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Abdellatif AM, Lashen S, Kandyel RM, Shoeib MB, Madkour FA. Age-related morphological and ultrastructural changes in the palate and pharyngeal masticatory apparatus of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) juveniles. Tissue Cell 2024; 86:102264. [PMID: 37984223 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2023.102264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella or C. idella) is a Cyprinid fish frequently utilized for aquaculture, medical, and research purposes. In C. idella, the palate is followed by a well-developed pharyngeal masticatory apparatus. The latter consists of an upper chewing pad superimposing a paired set of teeth. The present study investigated morphological, morphometric, histochemical, and surface ultrastructural changes involving these structures in C. idella juveniles at three different timepoints namely 35 mm total length (TL; 59 days posthatching (dph); fry-fingerling transition), 70 mm TL (90 dph; fingerling), and 210 mm TL ( 365 dph: yearling). The palatal epithelium revealed a constant number of taste buds. However, the height and width of these buds revealed an age-dependent increase. The number of palatal acidic goblet cells increased gradually with age. Enhanced keratinization of pad epithelium, and increased teeth dimensions were age-associated characteristics. Ultrastructurally, the palatal surface of C. idella was slightly papillated at 35 mm TL after which it formed brick-like structural units that tended to cluster into longitudinally paralleled rows toward the palate-pad junction. Goblet cell openings appeared oval at 35 mm TL and became club-shaped by 210 mm TL at which the epithelium appeared compact and heavily coated in mucus. Indentations of pad surface and signs of dental wear and tear were evident ultrastructurally at 70 mm TL and onwards. The current study reports for the first time age-related developmental features of the palate and pharyngeal masticatory apparatus of grass carp. Results of the present work will help to understand aging-associated factors involving the studied fish and other related aquatic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Abdellatif
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
| | - Samah Lashen
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Ramadan M Kandyel
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Egypt; Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud B Shoeib
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Fatma A Madkour
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
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Arnette SD, Simonitis LE, Egan JP, Cohen KE, Kolmann MA. True grit? Comparative anatomy and evolution of gizzards in fishes. J Anat 2024; 244:260-273. [PMID: 37770122 PMCID: PMC10780153 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut morphology frequently reflects the food organisms digest. Gizzards are organs of the gut found in archosaurs and fishes that mechanically reduce food to aid digestion. Gizzards are thought to compensate for edentulism and/or provide an advantage when consuming small, tough food items (e.g., phytoplankton and algae). It is unknown how widespread gizzards are in fishes and how similar these structures are among different lineages. Here, we investigate the distribution of gizzards across bony fishes to (1) survey different fishes for gizzard presence, (2) compare the histological structure of gizzards in three species, (3) estimate how often gizzards have evolved in fishes, and (4) explore whether anatomical and ecological traits like edentulism and microphagy predict gizzard presence. According to our analyses, gizzards are rare across bony fishes, evolving only six times in a broad taxonomic sampling of 51 species, and gizzard presence is not clearly correlated with factors like gut length or dentition. We find that gizzard morphology varies among the lineages where one is present, both macroscopically (presence of a crop) and microscopically (varying tissue types). We conclude that gizzards likely aid in the mechanical reduction of food in fishes that have lost an oral dentition in their evolutionary past; however, the relative scarcity of gizzards suggests they are just one of many possible solutions for processing tough, nutrient-poor food items. Gizzards have long been present in the evolutionary history of fishes, can be found in a wide variety of marine and freshwater clades, and likely have been overlooked in many taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Arnette
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- Friday Harbor Labs, University of Washington, Friday Harbor, Washington, USA
| | - L E Simonitis
- Friday Harbor Labs, University of Washington, Friday Harbor, Washington, USA
- Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, USA
| | - J P Egan
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
- Bell Museum of Natural History, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - K E Cohen
- University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - M A Kolmann
