1
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Nupur N, Rathore AS. Elucidating chemical and disulfide heterogeneities in rituximab using reduced and non-reduced peptide mapping. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:2887-2900. [PMID: 35670633 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Peptide mapping by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry is the gold standard to characterize post-translational modifications and disulfide bonds. The structural integrity, heterogeneity, and quality of biotherapeutic proteins are evaluated via reduced and non-reduced peptide mapping methods. However, non-enzymatic artifacts are often induced during sample preparation when alkaline pH conditions are used. To minimize these artifacts, methods using various acidic pH conditions have been developed by multiple researchers. However, these may lead to missed and non-specific cleavages during the analysis. In this study, improved reduced and non-reduced peptide mapping method has been proposed to characterize endogenous chemical modifications and native disulfide bonds of monoclonal antibody -based products. Solubilization has been carried out at acidic pH conditions under high temperature, followed by the addition of tris (2-carboxyethyl) phosphine as a reducing agent and a low alkylating agent. It was observed that the non-enzymatic post-translational modifications and non-native disulfide scrambled peptides significantly reduced under trypsin plus Lys-C digestion conditions at acidic pH as compared to the traditional methods. The results demonstrate that the proposed peptide mapping method using trypsin plus Lys-C could identify and quantify various chemical and disulfide heterogeneities with minimal artifacts. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neh Nupur
- Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India.,DBT Center of Excellence for Biopharmaceutical Technology, IIT Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Anurag S Rathore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India.,DBT Center of Excellence for Biopharmaceutical Technology, IIT Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
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2
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Nie S, Greer T, Huang X, Zheng X, Li N. Development of a simple non-reduced peptide mapping method that prevents disulfide scrambling of mAbs without affecting tryptic enzyme activity. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 209:114541. [PMID: 34954467 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Non-reduced peptide mapping by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis is a commonly used method for disulfide linkage characterization to assess structural integrity and quality of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). However, disulfide scrambling artifacts induced during sample preparation are often observed when basic pH and high temperatures are used during denaturation and digestion. To minimize disulfide scrambling artifacts, methods using various acidic pH conditions have been developed by multiple groups. However, lower pH conditions increase missed and non-specific cleavages, which complicates disulfide bond analysis because the majority of enzymes used in protein characterization are most efficient at alkaline pH. Here, we developed a non-reduced peptide mapping method for mAb characterization that minimizes disulfide scrambling at basic pH by adding an oxidizing agent, cystamine, and a low concentration of iodoacetamide (IAA) alkylating agent. Two human IgG1 mAbs, one with kappa light chain and another one with lambda light chain, were used as model proteins to develop and optimize the method. Using this novel method, disulfide scrambled peptides related to light chain-heavy chain (LC-HC) inter-disulfide disruption were significantly reduced with high reproducibility compared to conventional methods. Results demonstrated that the cystamine-added method is robust and minimizes disulfide scrambling artifacts produced during sample preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Nie
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591-6707, United States
| | - Tyler Greer
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591-6707, United States
| | - Xiaoxiao Huang
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591-6707, United States
| | - Xiaojing Zheng
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591-6707, United States.
| | - Ning Li
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591-6707, United States
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3
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Natural Killer Cell Activation Receptor NKp30 Oligomerization Depends on Its N-Glycosylation. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12071998. [PMID: 32708305 PMCID: PMC7409301 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
NKp30 is one of the main human natural killer (NK) cell activating receptors used in directed immunotherapy. The oligomerization of the NKp30 ligand binding domain depends on the length of the C-terminal stalk region, but our structural knowledge of NKp30 oligomerization and its role in signal transduction remains limited. Moreover, ligand binding of NKp30 is affected by the presence and type of N-glycosylation. In this study, we assessed whether NKp30 oligomerization depends on its N-glycosylation. Our results show that NKp30 forms oligomers when expressed in HEK293S GnTI- cell lines with simple N-glycans. However, NKp30 was detected only as monomers after enzymatic deglycosylation. Furthermore, we characterized the interaction between NKp30 and its best-studied cognate ligand, B7-H6, with respect to glycosylation and oligomerization, and we solved the crystal structure of this complex with glycosylated NKp30, revealing a new glycosylation-induced mode of NKp30 dimerization. Overall, this study provides new insights into the structural basis of NKp30 oligomerization and explains how the stalk region and glycosylation of NKp30 affect its ligand affinity. This furthers our understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in NK cell activation, which is crucial for the successful design of novel NK cell-based targeted immunotherapeutics.
