between PTC group and normal controls, and between PTC and nonneoplastic adjacent tissues (P<0.001). The presence of viral DNA in PTC neoplastic epithelium was confirmed by laser-capture microdissection and sequencing of nested PCR products. B19 capsid protein in PTC group was significantly higher than that of all the control groups and nonneoplastic adjacent tissues (P⩽0.001). Compared with control groups, the activation of NF-κB in PTC group was significantly increased (P⩽0.02), except for medullary carcinomas, and the activation of NF-κB was correlated with the viral protein presence (P=0.002). Moreover, NF-κB was colocalised with B19 DNA in the neoplastic epithelium of PTC by double staining of IHC and ISH. These results indicate for the first time a possible role of B19 in pathogenesis of PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
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6
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Paré ME, Gauthier S, Landry S, Sun J, Legault E, Leclerc D, Tanaka Y, Marriott SJ, Tremblay MJ, Barbeau B. A new sensitive and quantitative HTLV-I-mediated cell fusion assay in T cells. Virology 2005; 338:309-22. [PMID: 15963547 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2004] [Revised: 12/30/2004] [Accepted: 05/06/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Similar to several other viruses, human T cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) induces the formation of multinucleated giant cells (also known as syncytium) when amplified in tissue culture. These syncytia result from the fusion of infected cells with uninfected cells. Due to the intrinsic difficulty of infecting cells with cell-free HTLV-I virions, syncytium formation has become an important tool in the study of HTLV-I infection and transmission. Since most HTLV-I-based cell fusion assays rely on the use of non-T cells, the aim of this study was to optimize a new HTLV-I-induced cell fusion assay in which HTLV-I-infected T cell lines are co-cultured with T cells that have been transfected with an HTLV-I long terminal repeat (LTR) luciferase reporter construct. We demonstrate that co-culture of various HTLV-I-infected T cells with different transfected T cell lines resulted in induction of luciferase activity. Cell-to-cell contact and expression of the viral gp46 envelope protein was crucial for this induction while other cell surface proteins (including HSC70) did not have a significant effect. This quantitative assay was shown to be very sensitive. In this assay, the cell fusion-mediated activation of NF-kappaB and the HTLV-I LTR occurred through previously described Tax-dependent signaling pathways. This assay also showed that cell fusion could activate Tax-inducible cellular promoters. These results thus demonstrate that this new quantitative HTLV-I-dependent cell fusion assay is versatile, highly sensitive, and can provide an important tool to investigate cellular promoter activation and intrinsic signaling cascades that modulate cellular gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Eve Paré
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Pavillon CHUL, Canada
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7
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Sakato M, King SM. Design and regulation of the AAA+ microtubule motor dynein. J Struct Biol 2004; 146:58-71. [PMID: 15037237 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2003.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2003] [Revised: 09/22/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dyneins are highly complex molecular motors that transport their attached cargo towards the minus end of microtubules. These enzymes are required for many essential motile activities within the cytoplasm and also power eukaryotic cilia and flagella. Each dynein contains one or more heavy chain motor units that consist of an N-terminal stem domain that is involved in cargo attachment, and six AAA+ domains (AAA1-6) plus a C-terminal globular segment that are arranged in a heptameric ring. At least one AAA+ domain (AAA1) is capable of ATP binding and hydrolysis, and the available data suggest that one or more additional domains also may bind nucleotide. The ATP-sensitive microtubule binding site is located at the tip of a 10nm coiled coil stalk that emanates from between AAA4 and AAA5. The function of this motor both in the cytoplasm and the flagellum must be tightly regulated in order to result in useful work. Consequently, dyneins also contain a series of additional components that serve to define the cargo-binding properties of the enzyme and which act as sensors to transmit regulatory inputs to the motor units. Here we describe the two basic dynein designs and detail the various regulatory systems that impinge on this motor within the eukaryotic flagellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho Sakato
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-3305, USA
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8
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Vallee RB, Williams JC, Varma D, Barnhart LE. Dynein: An ancient motor protein involved in multiple modes of transport. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 58:189-200. [PMID: 14704951 DOI: 10.1002/neu.10314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic dynein has long been thought to be responsible for retrograde axonal transport. As the number of cellular roles for this multifunctional protein has expanded, the complexity of its contribution to axonal transport has increased. In this article the increasing evidence for a role for cytoplasmic dynein in anterograde as well as retrograde transport is discussed. The current status of the complex dynein cargo-binding mechanism is evaluated. Finally, recent genetic evidence supporting a role in axonal transport and revealing a role in neurodegenerative conditions is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B Vallee
- Departments of Pathology and Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 W. 168th Street, New York, New York 10032, USA.
