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Abrahão JS, Drumond BP, Trindade GDS, Silva-Fernandes ATD, Ferreira JMS, Alves PA, Campos RK, Siqueira L, Bonjardim CA, Ferreira PCP, Kroon EG. Corrigendum. J Med Virol 2021; 93:6424. [PMID: 34251724 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jônatas Santos Abrahão
- Laboratorio de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Betânia Paiva Drumond
- Laboratorio de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Giliane de Souza Trindade
- Laboratorio de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - André Tavares da Silva-Fernandes
- Laboratorio de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Maria Siqueira Ferreira
- Laboratorio de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Pedro Augusto Alves
- Laboratorio de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Rafael Kroon Campos
- Laboratorio de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Larissa Siqueira
- Laboratorio de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Cláudio Antônio Bonjardim
- Laboratorio de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Paulo César Peregrino Ferreira
- Laboratorio de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Erna Geessien Kroon
- Laboratorio de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Artika IM, Wiyatno A, Ma'roef CN. Pathogenic viruses: Molecular detection and characterization. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 81:104215. [PMID: 32006706 PMCID: PMC7106233 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic viruses are viruses that can infect and replicate within human cells and cause diseases. The continuous emergence and re-emergence of pathogenic viruses has become a major threat to public health. Whenever pathogenic viruses emerge, their rapid detection is critical to enable implementation of specific control measures and the limitation of virus spread. Further molecular characterization to better understand these viruses is required for the development of diagnostic tests and countermeasures. Advances in molecular biology techniques have revolutionized the procedures for detection and characterization of pathogenic viruses. The development of PCR-based techniques together with DNA sequencing technology, have provided highly sensitive and specific methods to determine virus circulation. Pathogenic viruses potentially having global catastrophic consequences may emerge in regions where capacity for their detection and characterization is limited. Development of a local capacity to rapidly identify new viruses is therefore critical. This article reviews the molecular biology of pathogenic viruses and the basic principles of molecular techniques commonly used for their detection and characterization. The principles of good laboratory practices for handling pathogenic viruses are also discussed. This review aims at providing researchers and laboratory personnel with an overview of the molecular biology of pathogenic viruses and the principles of molecular techniques and good laboratory practices commonly implemented for their detection and characterization. The continous emergence and re-emergence of pathogenic viruses has become a major threat to public health. PCR-based techniques together with DNA sequencing technology have provided highly sensitive and specific methods to determine virus circulation. Southeast Asia is considered to be vulnerable to potential outbreaks of pathogenic viruses. A number of pathogenic viruses have been reported to circulate in this region. The 2019 novel coronavirus has also been identified in Southeast Asia. Development of local capacity to rapidly identify new viruses is very important.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Made Artika
- Biosafety Level 3 Unit, Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jalan Diponegoro 69, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University, Darmaga Campus, Bogor 16680, Indonesia.
| | - Ageng Wiyatno
- Emerging Virus Research Unit, Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jalan Diponegoro 69, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
| | - Chairin Nisa Ma'roef
- Emerging Virus Research Unit, Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jalan Diponegoro 69, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
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3
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Rehfeld IS, Fraiha ALS, Matos ACD, Costa AG, Gallinari GCF, Costa ÉA, Guedes MIMC, Lobato ZIP. Short communication: Parapoxvirus and Orthopoxvirus coinfection in milk of naturally infected cows. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:7801-7803. [PMID: 30007812 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-14000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have shown the occurrence of poxvirus infections associated with exanthematic lesions in cattle from many Brazilian states. Coinfection between viruses belonging to 2 genera, Orthopoxvirus (OPXV) and Parapoxvirus (PPV), was already identified from the lesions of affected cows and humans. The DNA and infectious viral particles of Vaccinia virus, an OPXV, have been detected in milk of naturally and experimentally infected cows. However, to date no reports have described the detection of Pseudocowpox virus, a PPV, in milk. Thus, we investigated the presence of PPV and OPXV in milk samples obtained from dairy cows from a Brazilian region with exanthematic disease outbreaks. From 2011 to 2014, 6 dairy farms with exanthematic disease outbreaks involving dairy cows, calves, and humans were visited. Twelve crusts of cows' teat lesions and 60 milk samples were collected. The crusts and milk samples were analyzed by PCR to detect OPXV or PPV DNA. According to the analyzed crusts, we detected PPV infection in 4 of the 6 visited farms, from which we investigated the PPV contamination in milk. From the 40 milk samples tested, PPV DNA was detected in 12 samples. Of these milk samples, 8 were positive for both PPV and OPXV. This is the first report of PPV DNA detection in milk samples from affected cows, indicating that the virus may be present in milk and potentially contaminating dairy products associated or not with OPXV. In addition to the lesions caused by direct contact, the presence of 2 or more poxvirus species in milk showed that the effect of zoonotic exanthematic diseases on public health and animal husbandry is relevant and cannot be overlooked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabelle S Rehfeld
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil 31.270-901
| | - Ana Luiza S Fraiha
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil 31.270-901
| | - Ana Carolina D Matos
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil 31.270-901
| | - Aristóteles G Costa
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil 31.270-901
| | - Grazielle C F Gallinari
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil 31.270-901
| | - Érica A Costa
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil 31.270-901
| | - Maria Isabel M C Guedes
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil 31.270-901
| | - Zélia Inês P Lobato
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil 31.270-901.
