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Juusola M, Kuuliala K, Kuuliala A, Mustonen H, Vähä-Koskela M, Puolakkainen P, Seppänen H. Pancreatic cancer is associated with aberrant monocyte function and successive differentiation into macrophages with inferior anti-tumour characteristics. Pancreatology 2021; 21:397-405. [PMID: 33461933 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2020.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Inflammation is related to the development and progression of pancreatic cancer (PC). Locally, anti-inflammatory macrophages (M2), and systemically, high levels of certain inflammation-modulating cytokines associate with poor prognosis in PC. The detailed effects of systemic inflammation on circulating monocytes and macrophage polarisation remain unknown. We aimed to find out how intracellular signalling of peripheral blood monocytes is affected by the systemic inflammatory state in PC patients and how it affects their differentiation into macrophages. METHODS Monocytes were isolated from 50 consenting PC patients and 20 healthy controls (HC). The phosphorylation status of the signalling molecules was assessed by flow cytometry both from unstimulated and appropriately stimulated monocytes. Monocytes derived from HC and PC patients were co-cultured with cancer cells (MIA PaCa-2 and HPAF-II) in media supplemented with autologous serum, and the CD marker expression of the obtained macrophages was assessed by flow cytometry. RESULTS Phosphorylation levels of unstimulated STAT2, STAT3 and STAT6 were higher (p < 0.05) and those of stimulated NF-kB (p = 0.004) and STAT5 (p = 0.006) were lower in patients than in controls. The expression of CD86, a proinflammatory (M1) marker, was higher in control- than patient-derived co-cultured macrophages (p = 0.029). CONCLUSIONS Circulating monocytes from PC patients showed constitutive phosphorylation and weaker response to stimuli, indicating aberrant activation and immune suppression. When co-culturing the patient-derived monocytes with cancer cells, they differentiated into macrophages with reduced levels of M1 macrophage marker CD86, suggesting compromised anti-tumour features. The results highlight the need for global management of tumour-associated immune aberrations in PC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilda Juusola
- Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Translational Cancer Medicine Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Krista Kuuliala
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Kuuliala
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Harri Mustonen
- Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Pauli Puolakkainen
- Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Translational Cancer Medicine Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna Seppänen
- Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Translational Cancer Medicine Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Manfredi AA, Ramirez GA, Rovere-Querini P, Maugeri N. The Neutrophil's Choice: Phagocytose vs Make Neutrophil Extracellular Traps. Front Immunol 2018. [PMID: 29515586 PMCID: PMC5826238 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils recognize particulate substrates of microbial or endogenous origin and react by sequestering the cargo via phagocytosis or by releasing neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) outside the cell, thus modifying and alerting the environment and bystander leukocytes. The signals that determine the choice between phagocytosis and the generation of NETs are still poorly characterized. Neutrophils that had phagocytosed bulky particulate substrates, such as apoptotic cells and activated platelets, appear to be “poised” in an unresponsive state. Environmental conditions, the metabolic, adhesive and activation state of the phagocyte, and the size of and signals associated with the tethered phagocytic cargo influence the choice of the neutrophils, prompting either phagocytic clearance or the generation of NETs. The choice is dichotomic and apparently irreversible. Defects in phagocytosis may foster the intravascular generation of NETs, thus promoting vascular inflammation and morbidities associated with diseases characterized by defective phagocytic clearance, such as systemic lupus erythematosus. There is a strong potential for novel treatments based on new knowledge of the events determining the inflammatory and pro-thrombotic function of inflammatory leukocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo A Manfredi
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy.,Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe A Ramirez
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy.,Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | - Patrizia Rovere-Querini
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy.,Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | - Norma Maugeri
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy.,Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
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3
