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Forghani P, Rashid A, Armand LC, Wolfson D, Liu R, Cho HC, Maxwell JT, Jo H, Salaita K, Xu C. Simulated microgravity improves maturation of cardiomyocytes derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2243. [PMID: 38278855 PMCID: PMC10817987 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52453-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyocytes derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC-CMs) possess tremendous potential for basic research and translational application. However, these cells structurally and functionally resemble fetal cardiomyocytes, which is a major limitation of these cells. Microgravity can significantly alter cell behavior and function. Here we investigated the effect of simulated microgravity on hiPSC-CM maturation. Following culture under simulated microgravity in a random positioning machine for 7 days, 3D hiPSC-CMs had increased mitochondrial content as detected by a mitochondrial protein and mitochondrial DNA to nuclear DNA ratio. The cells also had increased mitochondrial membrane potential. Consistently, simulated microgravity increased mitochondrial respiration in 3D hiPSC-CMs, as indicated by higher levels of maximal respiration and ATP content, suggesting improved metabolic maturation in simulated microgravity cultures compared with cultures under normal gravity. Cells from simulated microgravity cultures also had improved Ca2+ transient parameters, a functional characteristic of more mature cardiomyocytes. In addition, these cells had improved structural properties associated with more mature cardiomyocytes, including increased sarcomere length, z-disc length, nuclear diameter, and nuclear eccentricity. These findings indicate that microgravity enhances the maturation of hiPSC-CMs at the structural, metabolic, and functional levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvin Forghani
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 2015 Uppergate Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Aysha Rashid
- Biomolecular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Lawrence C Armand
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 2015 Uppergate Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - David Wolfson
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 2015 Uppergate Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 2015 Uppergate Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Hee Cheol Cho
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 2015 Uppergate Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Joshua T Maxwell
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 2015 Uppergate Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Hanjoong Jo
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 2015 Uppergate Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Khalid Salaita
- Biomolecular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Chunhui Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 2015 Uppergate Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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2
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Biancotti JC, Espinosa-Jeffrey A. Metabolomic Profiling of the Secretome from Human Neural Stem Cells Flown into Space. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 11:11. [PMID: 38247888 PMCID: PMC10813126 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The change in gravitational force has a significant effect on biological tissues and the entire organism. As with any alteration in the environment, microgravity (µG) produces modifications in the system inducing adaptation to the new condition. In this study, we analyzed the effect of µG on neural stem cells (NSCs) following a space flight to the International Space Station (ISS). After 3 days in space, analysis of the metabolome in culture medium revealed increased glycolysis with augmented pyruvate and glycerate levels, and activated catabolism of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) and glutamine. NSCs flown into space (SPC-NSCs) also showed increased synthesis of NADH and formation of polyamine spermidine when compared to ground controls (GC-NSCs). Overall, the space environment appears to increase energy demands in response to the µG setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Biancotti
- Department of Surgery/Pediatric Surgery, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
| | - Araceli Espinosa-Jeffrey
- Department of Psychiatry, IDDRC, Semel Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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3
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Vergnes L, Foucaud B, Cepeda C, Espinosa-Jeffrey A. Metabolomics Profile of the Secretome of Space-Flown Oligodendrocytes. Cells 2023; 12:2249. [PMID: 37759473 PMCID: PMC10528075 DOI: 10.3390/cells12182249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracranial hypertension (ICP) and visual impairment intracranial pressure (VIIP) are some of the sequels of long-term space missions. Here we sought to determine how space microgravity (µG) impacts the metabolomics profile of oligodendrocyte progenitors (OLPs), the myelin-forming cells in the central nervous system. We report increased glutamate and energy metabolism while the OLPs were in space for 26 days. We also show that after space flight, OLPs (SPC OLPs) display significantly increased mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis. These data are in agreement with our previous work using simulated microgravity. In addition, our global metabolomics approach allowed for the discovery of endogenous metabolites secreted by OLPs while in space that are significantly modulated by microgravity. Our results provide, for the first time, relevant information about the energetic state of OLPs while in space and after space flight. The functional and molecular relevance of these specific pathways are promising targets for therapeutic intervention for humans in long-term space missions to the moon, Mars and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Vergnes
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
| | - Bernard Foucaud
- Department of Psychiatry, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (B.F.); (C.C.)
| | - Carlos Cepeda
- Department of Psychiatry, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (B.F.); (C.C.)
| | - Araceli Espinosa-Jeffrey
- Department of Psychiatry, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (B.F.); (C.C.)
