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Spurlock N, Gabella WE, Nelson DJ, Evans DT, Pask ME, Schmitz JE, Haselton FR. Implementing L-DNA analogs as mirrors of PCR reactant hybridization state: theoretical and practical guidelines for PCR cycle control. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:2840-2849. [PMID: 38567817 PMCID: PMC11079981 DOI: 10.1039/d4ay00083h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
In previous reports, we described a PCR cycle control approach in which the hybridization state of optically labeled L-DNA enantiomers of the D-DNA primers and targets determined when the thermal cycle was switched from cooling to heating and heating to cooling. A consequence of this approach is that it also "adapts" the cycling conditions to compensate for factors that affect the hybridization kinetics of primers and targets. It assumes, however, that the hybridization state of the labeled L-DNA analogs accurately reflects the hybridization state of the D-DNA primers and targets. In this report, the Van't Hoff equation is applied to determine the L-DNA concentration and ratio of L-DNA strands required by this assumption. Simultaneous fluorescence and temperature measurements were taken during L-DNA controlled cycling, and the optical and thermal switch points compared as a function of both total L-DNA concentration and ratio of strands. Based on the Van't Hoff relationship and these experimental results, L-DNA best mirrors the hybridization of PCR primers and targets when total L-DNA concentration is set equal to the initial concentration of the D-DNA primer of interest. In terms of strand ratios, L-DNA hybridization behavior most closely matches the behavior of their D-DNA counterparts throughout the reaction when one of the L-DNA strands is far in excess of the other. The L-DNA control algorithm was then applied to the practical case of the SARS-CoV-2 N2 reaction, which has been shown to fail or have a delayed Cq when PCR was performed without nucleic acid extraction. PCR Cq values for simulated "unextracted" PCR samples in a nasopharyngeal background and in an NaCl concentration similar to that of viral transport media were determined using either the L-DNA control algorithm (N = 6) or preset cycling conditions (N = 3) and compared to water background controls run in parallel. For preset cycling conditions, the presence of nasopharyngeal background or a high salt background concentration significantly increased Cq, but the L-DNA control algorithm had no significant delay. This suggests that a carefully designed L-DNA-based control algorithm "adapts" the cycling conditions to compensate for hybridization errors of the PCR D-DNA reactants that produce false negatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Spurlock
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, PMB 351631, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - William E Gabella
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Dalton J Nelson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, PMB 351631, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - David T Evans
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, PMB 351631, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Megan E Pask
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, PMB 351631, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Jonathan E Schmitz
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Frederick R Haselton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, PMB 351631, Nashville, TN, USA.
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Bi H, You R, Bian X, Li P, Zhao X, You Z. A magnetic control enrichment technique combined with terahertz metamaterial biosensor for detecting SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 243:115763. [PMID: 37890389 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
The highly contagious SARS-CoV-2 virus, responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic continues to pose significant challenges to public health. Developing new methods for early detection and diagnosis is crucial in combatting the disease, mitigating its impact and be prepared for future challenges in pandemic diseases. In this study, we propose a terahertz (THz) biosensing technology that capitalizes on the properties of THz metamaterial in conjunction with magnetic nanoparticles. This approach can accurately identify the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein by pinpointing its location on the THz resonance sources grooved surface. The magnetic nanoparticles are employed to selectively bind with target molecules, and migrate towards the THz metamaterial unit cell when exposed to an applied magnetic field. The presence of target molecules in to the metamaterial variation in the frequency, amplitude, and phase of the resonance response, thus enabling swift, accurate and sensitive detection. To assess the effectiveness of the proposed technique, we have conducted a comparative analysis between real samples on platforms controlled by magnetic manipulation and those without the control. It was confirmed that the proposed THz sensing method demonstrated a linear detection range spanning from 0.005 ng mL-1 to 1000 ng mL-1 with a detection limit of 0.002 ng mL-1. Furthermore, it exhibited a frequency shift of 24 GHz and a stability index of 95%. The THz biosensing technique may pave a new avenue in identifying and preempting the spread of potential pandemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Bi
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Detection Technology and Instrument, Beijing Information Science & Technology University, Beijing, 10029, PR China; School of Instrument Science and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Rui You
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Detection Technology and Instrument, Beijing Information Science & Technology University, Beijing, 10029, PR China; School of Instrument Science and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, 100029, PR China.