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Selvarajan V, Bidkar AP, Shome R, Banerjee A, Chaubey N, Ghosh SS, Sanpui P. Studying in vitro phagocytosis of apoptotic cancer cells by recombinant GMCSF-treated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 102:1138-1145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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4
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Chaubey N, Ghosh SS. Molecular cloning, purification and functional implications of recombinant GST tagged hGMCSF cytokine. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 169:1713-26. [PMID: 23334834 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-012-0052-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We report the cloning, purification and cell proliferative activity of a novel recombinant GST tagged human granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GST-hGMCSF). The hGMCSF gene was PCR amplified from the cDNA of ACHN renal carcinoma cells and was cloned into the bacterial expression vector. The GST-hGMCSF was purified to homogeneity using glutathione agarose affinity chromatography and subsequently characterized by Western blot, circular dichroism (CD) and MALDI TOF-TOF analysis. Homology modelling studies revealed the possible binding domains of the recombinant cytokine with cognate receptor. The proliferation of THP-1, Raw 264.7, MCF-7 and U87MG cells upon GST-hGMCSF addition was found to be dose dependent. Hence, this functionally active recombinant cytokine has potential application in cancer therapy for stimulating facile growth recovery of normal cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Chaubey
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 39, Assam, India
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5
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Hellberg L, Fuchs S, Gericke C, Sarkar A, Behnen M, Solbach W, Laskay T. Proinflammatory stimuli enhance phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by neutrophil granulocytes. ScientificWorldJournal 2011; 11:2230-6. [PMID: 22125470 PMCID: PMC3217599 DOI: 10.1100/2011/413271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, we have reported that, in addition to macrophages, also neutrophil granulocytes can phagocytose apoptotic neutrophils. Based on this finding, we hypothesized that "cannibalistic" neutrophils at sites of acute infection/inflammation play a major role in the clearance of apoptotic neutrophils. Since at sites of infection/inflammation neutrophils are exposed to microbial constituents and proinflammatory cytokines, in the present study we analyzed the effect of TLR-ligands and cytokines on the ability of neutrophils to phagocytose apoptotic cells in vitro. We observed that exposure to ligands of TLR2 (Malp2, Pam3CSK4), TLR4 (LPS), TLR7/TLR8 (R848), and TLR9 (ODN 2006) led to increased phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by neutrophils. In addition, proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF and GM-CSF strongly enhanced the uptake of apoptotic cells by neutrophils. These results support the hypothesis that neutrophils acquire the ability to phagocytose apoptotic cells at sites of acute infection/inflammation and thereby can contribute to the resolution of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Hellberg
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
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6
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Paracrine inhibition of GM-CSF signaling by human cytomegalovirus in monocytes differentiating to dendritic cells. Blood 2011; 118:6783-92. [PMID: 22031867 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-02-337956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A primary HCMV infection or virus reactivation may cause severe disease in hosts with a deficient immune system. The virus can disturb both innate and adaptive immunity by targeting dendritic cell (DC) functions. Monocytes, the precursors of DCs in vivo (MoDCs), are the primary targets of HCMV; they can also harbor latent virus. The DCs generated from infected monocytes (CMV-MoDCs) have an altered phenotype and functional defects. We have shown that CMV-MoDCs do not secrete IL-12 in response to lipopolysaccharide stimulation, cannot ingest dead cells, induce T(H)1 differentiation, or the proliferation of naive allogeneic CD4(+) T cells. We found that the GM-CSF signaling in an entire population of CMV-MoDCs was impaired, although only half of the cells were productively infected, and that IL-6 secretion and suppressors of cytokine signaling 3 induction contributed to this bystander effect. We also showed that MoDCs derived ex vivo from monocytes of viremic patients had the same altered phenotype as CMV-MoDCs, including decreased STAT5 phosphorylation, indicating defective GM-CSF signaling. We have thus described a new mechanism of HCMV-induced immunosupression, indicated how infection may disturb both GM-CSF-dependent physiologic processes and proposed GM-CSF-based therapeutic approaches.
