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Qiao H, Paansri P, Escobar LE. Global Mpox spread due to increased air travel. GEOSPATIAL HEALTH 2024; 19. [PMID: 38872388 DOI: 10.4081/gh.2024.1261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Mpox is an emerging, infectious disease that has caused outbreaks in at least 91 countries from May to August 2022. We assessed the link between international air travel patterns and Mpox transmission risk, and the relationship between the translocation of Mpox and human mobility dynamics after travel restrictions due to the COVID-19 pandemic had been lifted. Our three novel observations were that: i) more people traveled internationally after the removal of travel restrictions in the summer of 2022 compared to pre-pandemic levels; ii) countries with a high concentration of global air travel have the most recorded Mpox cases; and iii) Mpox transmission includes a number of previously nonendemic regions. These results suggest that international airports should be a primary location for monitoring the risk of emerging communicable diseases. Findings highlight the need for global collaboration concerning proactive measures emphasizing realtime surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijie Qiao
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing.
| | - Paanwaris Paansri
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA.
| | - Luis E Escobar
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States; Global Change Center, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States; Center for Emerging Zoonotic and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States; Kellogg Center for Philosophy, Politics, and Economics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA.
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Alakunle E, Kolawole D, Diaz-Cánova D, Alele F, Adegboye O, Moens U, Okeke MI. A comprehensive review of monkeypox virus and mpox characteristics. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1360586. [PMID: 38510963 PMCID: PMC10952103 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1360586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is the etiological agent of monkeypox (mpox), a zoonotic disease. MPXV is endemic in the forested regions of West and Central Africa, but the virus has recently spread globally, causing outbreaks in multiple non-endemic countries. In this paper, we review the characteristics of the virus, including its ecology, genomics, infection biology, and evolution. We estimate by phylogenomic molecular clock that the B.1 lineage responsible for the 2022 mpox outbreaks has been in circulation since 2016. We interrogate the host-virus interactions that modulate the virus infection biology, signal transduction, pathogenesis, and host immune responses. We highlight the changing pathophysiology and epidemiology of MPXV and summarize recent advances in the prevention and treatment of mpox. In addition, this review identifies knowledge gaps with respect to the virus and the disease, suggests future research directions to address the knowledge gaps, and proposes a One Health approach as an effective strategy to prevent current and future epidemics of mpox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Alakunle
- Department of Natural and Environmental Sciences, American University of Nigeria, Yola, Nigeria
| | - Daniel Kolawole
- Department of Natural and Environmental Sciences, American University of Nigeria, Yola, Nigeria
| | - Diana Diaz-Cánova
- Department of Medical Biology, UIT – The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Faith Alele
- School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia
| | - Oyelola Adegboye
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - Ugo Moens
- Department of Medical Biology, UIT – The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Malachy Ifeanyi Okeke
- Department of Natural and Environmental Sciences, American University of Nigeria, Yola, Nigeria
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Ashley CN, Broni E, Wood CM, Okuneye T, Ojukwu MPT, Dong Q, Gallagher C, Miller WA. Identifying potential monkeypox virus inhibitors: an in silico study targeting the A42R protein. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1351737. [PMID: 38500508 PMCID: PMC10945028 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1351737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox (now Mpox), a zoonotic disease caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV) is an emerging threat to global health. In the time span of only six months, from May to October 2022, the number of MPXV cases breached 80,000 and many of the outbreaks occurred in locations that had never previously reported MPXV. Currently there are no FDA-approved MPXV-specific vaccines or treatments, therefore, finding drugs to combat MPXV is of utmost importance. The A42R profilin-like protein of the MPXV is involved in cell development and motility making it a critical drug target. A42R protein is highly conserved across orthopoxviruses, thus A42R inhibitors may work for other family members. This study sought to identify potential A42R inhibitors for MPXV treatment using computational approaches. The energy minimized 3D structure of the A42R profilin-like protein (PDB ID: 4QWO) underwent virtual screening using a library of 36,366 compounds from Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), AfroDb, and PubChem databases as well as known inhibitor tecovirimat via AutoDock Vina. A total of seven compounds comprising PubChem CID: 11371962, ZINC000000899909, ZINC000001632866, ZINC000015151344, ZINC000013378519, ZINC000000086470, and ZINC000095486204, predicted to have favorable binding were shortlisted. Molecular docking suggested that all seven proposed compounds have higher binding affinities to A42R (-7.2 to -8.3 kcal/mol) than tecovirimat (-6.7 kcal/mol). This was corroborated by MM/PBSA calculations, with tecovirimat demonstrating the highest binding