| | - Xiaomeng Bian
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Detection Technology and Instrument, Beijing Information Science & Technology University, Beijing, 10029, PR China; School of Instrument Science and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Peng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China; Key Laboratory of Smart Microsystem, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Integrated Circuits, Beijing, 100084, PR China.
| | - Xiaoguang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China; Key Laboratory of Smart Microsystem, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Integrated Circuits, Beijing, 100084, PR China.
| | - Zheng You
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China; Key Laboratory of Smart Microsystem, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Integrated Circuits, Beijing, 100084, PR China
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3
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Evaluation and Clinical Validation of Guanidine-Based Inactivation Transport Medium for Preservation of SARS-CoV-2. Adv Pharmacol Pharm Sci 2022; 2022:1677621. [PMID: 35873075 PMCID: PMC9301760 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1677621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
WHO declared the outbreak of COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, a pandemic in March 2020. More than 223 million cases and approximately 4.6 million deaths have been confirmed. Early diagnosis and immediate treatment became a priority during this pandemic. However, COVID-19 diagnostic testing resources are limited, especially early in the pandemic. Apart from being limited, the COVID-19 diagnostic tests using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) have encountered storage, transportation, and safety issues. These problems are mainly experienced by developing poor countries, countries in the equatorial region, and archipelagic countries. VITPAD® is a guanidine-based inactivation transport medium (ITM) formulated to maintain the RNA quality of SARS-CoV-2 during transportation without cold chains. This study, conducted from September 2020 to March 2021, performed clinical validation of VITPAD® by comparing its performance with a globally commercially available ITM from the NEST brand. Its stability at room temperature, safety, and resistance at high temperatures was also tested using RT-PCR analysis. VITPAD® can reduce the infectious nature of the specimen, preserve the SARS-CoV-2 for 18 days at an ambient temperature, and resist high temperatures (40°C for 3 hours). A guanidine-based transport medium, such as VITPAD®, is compatible and recommended for RT-PCR-based molecular diagnosis of COVID-19.
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4
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Direct PCR with the CDC 2019 SARS-CoV-2 assay: optimization for limited-resource settings. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11756. [PMID: 35817781 PMCID: PMC9272867 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15356-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
PCR-based diagnostics generally require nucleic acid extraction from patient specimens prior to amplification. As highlighted early in the COVID-19 pandemic, extraction steps may be difficult to scale during times of massive demand and limited reagent supply. Forgoing an extraction step, we previously reported that the N1 primer/probe-set of the widespread CDC COVID-19 assay maintains high categorical sensitivity (95%) and specificity (100%) with direct inoculation of viral transport media (VTM) into qRT-PCR reactions. In contrast, the N2 set demonstrated a prominent Ct delay and low sensitivity (33%) without extraction. In the current study, we have improved the performance of this modified CDC assay (in particular the N2 set) by incorporating N1/N2/RNase P multiplexing and dissecting the effects of annealing temperature, VTM interference, and inoculum volume. The latter two factors exerted a more prominent effect on the performance of N2 than N1, although these effects were largely overcome through elevated annealing temperature. This unextracted/multiplex protocol was evaluated with 41 SARS-CoV-2 positive and 43 negative clinical samples, demonstrating a categorical sensitivity of 92.7% and specificity of 100% versus the unmodified CDC methodology. Overall, this work offers a generalizable strategy to maximize testing capabilities for COVID-19 or other emerging pathogens when resources are constrained.