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7
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Esmann L, Idel C, Sarkar A, Hellberg L, Behnen M, Möller S, van Zandbergen G, Klinger M, Köhl J, Bussmeyer U, Solbach W, Laskay T. Phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by neutrophil granulocytes: diminished proinflammatory neutrophil functions in the presence of apoptotic cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 184:391-400. [PMID: 19949068 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil granulocytes are rapidly recruited from the bloodstream to the site of acute inflammation where they die in large numbers. Because release of toxic substances from dead neutrophils can propagate the inflammatory response leading to tissue destruction, clearance of dying inflammatory neutrophils has a critical function in the resolution of the inflammatory response. Apoptotic neutrophils are phagocytosed primarily by macrophages, provided these cells are present in adequate numbers. However, macrophages are rare at sites of acute inflammation, whereas the number of neutrophils can be extremely high. In the current study, in vitro experiments with human neutrophils were carried out to investigate whether neutrophils can ingest apoptotic neutrophils. We show that naïve granulocytes isolated from venous blood have a limited capacity to phagocytose apoptotic cells. However, exposure to activating stimuli such as LPS, GM-CSF and/or IFN-gamma results in enhanced phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. The efficient uptake of apoptotic cells by neutrophils was found to depend on the presence of heat labile serum factors. Importantly, the contact to or uptake of apoptotic cells inhibited neutrophil functions such as respiratory burst and the release of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and interferon-inducible protein-10. Contact to apoptotic cells, however, induced the secretion of IL-8 and growth-related oncogene-alpha, which was independent of NF-kappaB and p38 MAPK but involved C5a and the ERK1/2 pathway. The data suggest that activated neutrophils participate in the clearance of apoptotic cells. In addition, because apoptotic cells inhibit proinflammatory functions of neutrophils, uptake of apoptotic cells by neutrophils contributes to the resolution of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Esmann
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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8
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Boé DM, Vandivier RW, Burnham EL, Moss M. Alcohol abuse and pulmonary disease. J Leukoc Biol 2009; 86:1097-104. [PMID: 19602670 PMCID: PMC4057657 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0209087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2009] [Revised: 03/12/2009] [Accepted: 03/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ARDS is a severe form of lung injury characterized by increased permeability of the alveolar capillary membrane, diffuse alveolar damage, the accumulation of proteinaceous interstitial and intra-alveolar edema, and the presence of hyaline membranes. These pathological changes are accompanied by physiological alterations, including severe hypoxemia, an increase in pulmonary dead space, and decreased pulmonary compliance. Approximately 200,000 individuals develop ARDS in the United States each year, and nearly 50% of these patients have a history of alcohol abuse. We have identified alcohol abuse as an independent risk factor for the development of ARDS, and more recent studies have validated these findings in patients following lung resection and blood transfusion. In ARDS survivors, alcohol abuse is also associated with an increased duration of mechanical ventilation and prolonged ICU length of stay. Despite studies aimed at improving outcomes in patients with ARDS, the mortality remains high at > 40%]. For those who abuse alcohol, the mortality is even higher, at 65%. In this review, we will discuss the relationship between alcohol abuse and ARDS, the effects of alcohol abuse on pulmonary function, and future directions and potential therapeutic targets for patients at risk for ARDS as a result of alcohol abuse, which impairs immune function, decreases pulmonary antioxidant capacity, decreases alveolar epithelial cell function, alters activation of the renin angiotensin system, and impairs GM-CSF signaling. These pathways represent potential therapeutic targets for patients at risk for ARDS as a result of alcohol abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren M Boé
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, 12700 E. 19th Ave., C272, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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9
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Anti-inflammatory action of apoptotic cells in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Atherosclerosis 2009; 205:391-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2008] [Revised: 12/27/2008] [Accepted: 12/28/2008] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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10
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Baskic D, Acimovic L, Djukic A, Djurdjevic P, Popovic S, Milicic B, Labovic I, Arsenijevic NN. Phagocytic activity and nitric oxide production of circulating polymorphonuclear leukocytes from patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis. Acta Oncol 2009; 42:846-51. [PMID: 14968946 DOI: 10.1080/02841860310011087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have demonstrated an increase of neutrophils in patients with advanced cancer. However, the possible role of increased neutrophils in various neoplasms studied to date varies considerably. The authors examined the changes in white blood cell counts in patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis. Malonildialdehyde and nitric oxide (NO) plasma and ascitic fluid levels, phagocitic activity and the ability of the polymorphonuclear cells (PMNCs) to produce nitric oxide were also measured. An increase in PMNCs and decrease in lymphocytes was found in cancer patients. Compared with healthy controls, cancer PMNCs showed significant enhancement of phagocytosis Similarly, pretreatment of healthy PMNCs with crude supernatants from short-term cultures of the peritoneal cells from ascitic fluid of patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis caused marked stimulation of PMNC phagocytosis. In addition, plasma and ascitic fluid nitric oxide levels in cancer patients were significantly higher than those found in control one. Most importantly, it was found that PMNCs from cancer patients release significantly more nitric oxide than corresponding normal controls. Therefore, considering the fact that neutrophils make up more than 50% of total leukocytes, these cells can play one of the most important roles in tumor biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejan Baskic
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kragujevac, Yugoslavia.