free energy of -68.694 kJ/mol (lowest binding affinity) compared to the seven shortlisted compounds that ranged from -73.252 to -97.140 kJ/mol. Furthermore, the 7 compounds in complex with A42R demonstrated higher stability than the A42R-tecovirimat complex when subjected to 100 ns molecular dynamics simulations. The protein-ligand interaction maps generated using LigPlot+ suggested that residues Met1, Glu3, Trp4, Ile7, Arg127, Val128, Thr131, and Asn133 are important for binding. These seven compounds were adequately profiled to be potential antivirals via PASS predictions and structural similarity searches. All seven potential lead compounds were scored Pa > Pi for antiviral activity while ZINC000001632866 and ZINC000015151344 were predicted as poxvirus inhibitors with Pa values of 0.315 and 0.215, and Pi values of 0.052 and 0.136, respectively. Further experimental validations of the identified lead compounds are required to corroborate their predicted activity. These seven identified compounds represent solid footing for development of antivirals against MPXV and other orthopoxviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn N. Ashley
- Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, United States
| | - Emmanuel Broni
- Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, United States
| | - Chanyah M. Wood
- Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Lincoln University, Lincoln, PA, United States
| | - Tunmise Okuneye
- Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, United States
- Department of Biology, Lincoln University, Lincoln, PA, United States
| | - Mary-Pearl T. Ojukwu
- Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Lincoln University, Lincoln, PA, United States
- College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Qunfeng Dong
- Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, United States
- Center for Biomedical Informatics, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, United States
| | - Carla Gallagher
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Lincoln University, Lincoln, PA, United States
| | - Whelton A. Miller
- Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, United States
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Loyola University Medical Center, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, United States
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Khan G, Perveen N. The 2022 monkeypox outbreak 1 year on: The 5 Ws. Rev Med Virol 2024; 34:e2489. [PMID: 37930054 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
In May 2022, World Health Organization (WHO) reported an outbreak of Mpox in several European countries which were previously Mpox free. Mpox (formerly known as monkeypox) is a zoonotic viral disease endemic in Central and West Africa. The sudden emergence of Mpox outside Africa and its subsequent rapid spread lead the WHO to declare the outbreak as Public Health Emergency of International Concern. By 15 May 2023, a total of 87,704 confirmed cases and 140 deaths had been reported from 111 countries and territories worldwide. Looking back on this outbreak 1 year later, several important questions have arisen. Here, we address these questions using the classic 5 Ws: What, When, Where, Who and Why? We discuss these questions to understand how this outbreak emerged and how it was effectively managed. We outline what needs to be done to prevent, or at least minimise, outbreaks due to emerging and re-emerging viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulfaraz Khan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nighat Perveen
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
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Zeng GG, Jiang WL, Yu J, Nie GY, Lu YR, Xiao CK, Wang C, Zheng K. The Potential Relationship Between Cardiovascular Diseases and Monkeypox. Curr Probl Cardiol 2024; 49:102116. [PMID: 37802168 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2023.102116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Mpox, a novel epidemic disease, has broken out the period of coronavirus disease 2019 since May 2022, which was caused by the mpox virus. Up to 12 September 2023, there are more than 90,439 confirmed mpox cases in over 115 countries all over the world. Moreover, the outbreak of mpox in 2022 was verified to be Clade II rather than Clade I. Highlighting the significance of this finding, a growing body of literature suggests that mpox may lead to a series of cardiovascular complications, including myocarditis and pericarditis. It is indeed crucial to acquire more knowledge about mpox from a perspective from the clinical cardiologist. In this review, we would discuss the epidemiological characteristics and primary treatments of mpox to attempt to provide a framework for cardiovascular physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Gui Zeng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hengyang Central Hospital, Hengyang, Hunan, China; Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China; Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, 2020 Grade Excellent Doctor Class of Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Wan-Li Jiang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, 2020 Grade Excellent Doctor Class of Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Jiang Yu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, 2020 Grade Excellent Doctor Class of Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Gui-Ying Nie
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, 2020 Grade Excellent Doctor Class of Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Yu-Ru Lu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chang-Kai Xiao
- Department of Urology, Hengyang Medical School, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Chuan Wang
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China.
| | - Kang Zheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hengyang Central Hospital, Hengyang, Hunan, China.