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4
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Rodolfo M, Huber V, Cossa M, Gallino G, Leone BE, Vallacchi V, Rivoltini L, Vergani E. 3D tumor explant as a novel platform to investigate therapeutic pathways and predictive biomarkers in cancer patients. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1068091. [PMID: 36591316 PMCID: PMC9794575 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1068091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors can induce durable clinical responses in different human malignancies but the number of responding patients remains globally modest. The limited therapeutic efficacy of ICI depends on multiple factors, among which the immune suppressive features of the tumor microenvironment play a key role. For this reason, experimental models that enable dissection of the immune-hostile tumor milieu components are required to unravel how to overcome resistance and obtain full-fledged anti-tumor immunity. Recent evidence supports the usefulness of 3D ex vivo systems in retaining features of tumor microenvironment to elucidate molecular and immunologic mechanisms of response and resistance to immune checkpoint blockade. In this perspective article we discuss the recent advances in patient-derived 3D tumor models and their potential in support of treatment decision making in clinical setting. We will also share our experience with dynamic bioreactor tumor explant culture of samples from melanoma and sarcoma patients as a reliable and promising platform to unravel immune responses to immune checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Rodolfo
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Translational Immunology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy,*Correspondence: Monica Rodolfo,
| | - Veronica Huber
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Translational Immunology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Mara Cossa
- Department of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianfrancesco Gallino
- Melanoma and Sarcoma Surgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Biagio E. Leone
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Viviana Vallacchi
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Translational Immunology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Licia Rivoltini
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Translational Immunology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Vergani
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Translational Immunology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
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Marfia G, Navone SE, Guarnaccia L, Campanella R, Locatelli M, Miozzo M, Perelli P, Della Morte G, Catamo L, Tondo P, Campanella C, Lucertini M, Ciniglio Appiani G, Landolfi A, Garzia E. Space flight and central nervous system: Friends or enemies? Challenges and opportunities for neuroscience and neuro-oncology. J Neurosci Res 2022; 100:1649-1663. [PMID: 35678198 PMCID: PMC9544848 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Space environment provides many challenges to pilots, astronauts, and space scientists, which are constantly subjected to unique conditions, including microgravity, radiations, hypoxic condition, absence of the day and night cycle, etc. These stressful stimuli have the potential to affect many human physiological systems, triggering physical and biological adaptive changes to re‐establish the homeostatic state. A particular concern regards the risks for the effects of spaceflight on the central nervous system (CNS), as several lines of evidence reported a great impact on neuroplasticity, cognitive functions, neurovestibular system, short‐term memory, cephalic fluid shift, reduction in motor function, and psychological disturbances, especially during long‐term missions. Aside these potential detrimental effects, the other side of the coin reflects the potential benefit of applicating space‐related conditions on Earth‐based life sciences, as cancer research. Here, we focused on examining the effect of real and simulated microgravity on CNS functions, both in humans and in cellular models, browsing the different techniques to experience or mime microgravity on‐ground. Increasing evidence demonstrate that cancer cells, and brain cancer cells in particular, are negatively affected by microgravity, in terms of alteration in cell morphology, proliferation, invasion, migration, and apoptosis, representing an advancing novel side of space‐based investigations. Overall, deeper understandings about the mechanisms by which space environment influences CNS and tumor biology may be promisingly translated into many clinical fields, ranging from aerospace medicine to neuroscience and oncology, representing an enormous pool of knowledge for the implementation of countermeasures and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Marfia