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Vierbaum L, Wojtalewicz N, Grunert HP, Lindig V, Duehring U, Drosten C, Corman V, Niemeyer D, Ciesek S, Rabenau HF, Berger A, Obermeier M, Nitsche A, Michel J, Mielke M, Huggett J, O’Sullivan D, Busby E, Cowen S, Vallone PM, Cleveland MH, Falak S, Kummrow A, Keller T, Schellenberg I, Zeichhardt H, Kammel M. RNA reference materials with defined viral RNA loads of SARS-CoV-2-A useful tool towards a better PCR assay harmonization. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262656. [PMID: 35051208 PMCID: PMC8775330 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, the cause of COVID-19, requires reliable diagnostic methods to track the circulation of this virus. Following the development of RT-qPCR methods to meet this diagnostic need in January 2020, it became clear from interlaboratory studies that the reported Ct values obtained for the different laboratories showed high variability. Despite this the Ct values were explored as a quantitative cut off to aid clinical decisions based on viral load. Consequently, there was a need to introduce standards to support estimation of SARS-CoV-2 viral load in diagnostic specimens. In a collaborative study, INSTAND established two reference materials (RMs) containing heat-inactivated SARS-CoV-2 with SARS-CoV-2 RNA loads of ~107 copies/mL (RM 1) and ~106 copies/mL (RM 2), respectively. Quantification was performed by RT-qPCR using synthetic SARS-CoV-2 RNA standards and digital PCR. Between November 2020 and February 2021, German laboratories were invited to use the two RMs to anchor their Ct values measured in routine diagnostic specimens, with the Ct values of the two RMs. A total of 305 laboratories in Germany were supplied with RM 1 and RM 2. The laboratories were requested to report their measured Ct values together with details on the PCR method they used to INSTAND. This resultant 1,109 data sets were differentiated by test system and targeted gene region. Our findings demonstrate that an indispensable prerequisite for linking Ct values to SARS-CoV-2 viral loads is that they are treated as being unique to an individual laboratory. For this reason, clinical guidance based on viral loads should not cite Ct values. The RMs described were a suitable tool to determine the specific laboratory Ct for a given viral load. Furthermore, as Ct values can also vary between runs when using the same instrument, such RMs could be used as run controls to ensure reproducibility of the quantitative measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Vierbaum
- INSTAND e.V., Society for Promoting Quality Assurance in Medical Laboratories, Duesseldorf, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Nathalie Wojtalewicz
- INSTAND e.V., Society for Promoting Quality Assurance in Medical Laboratories, Duesseldorf, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | | | - Vanessa Lindig
- IQVD GmbH, Institut fuer Qualitaetssicherung in der Virusdiagnostik, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulf Duehring
- GBD Gesellschaft fuer Biotechnologische Diagnostik mbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Drosten
- Institute of Virology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin; National Consultant Laboratory for Coronaviruses; German Centre for Infection Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Victor Corman
- Institute of Virology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin; National Consultant Laboratory for Coronaviruses; German Centre for Infection Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniela Niemeyer
- Institute of Virology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin; National Consultant Laboratory for Coronaviruses; German Centre for Infection Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sandra Ciesek
- Institute for Medical Virology, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Hesse, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, External partner site Frankfurt, Hesse, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Branch Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Frankfurt, Hesse, Germany
| | - Holger F. Rabenau
- Institute for Medical Virology, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Hesse, Germany
| | - Annemarie Berger
- Institute for Medical Virology, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Hesse, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Nitsche
- Robert Koch-Institute, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Berlin, Germany
| | - Janine Michel
- Robert Koch-Institute, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Mielke
- Robert Koch-Institute, Department for Infectious Diseases, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jim Huggett
- National Measurement Laboratory, LGC, Teddington, Middlesex, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Health & Medical Science, School of Biosciences & Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Denise O’Sullivan
- National Measurement Laboratory, LGC, Teddington, Middlesex, United Kingdom
| | - Eloise Busby
- National Measurement Laboratory, LGC, Teddington, Middlesex, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Cowen
- National Measurement Laboratory, LGC, Teddington, Middlesex, United Kingdom
| | - Peter M. Vallone
- Materials Measurement Laboratory, Biomolecular Measurement Division, NIST, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Applied Genetics Group, Gaithersburg, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Megan H. Cleveland