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4
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Borges IA, Reynolds MG, McCollum AM, Figueiredo PO, Ambrosio LLD, Vieira FN, Costa GB, Matos ACD, de Andrade Almeida VM, Ferreira PCP, Lobato ZIP, Dos Reis JKP, Kroon EG, Trindade GS. Serological Evidence of Orthopoxvirus Circulation Among Equids, Southeast Brazil. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:402. [PMID: 29568288 PMCID: PMC5852868 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 1999 Vaccinia virus (VACV) outbreaks involving bovines and humans have been reported in Brazil; this zoonosis is known as Bovine Vaccinia (BV) and is mainly an occupational disease of milkers. It was only in 2008 (and then again in 2011 and 2014) however, that VACV was found causing natural infections in Brazilian equids. These reports involved only equids, no infected humans or bovines were identified, and the sources of infections remain unknown up to date. The peculiarities of Equine Vaccinia outbreaks (e.g., absence of human infection), the frequently shared environments, and fomites by equids and bovines in Brazilian farms and the remaining gaps in BV epidemiology incited a question over OPV serological status of equids in Brazil. For this report, sera from 621 equids - representing different species, ages, sexes and locations of origin within Minas Gerais State, southeast Brazil – were examined for the presence of anti-Orthopoxvirus (OPV) antibodies. Only 74 of these were sampled during an Equine Vaccinia outbreak, meaning some of these specific animals presented typical lesions of OPV infections. The majority of sera, however, were sampled from animals without typical signs of OPV infection and during the absence of reported Bovine or Equine Vaccinia outbreaks. Results suggest the circulation of VACV among equids of southeast Brazil even prior to the time of the first VACV outbreak in 2008. There is a correlation of OPVs outbreaks among bovines and equids although many gaps remain to our understanding of its nature. The data obtained may even be carefully associated to recent discussion over OPVs history. Moreover, data is available to improve the knowledge and instigate new researches regarding OPVs circulation in Brazil and worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iara A Borges
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mary G Reynolds
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Andrea M McCollum
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Poliana O Figueiredo
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lara L D Ambrosio
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Flavia N Vieira
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Galileu B Costa
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ana C D Matos
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Valeria M de Andrade Almeida
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Paulo C P Ferreira
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Zélia I P Lobato
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Jenner K P Dos Reis
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Erna G Kroon
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Giliane S Trindade
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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5
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Peres MG, Bacchiega TS, Appolinário CM, Vicente AF, Mioni MSR, Ribeiro BLD, Fonseca CRS, Pelícia VC, Ferreira F, Abrahão JS, Megid J. Vaccinia virus in Feces and Urine of Wild Rodents from São Paulo State, Brazil. Viruses 2018; 10:v10020051. [PMID: 29360742 PMCID: PMC5850358 DOI: 10.3390/v10020051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The origin of Vaccinia virus (VACV) outbreaks in Brazil remains unknown, but since the isolation of VACV in Mus musculus mice during a zoonotic outbreak affecting cattle and milkers, peridomestic rodents have been suggested to be a link between cows and wild animals. Considering that experimentally infected mice eliminate viral particles in their feces, we investigated the presence of VACV in the feces and urine of wild rodents that were captured in the forest areas surrounding milking farms in the central west region of São Paulo State. For the first time, this work reports the detection of VACV by PCR in the feces of naturally infected Oligoryzomys flavescens, Oligoryzomys nigripes, and Sooretamys angouya, and in the urine of Oligorizomys flavescens, which raises important questions about the spread of VACV by rodent feces and its potential to induce clinical infections in cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina G Peres
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu CEP 18618-970, Brazil.
| | - Thais S Bacchiega
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu CEP 18618-970, Brazil.
| | - Camila M Appolinário
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu CEP 18618-970, Brazil.
| | - Acácia F Vicente
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu CEP 18618-970, Brazil.
| | - Mateus S R Mioni
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu CEP 18618-970, Brazil.
| | - Bruna L D Ribeiro
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu CEP 18618-970, Brazil.
| | - Clóvis R S Fonseca
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu CEP 18618-970, Brazil.
| | - Vanessa C Pelícia
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu CEP 18618-970, Brazil.
| | - Fernando Ferreira
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, USP-Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo CEP 05508-270, Brazil.
| | - Jonatas S Abrahão
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, UFMG-Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte CEP 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Jane Megid
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu CEP 18618-970, Brazil.