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4
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Production of recombinant soluble dimeric C-type lectin-like receptors of rat natural killer cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17836. [PMID: 31780667 PMCID: PMC6882821 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52114-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Working at the border between innate and adaptive immunity, natural killer (NK) cells play a key role in the immune system by protecting healthy cells and by eliminating malignantly transformed, stressed or virally infected cells. NK cell recognition of a target cell is mediated by a receptor “zipper” consisting of various activating and inhibitory receptors, including C-type lectin-like receptors. Among this major group of receptors, two of the largest rodent receptor families are the NKR-P1 and the Clr receptor families. Although these families have been shown to encode receptor-ligand pairs involved in MHC-independent self-nonself discrimination and are a target for immune evasion by tumour cells and viruses, structural mechanisms of their mutual recognition remain less well characterized. Therefore, we developed a non-viral eukaryotic expression system based on transient transfection of suspension-adapted human embryonic kidney 293 cells to produce soluble native disulphide dimers of NK cell C-type lectin-like receptor ectodomains. The expression system was optimized using green fluorescent protein and secreted alkaline phosphatase, easily quantifiable markers of recombinant protein production. We describe an application of this approach to the recombinant protein production and characterization of native rat NKR-P1B and Clr-11 proteins suitable for further structural and functional studies.
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5
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Zahradník J, Kolářová L, Peleg Y, Kolenko P, Svidenská S, Charnavets T, Unger T, Sussman JL, Schneider B. Flexible regions govern promiscuous binding ofIL‐24 to receptorsIL‐20R1 andIL‐22R1. FEBS J 2019; 286:3858-3873. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.14945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Zahradník
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences BIOCEV Vestec Czech Republic
- Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot Israel
| | - Lucie Kolářová
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences BIOCEV Vestec Czech Republic
| | - Yoav Peleg
- Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot Israel
| | - Petr Kolenko
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences BIOCEV Vestec Czech Republic
- Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering Czech Technical University in Prague Prague Czech Republic
| | - Silvie Svidenská
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences BIOCEV Vestec Czech Republic
| | - Tatsiana Charnavets
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences BIOCEV Vestec Czech Republic
| | - Tamar Unger
- Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot Israel
| | | | - Bohdan Schneider
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences BIOCEV Vestec Czech Republic
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6
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Adámková L, Kvíčalová Z, Rozbeský D, Kukačka Z, Adámek D, Cebecauer M, Novák P. Oligomeric Architecture of Mouse Activating Nkrp1 Receptors on Living Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20081884. [PMID: 30995786 PMCID: PMC6515139 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse activating Nkrp1 proteins are commonly described as type II transmembrane receptors with disulfide-linked homodimeric structure. Their function and the manner in which Nkrp1 proteins of mouse strain (C57BL/6) oligomerize are still poorly understood. To assess the oligomerization state of Nkrp1 proteins, mouse activating EGFP-Nkrp1s were expressed in mammalian lymphoid cells and their oligomerization evaluated by Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET). Alternatively, Nkrp1s oligomers were detected by Western blotting to specify the ratio between monomeric and dimeric forms. We also performed structural characterization of recombinant ectodomains of activating Nkrp1 receptors. Nkrp1 isoforms c1, c2 and f were expressed prevalently as homodimers, whereas the Nkrp1a displays larger proportion of monomers on the cell surface. Cysteine-to-serine mutants revealed the importance of all stalk cysteines for protein dimerization in living cells with a major influence of cysteine at position 74 in two Nkrp1 protein isoforms. Our results represent a new insight into the oligomerization of Nkrp1 receptors on lymphoid cells, which will help to determine their function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ljubina Adámková
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Cell Signaling, Institute of Microbiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Zuzana Kvíčalová
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, 18223 Prague 8, Czech Republic.
| | - Daniel Rozbeský
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Cell Signaling, Institute of Microbiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Zdeněk Kukačka
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Cell Signaling, Institute of Microbiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - David Adámek
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Cell Signaling, Institute of Microbiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Marek Cebecauer
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, 18223 Prague 8, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Novák
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Cell Signaling, Institute of Microbiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
- Department of Biochemistry, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 12843 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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7
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Hernychová L, Rosůlek M, Kádek A, Mareška V, Chmelík J, Adámková L, Grobárová V, Šebesta O, Kukačka Z, Skála K, Spiwok V, Černý J, Novák P. The C-type lectin-like receptor Nkrp1b: Structural proteomics reveals features affecting protein conformation and interactions. J Proteomics 2019; 196:162-172. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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8
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Zahradník J, Kolářová L, Pařízková H, Kolenko P, Schneider B. Interferons type II and their receptors R1 and R2 in fish species: Evolution, structure, and function. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 79:140-152. [PMID: 29742458 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) is one of the key players in the immune system of vertebrates. The evolution and properties of IFN-γ and its receptors in fish species are of special interest as they point to the origin of innate immunity in vertebrates. We studied the phylogeny, biophysical and structural properties of IFN-γ and its receptors. Our phylogeny analysis suggests the existence of two groups of IFN-γ related proteins, one specific for Acanthomorpha, the other for Cypriniformes, Characiformes and Siluriformes. The analysis further shows an ancient duplication of the gene for IFN-γ receptor 1 (IFN- γR1) and the parallel existence of the duplicated genes in all current teleost fish species. In contrast, only one gene can be found for receptor 2, IFN- γR2. The specificity of the interaction between IFN- γ and both types of IFN- γR1 was determined by microscale thermophoresis measurements of the equilibrium dissociation constants for the proteins from three fish species. The measured preference of IFN- γ for one of the two forms of receptor 1agrees with the bioinformatic analysis of the coevolution between IFN- γ and receptor 1. To elucidate structural relationships between IFN-γ of fish and other vertebrate species, we determined the crystal structure of IFN-γ from olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus, PoliIFN-γ) at crystallographic resolution of 2.3 Å and the low-resolution structures of Takifugu rubripes, Oreochromis niloticus, and Larimichthys crocea IFN-γ by small angle X-ray diffraction. The overall PoliIFN-γ fold is the same as the fold of the other known IFN- γ structures but there are some significant structural differences, namely the additional C-terminal helix G and a different angle between helices C and D in PoliIFN-γ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Zahradník
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Recognition, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., BIOCEV, Průmyslová 595, CZ-252 42 Vestec, Czech Republic.