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurosurgery and Cell Therapy, Neurosurgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Aldo Ravelli' Research Center, Milan, Italy.,Clinical Pathology Unit, Istituto di Medicina Aerospaziale "A. Mosso", Aeronautica Militare, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Elena Navone
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurosurgery and Cell Therapy, Neurosurgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Aldo Ravelli' Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Guarnaccia
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurosurgery and Cell Therapy, Neurosurgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Rolando Campanella
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurosurgery and Cell Therapy, Neurosurgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Locatelli
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurosurgery and Cell Therapy, Neurosurgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Aldo Ravelli' Research Center, Milan, Italy.,Department of Medical-Surgical Physiopathology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Miozzo
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Unit of Medical Genetics, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro Perelli
- Istituto di Medicina Aerospaziale "Aldo Di Loreto", Aeronautica Militare, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulio Della Morte
- Clinical Pathology Unit, Istituto di Medicina Aerospaziale "A. Mosso", Aeronautica Militare, Milan, Italy
| | - Leonardo Catamo
- Clinical Pathology Unit, Istituto di Medicina Aerospaziale "A. Mosso", Aeronautica Militare, Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro Tondo
- Clinical Pathology Unit, Istituto di Medicina Aerospaziale "A. Mosso", Aeronautica Militare, Milan, Italy
| | - Carmelo Campanella
- Istituto di Medicina Aerospaziale "Aldo Di Loreto", Aeronautica Militare, Roma, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Emanuele Garzia
- Istituto di Medicina Aerospaziale "A. Mosso", Aeronautica Militare, Milan, Italy
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Mammarella N, Gatti M, Ceccato I, Di Crosta A, Di Domenico A, Palumbo R. The Protective Role of Neurogenetic Components in Reducing Stress-Related Effects during Spaceflights: Evidence from the Age-Related Positive Memory Approach. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12081176. [PMID: 36013355 PMCID: PMC9410359 DOI: 10.3390/life12081176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fighting stress-related effects during spaceflight is crucial for a successful mission. Emotional, motivational, and cognitive mechanisms have already been shown to be involved in the decrease of negative emotions. However, emerging evidence is pointing to a neurogenetic profile that may render some individuals more prone than others to focusing on positive information in memory and increasing affective health. The relevance for adaptation to the space environment and the interaction with other stressors such as ionizing radiations is discussed. In particular, to clarify this approach better, we will draw from the psychology and aging literature data. Subsequently, we report on studies on candidate genes for sensitivity to positive memories. We review work on the following candidate genes that may be crucial in adaptation mechanisms: ADRA2B, COMT, 5HTTLPR, CB1, and TOMM40. The final aim is to show how the study of genetics and cell biology of positive memory can help us to reveal the underlying bottom-up pathways to also increasing positive effects during a space mission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Mammarella
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Health and Territory, University G. d’Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.G.); (A.D.C.); (A.D.D.); (R.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Matteo Gatti
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Health and Territory, University G. d’Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.G.); (A.D.C.); (A.D.D.); (R.P.)
| | - Irene Ceccato
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University G. d’Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Adolfo Di Crosta
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Health and Territory, University G. d’Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.G.); (A.D.C.); (A.D.D.); (R.P.)
| | - Alberto Di Domenico
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Health and Territory, University G. d’Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.G.); (A.D.C.); (A.D.D.); (R.P.)
| | - Rocco Palumbo
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Health and Territory, University G. d’Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.G.); (A.D.C.); (A.D.D.); (R.P.)