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Oliveira JSD, Figueiredo PDO, Costa GB, Assis FLD, Drumond BP, da Fonseca FG, Nogueira ML, Kroon EG, Trindade GDS. Vaccinia Virus Natural Infections in Brazil: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly. Viruses 2017; 9:E340. [PMID: 29140260 PMCID: PMC5707547 DOI: 10.3390/v9110340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The orthopoxviruses (OPV) comprise several emerging viruses with great importance to human and veterinary medicine, including vaccinia virus (VACV), which causes outbreaks of bovine vaccinia (BV) in South America. Historically, VACV is the most comprehensively studied virus, however, its origin and natural hosts remain unknown. VACV was the primary component of the smallpox vaccine, largely used during the smallpox eradication campaign. After smallpox was declared eradicated, the vaccination that conferred immunity to OPV was discontinued, favoring a new contingent of susceptible individuals to OPV. VACV infections occur naturally after direct contact with infected dairy cattle, in recently vaccinated individuals, or through alternative routes of exposure. In Brazil, VACV outbreaks are frequently reported in rural areas, affecting mainly farm animals and humans. Recent studies have shown the role of wildlife in the VACV transmission chain, exploring the role of wild rodents as reservoirs that facilitate VACV spread throughout rural areas. Furthermore, VACV circulation in urban environments and the significance of this with respect to public health, have also been explored. In this review, we discuss the history, epidemiological, ecological and clinical aspects of natural VACV infections in Brazil, also highlighting alternative routes of VACV transmission, the factors involved in susceptibility to infection, and the natural history of the disease in humans and animals, and the potential for dissemination to urban environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaqueline Silva de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Poliana de Oliveira Figueiredo
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Galileu Barbosa Costa
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil.
| | | | - Betânia Paiva Drumond
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Flávio Guimarães da Fonseca
- Laboratório de Virologia Básica e Aplicada, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Maurício Lacerda Nogueira
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia, Departamento de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo 15090-000, Brazil.
| | - Erna Geessien Kroon
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Giliane de Souza Trindade
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil.
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7
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Miranda JB, Borges IA, Campos SPS, Vieira FN, de Ázara TMF, Marques FA, Costa GB, Luis APMF, de Oliveira JS, Ferreira PCP, Bonjardim CA, da Silva SLM, Eiras ÁE, Abrahão JS, Kroon EG, Drumond BP, Paglia AP, Trindade GDS. Serologic and Molecular Evidence of Vaccinia Virus Circulation among Small Mammals from Different Biomes, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 2017; 23:931-938. [PMID: 28518030 PMCID: PMC5443434 DOI: 10.3201/eid2306.161643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccinia virus (VACV) is a zoonotic agent that causes a disease called bovine vaccinia, which is detected mainly in milking cattle and humans in close contact with these animals. Even though many aspects of VACV infection have been described, much is still unknown about its circulation in the environment and its natural hosts/reservoirs. To investigate the presence of Orthopoxvirus antibodies or VACV DNA, we captured small rodents and marsupials in 3 areas of Minas Gerais state, Brazil, and tested their samples in a laboratory. A total of 336 animals were tested; positivity ranged from 18.1% to 25.5% in the 3 studied regions located in different biomes, including the Atlantic Forest and the Cerrado. Analysis of nucleotide sequences indicated co-circulation of VACV groups I and II. Our findings reinforce the possible role played by rodents and marsupials in VACV maintenance and its transmission chain.
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8
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Subclinical bovine vaccinia: An important risk factor in the epidemiology of this zoonosis in cattle. Res Vet Sci 2017; 114:233-235. [PMID: 28502903 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Bovine vaccinia (BV) is a zoonosis caused by Vaccinia virus (VACV) that mainly affects lactating cows and dairy farm milkers. The epidemiological role(s) of other cattle categories such as dry cows, bulls, and heifers in BV remains unclear. This study was performed to investigate VACV in affected dairy cattle herds and perifocal farms during an outbreak in Brazil. Crusts from lesions of cows' teats were collected from all farms with BV outbreaks. Milk, feces, blood, and serum were collected from symptomatic and asymptomatic lactating cows. Blood and serum were also sampled from other cattle categories (calves, heifers, dry cows, and bulls). The samples were tested for VACV by PCR, and to confirm VACV viability, VACV-positive samples were inoculated in BSC-40 cells and stained using immunoperoxidase. Neutralizing antibodies were investigated using plaque reduction neutralization test. Viral DNA was detected in milk, blood, and feces samples of symptomatic and asymptomatic dairy cows and in blood samples from other cattle categories on farms with and without confirmed BV outbreak. In affected farms, viable virus was identified in feces and milk samples from lactating cows and in blood samples from asymptomatic dry cows. Viable VACV was also identified in feces from lactating cows and one bull's blood sample from perifocal farms. Neutralizing antibodies were detected in 81.6% of the herds affected by BV and in 53.8% of the herds on perifocal farms. The presented data indicate a potential source of viral dissemination, which contributes to the persistence and spread of VACV in the environment.