- Materials Measurement Laboratory, Biomolecular Measurement Division, NIST, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Applied Genetics Group, Gaithersburg, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Samreen Falak
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Ingo Schellenberg
- INSTAND e.V., Society for Promoting Quality Assurance in Medical Laboratories, Duesseldorf, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
- Institute of Bioanalytical Sciences, Center of Life Sciences, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, Bernburg, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany
| | - Heinz Zeichhardt
- INSTAND e.V., Society for Promoting Quality Assurance in Medical Laboratories, Duesseldorf, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
- GBD Gesellschaft fuer Biotechnologische Diagnostik mbH, Berlin, Germany
- IQVD GmbH, Institut fuer Qualitaetssicherung in der Virusdiagnostik, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Kammel
- INSTAND e.V., Society for Promoting Quality Assurance in Medical Laboratories, Duesseldorf, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
- IQVD GmbH, Institut fuer Qualitaetssicherung in der Virusdiagnostik, Berlin, Germany
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6
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Bui LM, Thi Thu Phung H, Ho Thi TT, Singh V, Maurya R, Khambhati K, Wu CC, Uddin MJ, Trung DM, Chu DT. Recent findings and applications of biomedical engineering for COVID-19 diagnosis: a critical review. Bioengineered 2021; 12:8594-8613. [PMID: 34607509 PMCID: PMC8806999 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1987821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is one of the most severe global health crises that humanity has ever faced. Researchers have restlessly focused on developing solutions for monitoring and tracing the viral culprit, SARS-CoV-2, as vital steps to break the chain of infection. Even though biomedical engineering (BME) is considered a rising field of medical sciences, it has demonstrated its pivotal role in nurturing the maturation of COVID-19 diagnostic technologies. Within a very short period of time, BME research applied to COVID-19 diagnosis has advanced with ever-increasing knowledge and inventions, especially in adapting available virus detection technologies into clinical practice and exploiting the power of interdisciplinary research to design novel diagnostic tools or improve the detection efficiency. To assist the development of BME in COVID-19 diagnosis, this review highlights the most recent diagnostic approaches and evaluates the potential of each research direction in the context of the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Minh Bui
- NTT Hi-Tech Institute, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Huong Thi Thu Phung
- NTT Hi-Tech Institute, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Thuy-Tien Ho Thi
- Center for Biomedicine and Community Health, International School, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Vijai Singh
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Mehsana, Gujarat, India
| | - Rupesh Maurya
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Mehsana, Gujarat, India
| | - Khushal Khambhati
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Mehsana, Gujarat, India
| | - Chia-Ching Wu
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Md Jamal Uddin
- ABEx Bio-Research Center, East Azampur, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Minh Trung
- Institute of Biomedicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Dinh Toi Chu
- Center for Biomedicine and Community Health, International School, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Origin, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Treatment Options for SARS-CoV-2: A Review. Biologia (Bratisl) 2021; 76:2655-2673. [PMID: 34092799 PMCID: PMC8170627 DOI: 10.1007/s11756-021-00792-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Emerging viral infections are among the greatest challenges in the public health sector in the twenty-first century. Among these, most of the viruses jump from other species of animals to humans called zoonotic viruses. The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), by crossing species-barrier, has infected the human population for the third time in the current century and has caused the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) . Mutation and adaptation for years have greatly influenced the co-evolution and existence of coronaviruses and their possible hosts including humans. The appearance of SARS-CoV-2 in China thrust coronaviruses into the limelight and shocked the world. Presently, no coronavirus vaccines are clinically available to combat the virus's devastating effects. To counter the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, it is therefore important to understand the complex nature of coronaviruses and their clinical attributes. SARS and MERS outbreaks had ultimately led to socio-economic deprivation in the previous decades. In addressing the recent disastrous situation, the COVID-19 pandemic still needs some lessons from prior experience. In this review, we have highlighted the chronological order of coronavirus strains, their genomic features, the mechanism of action of SARS-CoV-2, and its disastrous repercussions on the world. We have also suggested some therapeutic options that could be effective against the COVID-19.