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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Whitlow KR, Ross CF, Gidmark NJ, Laurence-Chasen JD, Westneat MW. Suction feeding biomechanics of Polypterus bichir: investigating linkage mechanisms and the contributions of cranial kinesis to oral cavity volume change. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:273979. [PMID: 35019979 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.243283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Many fishes use substantial cranial kinesis to rapidly increase buccal cavity volume, pulling prey into the mouth via suction feeding. Living polypterids are a key lineage for understanding the evolution and biomechanics of suction feeding due to their phylogenetic position and unique morphology. Polypterus bichir have fewer mobile cranial elements compared to teleosts (e.g., immobile [pre]maxillae) but successfully generate suction through dorsal, ventral, and lateral oral cavity expansion. However, the relative contributions of these motions to suction feeding success have not been quantified. Additionally, extensive body musculature and lack of opercular jaw opening linkages make P. bichir of interest for examining the role of cranial vs. axial muscles in driving mandibular depression. Here we analyze the kinematics of buccal expansion during suction feeding in P. bichir using X-Ray Reconstruction of Moving Morphology (XROMM) and quantify the contributions of skeletal elements to oral cavity volume expansion and prey capture. Mouth gape peaks early in the strike, followed by maximum cleithral and ceratohyal rotations, and finally by opercular and suspensorial abductions, maintaining the anterior-to-posterior movement of water. Using a new method of quantifying bones' relative contributions to volume change (RCVC) we demonstrate that ceratohyal kinematics are the most significant drivers of oral cavity volume change. All measured cranial bone motions, except abduction of the suspensorium, are correlated with prey motion. Lastly, cleithral retraction is largely concurrent with ceratohyal retraction and jaw depression while the sternohyoideus maintains constant length, suggesting a central role of the axial muscles, cleithrum, and ceratohyal in ventral expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina R Whitlow
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Callum F Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | | | - J D Laurence-Chasen
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Mark W Westneat
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Differential vulnerability of native and non-native mollusks to predation by juvenile black carp. Biol Invasions 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-021-02658-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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St. John ME, Dixon K, Martin CH. Oral shelling within an adaptive radiation of pupfishes: Testing the adaptive function of a novel nasal protrusion and behavioural preference. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2020; 97:163-171. [PMID: 32278332 PMCID: PMC8183458 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Dietary specialization on hard prey items, such as mollusks and crustaceans, is commonly observed in a diverse array of fish species. Many fish consume these types of prey by crushing the shell to consume the soft tissue within, but a few fishes extricate the soft tissue without breaking the shell using a method known as oral shelling. Oral shelling involves pulling a mollusc from its shell and it may be a way to subvert an otherwise insurmountable shell defence. However, the biomechanical requirements and potential adaptations for oral shelling are unknown. Here, we test the hypothesis that a novel nasal protrusion is an adaptation for oral shelling in the durophagous pupfish (Cyprinodon brontotheroides). We first demonstrate oral shelling in this species and then predict that a larger nasal protrusion would allow pupfish to consume larger snails. Durophagous pupfish are found within an endemic radiation of pupfish on San Salvador Island, Bahamas. We took advantage of closely related sympatric species and outgroups to test: (a) whether durophagous pupfish shell and consume more snails than other species, (b) if F1 and F2 durophagous hybrids consume similar amounts of snails as purebred durophagous pupfish, and (c) if nasal protrusion size in parental and hybrid populations increases the maximum size of consumed snails. We found that durophagous pupfish and their hybrids consumed the most snails, but did not find a strong association between nasal protrusion size and maximum snail size consumed within the parental or F2 hybrid population, suggesting that the size of their novel nasal protrusion does not provide a major benefit in oral shelling. Instead, we suggest that the nasal protrusion may increase feeding efficiency, act as a sensory organ, or is a sexually selected trait, and that a strong feeding preference may be most important for oral shelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle E. St. John
- Department of Integrative Biology and Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Kristi Dixon
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 120 South Rd., NC 27599, USA
| | - Christopher H. Martin