| | - Lucie Kolářová
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Recognition, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., BIOCEV, Průmyslová 595, CZ-252 42 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Pařízková
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Recognition, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., BIOCEV, Průmyslová 595, CZ-252 42 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kolenko
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Recognition, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., BIOCEV, Průmyslová 595, CZ-252 42 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Bohdan Schneider
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Recognition, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., BIOCEV, Průmyslová 595, CZ-252 42 Vestec, Czech Republic.
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9
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Škerlová J, Bláha J, Pachl P, Hofbauerová K, Kukačka Z, Man P, Pompach P, Novák P, Otwinowski Z, Brynda J, Vaněk O, Řezáčová P. Crystal structure of native β‐
N
‐acetylhexosaminidase isolated from
Aspergillus oryzae
sheds light onto its substrate specificity, high stability, and regulation by propeptide. FEBS J 2017; 285:580-598. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.14360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Škerlová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry The Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics The Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic
| | - Jan Bláha
- Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Science Charles University Prague Czech Republic
| | - Petr Pachl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry The Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Hofbauerová
- Institute of Microbiology The Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic
- Institute of Physics Faculty of Mathematics and Physics Charles University Prague Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Kukačka
- Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Science Charles University Prague Czech Republic
- Institute of Microbiology The Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic
| | - Petr Man
- Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Science Charles University Prague Czech Republic
- Institute of Microbiology The Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic
| | - Petr Pompach
- Institute of Microbiology The Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic
| | - Petr Novák
- Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Science Charles University Prague Czech Republic
- Institute of Microbiology The Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic
| | | | - Jiří Brynda
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry The Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics The Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Vaněk
- Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Science Charles University Prague Czech Republic
| | - Pavlína Řezáčová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry The Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics The Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic
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10
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Bláha J, Kalousková B, Skořepa O, Pažický S, Novák P, Vaněk O. High-level expression and purification of soluble form of human natural killer cell receptor NKR-P1 in HEK293S GnTI - cells. Protein Expr Purif 2017; 140:36-43. [PMID: 28757467 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2017.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Human natural killer receptor protein 1 (NKR-P1, CD161, gene klrb1) is a C-type lectin-like receptor of natural killer (NK) cells responsible for recognition of its cognate protein ligand lectin-like transcript 1 (LLT1). NKR-P1 is the single human orthologue of the prototypical rodent NKR-P1 receptors. Naturally, human NKR-P1 is expressed on the surface of NK cells, where it serves as inhibitory receptor; and on T and NKT cells functioning as co-stimulatory receptor promoting secretion of IFNγ. Most notably, it is expressed on Th17 and Tc17 lymphocytes where presumably promotes targeting into LLT1 expressing immunologically privileged niches. We tested effect of different protein tags (SUMO, TRX, GST, MsyB) on expression of soluble NKR-P1 in E. coli. Then we optimized the expression construct of soluble NKR-P1 by preparing a library of expression constructs in pOPING vector containing the extracellular lectin-like domain with different length of the putative N-terminal stalk region and tested its expression in Sf9 and HEK293 cells. Finally, a high-level expression of soluble NKR-P1 was achieved by stable expression in suspension-adapted HEK293S GnTI- cells utilizing pOPINGTTneo expression vector. Purified soluble NKR-P1 is homogeneous, deglycosylatable, crystallizable and monomeric in solution, as shown by size-exclusion chromatography, multi-angle light scattering and analytical ultracentrifugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Bláha
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030/8, 12840 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Kalousková
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030/8, 12840 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Skořepa
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030/8, 12840 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Samuel Pažický
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030/8, 12840 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Novák
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030/8, 12840 Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Microbiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Průmyslová 595, 25250 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Vaněk
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030/8, 12840 Prague, Czech Republic.