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11
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Yun JH, Henson PM, Tuder RM. Phagocytic clearance of apoptotic cells: role in lung disease. Expert Rev Respir Med 2008; 2:753-65. [PMID: 20477237 PMCID: PMC3956128 DOI: 10.1586/17476348.2.6.753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis and apoptotic clearance are matched processes that are centered in the maintenance of homeostasis. Similar to apoptosis, apoptotic cell clearance is a conserved mechanism that is highly efficient and redundant, highlighting its overall functional importance in homeostasis. Increasing evidence suggests that the mismatch between apoptosis and apoptotic cell clearance underlies pathologic conditions including inflammatory lung diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis, asthma, acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome and cancer immunity. Although direct causality has yet to be established, this paradigm opens novel approaches towards the understanding and treatment of lung diseases. Glucocorticoids, statins and macrolide antibiotics, which are already in use for treating lung conditions, have a positive effect on apoptotic clearance and are among novel agents that are potential candidates for treatment of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong H Yun
- Program in Translational Lung Research, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado at Denver, School of Medicine, 12700 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA, Tel.: +1 303 724 6049,
| | - Peter M Henson
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO, USA, Tel.: +1 303 398 1380, Fax: +1 303 398 1381,
| | - Rubin M Tuder
- Program in Translational Lung Research, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado at Denver, School of Medicine, 12700 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA, Tel.: +1 303 724 6062,
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12
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Allina J, Hu B, Sullivan DM, Fiel MI, Thung SN, Bronk SF, Huebert RC, van de Water J, LaRusso NF, Gershwin ME, Gores GJ, Odin JA. T cell targeting and phagocytosis of apoptotic biliary epithelial cells in primary biliary cirrhosis. J Autoimmun 2007; 27:232-41. [PMID: 17222534 PMCID: PMC6200357 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2006.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2006] [Revised: 11/22/2006] [Accepted: 11/23/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is characterized by loss of tolerance against ubiquitously expressed mitochondrial autoantigens followed by biliary and salivary gland epithelial cell (BEC and SGEC) destruction by autoreactive T cells. It is unclear why BECs and SGECs are targeted. Previous work demonstrated that the reduced form of the major PBC autoantigen predominated in apoptotic BECs and SGECs as opposed to an oxidized form in other apoptotic cells. This led to the hypothesis that presentation of novel self-peptides from phagocytosed apoptotic BECs might contribute to BEC targeting by autoreactive T cells. The effect of autoantigen redox status on self-peptide formation was examined along with the phagocytic ability of BECs. Oxidation of PBC autoantigens first was shown to be due to protein S-glutathionylation of lipoyllysine residues. Absence of protein S-glutathionylation generated novel self-peptides and affected T cell recognition of a lipoyllysine containing peptide. Liver biopsy staining revealed BEC phagocytosis of apoptotic BECs (3.74+/-2.90% of BEC) was present in PBC (7 of 7 cases) but not in normal livers (0 of 3). BECs have the ability to present novel mitochondrial self-peptides derived from phagocytosed apoptotic BECs. Apoptotic cell phagocytosis by non-professional phagocytes may influence the tissue specificity of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Allina
- Department of Medicine, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bin Hu
- Department of Medicine, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Maria Isabel Fiel
- Department of Pathology, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Swan N. Thung
- Department of Pathology, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Steven F. Bronk
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Robert C. Huebert
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Judy van de Water
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine of the University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - M. E. Gershwin
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine of the University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Gregory J. Gores
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Joseph A. Odin
- Department of Medicine, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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13