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9
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Cargnelutti JF, Weiblen R, Flores EF. A multiplex PCR for viruses associated with exanthematic and vesicular disease in cattle. J Virol Methods 2016; 239:38-41. [PMID: 27793645 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Exanthematic and papulo-vesicular lesions in the udder and teats of milking cows are fairly common in some Brazilian dairies, especially those with poor sanitary conditions and hand milking. The orthopoxvirus Vaccinia virus (VACV) and the parapoxviruses Pseudocowpox virus (PCPV) and Bovine popular stomatitis virus (BPSV) have been frequently associated with such conditions. Elsewhere, Bovine herpesvirus 2 (BoHV-2) has also been associated with similar clinical signs. Thus, we herein describe a conventional multiplex PCR designed to detect the genome of these viruses in clinical samples while differentiating among them by amplicon size. For this, primer sets targeting the orthopoxvirus vascular growth factor (amplicon size 292bp), PCPV (374bp) and BSPV (607bp) B2L genes, and the BoHV-2 DNA polymerase gene (138bp) were selected. The chosen primers anneal within the same temperature range and do not interfere with each other during the PCR amplification. PCR conditions were initially standardized for each agent in individual PCR reactions firstly using the target virus as positive control followed by using a mixture of all four virues. Lastly, a multiplex PCR containing the four sets of primers was set up to amplify all four targeted viruses in one reaction. The multiplex PCR was able to detect DNA extracted from cell culture supernatants containing 20 TCID50 of BoHV-2 and 50 TCID50 of VACV. Further, the test could detect the viral genomes in 1:10, 1:50 and 1:1000 dilutions of total DNA extracted from clinical specimens (e.g. scabs, crusts) of natural cases (PCPV, VACV and BPSV) and 1:10 dilutions of DNA extracted from scabs collected from BoHV-2 experimentally infected cattle. A possible amplification of other orthopoxviruses, predicted by in silico analysis, was considered to not represent an important pitfall since these are exotic in Brazil, very rare, or viruses not associated with cattle. For definitive agent identification amplicon sequencing needs to be conducted. Thus, this multiplex PCR seems suitable for initial detection and identification of the agents involved in exanthematic and vesicular disease, providing a sensitive and specific diagnosis for such conditions in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana F Cargnelutti
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, building 63A, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, zip-code 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Rudi Weiblen
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, building 63A, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, zip-code 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Eduardo F Flores
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, building 63A, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, zip-code 97105-900, Brazil.
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10
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Geessien Kroon E, Santos Abrahão J, de Souza Trindade G, Pereira Oliveira G, Moreira Franco Luiz AP, Barbosa Costa G, Teixeira Lima M, Silva Calixto R, de Oliveira DB, Drumond BP. Natural Vaccinia Virus Infection: Diagnosis, Isolation, and Characterization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 42:14A.5.1-14A.5.43. [PMID: 27517335 DOI: 10.1002/cpmc.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Natural infections of Vaccinia virus (VACV)-the prototype species of the Orthopoxvirus genus, from the family Poxviridae and subfamily Chordopoxvirinae-cause an occupational emergent zoonotic disease that is primarily associated with the handling of infected dairy cattle. In humans, VACV infection is characterized by skin lesions, primarily on the hands, and accompanied by systemic symptoms such as fever, myalgia, headache, and lymphadenopathy. The diagnosis of VACV is usually performed according to the methods described for other orthopoxviruses. This unit describes the methods utilized to obtain clinical samples, the serological and molecular techniques used for diagnosis, and the isolation methods and techniques used for molecular and biological characterization of the viruses. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erna Geessien Kroon
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Jônatas Santos Abrahão
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Giliane de Souza Trindade
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Graziele Pereira Oliveira
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Moreira Franco Luiz
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Galileu Barbosa Costa
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Teixeira Lima
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Rafael Silva Calixto
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Danilo Bretas de Oliveira
- Faculdade de Medicina de Diamantina, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Betânia Paiva Drumond
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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11
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Olinda RG, Maia LA, Cargnelutti JF, Gois RC, Batista JS, Dantas AF, Flores EF, Riet-Correa F. Swinepox dermatitis in backyard pigs in Northeastern Brazil. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2016000600002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract: This article describes five outbreaks of swinepox in backyard pigs in Northeastern Brazil. It affected backyard pigs from herds of poor hygienic-sanitary conditions with severe fly and lice infestations. The morbidity ranged from 33.3 to 100% among affected herds, with mortality reaching up to 60%. The affected pigs developed multifocal to coalescent gray to white papules and blisters in the skin, with eventual eruptions, evolving to erosions and crusts. In addition to skin lesions, affected piglets presented apathy, anorexia and fever. The disease was auto-limiting, resolving within 15 to 25 days. Histological examination revealed proliferative and ulcerative vesiculopustular dermatitis with ballooning degeneration of epithelial cells, perivascular inflammatory infiltrates of lymphocytes, plasma cells, neutrophils, eosinophils and some macrophages in the dermis. Intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusions were consistently observed in keratinocytes. Total DNA extracted from fresh tissue fragments obtained from one outbreak and formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue from the other four outbreaks was submitted to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for Swinepox virus (SWPV) and Vaccinia virus (VACV). Genetic SWPV material was identified by PCR in fresh material from one outbreak. Nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the PCR amplicons (viral polymerase gene) demonstrated 100% homology with sequences from SWPV. All tissues were PCR negative for VACV. Swine poxvirus is present in backyard pigs in Northeastern Brazil, indicating the need of including SWPV in the differential diagnosis of dermatitis in pigs.