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11
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Interdomain electron transfer in cellobiose dehydrogenase is governed by surface electrostatics. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:157-167. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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12
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Mikulecký P, Zahradník J, Kolenko P, Černý J, Charnavets T, Kolářová L, Nečasová I, Pham PN, Schneider B. Crystal structure of human interferon-γ receptor 2 reveals the structural basis for receptor specificity. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2016; 72:1017-25. [PMID: 27599734 PMCID: PMC5013595 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798316012237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-γ receptor 2 is a cell-surface receptor that is required for interferon-γ signalling and therefore plays a critical immunoregulatory role in innate and adaptive immunity against viral and also bacterial and protozoal infections. A crystal structure of the extracellular part of human interferon-γ receptor 2 (IFNγR2) was solved by molecular replacement at 1.8 Å resolution. Similar to other class 2 receptors, IFNγR2 has two fibronectin type III domains. The characteristic structural features of IFNγR2 are concentrated in its N-terminal domain: an extensive π-cation motif of stacked residues KWRWRH, a NAG-W-NAG sandwich (where NAG stands for N-acetyl-D-glucosamine) and finally a helix formed by residues 78-85, which is unique among class 2 receptors. Mass spectrometry and mutational analyses showed the importance of N-linked glycosylation to the stability of the protein and confirmed the presence of two disulfide bonds. Structure-based bioinformatic analysis revealed independent evolutionary behaviour of both receptor domains and, together with multiple sequence alignment, identified putative binding sites for interferon-γ and receptor 1, the ligands of IFNγR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Mikulecký
- Institute of Biotechnology CAS, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Jirí Zahradník
- Institute of Biotechnology CAS, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kolenko
- Institute of Biotechnology CAS, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Černý
- Institute of Biotechnology CAS, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Tatsiana Charnavets
- Institute of Biotechnology CAS, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Kolářová
- Institute of Biotechnology CAS, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Nečasová
- Institute of Biotechnology CAS, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Phuong Ngoc Pham
- Institute of Biotechnology CAS, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Bohdan Schneider
- Institute of Biotechnology CAS, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
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13
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Butts CT, Zhang X, Kelly JE, Roskamp KW, Unhelkar MH, Freites JA, Tahir S, Martin RW. Sequence comparison, molecular modeling, and network analysis predict structural diversity in cysteine proteases from the Cape sundew, Drosera capensis. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2016; 14:271-82. [PMID: 27471585 PMCID: PMC4949590 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Carnivorous plants represent a so far underexploited reservoir of novel proteases with potentially useful activities. Here we investigate 44 cysteine proteases from the Cape sundew, Drosera capensis, predicted from genomic DNA sequences. D. capensis has a large number of cysteine protease genes; analysis of their sequences reveals homologs of known plant proteases, some of which are predicted to have novel properties. Many functionally significant sequence and structural features are observed, including targeting signals and occluding loops. Several of the proteases contain a new type of granulin domain. Although active site residues are conserved, the sequence identity of these proteases to known proteins is moderate to low; therefore, comparative modeling with all-atom refinement and subsequent atomistic MD-simulation is used to predict their 3D structures. The structure prediction data, as well as analysis of protein structure networks, suggest multifarious variations on the papain-like cysteine protease structural theme. This in silico methodology provides a general framework for investigating a large pool of sequences that are potentially useful for biotechnology applications, enabling informed choices about which proteins to investigate in the laboratory. 44 new cysteine proteases from the carnivorous plant Drosera capensis are described. Structure prediction and molecular dynamics simulation predict overall folds similar to papain. Functionally significant sequence and structural features are observed, including targeting signals and occluding loops. Several of the proteases contain a new type of granulin domain. Protein structure networks reveal global differences in interactions among chemical groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carter T Butts
- Department of Sociology, UC Irvine, USA; Department of Sociology, UC Irvine, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, UC Irvine, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rachel W Martin
- Department of Chemistry, UC Irvine, USA; Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697 USA
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14
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Mildly acidic conditions eliminate deamidation artifact during proteolysis: digestion with endoprotease Glu-C at pH 4.5. Amino Acids 2016; 48:1059-1067. [PMID: 26748652 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-2166-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Common yet often overlooked, deamidation of peptidyl asparagine (Asn or N) generates aspartic acid (Asp or D) or isoaspartic acid (isoAsp or isoD). Being a spontaneous, non-enzymatic protein post-translational modification, deamidation artifact can be easily introduced during sample preparation, especially proteolysis where higher-order structures are removed. This artifact not only complicates the analysis of bona fide deamidation but also affects a wide range of chemical and enzymatic processes; for instance, the newly generated Asp and isoAsp residues may block or introduce new proteolytic sites, and also convert one Asn peptide into multiple species that affect quantification. While the neutral to mildly basic conditions for common proteolysis favor deamidation, mildly acidic conditions markedly slow down the process. Unlike other commonly used endoproteases, Glu-C remains active under mildly acid conditions. As such, as demonstrated herein, deamidation artifact during proteolysis was effectively eliminated by simply performing Glu-C digestion at pH 4.5 in ammonium acetate, a volatile buffer that is compatible with mass spectrometry. Moreover, nearly identical sequence specificity was observed at both pH's (8.0 for ammonium bicarbonate), rendering Glu-C as effective at pH 4.5. In summary, this method is generally applicable for protein analysis as it requires minimal sample preparation and uses the readily available Glu-C protease.