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Tran V, Carpo N, Shaka S, Zamudio J, Choi S, Cepeda C, Espinosa-Jeffrey A. Delayed Maturation of Oligodendrocyte Progenitors by Microgravity: Implications for Multiple Sclerosis and Space Flight. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:797. [PMID: 35743828 PMCID: PMC9224676 DOI: 10.3390/life12060797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In previous studies, we examined the effects of space microgravity on human neural stem cells. To date, there are no studies on a different type of cell that is critical for myelination and electrical signals transmission, oligodendrocyte progenitors (OLPs). The purpose of the present study was to examine the behavior of space-flown OLPs (SPC-OLPs) as they were adapting to Earth's gravity. We found that SPC-OLPs survived, and most of them proliferated normally. Nonetheless, some of them displayed incomplete cytokinesis. Both morphological and ontogenetic analyses showed that they remained healthy and expressed the immature OLP markers Sox2, PDGFR-α, and transferrin (Tf) after space flight, which confirmed that SPC-OLPs displayed a more immature phenotype than their ground control (GC) counterparts. In contrast, GC OLPs expressed markers that usually appear later (GPDH, O4, and ferritin), indicating a delay in SPC-OLPs' development. These cells remained immature even after treatment with culture media designed to support oligodendrocyte (OL) maturation. The most remarkable and surprising finding was that the iron carrier glycoprotein Tf, previously described as an early marker for OLPs, was expressed ectopically in the nucleus of all SPC-OLPs. In contrast, their GC counterparts expressed it exclusively in the cytoplasm, as previously described. In addition, analysis of the secretome demonstrated that SPC-OLPs contained 3.5 times more Tf than that of GC cells, indicating that Tf is gravitationally regulated, opening two main fields of study to understand the upregulation of the Tf gene and secretion of the protein that keep OLPs at a progenitor stage rather than moving forward to more mature phenotypes. Alternatively, because Tf is an autocrine and paracrine factor in the central nervous system (CNS), in the absence of neurons, it accumulated in the secretome collected after space flight. We conclude that microgravity is becoming a novel platform to study why in some myelin disorders OLPs are present but do not mature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Tran
- Department of Psychiatry, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, The University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (V.T.); (N.C.); (S.S.); (J.Z.); (C.C.)
| | - Nicholas Carpo
- Department of Psychiatry, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, The University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (V.T.); (N.C.); (S.S.); (J.Z.); (C.C.)
| | - Sophia Shaka
- Department of Psychiatry, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, The University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (V.T.); (N.C.); (S.S.); (J.Z.); (C.C.)
| | - Joile Zamudio
- Department of Psychiatry, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, The University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (V.T.); (N.C.); (S.S.); (J.Z.); (C.C.)
| | - Sungshin Choi
- KBR, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA;
| | - Carlos Cepeda
- Department of Psychiatry, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, The University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (V.T.); (N.C.); (S.S.); (J.Z.); (C.C.)
| | - Araceli Espinosa-Jeffrey
- Department of Psychiatry, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, The University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (V.T.); (N.C.); (S.S.); (J.Z.); (C.C.)
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8
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The mitochondrial proteomic changes of rat hippocampus induced by 28-day simulated microgravity. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265108. [PMID: 35271667 PMCID: PMC8912132 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A large number of aerospace practices have confirmed that the aerospace microgravity environment can lead to cognitive function decline. Mitochondria are the most important energy metabolism organelles, and some studies demonstrate that the areospace microgravity environment can cause mitochondrial dysfunction. However, the relationships between cognitive function decline and mitochondrial dysfunction in the microgravity environment have not been elucidated. In this study, we simulated the microgravity environment in the Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats by -30° tail suspension for 28 days. We then investigated the changes of mitochondrial morphology and proteomics in the hippocampus. The electron microscopy results showed that the 28-day tail suspension increased the mitochondria number and size of rat hippocampal neuronal soma. Using TMT-based proteomics analysis, we identified 163 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) between tail suspension and control samples, and among them, 128 proteins were upregulated and 35 proteins were downregulated. Functional and network analyses of the DEPs indicated that several of mitochondrial metabolic processes including the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle were altered by simulating microgravity (SM). We verified 3 upregulated proteins, aconitate hydratase (ACO2), dihydrolipoamide S-succinyltransferase (DLST), and citrate synthase (CS), in the TCA cycle process by western blotting and confirmed their differential expressions between tail suspension and control samples. Taken together, our results demonstrate that 28-day tail suspension can cause changes in the morphology and metabolic function of hippocampus mitochondria, which might represent a mechanism of cognitive disorder caused by aerospace microgravity.