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Franco-Luiz APM, Fagundes Pereira A, de Oliveira CHS, Barbosa JD, Oliveira DB, Bonjardim CA, Ferreira PCP, de Souza Trindade G, Abrahão JS, Kroon EG. The detection of Vaccinia virus confirms the high circulation of Orthopoxvirus in buffaloes living in geographical isolation, Marajó Island, Brazilian Amazon. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 46:16-9. [PMID: 27260805 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In Brazil, serologic evidence of Orthopoxvirus (OPV) circulation showed positivity around 20% in cattle, humans, monkeys and rodents. Although OPV seropositivity has been described in buffalo herds in southeastern Brazil, no Vaccinia virus (VACV) (member of genus OPV) outbreaks in buffalo herds have been described in this country. This study aimed to investigate the detection of anti-OPV antibodies and to study the OPV genome in Brazilian buffalo herds. Our results demonstrated a high OPV seropositivity in buffalo herds on Marajó Island and molecular data confirmed the circulation of VACV. The geographical isolation conditionmight be a sine qua non condition to explain our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Moreira Franco-Luiz
- Laboratório de Vírus do Departamento de Microbiologia do Instituto de Ciências Biológicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Alexandre Fagundes Pereira
- Laboratório de Vírus do Departamento de Microbiologia do Instituto de Ciências Biológicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Cairo Henrique Sousa de Oliveira
- Setor de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
| | - José Diomedes Barbosa
- Hospital Veterinário de Grandes Animais, Instituto de Medicina Veterinária da Universidade Federal do Pará, Castanhal, PA, Brazil.
| | - Danilo Bretas Oliveira
- Laboratório de Vírus do Departamento de Microbiologia do Instituto de Ciências Biológicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Cláudio Antônio Bonjardim
- Laboratório de Vírus do Departamento de Microbiologia do Instituto de Ciências Biológicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Paulo César Peregrino Ferreira
- Laboratório de Vírus do Departamento de Microbiologia do Instituto de Ciências Biológicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Giliane de Souza Trindade
- Laboratório de Vírus do Departamento de Microbiologia do Instituto de Ciências Biológicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Jônatas Santos Abrahão
- Laboratório de Vírus do Departamento de Microbiologia do Instituto de Ciências Biológicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Erna Geessien Kroon
- Laboratório de Vírus do Departamento de Microbiologia do Instituto de Ciências Biológicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Abrahão JS, Campos RK, Trindade GDS, Guimarães da Fonseca F, Ferreira PCP, Kroon EG. Outbreak of severe zoonotic vaccinia virus infection, Southeastern Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 2015; 21:695-8. [PMID: 25811411 PMCID: PMC4378504 DOI: 10.3201/eid2104.140351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2010, a vaccinia virus isolate caused an atypically severe outbreak that affected humans and cattle in Brazil. Of 26 rural workers affected, 12 were hospitalized. Our data raise questions about the risk factors related to the increasing number and severity of vaccinia virus infections.
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14
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de Assis FL, Vinhote WM, Barbosa JD, de Oliveira CHS, de Oliveira CMG, Campos KF, Silva NS, Trindade GDS. Reemergence of vaccinia virus during Zoonotic outbreak, Pará State, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 2014; 19:2017-20. [PMID: 24274374 PMCID: PMC3840876 DOI: 10.3201/eid1912.130589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2010, vaccinia virus caused an outbreak of bovine vaccinia that affected dairy cattle and rural workers in Pará State, Brazil. Genetic analyses identified the virus as distinct from BeAn58058 vaccinia virus (identified in 1960s) and from smallpox vaccine virus strains. These findings suggest spread of autochthonous group 1 vaccinia virus in this region.
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15
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Oliveira DB, Assis FL, Ferreira PCP, Bonjardim CA, de Souza Trindade G, Kroon EG, Abrahão JS. Group 1 Vaccinia virus zoonotic outbreak in Maranhao State, Brazil. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2013; 89:1142-5. [PMID: 24166043 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.13-0369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
In Brazil, several exanthematic autochthone Vaccinia virus (VACV) outbreaks affecting dairy cattle and rural workers have been reported since 1999. Although outbreaks had been first described in the Brazilian Southeast, VACV outbreaks were notified in all Brazilian regions in < 10 years. However, in this context, VACV outbreaks had not been described in some Brazilian States, likely because of a lack of notification, or yet unknown epidemiological reasons. Here, we describe the first VACV outbreak in Maranhão State, northeastern Brazil. The virus isolated from this outbreak showed several biological and molecular features that resemble other Group 1 Brazilian VACV, including a deletion signature in the A56R gene. This study raises new questions about diversity and epidemiology of Brazilian VACV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Bretas Oliveira
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Department of Microbiology, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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16