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15
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HERNYCHOVÁ L, MRÁZEK H, IVANOVA L, KUKAČKA Z, CHMELÍK J, NOVÁK P. Recombinant Expression, In Vitro Refolding and Characterizing Disulfide Bonds of a Mouse Inhibitory C-Type Lectin-Like Receptor Nkrp1b. Physiol Res 2015; 64:S85-93. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
As a part of the innate immunity, NK (Natural Killer) cells provide an early immune response to different stimuli, e.g. viral infections and tumor growths. However, their functions are more complex; they play an important role in reproduction, alloimmunity, autoimmunity and allergic diseases. NK cell activities require an intricate system of regulation that is ensured by many different receptors on a cell surface which integrate signals from interacting cells and soluble factors. One way to understand NK cell biology is through the structure of NK receptors, which can reveal ligand binding conditions. We present a modified protocol for recombinant expression in Escherichia coli and in vitro refolding of the ligand-binding domain of the inhibitory Nkrp1b (SJL/J) protein. Nkrp1b identity and folding was confirmed using mass spectrometry (accurate mass of the intact protein and evaluation of disulfide bonds) and one-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The intention is to provide the basis for conducting structural studies of the inhibitory Nkrp1b protein, since only the activating Nkrp1a receptor structure is known.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. HERNYCHOVÁ
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | | | - P. NOVÁK
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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16
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Expression and purification of soluble and stable ectodomain of natural killer cell receptor LLT1 through high-density transfection of suspension adapted HEK293S GnTI− cells. Protein Expr Purif 2015; 109:7-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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17
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Borges CR, Sherma ND. Techniques for the analysis of cysteine sulfhydryls and oxidative protein folding. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:511-31. [PMID: 24383618 PMCID: PMC4076987 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Modification of cysteine thiols dramatically affects protein function and stability. Hence, the abilities to quantify specific protein sulfhydryl groups within complex biological samples and map disulfide bond structures are crucial to gaining greater insights into how proteins operate in human health and disease. RECENT ADVANCES Many different molecular probes are now commercially available to label and track cysteine residues at great sensitivity. Coupled with mass spectrometry, stable isotope-labeled sulfhydryl-specific reagents can provide previously unprecedented molecular insights into the dynamics of cysteine modification. Likewise, the combined application of modern mass spectrometers with improved sample preparation techniques and novel data mining algorithms is beginning to routinize the analysis of complex protein disulfide structures. CRITICAL ISSUES Proper application of these modern tools and techniques, however, still requires fundamental understanding of sulfhydryl chemistry as well as the assumptions that accompany sample preparation and underlie effective data interpretation. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The continued development of tools, technical approaches, and corresponding data processing algorithms will, undoubtedly, facilitate site-specific protein sulfhydryl quantification and disulfide structure analysis from within complex biological mixtures with ever-improving accuracy and sensitivity. Fully routinizing disulfide structure analysis will require an equal but balanced focus on sample preparation and corresponding mass spectral dataset reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad R Borges
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, The Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona
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18
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Kadek A, Tretyachenko V, Mrazek H, Ivanova L, Halada P, Rey M, Schriemer DC, Man P. Expression and characterization of plant aspartic protease nepenthesin-1 from Nepenthes gracilis. Protein Expr Purif 2013; 95:121-8. [PMID: 24365662 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Carnivorous plants of the genus Nepenthes produce their own aspartic proteases, nepenthesins, to digest prey trapped in their pitchers. Nepenthesins differ significantly in sequence from other aspartic proteases in the animal or even plant kingdoms. This difference, which also brings more cysteine residues into the structure of these proteases, can be a cause of uniquely high temperature and pH stabilities of nepenthesins. Their detailed structure characterization, however, has not previously been possible due to low amounts of protease present in the pitcher fluid and also due to limited accessibility of Nepenthes plants. In the present study we describe a convenient way for obtaining high amounts of nepenthesin-1 from Nepenthes gracilis using heterologous production in Escherichia coli. The protein can be easily refolded in vitro and its characteristics are very close to those described for a natural enzyme isolated from the pitcher fluid. Similarly to the natural enzyme, recombinant nepenthesin-1 is sensitive to denaturing and reducing agents. It also has maximal activity around pH 2.5, shows unusual stability at high pH and its activity is not irreversibly inhibited even after prolonged incubation in the basic pH range. On the other hand, temperature stability of the recombinant enzyme is lower in comparison with the natural enzyme, which can be attributed to missing N-glycosylation in the recombinant protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Kadek
- Institute of Microbiology, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vyacheslav Tretyachenko
- Institute of Microbiology, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hynek Mrazek