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Moser C, Jensen PØ, Pressler T, Frederiksen B, Lanng S, Kharazmi A, Koch C, Høiby N. Serum concentrations of GM-CSF and G-CSF correlate with the Th1/Th2 cytokine response in cystic fibrosis patients with chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection. APMIS 2005; 113:400-9. [PMID: 15996157 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2005.apm_142.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The inflammation in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients with chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection is dominated by polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs). There seems to be a relationship between the PMN-dominated inflammation, pronounced antibody production and a Th2-dominated response. Apart from mobilizing monocytes and PMNs from the bone marrow, GM-CSF, G-CSF and IL-3 select subsets of dendritic cells, which subsequently induce distinct Th responses. Therefore, the present study examines the correlation between the mobilizing cytokines in serum and the Th responses. The IFN-gamma and IL-4 production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and the concentrations of GM-CSF and G-CSF in serum as well as lung function, were determined in 37 CF patients with and 6 CF patients without chronic P. aeruginosa lung infection. The GM-CSF/G-CSF ratio correlated both with the IFN-gamma production and good lung function. In addition, an inverse correlation between IL-3 and IFN-gamma was observed. The results indicate involvement of endogenous GM-CSF, G-CSF and IL-3 in the skewed Th response in CF, and change to a Th1-dominated response might be achieved with GM-CSF treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Moser
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Demir G, Klein HO, Tuzuner N. Low dose daily rhGM-CSF application activates monocytes and dendritic cells in vivo. Leuk Res 2003; 27:1105-8. [PMID: 12921948 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-2126(03)00097-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a powerful cytokine with multiple actions. We investigated the effects of low dose daily rhGM-CSF application on monocytes and peripheral circulating dendritic cells (DC) in malignant melanoma patients in vivo. Twenty patients were included; rhGM-CSF was given as daily subcutaneous injections for 14 days. A significant increase was noted in monocytes and granulocytes, starting on the 5th day. Expression of CD95 (Apo-1/Fas) and CD45RO on monocytes increased significantly on the 5th day, and CD4 expression on monocytes increased significantly on the 14th day. Peripheral circulating dendritic cells which were 0.94% in the beginning, increased to 1.35% (P<0.04) and to 1.96% (P<0.001) on days 5 and 14, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokhan Demir
- Medical Oncology Department, Istanbul University Cerrahpasa Medical School, Husrev Gerede Cad 35/4 Tesvikiye, 80200 Istanbul, Turkey.
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15
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Chan A, Seguin R, Magnus T, Papadimitriou C, Toyka KV, Antel JP, Gold R. Phagocytosis of apoptotic inflammatory cells by microglia and its therapeutic implications: termination of CNS autoimmune inflammation and modulation by interferon-beta. Glia 2003; 43:231-42. [PMID: 12898702 DOI: 10.1002/glia.10258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis of autoaggressive T-cells in the CNS is an effective, noninflammatory mechanism for the resolution of T-cell infiltrates, contributing to clinical recovery in T-cell-mediated neuroinflammatory diseases. The clearance of apoptotic leukocytes by tissue-specific phagocytes is critical in the resolution of the inflammatory infiltrate and leads to a profound downregulation of phagocyte immune functions. Adult human microglia from surgically removed normal brain tissue was used in a standardized, light-microscopic in vitro phagocytosis assay of apoptotic autologous peripheral blood-derived mononuclear cells (MNCs). Microglia from five different patients had a high capacity for the uptake of apoptotic MNCs in contrast to nonapoptotic target cells with the phagocytosis rate for nonapoptotic MNCs amounting to only 61.6% of the apoptotic MNCs. A newly described phosphatidylserine receptor, critical in the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by macrophages, is also expressed at similar levels on human microglia. The effects of the therapeutically used immunomodulatory agent interferon-beta (IFNbeta) were investigated using Lewis rat microglia and apoptotic, encephalitogenic, myelin basic protein-specific autologous T-cells. Also, rat microglia had a high capacity to phagocytose apoptotic T-cells specifically. IFNbeta increased the phagocytosis of apoptotic T-cells to 36.8% above the untreated controls. The enhanced phagocytic activity was selective for apoptotic T-cells and was not mediated by increased IL-10 secretion. Apoptotic inflammatory cells may be efficiently and rapidly removed by microglial cells in the autoimmune-inflamed human CNS. The in vitro increase of phagocytosis by IFNbeta merits further investigations whether this mechanism could also be therapeutically exploited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Chan
- Department of Neurology, Julius-Maximilians-University, Würzburg, Germany.