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Sant'Ana FJD, Leal ADA, Rabelo RE, Vulcani VA, Ferreira Junior JA, Cargnelutti JF, Flores EF. Outbreaks of vesicular disease caused by Vaccinia virus in dairy cattle from Goiás State, Brazil (2010-2012). PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2013000700006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cases of vesicular and exanthematic disease by Vaccinia virus (VACV) have been reported in dairy herds of several Brazilian regions, occasionally also affecting humans. The present article describes eight outbreaks of vesicular disease caused by VACV in dairy herds of six counties of Goiás state, Midwestern Brazil (2010-2012), involving a total of 122 cows, 12 calves and 11 people. Dairy cows (3 to 9 years old) were affected in all cases and calves (2 to 9 months old) were affected in five outbreaks, presenting oral lesions. The morbidity ranged between 8 and 100% in cows, and 1.5 to 31% in calves. In the cows, the clinical signs started with vesicles (2-7mm), painful and coalescent papules (3-8 mm), which resulted in ulcers (5-25mm) and scabs in teats, and, occasionally, in the muzzle. The clinical course lasted from 16 to 26 days. The histopathology of bovine skin samples revealed superficial perivascular inflammatory infiltrate of lymphocytes, plasma cells, neutrophils, macrophages and multifocal areas of acanthosis, spongiosis, hipergranulosis and parakeratotic or orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis with adjacent focally extensive ulcers. Eosinophilic inclusion bodies were noted in the cytoplasm of the keratinocytes. PCR to vgf gene of Orthopoxvirus was positive in samples collected from all outbreaks, and in some cases, genomic VACV sequences were identified by nucleotide sequencing of the PCR amplicons. Infectious virus was isolated in cell culture from scabs from one outbreak. Antibodies to Orthopoxvirus were detected in at least 3 or 4 animals in most outbreaks, by ELISA (outbreaks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7) or virus-neutralization (outbreak 6). Neutralizing titers ranging from 8 to 64 in outbreak 6. In all outbreaks, VACV infection was suspected based on the clinical and pathological findings and it was confirmed by laboratory tests. Upon the etiological confirmation, other agents associated with vesicular disease were discarded. In all outbreaks, at least one milker who handled the affected cows developed malaise, headache, fever, painful vesico-pustular lesions mainly in the hands, but also in the neck and nose. These results confirm the circulation of VACV in the region and call attention for a correct diagnosis and the adoption of prophylactic and control measures.
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17
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Sant’Ana FJFD, Leal FAA, Rabelo RE, Vulcani VAS, Moreira CA, Cargnelutti JF, Flores EF. Coinfection by Vaccinia virus and an Orf virus–like parapoxvirus in an outbreak of vesicular disease in dairy cows in midwestern Brazil. J Vet Diagn Invest 2013; 25:267-72. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638713475799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The current report describes an outbreak of vesicular disease affecting dairy cows in midwestern Brazil in which a coinfection with 2 poxviruses— Vaccinia virus (VACV) and a parapoxvirus—was demonstrated. Milking cows presented vesicles, painful reddish or whitish papules, and scabby proliferative lesions in the teats and udder, in a clinical course of approximately 10–21 days. Histologically, multifocal areas of moderate to severe acanthosis, spongiosis, hypergranulosis, and parakeratotic or orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis with adjacent focally extensive ulcers were observed in the epidermis. Rounded eosinophilic inclusion bodies were observed in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells of areas with acanthosis or necrosis. Moderate inflammatory infiltrate of lymphocytes, plasma cells, neutrophils, and macrophages were observed in some dermal areas. Two people milking the affected cows developed lesions on the hands, painful papules which progressed to ulcerative and scabby lesions in 4–7 days. Electron microscopy of scabs from 1 cow revealed the concomitant presence of orthopoxvirus and parapoxvirus particles. Scabs from 2 cows were positive by polymerase chain reaction for the parapoxvirus B2L gene; 1 of the scabs was also positive for the VACV vgf gene. Nucleotide sequencing of the B2L amplicon revealed a similarity of 96–99% with Orf virus (ORFV) and lower identity with Pseudocowpox virus (92–95%) and Bovine papular stomatitis virus (85–86%). Nucleotide sequencing of a region of parapoxvirus DNA polymerase gene revealed a high similarity (98–100%) with ORFV sequences. Thus, an unusual coinfection with VACV and a parapoxvirus, likely ORFV, was demonstrated in the outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiano J. F. de Sant’Ana
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Federal University of Goiás, Jataí, Goiás, Brazil (Sant’Ana, Rabelo, Vulcani, Moreira Jr.)
- Goiás Agriculture Defense Agency, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil (Leal)
- Section of Virology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Cargnelutti, Flores)
| | - Fábio A. A. Leal
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Federal University of Goiás, Jataí, Goiás, Brazil (Sant’Ana, Rabelo, Vulcani, Moreira Jr.)
- Goiás Agriculture Defense Agency, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil (Leal)
- Section of Virology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Cargnelutti, Flores)
| | - Rogério E. Rabelo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Federal University of Goiás, Jataí, Goiás, Brazil (Sant’Ana, Rabelo, Vulcani, Moreira Jr.)
- Goiás Agriculture Defense Agency, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil (Leal)
- Section of Virology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Cargnelutti, Flores)
| | - Valcinir A. S. Vulcani
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Federal University of Goiás, Jataí, Goiás, Brazil (Sant’Ana, Rabelo, Vulcani, Moreira Jr.)
- Goiás Agriculture Defense Agency, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil (Leal)
- Section of Virology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Cargnelutti, Flores)
| | - Carlos A. Moreira
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Federal University of Goiás, Jataí, Goiás, Brazil (Sant’Ana, Rabelo, Vulcani, Moreira Jr.)
- Goiás Agriculture Defense Agency, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil (Leal)
- Section of Virology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Cargnelutti, Flores)
| | - Juliana F. Cargnelutti
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Federal University of Goiás, Jataí, Goiás, Brazil (Sant’Ana, Rabelo, Vulcani, Moreira Jr.)