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9
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The effects of real and simulated microgravity on cellular mitochondrial function. NPJ Microgravity 2021; 7:44. [PMID: 34750383 PMCID: PMC8575887 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-021-00171-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Astronauts returning from space shuttle missions or the International Space Station have been diagnosed with various health problems such as bone demineralization, muscle atrophy, cardiovascular deconditioning, and vestibular and sensory imbalance including visual acuity, altered metabolic and nutritional status, and immune system dysregulation. These health issues are associated with oxidative stress caused by a microgravity environment. Mitochondria are a source of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, the molecular mechanisms through which mitochondria produce ROS in a microgravity environment remain unclear. Therefore, this review aimed to explore the mechanism through which microgravity induces oxidative damage in mitochondria by evaluating the expression of genes and proteins, as well as relevant metabolic pathways. In general, microgravity-induced ROS reduce mitochondrial volume by mainly affecting the efficiency of the respiratory chain and metabolic pathways. The impaired respiratory chain is thought to generate ROS through premature electron leakage in the electron transport chain. The imbalance between ROS production and antioxidant defense in mitochondria is the main cause of mitochondrial stress and damage, which leads to mitochondrial dysfunction. Moreover, we discuss the effects of antioxidants against oxidative stress caused by the microgravity environment space microgravity in together with simulated microgravity (i.e., spaceflight or ground-based spaceflight analogs: parabolic flight, centrifugal force, drop towers, etc.). Further studies should be taken to explore the effects of microgravity on mitochondrial stress-related diseases, especially for the development of new therapeutic drugs that can help increase the health of astronauts on long space missions.
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Britten RA, Wellman LL, Sanford LD. Progressive increase in the complexity and translatability of rodent testing to assess space-radiation induced cognitive impairment. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 126:159-174. [PMID: 33766676 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ground-based rodent models have established that space radiation doses (approximately those that astronauts will be exposed to on a mission to Mars) significantly impair performance in a wide range of cognitive tasks. Over the last 40 years there has been a progressive increase in both the complexity and the translatability (to humans) of the cognitive tasks investigated. This review outlines technical and conceptual advances in space radiation rodent testing approaches, along with the advances in analytical approaches, that will make data from ground based studies more amenable to probabilistic risk analysis. While great progress has been made in determining the impact of space radiation on many advanced cognitive processes, challenges remain that need to be addressed prior to commencing deep space missions. A summary of on-going attempts to address existing knowledge gaps and the critical role that rodent studies will have in establishing the impact of space radiation on even more complex (human) cognitive tasks are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Britten
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, 23507, USA; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, 23507, USA; Leroy T Canoles Jr. Cancer Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, 23507, USA; Center for Integrative Neuroscience and Inflammatory Diseases, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, 23507, USA.