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16
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Jersmann HPA, Ross KA, Vivers S, Brown SB, Haslett C, Dransfield I. Phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by human macrophages: analysis by multiparameter flow cytometry. Cytometry A 2003; 51:7-15. [PMID: 12500300 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.10005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phagocytic removal of apoptotic cells is an important regulatory event in development, tissue homoeostasis, and inflammation. There are several methodologic problems with most in vitro studies of the molecular mechanisms of apoptotic cell phagocytosis. First, cell loss occurs during rigorous washing of adherent macrophages required to ensure removal of noningested particles. Second, discrimination of adherent or internalised apoptotic cells is difficult. Third, microscopic quantification is time consuming and has the potential for significant interobserver error. Fourth, subsequent analysis of phagocyte populations is difficult. METHODS We used a flow cytometric method that allows quantification of phagocytosis of fluorescently labelled apoptotic cells with the use of multiparameter flow cytometric analysis. RESULTS Phagocytosis of apoptotic cells was validated by use of inhibitors (cytochalasins) or low temperature and counterstaining with cell surface markers for the phagocytic targets to exclude binding to the phagocytic surface. Populations of phagocytic macrophages were sorted, and the presence of internalized apoptotic material was validated by microscopy. CONCLUSIONS The technique we used in this study allows observer-independent analysis of phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by macrophages. Importantly, phagocytic or nonphagocytic populations could be subjected to further characterization with the use of flow cytometry with additional fluorochrome reagents and can be re-cultured to study underlying regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubertus P A Jersmann
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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17
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Presneill JJ, Harris T, Stewart AG, Cade JF, Wilson JW. A randomized phase II trial of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor therapy in severe sepsis with respiratory dysfunction. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 166:138-43. [PMID: 12119223 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.2009005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) stimulates hemopoiesis and effector functions of granulocytes and macrophages and is involved in pulmonary surfactant homeostasis. We investigated whether GM-CSF therapy improved clinically diagnosed severe sepsis and respiratory dysfunction in critically ill patients. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase II study added low-dose (3 mcg/kg) intravenous recombinant human GM-CSF daily for 5 days to conventional therapy in 10 patients, with a further eight patients receiving placebo. GM-CSF-treated patients showed improvement in Pa(O(2))/FI(O(2)) over 5 days (p = 0.02) and increased peripheral blood neutrophils (p = 0.08), whereas alveolar neutrophils decreased (p = 0.02). GM-CSF therapy was not associated with decreased 30-day survival or with increased acute respiratory distress syndrome or extrapulmonary organ dysfunction. GM-CSF therapy was associated with increased blood granulocyte superoxide production and restoration or preservation of blood and alveolar leukocyte phagocytic function. We conclude that low-dose GM-CSF was associated with improved gas exchange without pulmonary neutrophil infiltration, despite functional activation of both circulating neutrophils and pulmonary phagocytes. In addition, GM-CSF therapy was not associated with worsened acute respiratory distress syndrome or the multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, suggesting a homeostatic role for GM-CSF in sepsis-related pulmonary dysfunction.
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Saas P, Tiberghien P, de Carvalho Bittencourt M. Cell-based therapy approaches using dying cells: from tumour immunotherapy to transplantation tolerance induction. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2002; 2:249-63. [PMID: 11890865 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2.3.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Cell-based therapies are promising approaches to treat uncontrolled pathologies, such as tumours. Apoptotic tumour cells have recently been proposed as a source of tumour-associated antigens to stimulate an efficient immune response. However, a complex relationship exists between apoptosis and the immune system. In this review, the different factors that may influence immune responses against apoptotic cells are detailed and discussed in the light of recent publications. These factors include the nature of the phagocytes and the receptors involved in apoptotic cell uptake, as well as the environment in which cells are dying. A possible distinction between apoptosis and necrosis by immune system sentinels adds a further level of complexity. The potential use of the immunomodulatory properties associated with apoptosis to favour engraftment and induce tolerance in transplantation is then discussed. In conclusion, this review will suggest appropriate conditions to efficiently and safely use apoptotic cells as a new cell therapy product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Saas
- INSERM E0119/UPRES EA2284, Etablissement Fran ais du Sang de Bourgogne Franche-Comt , 1 Boulevard A. Fleming, BP1937, F-25020 Besan on, France.
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Byrne A, Reen DJ. Lipopolysaccharide induces rapid production of IL-10 by monocytes in the presence of apoptotic neutrophils. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:1968-77. [PMID: 11823533 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.4.1968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that apoptotic neutrophils have an active role to play in the regulation and resolution of inflammation following phagocytosis by macrophages and dendritic cells. However, their influence on activated blood monocytes, freshly recruited to sites of inflammation, has not been defined. In this work, we examined the effect of apoptotic neutrophils on cytokine production by LPS-activated monocytes. Monocytes stimulated with LPS in the presence of apoptotic neutrophils for 18 h elicited an immunosuppressive cytokine response, with enhanced IL-10 and TGF-beta production and only minimal TNF-alpha and IL-1beta cytokine production. Time-kinetic studies demonstrated that IL-10 production was markedly accelerated in the presence of apoptotic neutrophils, whereas there was a sustained reduction in the production of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta. This suppression of proinflammatory production was not reversible by depletion of IL-10 or TGF-beta or by addition of exogenous IFN-gamma. It was demonstrated, using Transwell experiments, that monocyte-apoptotic cell contact was required for induction of the immunosuppressive monocyte response. The response of monocytes contrasted with that of human monocyte-derived macrophages in which there was a reduction in IL-10 production. We conclude from these data that interaction between activated monocytes and apoptotic neutrophils creates a unique response, which changes an activated monocyte from being a promoter of the inflammatory cascade into a cell primed to deactivate itself and other cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aideen Byrne
- The Children's Research Center, Our Lady's Hospital for Sick Children, and The Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College, Dublin, Ireland.