- Goiás Agriculture Defense Agency, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil (Leal)
- Section of Virology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Cargnelutti, Flores)
| | - Eduardo F. Flores
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Federal University of Goiás, Jataí, Goiás, Brazil (Sant’Ana, Rabelo, Vulcani, Moreira Jr.)
- Goiás Agriculture Defense Agency, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil (Leal)
- Section of Virology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Cargnelutti, Flores)
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18
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Labib M, Zamay AS, Berezovski MV. Multifunctional electrochemical aptasensor for aptamer clones screening, virus quantitation in blood and viability assessment. Analyst 2013; 138:1865-75. [PMID: 23381386 DOI: 10.1039/c3an36771a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel attempt was made to develop a disposable multifunctional sensor for analysis of vaccinia virus (VACV), a promising oncolytic agent that can replicate in and kill tumor cells. Briefly, we developed aptamers specific to VACV that were negatively selected against human serum as well as human and mouse blood to be further utilized for viral analysis directly in serum and blood. In addition, the aptamers were negatively selected against heat-inactivated VACV to enable them to distinguish between viable and nonviable virus particles. The selected aptamers were integrated onto an electrochemical aptasensor to perform multiple functions, including quantification of VACV, viability assessment of the virus, and estimation of the binding affinity between the virus and the developed aptamers. The aptasensor was fabricated by self-assembling a hybrid of a thiolated ssDNA primer and a VACV-specific aptamer onto a gold nanoparticles modified screen-printed carbon electrode (GNPs-SPCE). Square wave voltammetry was employed to quantify VACV in serum and blood within the range of 150-900 PFU, with a detection limit of 60 PFU in 30 μL. According to the electrochemical affinity measurements, three virus specific aptamer clones, V-2, V-5, and V-9 exhibited the highest affinity to VACV. Furthermore, flow cytometry was employed to estimate the dissociation constants of the clones which were found to be 26.3, 40.9, and 24.7 nM, respectively. Finally, the developed aptasensor was able to distinguish between the intact virus and the heat-inactivated virus thanks to the tailored selectivity of the aptamers that was achieved via negative selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Labib
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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Assis FL, Almeida GMF, Oliveira DB, Franco-Luiz APM, Campos RK, Guedes MIM, Fonseca FG, Trindade GS, Drumond BP, Kroon EG, Abrahão JS. Characterization of a new Vaccinia virus isolate reveals the C23L gene as a putative genetic marker for autochthonous Group 1 Brazilian Vaccinia virus. PLoS One 2012. [PMID: 23189200 PMCID: PMC3506599 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 1999, several Vaccinia virus (VACV) isolates, the etiological agents of bovine vaccinia (BV), have been frequently isolated and characterized with various biological and molecular methods. The results from these approaches have grouped these VACV isolates into two different clusters. This dichotomy has elicited debates surrounding the origin of the Brazilian VACV and its epidemiological significance. To ascertain vital information to settle these debates, we and other research groups have made efforts to identify molecular markers to discriminate VACV from other viruses of the genus Orthopoxvirus (OPV) and other VACV-BR groups. In this way, some genes have been identified as useful markers to discriminate between the VACV-BR groups. However, new markers are needed to infer ancestry and to correlate each sample or group with its unique epidemiological and biological features. The aims of this work were to characterize a new VACV isolate (VACV DMTV-2005) molecularly and biologically using conserved and non-conserved gene analyses for phylogenetic inference and to search for new genes that would elucidate the VACV-BR dichotomy. The VACV DMTV-2005 isolate reported in this study is biologically and phylogenetically clustered with other strains of Group 1 VACV-BR, the most prevalent VACV group that was isolated during the bovine vaccinia outbreaks in Brazil. Sequence analysis of C23L, the gene that encodes for the CC-chemokine-binding protein, revealed a ten-nucleotide deletion, which is a new Group 1 Brazilian VACV genetic marker. This deletion in the C23L open reading frame produces a premature stop-codon that is shared by all Group 1 VACV-BR strains and may also reflect the VACV-BR dichotomy; the deletion can also be considered to be a putative genetic marker for non-virulent Brazilian VACV isolates and may be used for the detection and molecular characterization of new isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe L. Assis
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gabriel M. F. Almeida
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Danilo B. Oliveira
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana P. M. Franco-Luiz
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rafael K. Campos
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Maria I. M. Guedes
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Flávio G. Fonseca
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Giliane S. Trindade
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Betânia P. Drumond
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Erna G. Kroon
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jônatas S. Abrahão
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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de Oliveira CH, Assis FL, Neto JDB, Oliveira CM, Lopes CTDA, Bomjardim HDA, Vinhote WM, Silva AG, Abrahão JS, Kroon EG. Multifocal Cutaneous Orf Virus Infection in Goats in the Amazon Region, Brazil. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2012; 12:336-40. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2011.0725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cairo H.S. de Oliveira
- Escola de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Felipe L. Assis
- Laboratório de Vírus do Instituto de Ciências Biológicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - José Diomedes B. Neto