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Torres I, Qualai J, Albert E, Bueno F, Huntley D, Poujois S, Gil MT, Navarro D. Real-life evaluation of a rapid extraction-free SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR assay (COVID-19 PCR Fast-L) for the diagnosis of COVID-19. J Med Virol 2021; 93:5233-5235. [PMID: 33913561 PMCID: PMC8242721 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Torres
- Microbiology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario, INCLIVA Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jamal Qualai
- Sistemas Genómicos, Grupo Biomédico Ascires, Valencia, Spain
| | - Eliseo Albert
- Microbiology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario, INCLIVA Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
| | - Felipe Bueno
- Microbiology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario, INCLIVA Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
| | - Dixie Huntley
- Microbiology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario, INCLIVA Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sandrine Poujois
- Microbiology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario, INCLIVA Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - David Navarro
- Microbiology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario, INCLIVA Research Institute, Valencia, Spain.,Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Genoud V, Stortz M, Waisman A, Berardino BG, Verneri P, Dansey V, Salvatori M, Remes Lenicov F, Levi V. Extraction-free protocol combining proteinase K and heat inactivation for detection of SARS-CoV-2 by RT-qPCR. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247792. [PMID: 33635936 PMCID: PMC7909620 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Real-time reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) is the gold-standard technique for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) detection in nasopharyngeal swabs specimens. The analysis by RT-qPCR usually requires a previous extraction step to obtain the purified viral RNA. Unfortunately, RNA extraction constitutes a bottleneck for early detection in many countries since it is expensive, time-consuming and depends on the availability of commercial kits. Here, we describe an extraction-free protocol for SARS-CoV-2 detection by RT-qPCR from nasopharyngeal swab clinical samples in saline solution. The method includes a treatment with proteinase K followed by heat inactivation (PK+HID method). We demonstrate that PK+HID improves the RT-qPCR performance in comparison to the heat-inactivation procedure. Moreover, we show that this extraction-free protocol can be combined with a variety of multiplexing RT-qPCR kits. The method combined with a multiplexing detection kit targeting N and ORF1ab viral genes showed a sensitivity of 0.99 and a specificity of 0.99 from the analysis of 106 positive and 106 negative clinical samples. In conclusion, PK+HID is a robust, fast and inexpensive procedure for extraction-free RT-qPCR determinations of SARS-CoV-2. The National Administration of Drugs, Foods and Medical Devices of Argentina has recently authorized the use of this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Genoud
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martin Stortz
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Bruno G. Berardino
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula Verneri
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Virginia Dansey
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Unidad de Microanálisis y Métodos Físicos en Química Orgánica (UMYMFOR), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Melina Salvatori
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Federico Remes Lenicov
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Valeria Levi
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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10
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Andryukov BG, Besednova NN, Kuznetsova TA, Fedyanina LN. Laboratory-Based Resources for COVID-19 Diagnostics: Traditional Tools and Novel Technologies. A Perspective of Personalized Medicine. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11010042. [PMID: 33451039 PMCID: PMC7828525 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus infection 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the highly contagious SARS-CoV-2 virus, has provoked a global healthcare and economic crisis. The control over the spread of the disease requires an efficient and scalable laboratory-based strategy for testing the population based on multiple platforms to provide rapid and accurate diagnosis. With the onset of the pandemic, the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method has become a standard diagnostic tool, which has received wide clinical use. In large-scale and repeated examinations, these tests can identify infected patients with COVID-19, with their accuracy, however, dependent on many factors, while the entire process takes up to 6–8 h. Here we also describe a number of serological systems for detecting antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. These are used to assess the level of