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Biondo M, Nasa Z, Marshall A, Toh BH, Alderuccio F. Local transgenic expression of granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor initiates autoimmunity. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:2090-9. [PMID: 11160260 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.3.2090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms leading to breakdown of immunological tolerance and initiation of autoimmunity are poorly understood. Experimental autoimmune gastritis is a paradigm of organ-specific autoimmunity arising from a pathogenic autoimmune response to gastric H/K ATPase. The gastritis is accompanied by autoantibodies to the gastric H/K ATPase. The best characterized model of experimental autoimmune gastritis requires neonatal thymectomy. This procedure disrupts the immune repertoire, limiting its usefulness in understanding how autoimmunity arises in animals with intact immune systems. Here we tested whether local production of GM-CSF, a pro-inflammatory cytokine, is sufficient to break tolerance and initiate autoimmunity. We generated transgenic mice expressing GM-CSF in the stomach. These transgenic mice spontaneously developed gastritis with an incidence of about 80% after six backcrosses to gastritis-susceptible BALBc/CrSlc mice. The gastritis is accompanied by mucosal hypertrophy, enlargement of draining lymph nodes and autoantibodies to gastric H/K ATPase. An infiltrate of dendritic cells and macrophages preceded CD4 T cells into the gastric mucosa. T cells from draining lymph nodes specifically proliferated to the gastric H/K ATPase. CD4 but not CD8 T cells transferred gastritis to nude mouse recipients. CD4(+) CD25(+) T cells from the spleen retained anergic suppressive properties that were reversed by IL-2. We conclude that local expression of GM-CSF is sufficient to break tolerance and initiate autoimmunity mediated by CD4 T cells. This new mouse model should be useful for studies of organ-specific autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Biondo
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Monash University Medical School, Prahran, Victoria, Australia
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Chan A, Magnus T, Gold R. Phagocytosis of apoptotic inflammatory cells by microglia and modulation by different cytokines: mechanism for removal of apoptotic cells in the inflamed nervous system. Glia 2001; 33:87-95. [PMID: 11169794 DOI: 10.1002/1098-1136(20010101)33:1<87::aid-glia1008>3.0.co;2-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis of autoaggressive T cells in the central nervous system (CNS) is an effective, nonphlogistic mechanism for the termination of autoimmune inflammation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). The clearance of apoptotic leukocytes by tissue-specific phagocytes is a critical event in the resolution of the inflammatory attack. To investigate the role of microglia in the removal of apoptotic cells and potential regulatory mechanisms of microglial phagocytosis, an in vitro phagocytosis assay was established, using Lewis rat microglia. Microglia exhibited a high capacity for the uptake of apoptotic autologous thymocytes, as well as apoptotic encephalitogenic myelin basic protein (MBP)-specific T cells, in contrast to nonapoptotic target cells. Pretreatment of microglia with interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) raised the proportion of microglia capable of phagocytosing apoptotic cells to 75% above the untreated controls. The increased phagocytic activity was selective for apoptotic target cells and was not dependent on phosphatidylserine-mediated recognition mechanisms. In contrast, preincubation of microglia with interleukin-4 (IL-4) inhibited the uptake of apoptotic cells, whereas tumor-necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) did not alter phagocytosis. Phagocytic clearance of apoptotic inflammatory cells by microglia may be an important mechanism for the termination of autoimmune inflammation in the CNS. Augmentation of microglial phagocytosis by the Th-1-type cytokine IFN-gamma suggests a feedback mechanism for the accelerated clearance of the inflammatory infiltrate in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Chan
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Research Group for Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology, Julius-Maximilians University, Würzburg, Germany
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