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Marín-Sánchez O, Pesantes-Grados P, Pérez-Timaná L, Marín-Machuca O, Sánchez-Llatas CJ, Chacón RD. Comparative Epidemiological Assessment of Monkeypox Infections on a Global and Continental Scale Using Logistic and Gompertz Mathematical Models. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1765. [PMID: 38140170 PMCID: PMC10747842 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11121765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The monkeypox virus (MPXV) has caused an unusual epidemiological scenario-an epidemic within a pandemic (COVID-19). Despite the inherent evolutionary and adaptive capacity of poxviruses, one of the potential triggers for the emergence of this epidemic was the change in the status of orthopoxvirus vaccination and eradication programs. This epidemic outbreak of HMPX spread worldwide, with a notable frequency in Europe, North America, and South America. Due to these particularities, the objective of the present study was to assess and compare cases of HMPX in these geographical regions through logistic and Gompertz mathematical modeling over one year since its inception. We estimated the highest contagion rates (people per day) of 690, 230, 278, and 206 for the world, Europe, North America, and South America, respectively, in the logistic model. The equivalent values for the Gompertz model were 696, 268, 308, and 202 for the highest contagion rates. The Kruskal-Wallis Test indicated different means among the geographical regions affected by HMPX regarding case velocity, and the Wilcoxon pairwise test indicated the absence of significant differences between the case velocity means between Europe and South America. The coefficient of determination (R2) values in the logistic model varied from 0.8720 to 0.9023, and in the Gompertz model, they ranged from 0.9881 to 0.9988, indicating a better fit to the actual data when using the Gompertz model. The estimated basic reproduction numbers (R0) were more consistent in the logistic model, varying from 1.71 to 1.94 in the graphical method and from 1.75 to 1.95 in the analytical method. The comparative assessment of these mathematical modeling approaches permitted the establishment of the Gompertz model as the better-fitting model for the data and the logistic model for the R0. However, both models successfully represented the actual HMPX case data. The present study estimated relevant epidemiological data to understand better the geographic similarities and differences in the dynamics of HMPX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obert Marín-Sánchez
- Departamento Académico de Microbiología Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Av. Carlos Germán Amezaga 375, Lima 15081, Peru;
| | - Pedro Pesantes-Grados
- Unidad de Posgrado, Facultad de Ciencias Matemáticas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Av. Carlos Germán Amezaga 375, Lima 15081, Peru;
| | - Luis Pérez-Timaná
- Escuela Profesional de Genética y Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Av. Carlos Germán Amezaga 375, Lima 15081, Peru;
| | - Olegario Marín-Machuca
- Departamento Académico de Ciencias Alimentarias, Facultad de Oceanografía, Pesquería, Ciencias Alimentarias y Acuicultura, Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal, Calle Roma 350, Miraflores 15074, Peru;
| | - Christian J. Sánchez-Llatas
- Department of Genetics, Physiology, and Microbiology, School of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid (U.C.M.), C. de José Antonio Nováis, 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Ruy D. Chacón
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Orlando M. Paiva, 87, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
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Saied AA, Chandran D, Chakraborty S, Emran TB, Dhama K. Mpox and healthcare workers — a minireview of our present knowledge. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2023; 35:46. [DOI: 10.1186/s43162-023-00233-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Workers in the healthcare industry form the backbone of health systems everywhere. In the face of global health crises like the current monkeypox (mpox) outbreak, healthcare workers like doctors, dentists, pharmacists, nurses, midwives, paramedics, administrators, support staff, laboratory technicians, and community health workers all play crucial roles in providing care and containing the spread of the disease.
Aim
Therefore, in the wake of concerns about mpox recurrence, we seek to shed light on the occupational transmission of mpox infection and the possible risk to healthcare personnel.
Results
Contamination of the environment of the household of cases of mpox and environment of the patient care units with the viral DNA has been reported besides asymptomatic cases and detection of viral DNA in air samples; therefore, more research on non-lesion-based testing for human mpox infection for screening asymptomatic people, particularly among populations at high risk of infection, in the event of asymptomatic transmission and potential transmission via aerosols is necessary. Monitoring efforts can be aided by incorporating mpox testing into locations where people are more likely to contract illnesses and seek medical attention. We must take a precautionary infection control approach to control the spread of the virus while completing urgent research to understand better the human-to-human mpox transmission process.
Conclusions
In this minireview, we discuss the potential routes of mpox transmission to healthcare and preventative strategies and measures that should be taken and considered.
Graphical Abstract
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Bhat S, Saha S, Garg T, Sehrawat H, Chopade BA, Gupta V. Insights into the challenging multi-country outbreak of Mpox: a comprehensive review. J Med Microbiol 2023; 72. [PMID: 37378642 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Human monkeypox virus (hMpoxV) is of zoonotic origin and is closely related to the once-dreaded smallpox virus. It is largely endemic to the African continent but has moved out of the endemic regions as sporadic clusters in the past 20 years, raising concerns worldwide. Human Mpox is characterized by a mild to severe, self-limiting infection, with mortality ranging from less than 1% to up to 10% during different outbreaks caused by different clades of MpoxV. Bushmeat hunting is one of the primary reasons for its transmission from animals to humans. Various international and national health regulatory bodies are closely monitoring the disease and have laid down guidelines to manage and prevent hMpox cases. Emergency Use Status has been granted to Tecovirimat and Brincidofovir to treat severe cases and vaccination with the smallpox vaccine is recommended for high-risk group individuals. Strategies to repurpose and discover novel therapeutics and vaccines to control the outbreak are being researched. The current Mpox outbreak that has mainly affected men as approximately 96% of all cases are reported in men, is probably the result of a complex intersection of various factors. This necessitates a strong One Health response coordination involving human, animal and environmental health institutions. This review is an attempt to provide an all-inclusive overview of the biology, history, epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of hMpox in context to the recent 2022-2023 multi-country outbreak which is termed by WHO a 'Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreyas Bhat
- Department of Microbiology, Ram Lal Anand College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Sumana Saha
- Department of Microbiology, Ram Lal Anand College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Tanisha Garg
- Department of Microbiology, Ram Lal Anand College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Balu Ananda Chopade
- Department of Microbiology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vandana Gupta
- Department of Microbiology, Ram Lal Anand College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
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