- Central de Diagnóstico Veterinário da Faculdade de Veterinária da Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Carlos M.C. Oliveira
- Central de Diagnóstico Veterinário da Faculdade de Veterinária da Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Cinthia Távora de A. Lopes
- Central de Diagnóstico Veterinário da Faculdade de Veterinária da Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Henrique dos A. Bomjardim
- Central de Diagnóstico Veterinário da Faculdade de Veterinária da Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Wagner M.S. Vinhote
- Central de Diagnóstico Veterinário da Faculdade de Veterinária da Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - André G.M. Silva
- Central de Diagnóstico Veterinário da Faculdade de Veterinária da Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Jônatas S. Abrahão
- Laboratório de Vírus do Instituto de Ciências Biológicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Erna G. Kroon
- Laboratório de Vírus do Instituto de Ciências Biológicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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de Sant'Ana FJF, Rabelo RE, Vulcani VAS, Cargnelutti JF, Flores EF. Bovine papular stomatitis affecting dairy cows and milkers in midwestern Brazil. J Vet Diagn Invest 2012; 24:442-5. [PMID: 22362531 DOI: 10.1177/1040638711434799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine papular stomatitis virus (BPSV) is a parapoxvirus associated with papular and erosive lesions on the muzzle, lips, and oral mucosa of cattle. Teats of milking cows are occasionally affected, and the infection is frequently transmitted to human beings. The present report describes an outbreak of BPSV infection affecting cows in midwestern Brazil, with human involvement. The disease was observed in neighboring small hand-milking farms, affecting 20 milking cows. The signs included painful reddish papules, ulcers, and scabby proliferative lesions on the teats, with a clinical course of 7-12 days. Affected cows presented severe local pain, not allowing the completion of milking. Histologically, acanthosis, spongiosis, and parakeratotic hyperkeratosis with adjacent focally extensive ulcers and multifocal inflammatory infiltrate were observed in the epidermis. Eosinophilic inclusion bodies were noted in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells. Personnel milking the affected cows developed lesions on the hands, painful papules that progressed to ulcerative and scabby lesions in 4-7 days. A polymerase chain reaction using a set of pan-parapoxvirus primers for the B2L gene performed on DNA extracted from scabs amplified a 590-bp product, which when sequenced, revealed similarities of 99%, 85%, and 84% with BPSV, Pseudocowpox virus, and Orf virus, respectively. A phylogenetic tree based on the B2L sequence was constructed, showing that the virus clustered with BPSV isolates. Although clinical cases compatible with BSPV infection have been frequently described in Brazil, the present report identifies the agent associated with cattle and human disease in the country.
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Cargnelutti JF, Schmidt C, Masuda EK, Nogueira PRK, Weiblen R, Flores EF. Vaccinia viruses isolated from skin infection in horses produced cutaneous and systemic disease in experimentally infected rabbits. Res Vet Sci 2012; 93:1070-5. [PMID: 22244689 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The susceptibility of rabbits to two isolates of Vaccinia virus (VACV) recovered from cutaneous disease in horses in Southern Brazil was investigated. Rabbits were inoculated in the ear skin with both VACV isolates, either in single or mixed infection. All inoculated animals presented local skin lesions characterized by hyperaemia, papules, vesicles, pustules and ulcers. Infectious virus was detected in the lungs and intestine of rabbits that died during acute disease. Histological examination of the skin revealed changes characteristic of those associated with members of the genus Orthopoxvirus. These results demonstrate that rabbits develop skin disease accompanied by systemic signs upon intradermal inoculation of these two equine VACV isolates, either alone or in combination, opening the way for using rabbits to study selected aspects of the biology and pathogenesis of VACV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Felipetto Cargnelutti
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Camobi, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 97105-900, Brazil
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Vaccinia viruses isolated from cutaneous disease in horses are highly virulent for rabbits. Microb Pathog 2011; 52:192-9. [PMID: 22226666 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two genotypically distinct Vaccinia viruses (VACV), named P1V and P2V, were isolated from an outbreak of cutaneous disease in horses in Southern Brazil. We herein investigated the susceptibility of rabbits, a proposed animal model, to P1V and P2V infection. Groups of weanling rabbits were inoculated intranasally (IN) with P1V or P2V at low (10(2.5) TCID50), medium (10(4.5)TCID50), or high titer (10(6.5)TCID50). Rabbits inoculated with medium and high titers shed virus in nasal secretions and developed serous to hemorrhagic nasal discharge and severe respiratory distress, followed by progressive apathy and high lethality. Clinical signs appeared around days 3-6 post-inoculation (pi) and lasted up to the day of death or euthanasia (around days 5-10). Virus shedding and clinical signs were less frequent in rabbits inoculated with low virus titers. Viremia was detected in all groups, with different frequencies. Viral DNA was detected in the feces of a few animals inoculated with P1V and P2V, low titer, and with P2V at high titer. Gross necropsy findings and histological examination showed diffuse interstitial fibrousing pneumonia with necrosuppurative bronchopneumonia and intestinal liquid content. Neutralizing antibodies were detected in all inoculated animals surviving beyond day 9 pi. These results show that rabbits are highly susceptible to VACV isolated from horses, and develop severe respiratory and systemic disease upon IN inoculation. Thus, rabbits may be used to study selected aspects of VACV infection and disease.
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