- Department of Integrative Biology and Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Huang JD, Motani R, Jiang DY, Ren XX, Tintori A, Rieppel O, Zhou M, Hu YC, Zhang R. Repeated evolution of durophagy during ichthyosaur radiation after mass extinction indicated by hidden dentition. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7798. [PMID: 32385319 PMCID: PMC7210957 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64854-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine tetrapods quickly diversified and were established as marine top predators after the end-Permian Mass extinction (EPME). Ichthyosaurs were the forerunner of this rapid radiation but the main drivers of the diversification are poorly understood. Cartorhynchus lenticarpus is a basal ichthyosauriform with the least degree of aquatic adaptation, holding a key to identifying such a driver. The unique specimen appeared edentulous based on what was exposed but a CT scanning revealed that the species indeed had rounded teeth that are nearly perpendicular to the jaw rami, and thus completely concealed in lateral view. There are three dental rows per jaw ramus, and the root lacks infoldings of the dentine typical of ichthyopterygians. The well-developed and worn molariform dentition with three tooth rows supports the previous inference that the specimen is not of a juvenile. The premaxilla and the corresponding part of the dentary are edentulous. Molariform dentition evolved three to five times independently within Ichthyosauriformes in the Early and Middle Triassic. Convergent exploitation of hard-shelled invertebrates by different subclades of ichthyosauriforms likely fueled the rapid taxonomic diversification of the group after EPME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Dong Huang
- Department of Research, Anhui Geological Museum, Jiahe Road 999, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, China
| | - Ryosuke Motani
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, One Shields Avenue, 95616, Davis, California, USA.
| | - Da-Yong Jiang
- Department of Geology and Geological Museum, Peking University, Yiheyuan Street. 5, Beijing, 100871, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy (Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology), Chinese Academy of Science, Nanjing, 210008, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Xin Ren
- Department of Research, Anhui Geological Museum, Jiahe Road 999, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, China
| | - Andrea Tintori
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 34-20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Olivier Rieppel
- Center of Integrative Research, The Field Museum, Chicago, IL, 60605-2496, USA
| | - Min Zhou
- Department of Geology and Geological Museum, Peking University, Yiheyuan Street. 5, Beijing, 100871, P.R. China
| | - Yuan-Chao Hu
- Department of Research, Anhui Geological Museum, Jiahe Road 999, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Research, Anhui Geological Museum, Jiahe Road 999, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, China
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Pos KM, Farina SC, Kolmann MA, Gidmark NJ. Pharyngeal Jaws Converge by Similar Means, Not to Similar Ends, When Minnows (Cypriniformes: Leuciscidae) Adapt to New Dietary Niches. Integr Comp Biol 2019; 59:432-442. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icz090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Convergent evolution is at the forefront of many form-function studies. There are many examples of multiple independent lineages evolving a similar morphology in response to similar functional demands, providing a framework for testing hypotheses of form-function evolution. However, there are numerous clades with underappreciated convergence, in which there is a perceived homogeneity in morphology. In these groups, it can be difficult to investigate causal relationships of form and function (e.g., diet influencing the evolution of jaw morphology) without the ability to disentangle phylogenetic signal from convergence. Leuciscids (Cypriniformes: Leuciscidae; formerly nested within Cyprinidae) are a species-rich clade of fishes that have diversified to occupy nearly every freshwater trophic niche, yet are considered to have relatively low morphological diversity relative to other large freshwater clades. Within the North American leuciscids, many genera contain at least one herbivore, insectivore, and larvaphage. We created 3D models from micro-computed tomography scans of 165 leuciscid species to measure functionally relevant traits within the pharyngeal jaws of these fishes. Using a published phylogeny, we tested these metrics for evolutionary integration, phylogenetic signal, and correlation with diet. Measurements of the pharyngeal jaws, muscle attachment areas, and teeth showed strong positive evolutionary correlation with each other and negative evolutionary correlation with measurements of the inter-ceratobranchial ligament (ICB ligament). Using diet data from published literature, we found extensive dietary convergence within Leuciscidae. The most common transitions we found were between herbivorous and invertivorous taxa and between insectivore types (aquatic vs. terrestrial). We document a trade-off in which herbivorous leuciscids have large teeth, short ICB ligaments, and large muscle attachment areas, whereas insectivorous leuciscids showed the opposite pattern. Inverse patterns of morphological integration between the ICB ligament the rest of the pharyngeal jaw correspond this dietary trade-off, which indicates that coordinated evolution of morphological traits contributes to functional diversity in this clade. However, these patterns only emerge in the context of phylogeny, meaning that the pharyngeal jaws of North American leuciscids converge by similar means (structural changes in response to dietary demands), but not necessarily to similar ends (absolute phenotype).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsie M Pos