- Institute of Microbiology, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ljubina Ivanova
- Institute of Microbiology, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Halada
- Institute of Microbiology, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martial Rey
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - David C Schriemer
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Petr Man
- Institute of Microbiology, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
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19
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Ryšlavá H, Doubnerová V, Kavan D, Vaněk O. Effect of posttranslational modifications on enzyme function and assembly. J Proteomics 2013; 92:80-109. [PMID: 23603109 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The detailed examination of enzyme molecules by mass spectrometry and other techniques continues to identify hundreds of distinct PTMs. Recently, global analyses of enzymes using methods of contemporary proteomics revealed widespread distribution of PTMs on many key enzymes distributed in all cellular compartments. Critically, patterns of multiple enzymatic and nonenzymatic PTMs within a single enzyme are now functionally evaluated providing a holistic picture of a macromolecule interacting with low molecular mass compounds, some of them being substrates, enzyme regulators, or activated precursors for enzymatic and nonenzymatic PTMs. Multiple PTMs within a single enzyme molecule and their mutual interplays are critical for the regulation of catalytic activity. Full understanding of this regulation will require detailed structural investigation of enzymes, their structural analogs, and their complexes. Further, proteomics is now integrated with molecular genetics, transcriptomics, and other areas leading to systems biology strategies. These allow the functional interrogation of complex enzymatic networks in their natural environment. In the future, one might envisage the use of robust high throughput analytical techniques that will be able to detect multiple PTMs on a global scale of individual proteomes from a number of carefully selected cells and cellular compartments. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Posttranslational Protein modifications in biology and Medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Ryšlavá
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 8, CZ-12840 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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20
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Rozbesky D, Sovova Z, Marcoux J, Man P, Ettrich R, Robinson CV, Novak P. Structural model of lymphocyte receptor NKR-P1C revealed by mass spectrometry and molecular modeling. Anal Chem 2013; 85:1597-604. [PMID: 23249299 DOI: 10.1021/ac302860m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
NKR-P1C is an activating immune receptor expressed on the surface of mouse natural killer cells. It has been widely used as a marker for NK cell identification in different mice strains. Recently we solved a crystal structure of the C-type lectin-like domain of a homologous protein, NKR-P1A, using X-ray crystallography and also described the strategy for rapid characterization of the protein conformation in solution. This procedure utilized chemical cross-linking, hydrogen/deuterium exchange, and molecular modeling. It was found that the solution structure differs from the crystal structure in the conformation of the loop region. The loop, detached from the protein compact core in the crystal structure, is closely attached to the core of the protein in solution. Here we present and interpret the solution structure of the C-type lectin-like domain of NKR-P1C using chemical cross-linking and molecular modeling. The validation of the model and conformation of the loop region in NKR-P1C were addressed using ion-mobility mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rozbesky
- Department of Biochemistry, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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21
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Bezouška K, Kubínková Z, Stříbný J, Volfová B, Pompach P, Kuzma M, Šírová M, Říhová B. Dimerization of an immunoactivating peptide derived from mycobacterial hsp65 using N-hydroxysuccinimide based bifunctional reagents is critical for its antitumor properties. Bioconjug Chem 2012; 23:2032-41. [PMID: 22988810 DOI: 10.1021/bc300056x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have shown previously that a short pentapeptide derived from the mycobacterial heat shock protein hsp65 can be highly activating for the immune system based on its strong reactivity with the early activation antigen of lymphocytes CD69. Here, we investigated an optimal form of presentation of this antigen to the cells of the immune system. Four different forms of the dimerized heptapeptide LELTEGY, and of the control inactive dimerized heptapeptide LELLEGY that both contained an extra UV active glycine-tyrosine sequence, were prepared using dihydroxysuccinimidyl oxalate (DSO), dihydroxysuccinimidyl tartarate (DST), dihydroxysuccinimidyl glutarate (DSG), and dihydroxysuccinimidyl suberate (DSS), respectively. Heptapeptides dimerized through DST and DSG linkers had optimal activity in CD69 precipitation assay. Moreover, dimerization of active heptapeptide resulted in a remarkable increase in its proliferation activity and production of cytokines in vitro. Furthermore, while DST and DSG dimerized heptapeptides both significantly enhanced the cytotoxicity of natural killer cells in vitro, only the DSG dimerized compound was active in suppressing growth of melanoma tumors in mice and in enhancing the cytotoxic activity of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes ex vivo. Thus, while the dimerization of the immunoactive peptide caused a dramatic increase in its immunoactivating properties, its in vivo anticancer properties were influenced by the chemical nature of linker used for its dimerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Bezouška
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University Prague, Hlavova 8, CZ-12840 Praha 2, Czech Republic.