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9
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Abstract
The primate T-cell lymphoma/leukemia viruses belong to an oncogenic genus of complex retroviruses. Members of this genus have been shown to be pathogenic in man. The human T-cell lymphoma/leukemia virus (HTLV) type I has been linked in the etiology of T-cell malignancies and "autoimmune-like" neurologic and rheumatic disorders; a related virus, HTLV-II, is becoming increasingly associated with similar disorders. Cell transformation is thought to be caused predominantly by the effects of the viral regulatory protein, Tax. An additional induced host cell molecule, adult T-cell lymphoma-derived factor, may contribute to cell immortalization. Like the DNA tumor viruses, HTLV activates transcription of cellular proto-oncogenes and inhibits cellular mechanisms of tumor suppression, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis. However, individuals who are able to mount a strong cell-mediated immune response and limit viral entry into uninfected cells do not develop associated malignancies. Unfortunately, HTLV-induced malignancies are difficult to treat with conventional chemotherapy, and disease progression is often rapid with a median survival of less than 2 years. There are, however, some novel approaches that have yet to be fully tested that may have greater efficacy in the treatment of HTLV-induced diseases. In the future, better screening and detection methods, along with new vaccines and therapies, may contribute to the increased prevention and control of HTLV infection and its associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard J Poiesz
- Department of Medicine, Upstate Medical University, SUNY Syracuse, New York 13120, USA.
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10
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Amini S, Clavo A, Nadraga Y, Giordano A, Khalili K, Sawaya BE. Interplay between cdk9 and NF-kappaB factors determines the level of HIV-1 gene transcription in astrocytic cells. Oncogene 2002; 21:5797-803. [PMID: 12173051 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1205754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2001] [Revised: 04/26/2002] [Accepted: 06/07/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Basal transcription of the HIV-1 genome is controlled by a variety of ubiquitous and inducible regulatory factors, some with the ability to associate with the viral DNA sequences within the promoter spanning the long terminal repeat (LTR). In this report we demonstrate that activation of the HIV-1 promoter through the inducible DNA binding NF-kappaB transcription factors can be affected by cdk9 in human astrocytic cells. Our results show that ectopic expression of cdk9, but not its mutant variant which lacks the domain responsible for its kinase activity, augments transcription of the LTR. Moreover, we demonstrate that induction of the NF-kappaB pathway by PMA, or overexpression of its subunits including p50/p65 have a negative effect on the ability of cdk9 to stimulate viral gene transcription in these cells. Results from band-shift experiments demonstrated significant suppression of p50/p65 association to its DNA target motif by cdk9. Further, data from GST pull-down and combined immunoprecipitation/Western blot analysis of the protein extracts from cells expressing cdk9, p50 and p65 have revealed the interaction of cdk9 with both p50 and p65 in the absence of DNA containing the kappaB motif. All of these observations led us to conclude that the interaction of cdk9 with the NF-kappaB factors can determine the ability of NF-kappaB to modulate HIV-1 gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohreh Amini
- Center for Neurovirology and Cancer Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, 1900 North 12th Street, 015-96, Room 203, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, PA 19122, USA
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11
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Abstract
Chlamydomonas is a biflagellate unicellular green alga that has proven especially amenable for the analysis of microtubule (MT)-based molecular motors, notably dyneins. These enzymes form the inner and outer arms of the flagellum and are also required for intraflagellar transport. Dyneins have masses of approximately 1-2 MDa and consist of up to 15 different polypeptides. Nucleotide binding/hydrolysis and MT motor activity are associated with the heavy chains, and we detail here our current model for the substructural organization of these approximately 520-kDa proteins. The remaining polypeptides play a variety of roles in dynein function, including attachment of the motor to cargo, regulation of motor activity in response to specific inputs, and their necessity for the assembly and/or stability of the entire complex. The combination of genetic, physiological, structural, and biochemical approaches has made the Chlamydomonas flagellum a very powerful model system in which to dissect the function of these fascinating molecular motors.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M DiBella
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington 06032, USA
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12