| | - Laurie L Wellman
- Center for Integrative Neuroscience and Inflammatory Diseases, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, 23507, USA; Department of Pathology & Anatomy, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, 23507, USA
| | - Larry D Sanford
- Center for Integrative Neuroscience and Inflammatory Diseases, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, 23507, USA; Department of Pathology & Anatomy, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, 23507, USA
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11
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Laiakis EC, Shuryak I, Deziel A, Wang YW, Barnette BL, Yu Y, Ullrich RL, Fornace AJ, Emmett MR. Effects of Low Dose Space Radiation Exposures on the Splenic Metabolome. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3070. [PMID: 33802822 PMCID: PMC8002539 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Future space missions will include a return to the Moon and long duration deep space roundtrip missions to Mars. Leaving the protection that Low Earth Orbit provides will unavoidably expose astronauts to higher cumulative doses of space radiation, in addition to other stressors, e.g., microgravity. Immune regulation is known to be impacted by both radiation and spaceflight and it remains to be seen whether prolonged effects that will be encountered in deep space can have an adverse impact on health. In this study, we investigated the effects in the overall metabolism of three different low dose radiation exposures (γ-rays, 16O, and 56Fe) in spleens from male C57BL/6 mice at 1, 2, and 4 months after exposure. Forty metabolites were identified with significant enrichment in purine metabolism, tricarboxylic acid cycle, fatty acids, acylcarnitines, and amino acids. Early perturbations were more prominent in the γ irradiated samples, while later responses shifted towards more prominent responses in groups with high energy particle irradiations. Regression analysis showed a positive correlation of the abundance of identified fatty acids with time and a negative association with γ-rays, while the degradation pathway of purines was positively associated with time. Taken together, there is a strong suggestion of mitochondrial implication and the possibility of long-term effects on DNA repair and nucleotide pools following radiation exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evagelia C. Laiakis
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA; (A.D.); (Y.-W.W.); (A.J.F.J.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Igor Shuryak
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA;
| | - Annabella Deziel
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA; (A.D.); (Y.-W.W.); (A.J.F.J.)
| | - Yi-Wen Wang
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA; (A.D.); (Y.-W.W.); (A.J.F.J.)
| | - Brooke L. Barnette
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (B.L.B.); (Y.Y.); (M.R.E.)
| | - Yongjia Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (B.L.B.); (Y.Y.); (M.R.E.)
| | | | - Albert J. Fornace
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA; (A.D.); (Y.-W.W.); (A.J.F.J.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Mark R. Emmett
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (B.L.B.); (Y.Y.); (M.R.E.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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12
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Willey JS, Britten RA, Blaber E, Tahimic CG, Chancellor J, Mortreux M, Sanford LD, Kubik AJ, Delp MD, Mao XW. The individual and combined effects of spaceflight radiation and microgravity on biologic systems and functional outcomes. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, TOXICOLOGY AND CARCINOGENESIS 2021; 39:129-179. [PMID: 33902391 PMCID: PMC8274610 DOI: 10.1080/26896583.2021.1885283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Both microgravity and radiation exposure in the spaceflight environment have been identified as hazards to astronaut health and performance. Substantial study has been focused on understanding the biology and risks associated with prolonged exposure to microgravity, and the hazards presented by radiation from galactic cosmic rays (GCR) and solar particle events (SPEs) outside of low earth orbit (LEO). To date, the majority of the ground-based analogues (e.g., rodent or cell culture studies) that investigate the biology of and risks associated with spaceflight hazards will focus on an individual hazard in isolation. However, astronauts will face these challenges simultaneously Combined hazard studies are necessary for understanding the risks astronauts face as they travel outside of LEO, and are also critical for countermeasure development. The focus of this review is to describe biologic and functional outcomes from ground-based analogue models for microgravity and radiation, specifically highlighting the combined effects of radiation and reduced weight-bearing from rodent ground-based tail suspension via hind limb unloading (HLU) and partial weight-bearing (PWB) models, although in vitro and spaceflight results are discussed as appropriate. The review focuses on the skeletal, ocular, central nervous system (CNS), cardiovascular, and stem cells responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elizabeth Blaber
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
| | | | | | - Marie Mortreux
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
| | - Larry D. Sanford
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Eastern Virginia Medical School
| | - Angela J. Kubik
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
| | - Michael D. Delp
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University
| | - Xiao Wen Mao
- Division of Biomedical Engineering Sciences (BMES), Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University