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22
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Skálová T, Kotýnková K, Dušková J, Hašek J, Koval T, Kolenko P, Novák P, Man P, Hanč P, Vaněk O, Bezouška K, Dohnálek J. Mouse Clr-g, a ligand for NK cell activation receptor NKR-P1F: crystal structure and biophysical properties. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:4881-9. [PMID: 23071282 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between C-type lectin-like NK cell receptors and their protein ligands form one of the key recognition mechanisms of the innate immune system that is involved in the elimination of cells that have been malignantly transformed, virally infected, or stressed by chemotherapy or other factors. We determined an x-ray structure for the extracellular domain of mouse C-type lectin related (Clr) protein g, a ligand for the activation receptor NKR-P1F. Clr-g forms dimers in the crystal structure resembling those of human CD69. This newly reported structure, together with the previously determined structure of mouse receptor NKR-P1A, allowed the modeling and calculations of electrostatic profiles for other closely related receptors and ligands. Despite the high similarity among Clr-g, Clr-b, and human CD69, these molecules have fundamentally different electrostatics, with distinct polarization of Clr-g. The electrostatic profile of NKR-P1F is complementary to that of Clr-g, which suggests a plausible interaction mechanism based on contacts between surface sites of opposite potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Skálová
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, vvi, 16206 Praha 6, Czech Republic.
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23
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Ryšlavá H, Kalendová A, Doubnerová V, Skočdopol P, Kumar V, Kukačka Z, Pompach P, Vaněk O, Slámová K, Bojarová P, Kulik N, Ettrich R, Křen V, Bezouška K. Enzymatic characterization and molecular modeling of an evolutionarily interesting fungal β-N-acetylhexosaminidase. FEBS J 2011; 278:2469-84. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08173.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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24
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Kolenko P, Rozbeský D, Vaněk O, Kopecký V, Hofbauerová K, Novák P, Pompach P, Hašek J, Skálová T, Bezouška K, Dohnálek J. Molecular architecture of mouse activating NKR-P1 receptors. J Struct Biol 2011; 175:434-41. [PMID: 21600988 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Revised: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Receptors belonging to NKR-P1 family and their specific Clr ligands form an alternative missing self recognition system critical in immunity against tumors and viruses, elimination of tumor cells subjected to genotoxic stress, activation of T cell dependent immune response, and hypertension. The three-dimensional structure of the extracellular domain of the mouse natural killer (NK) cell receptor mNKR-P1Aex has been determined by X-ray diffraction. The core of the C-type lectin domain (CTLD) is homologous to the other CTLD receptors whereas one quarter of the domain forms an extended loop interacting tightly with a neighboring loop in the crystal. This domain swapping mechanism results in a compact interaction interface. A second dimerization interface resembles the known arrangement of other CTLD NK receptors. A functional dimeric form of the receptor is suggested, with the loop, evolutionarily conserved within this family, proposed to participate in interactions with ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Kolenko
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovského náměstí 2, 16206 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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25
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Vaněk O, Brynda J, Hofbauerová K, Kukačka Z, Pachl P, Bezouška K, Řezáčová P. Crystallization and diffraction analysis of β-N-acetylhexosaminidase from Aspergillus oryzae. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2011; 67:498-503. [PMID: 21505251 PMCID: PMC3080160 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309111004945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Fungal β-N-acetylhexosaminidases are enzymes that are used in the chemoenzymatic synthesis of biologically interesting oligosaccharides. The enzyme from Aspergillus oryzae was produced and purified from its natural source and crystallized using the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method. Diffraction data from two crystal forms (primitive monoclinic and primitive tetragonal) were collected to resolutions of 3.2 and 2.4 Å, respectively. Electrophoretic and quantitative N-terminal protein-sequencing analyses confirmed that the crystals are formed by a complete biologically active enzyme consisting of a glycosylated catalytic unit and a noncovalently attached propeptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondřej Vaněk
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 8, 12840 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Brynda
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Hofbauerová
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Kukačka
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 8, 12840 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Pachl
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Bezouška
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 8, 12840 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavlína Řezáčová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
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26