- Department of Biology, Knox College, Galesburg, IL, USA
| | - Stacy C Farina
- Department of Biology, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Matthew A Kolmann
- Department of Biology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
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Gidmark NJ, Pos K, Matheson B, Ponce E, Westneat MW. Functional Morphology and Biomechanics of Feeding in Fishes. FEEDING IN VERTEBRATES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-13739-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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ORSBON COURTNEYP, GIDMARK NICHOLASJ, ROSS CALLUMF. Dynamic Musculoskeletal Functional Morphology: Integrating diceCT and XROMM. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 301:378-406. [PMID: 29330951 PMCID: PMC5786282 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The tradeoff between force and velocity in skeletal muscle is a fundamental constraint on vertebrate musculoskeletal design (form:function relationships). Understanding how and why different lineages address this biomechanical problem is an important goal of vertebrate musculoskeletal functional morphology. Our ability to answer questions about the different solutions to this tradeoff has been significantly improved by recent advances in techniques for quantifying musculoskeletal morphology and movement. Herein, we have three objectives: (1) review the morphological and physiological parameters that affect muscle function and how these parameters interact; (2) discuss the necessity of integrating morphological and physiological lines of evidence to understand muscle function and the new, high resolution imaging technologies that do so; and (3) present a method that integrates high spatiotemporal resolution motion capture (XROMM, including its corollary fluoromicrometry), high resolution soft tissue imaging (diceCT), and electromyography to study musculoskeletal dynamics in vivo. The method is demonstrated using a case study of in vivo primate hyolingual biomechanics during chewing and swallowing. A sensitivity analysis demonstrates that small deviations in reconstructed hyoid muscle attachment site location introduce an average error of 13.2% to in vivo muscle kinematics. The observed hyoid and muscle kinematics suggest that hyoid elevation is produced by multiple muscles and that fascicle rotation and tendon strain decouple fascicle strain from hyoid movement and whole muscle length. Lastly, we highlight current limitations of these techniques, some of which will likely soon be overcome through methodological improvements, and some of which are inherent. Anat Rec, 301:378-406, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- COURTNEY P. ORSBON
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | | | - CALLUM F. ROSS
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
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Kolmann MA, Welch KC, Summers AP, Lovejoy NR. Always chew your food: freshwater stingrays use mastication to process tough insect prey. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 283:rspb.2016.1392. [PMID: 27629029 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.1392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chewing, characterized by shearing jaw motions and high-crowned molar teeth, is considered an evolutionary innovation that spurred dietary diversification and evolutionary radiation of mammals. Complex prey-processing behaviours have been thought to be lacking in fishes and other vertebrates, despite the fact that many of these animals feed on tough prey, like insects or even grasses. We investigated prey capture and processing in the insect-feeding freshwater stingray Potamotrygon motoro using high-speed videography. We find that Potamotrygon motoro uses asymmetrical motion of the jaws, effectively chewing, to dismantle insect prey. However, CT scanning suggests that this species has simple teeth. These findings suggest that in contrast to mammalian chewing, asymmetrical jaw action is sufficient for mastication in other vertebrates. We also determined that prey capture in these rays occurs through rapid uplift of the pectoral fins, sucking prey beneath the ray's body, thereby dissociating the jaws from a prey capture role. We suggest that the decoupling of prey capture and processing facilitated the evolution of a highly kinetic feeding apparatus in batoid fishes, giving these animals an ability to consume a wide variety of prey, including molluscs, fishes, aquatic insect larvae and crustaceans. We propose Potamotrygon as a model system for understanding evolutionary convergence of prey processing and chewing in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Kolmann
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Canada Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kenneth C Welch
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Canada
| | - Adam P Summers
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Friday Harbor Laboratories, Friday Harbor, WA, USA
| | - Nathan R Lovejoy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Canada Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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