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13
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Chen ZY, Jiang N, Guo S, Li BB, Yang JQ, Chai SB, Yan HF, Sun PM, Zhang T, Sun HW, Yang HM, Zhou JL, Cui Y. Effect of simulated microgravity on metabolism of HGC-27 gastric cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2020; 19:3439-3450. [PMID: 32269617 PMCID: PMC7115135 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The understanding into the pathogenesis and treatment of gastric cancer has improved in recent years; however, a number of limitations have delayed the development of effective treatment. Cancer cells can undergo glycolysis and inhibit oxidative phosphorylation in the presence of oxygen (Warburg effect). Previous studies have demonstrated that a rotary cell culture system (RCCS) can induce glycolytic metabolism. In addition, the potential of regulating cancer cells by targeting their metabolites has led to the rapid development of metabolomics. In the present study, human HGC-27 gastric cancer cells were cultured in a RCCS bioreactor, simulating weightlessness. Subsequently, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to examine the effects of simulated microgravity (SMG) on the metabolism of HGC-27 cells. A total of 67 differentially regulated metabolites were identified, including upregulated and downregulated metabolites. Compared with the normal gravity group, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl choline, arachidonic acid and sphinganine were significantly upregulated in SMG conditions, whereas sphingomyelin, phosphatidyl serine, phosphatidic acid, L-proline, creatine, pantothenic acid, oxidized glutathione, adenosine diphosphate and adenosine triphosphate were significantly downregulated. The Human Metabolome Database compound analysis revealed that lipids and lipid-like metabolites were primarily affected in an SMG environment in the present study. Overall, the findings of the present study may aid our understanding of gastric cancer by identifying the underlying mechanisms of metabolism of the disease under SMG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Yang Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The People's Liberation Army 306th Hospital of Peking University Teaching Hospital, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, The People's Liberation Army 306th Hospital of Peking University Teaching Hospital, Beijing 100101, P.R. China.,Department of General Surgery, The People's Liberation Army 306th Hospital, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Song Guo
- Department of General Surgery, The People's Liberation Army 306th Hospital of Peking University Teaching Hospital, Beijing 100101, P.R. China.,Department of General Surgery, The People's Liberation Army 306th Hospital, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Bin-Bin Li
- Department of General Surgery, The People's Liberation Army 306th Hospital, Beijing 100101, P.R. China.,Department of General Surgery, The People's Liberation Army 306th Clinical Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Qi Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The People's Liberation Army 306th Hospital of Peking University Teaching Hospital, Beijing 100101, P.R. China.,Department of General Surgery, The People's Liberation Army 306th Hospital, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Shao-Bin Chai
- Department of General Surgery, The People's Liberation Army 306th Hospital, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Feng Yan
- Department of General Surgery, The People's Liberation Army 306th Hospital, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Pei-Ming Sun
- Department of General Surgery, The People's Liberation Army 306th Hospital, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The People's Liberation Army 306th Hospital, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Wei Sun
- Department of General Surgery, The People's Liberation Army 306th Hospital, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - He-Ming Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The People's Liberation Army 306th Hospital, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Lian Zhou
- Department of Pathology, The People's Liberation Army 306th Hospital, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Yan Cui
- Department of General Surgery, The People's Liberation Army 306th Hospital, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
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14
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Locatelli L, Cazzaniga A, De Palma C, Castiglioni S, Maier JAM. Mitophagy contributes to endothelial adaptation to simulated microgravity. FASEB J 2019; 34:1833-1845. [PMID: 31914607 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901785rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to real or simulated microgravity is sensed as a stress by mammalian cells, which activate a complex adaptive response. In human primary endothelial cells, we have recently shown the sequential intervention of various stress proteins which are crucial to prevent apoptosis and maintain cell function. We here demonstrate that mitophagy contributes to endothelial adaptation to gravitational unloading. After 4 and 10 d of exposure to simulated microgravity in the rotating wall vessel, the amount of BCL2 interacting protein 3, a marker of mitophagy, is increased and, in parallel, mitochondrial content, oxygen consumption, and maximal respiratory capacity are reduced, suggesting the acquisition of a thrifty phenotype to meet the novel metabolic challenges generated by gravitational unloading. Moreover, we suggest that microgravity induced-disorganization of the actin cytoskeleton triggers mitophagy, thus creating a connection between cytoskeletal dynamics and mitochondrial content upon gravitational unloading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Locatelli