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Moulaei T, Stuchlik O, Reed M, Yuan W, Pohl J, Lu W, Haugh-Krumpe L, O'Keefe BR, Wlodawer A. Topology of the disulfide bonds in the antiviral lectin scytovirin. Protein Sci 2011; 19:1649-61. [PMID: 20572021 DOI: 10.1002/pro.445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The antiviral lectin scytovirin (SVN) contains a total of five disulfide bonds in two structurally similar domains. Previous reports provided contradictory results on the disulfide pairing in each individual domain, and we have now re-examined the disulfide topology. N-terminal sequencing and mass spectrometry were used to analyze proteolytic fragments of native SVN obtained at acidic pH, yielding the assignment as Cys7-Cys55, Cys20-Cys32, Cys26-Cys38, Cys68-Cys80, and Cys74-Cys86. We also analyzed the N-terminal domain of SVN (SD1, residues 1-48) prepared by expression/oxidative folding of the recombinant protein and by chemical synthesis. The disulfide pairing in the chemically synthesized SD1 was forced into predetermined topologies: SD1A (Cys20-Cys26, Cys32-Cys38) or SD1B (Cys20-Cys32, Cys26-Cys38). The topology of native SVN was found to be in agreement with the SD1B and the one determined for the recombinant SD1 domain. Although the two synthetic forms of SD1 were distinct when subjected to chromatography, their antiviral properties were indistinguishable, having low nM activity against HIV. Tryptic fragments, the "cystine clusters" [Cys20-Cys32/Cys26-Cys38; SD1] and [Cys68-Cys80/Cys74-C-86; SD2], were found to undergo rapid disulfide interchange at pH 8. This interchange resulted in accumulation of artifactual fragments in alkaline pH digests that are structurally unrelated to the original topology, providing a rational explanation for the differences between the topology reported herein and the one reported earlier (Bokesh et al., Biochemistry 2003;42:2578-2584). Our observations emphasize the fact that proteins such as SVN, with disulfide bonds in close proximity, require considerable precautions when being fragmented for the purpose of disulfide assignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinoush Moulaei
- Protein Structure Section, Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201, USA
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27
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Chen G, Warrack BM, Goodenough AK, Wei H, Wang-Iverson DB, Tymiak AA. Characterization of protein therapeutics by mass spectrometry: recent developments and future directions. Drug Discov Today 2010; 16:58-64. [PMID: 21093608 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2010.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Revised: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) has become a powerful technology in the discovery and development of protein therapeutics in the biopharmaceutical industry. This review article describes recent developments and future trends in the characterization of protein therapeutics using MS. We discuss top-down MS for the characterization of protein modifications, hydrogen/deuterium exchange MS and ion mobility MS methods for higher order protein structure studies. Quantitative analysis of protein therapeutics (in vivo) by MS as an orthogonal approach to immunoassay for pharmacokinetics studies will also be illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Chen
- Bioanalytical and Discovery Analytical Sciences, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, PO Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA.
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28
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Gupta K, Kumar M, Balaram P. Disulfide Bond Assignments by Mass Spectrometry of Native Natural Peptides: Cysteine Pairing in Disulfide Bonded Conotoxins. Anal Chem 2010; 82:8313-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac101867e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kallol Gupta
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India, and National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore-560065, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India, and National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore-560065, India
| | - Padmanabhan Balaram
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India, and National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore-560065, India
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29
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Sovová Z, Kopecký V, Pazderka T, Hofbauerová K, Rozbeský D, Vaněk O, Bezouška K, Ettrich R. Structural analysis of natural killer cell receptor protein 1 (NKR-P1) extracellular domains suggests a conserved long loop region involved in ligand specificity. J Mol Model 2010; 17:1353-70. [PMID: 20839018 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-010-0837-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Receptor proteins at the cell surface regulate the ability of natural killer cells to recognize and kill a variety of aberrant target cells. The structural features determining the function of natural killer receptor proteins 1 (NKR-P1s) are largely unknown. In the present work, refined homology models are generated for the C-type lectin-like extracellular domains of rat NKR-P1A and NKR-P1B, mouse NKR-P1A, NKR-P1C, NKR-P1F, and NKR-P1G, and human NKR-P1 receptors. Experimental data on secondary structure, tertiary interactions, and thermal transitions are acquired for four of the proteins using Raman and infrared spectroscopy. The experimental and modeling results are in agreement with respect to the overall structures of the NKR-P1 receptor domains, while suggesting functionally significant local differences among species and isoforms. Two sequence regions that are conserved in all analyzed NKR-P1 receptors do not correspond to conserved structural elements as might be expected, but are represented by loop regions, one of which is arranged differently in the constructed models. This region displays high flexibility but is anchored by conserved sequences, suggesting that its position relative to the rest of the domain might be variable. This loop may contribute to ligand-binding specificity via a coupled conformational transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zofie Sovová
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Systems Biology and Ecology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Nové Hrady, Czech Republic
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