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Holtzman MJ, Morton JD, Shornick LP, Tyner JW, O'Sullivan MP, Antao A, Lo M, Castro M, Walter MJ. Immunity, inflammation, and remodeling in the airway epithelial barrier: epithelial-viral-allergic paradigm. Physiol Rev 2002; 82:19-46. [PMID: 11773608 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00020.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept that airway inflammation leads to airway disease has led to a widening search for the types of cellular and molecular interactions responsible for linking the initial stimulus to the final abnormality in airway function. It has not yet been possible to integrate all of this information into a single model for the development of airway inflammation and remodeling, but a useful framework has been based on the behavior of the adaptive immune system. In that paradigm, an exaggeration of T-helper type 2 (Th2) over Th1 responses to allergic and nonallergic stimuli leads to airway inflammatory disease, especially asthma. In this review, we summarize alternative evidence that the innate immune system, typified by actions of airway epithelial cells and macrophages, may also be specially programmed for antiviral defense and abnormally programmed in inflammatory disease. Furthermore, this abnormality may be inducible by paramyxoviral infection and, in the proper genetic background, may persist indefinitely. Taken together, we propose a new model that highlights specific interactions between epithelial, viral, and allergic components and so better explains the basis for airway immunity, inflammation, and remodeling in response to viral infection and the development of long-term disease phenotypes typical of asthma and other hypersecretory airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Holtzman
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
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13
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Nagao N, Etoh T, Yamaoka S, Okamoto T, Miwa N. Enhanced invasion of Tax-expressing fibroblasts into the basement membrane is repressed by phosphorylated ascorbate with simultaneous decreases in intracellular oxidative stress and NF-kappa B activation. Antioxid Redox Signal 2000; 2:727-38. [PMID: 11213478 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2000.2.4-727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Invasion of rat fibroblastic cells Rat-1 through Matrigel was shown to be promoted by transfection with tax gene of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1. We found that an oxidation-resistant type of vitamin C (Asc), Asc-2-O-phosphate (Asc2P), inhibited the invasion of the tax-transfected Rat-1 cells (W4 cells). Intracellular Asc (Ascin), after enzymatic dephosphorylation of administered Asc2P, was more abundant in W4 cells than in Rat-1 cells, and the ratio of dehydroascorbic acid versus Asc was increased in W4 cells but scarcely in Rat-1 cells, according to the enhanced level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROSin) in W4 cells. Asc2P notably repressed the increases in both ROSin and secretion of matrix metalloproteases (MMPs), but did not affect Tax protein expression in tax-transfectants. NF-kappa B activation, as evidenced by its translocation to the nucleus in W4 cells, was also repressed by Asc2P. Thus, the tax-promoted invasion together with the enhanced production of MMPs occurred with NF-kappa B activation and the increase in ROSin, both of which were effectively reduced by Asc2P. These findings indicate the therapeutic efficacy of Ascin-enriching agents for the prevention against tumor invasion in which ROSin plays a major role.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Nagao
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Hiroshima Prefectural University School of BioSciences, Hiroshima 727-0023, Japan
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Crinelli R, Bianchi M, Gentilini L, Magnani M, Hiscott J. Activation of the ubiquitin proteolytic system in murine acquired immunodeficiency syndrome affects IkappaBalpha turnover. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1999; 263:202-11. [PMID: 10429205 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00485.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Murine acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (MAIDS) is a complex immunopathology caused by a defective murine leukemia virus (LP-BM5) that mainly targets B-lymphocytes. Lymphadenophathy, splenomegaly, hypergammaglobulinemia and progressive immunodeficiency are prominent features of MAIDS. Previously, we showed that the ubiquitin proteolytic system was upregulated in infected lymph nodes [Crinelli, R., Fraternale, A., Casabianca, A. & Magnani, M. (1997) Eur. J. Biochem. 247, 91-97]. In this report, we demonstrate that increased 26S proteasome activity is responsible for accelerated turnover of the IkappaBalpha inhibitor in lymph node extracts derived from animals with MAIDS. The molecular mechanisms mediating IkappaBalpha proteolysis involved constitutive phosphorylation of IkappaBalpha at Ser32 and Ser36 and subsequent ubiquitination, suggesting persistent activation of an NF-kappaB inducing pathway. Interestingly, enhanced IkappaBalpha degradation did not result in enhanced NF-kappaB DNA binding activity, but rather in a different subunit composition. The modulation of NF-kappaB/IkappaB system may affect multiple immunoregulatory pathways and may in part explain the mechanisms leading to the profound immune dysregulation involved in MAIDS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Crinelli
- Instuto di Chimica Biologica 'G. Fornaini', University of Urbino, Italy
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15
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Koga T, Sardiña E, Tidwell RM, Pelletier M, Look DC, Holtzman MJ. Virus-inducible expression of a host chemokine gene relies on replication-linked mRNA stabilization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:5680-5. [PMID: 10318944 PMCID: PMC21920 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.10.5680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of the host response to viral infection generally has focused on the capacity of viruses to activate or repress transcription of cellular genes, and this approach is also characteristic of work on RNA viruses such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). In the present study, it appeared initially that RSV-driven expression of a critical immune regulator, the beta-chemokine RANTES (regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted), in primary-culture airway epithelial cells also depended on inducible gene transcription because expression was accompanied by coordinate increases in transcriptional initiation rate and gene promoter activity. However, RSV-driven increases in RANTES gene transcription and promoter activity were small and transient