- Department Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, Università di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandra Cazzaniga
- Department Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, Università di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Clara De Palma
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milano, Italy
| | - Sara Castiglioni
- Department Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, Università di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Jeanette A M Maier
- Department Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, Università di Milano, Milano, Italy
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15
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Cepeda C, Vergnes L, Carpo N, Schibler MJ, Bentolila LA, Karouia F, Espinosa-Jeffrey A. Human Neural Stem Cells Flown into Space Proliferate and Generate Young Neurons. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019; 9. [PMID: 34484810 PMCID: PMC8412175 DOI: 10.3390/app9194042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Here we demonstrate that human neural stem cells (NSCs) proliferate while in space and they express specific NSC markers after being in space. NSCs displayed both higher oxygen consumption and glycolysis than ground controls. These cells also kept their ability to become young neurons. Electrophysiological recordings of space NSC-derived neurons showed immature cell membrane properties characterized by small capacitance and very high input resistance. Current injections elicited only an incipient action potential. No spontaneous synaptic events could be detected, suggesting their immature status even though most recorded cells displayed complex morphology and numerous cell processes. Ascertaining the origin of the NSCs′ increased energy requirement is of the essence in order to design effective measures to minimize health risks associated with long-duration human spaceflight missions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Cepeda
- Departments of Psychiatry, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Laurent Vergnes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Nicholas Carpo
- Departments of Psychiatry, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Matthew J. Schibler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Laurent A. Bentolila
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Advanced Light Microscopy/Spectroscopy, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Fathi Karouia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Space Biosciences Research Branch, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
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16
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Jeffrey AE. Physiologically-Relevant Cellular Models for Biomarkers and Drug Discovery. ANNALS OF STEM CELL RESEARCH & THERAPY 2018; 2:1014. [PMID: 34485994 PMCID: PMC8412170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Araceli Espinosa Jeffrey
- Correspondence: Araceli Espinosa Jeffrey, Department of Neurobiology, Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, 90095-7332, California, USA, Tel: (310) 825 1747; Fax: (310) 206 5061;
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17
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Michaletti A, Gioia M, Tarantino U, Zolla L. Effects of microgravity on osteoblast mitochondria: a proteomic and metabolomics profile. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15376. [PMID: 29133864 PMCID: PMC5684136 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15612-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The response of human primary osteoblasts exposed to simulated microgravity has been investigated and analysis of metabolomic and proteomic profiles demonstrated a prominent dysregulation of mitochondrion homeostasis. Gravitational unloading treatment induced a decrease in mitochondrial proteins, mainly affecting efficiency of the respiratory chain. Metabolomic analysis revealed that microgravity influenced several metabolic pathways; stimulating glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathways, while the Krebs cycle was interrupted at succinate-fumarate transformation. Interestingly, proteomic analysis revealed that Complex II of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, which catalyses the biotransformation of this step, was under-represented by 50%. Accordingly, down-regulation of quinones 9 and 10 was measured. Complex III resulted in up-regulation by 60%, while Complex IV was down-regulated by 14%, accompanied by a reduction in proton transport synthesis of ATP. Finally, microgravity treatment induced an oxidative stress response, indicated by significant decreases in oxidised glutathione and antioxidant enzymes. Decrease in malate dehydrogenase induced a reverse in the malate-aspartate shuttle, contributing to dysregulation of ATP synthesis. Beta-oxidation of fatty acids was inhibited, promoting triglyceride production along with a reduction in the glycerol shuttle. Taken together, our findings suggest that microgravity may suppress bone cell functions, impairing mitochondrial energy potential and the energy state of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Michaletti
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Magda Gioia
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Translational Science, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Umberto Tarantino
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Translational Science, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Lello Zolla
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy.
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