population immunity in various categories of people, as well as for retrospective diagnosis of asymptomatic and mild COVID-19 in patients. However, the widespread use of traditional diagnostic tools in the context of the rapid spread of COVID-19 is hampered by a number of limitations. Therefore, the sharp increase in the number of patients with COVID-19 necessitates creation of new rapid, inexpensive, sensitive, and specific tests. In this regard, we focus on new laboratory technologies such as loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA), which have proven to work well in the COVID-19 diagnostics and can become a worthy alternative to traditional laboratory-based diagnostics resources. To cope with the COVID-19 pandemic, the healthcare system requires a combination of various types of laboratory diagnostic testing techniques, whodse sensitivity and specificity increases with the progress in the SARS-CoV-2 research. The testing strategy should be designed in such a way to provide, depending on the timing of examination and the severity of the infection in patients, large-scale and repeated examinations based on the principle: screening–monitoring–control. The search and development of new methods for rapid diagnostics of COVID-19 in laboratory, based on new analytical platforms, is still a highly important and urgent healthcare issue. In the final part of the review, special emphasis is made on the relevance of the concept of personalized medicine to combat the COVID-19 pandemic in the light of the recent studies carried out to identify the causes of variation in individual susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 and increase the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris G. Andryukov
- G.P. Somov Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Russian Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, 690087 Vladivostok, Russia; (N.N.B.); (T.A.K.)
- School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University (FEFU), 690091 Vladivostok, Russia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-4232-304-647
| | - Natalya N. Besednova
- G.P. Somov Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Russian Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, 690087 Vladivostok, Russia; (N.N.B.); (T.A.K.)
| | - Tatyana A. Kuznetsova
- G.P. Somov Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Russian Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, 690087 Vladivostok, Russia; (N.N.B.); (T.A.K.)
| | - Ludmila N. Fedyanina
- School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University (FEFU), 690091 Vladivostok, Russia;
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Andryukov BG, Lyapun IN. COVID-19 diagnostic laboratory strategies: modern technologies and development trends (review of literature). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 65:757-766. [DOI: 10.18821/0869-2084-2020-65-12-757-766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic, associated with the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has caused a surge in incidence worldwide, as well as a severe crisis in global health and economy. Therefore, fast and accurate diagnosis of infection is key to timely treatment and elimination of the spread of the virus. Currently, the standard method for detecting coronavirus is reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). However, this method requires expensive equipment and trained personnel, which limits the conduct of mass testing and lengthens the time to obtain a research result. Serological tests for antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and the determination of protective immunity in various populations are used to retrospectively identify patients with asymptomatic and mild forms of infection, monitor the course of infection in hospitalized patients, and also track contacts and epidemiological surveillance. The use of standard methods for diagnosing COVID-19 in conditions of mass morbidity, especially in conditions of insufficient resources and lack of appropriate infrastructure, is associated with a number of limitations. Therefore, the search and development of new, fast, inexpensive, simple, device-free and no less sensitive and specific tests is an urgent task. Therefore, the search and development of new, fast, inexpensive, simple, device-free and no less sensitive and specific tests is an urgent task. The review examines new laboratory technologies for diagnosing a new infection - loop isothermal amplification (LAMP) and immunochromatographic analysis (ICA), which can become a real alternative to the used molecular and enzyme immunoassay methods. The dynamic development of these methods in recent years expands the prospects for their use both for diagnosing COVID-19 and monitoring a pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Georgievich Andryukov
- Somov Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Russian Ministry of Education and Science; Far Eastern Federal University of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia
| | - I. N. Lyapun
- Somov Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Russian Ministry of Education and Science
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