relative to RANTES expression, and they were no different in size and duration than for inactivated RSV that was incapable of fully inducing RANTES expression. These findings suggested that the increase in RANTES gene transcription was not sufficient for inducible expression and that critical regulatory effects occurred at a posttranscriptional level. This type of mechanism for virus-inducible expression of RANTES was established when we found that replicating (but not inactivated) RSV markedly increased RANTES mRNA half-life (from 0.8 to 6.8 h). In addition, RNase protection assays of heterologous promoter/reporter plasmids indicate that basal instability of RANTES mRNA is mediated at least in part by nucleotides 11-389 of the RANTES gene, and this region is also the target for induction by virus. The distinct pathway for production of RANTES (in combination with cytokine-dependent expression of RANTES and related immune-response genes) may more effectively coordinate immune cell interaction with epithelial barrier cells to mediate host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Koga
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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16
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Kroll M, Margottin F, Kohl A, Renard P, Durand H, Concordet JP, Bachelerie F, Arenzana-Seisdedos F, Benarous R. Inducible degradation of IkappaBalpha by the proteasome requires interaction with the F-box protein h-betaTrCP. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:7941-5. [PMID: 10075690 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.12.7941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of NF-kappaB transcription factors requires phosphorylation and ubiquitin-proteasome-dependent degradation of IkappaB proteins. We provide evidence that a human F-box protein, h-betaTrCP, a component of Skp1-Cullin-F-box protein (SCF) complexes, a new class of E3 ubiquitin ligases, is essential for inducible degradation of IkappaBalpha. betaTrCP associates with Ser32-Ser36 phosphorylated, but not with unmodified IkappaBalpha or Ser32-Ser36 phosphorylation-deficient mutants. Expression of a F-box-deleted betaTrCP inhibits IkappaBalpha degradation, promotes accumulation of phosphorylated Ser32-Ser36 IkappaBalpha, and prevents NF-kappaB-dependent transcription. Our findings indicate that betaTrCP is the adaptor protein required for IkappaBalpha recognition by the SCFbetaTrCP E3 complex that ubiquitinates IkappaBalpha and makes it a substrate for the proteasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kroll
- Unité d'Immunologie Virale, Unité des arbovirus et virus des fièvres hémorragiques, Institut Pasteur, 25 et 28, rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
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17
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Chen F, Castranova V, Shi X, Demers LM. New Insights into the Role of Nuclear Factor-κB, a Ubiquitous Transcription Factor in the Initiation of Diseases. Clin Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/45.1.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 532] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
AbstractNuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is a ubiquitous transcription factor that governs the expression of genes encoding cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, cell adhesion molecules, and some acute phase proteins in health and in various disease states. NF-κB is activated by several agents, including cytokines, oxidant free radicals, inhaled particles, ultraviolet irradiation, and bacterial or viral products. Inappropriate activation of NF-κB has been linked to inflammatory events associated with autoimmune arthritis, asthma, septic shock, lung fibrosis, glomerulonephritis, atherosclerosis, and AIDS. In contrast, complete and persistent inhibition of NF-κB has been linked directly to apoptosis, inappropriate immune cell development, and delayed cell growth. Therefore, development of modulatory strategies targeting this transcription factor may provide a novel therapeutic tool for the treatment or prevention of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Chen
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505
| | - Vince Castranova
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505
| | - Xianglin Shi
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505
| | - Laurence M Demers
- Department of Pathology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
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Ravandi-Kashani F, Sriswasdi C, Lynott A, Giles FJ. HTLV-1 and Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma: A Review. Hematology 1998; 3:429-41. [PMID: 27420330 DOI: 10.1080/10245332.1998.11746417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with the human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) has been shown to be fundamental to the etiology of Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma (ATL). The disease is endemic in specific geographic areas but is increasingly reported from non-endemic regions. With increasing number of patients with this entity, the diversity in the clinical features has become apparent. In the past treatment strategies using combination chemotherapy have been unsatisfactory, but more recent trials using adenosine analouges, interferons, and combination of interferons and AZT have shown promise. With increased understanding of the etiology and molecular basis of the disease more effective therapies can be anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ravandi-Kashani
- a Department of Leukemia , University of Texas , M.D. Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , Texas
| | - C Sriswasdi
- a Department of Leukemia , University of Texas , M.D. Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , Texas
| | - A Lynott
- b International Oncology Study Group , Houston , Texas
| | - F J Giles
- a Department of Leukemia , University of Texas , M.D. Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , Texas
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