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Gengji J, Gong T, Zhang Z, Deng L, Fu Y. Imaging techniques for studying solid dosage formulation: Principles and applications. J Control Release 2023; 361:659-670. [PMID: 37567508 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Classic methods for evaluating the disintegration and dissolution kinetics of solid dosage forms are no longer sufficient to meet the growing demands in the pharmaceutical field. Hence, scientists have turned to imaging techniques and computer technology to develop innovative visualization methods. These methods allow for a visual understanding of the disintegration or dissolution process and offer valuable insights into the drug release kinetics. This article aims to provide an overview of the commonly used imaging techniques and their applications in studying the disintegration or dissolution of solid dosage forms. Therefore, imaging presents a novel and alternative approach to understanding the mechanisms of disintegration and dissolution in the formulation study of solid dosages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Gengji
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Tao Gong
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhirong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Li Deng
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China..
| | - Yao Fu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China..
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2
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Tablet Disintegratability: Sensitivity of Superdisintegrants to Temperature and Compaction Pressure. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122725. [PMID: 36559221 PMCID: PMC9781198 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tablet disintegration is an important pre-requisite for drug dissolution and absorption. The disintegration test is typically conducted at 37 °C, but the intragastric temperature may vary due to meals or fever. This study investigated the effects of temperature and compaction pressure on tablet disintegratability to gain deeper insights into superdisintegrant sensitivity and function. Tablets with either sodium starch glycolate or crospovidone as disintegrant were prepared at various compaction pressures and subjected to the disintegration test using different medium temperatures. Preheating of tablets was also employed to establish instant temperature equilibrium between the tablet and the disintegration medium. Liquid penetration and disintegration were faster as the medium temperature increased or compaction pressure decreased. Swelling or strain recovery disintegrants exhibited similar sensitivity to variations in the medium temperature. Preheating of the tablets resulted in slower disintegration, but this effect was reversible upon cooling, hence the slower disintegration was unlikely to be attributed to changes in the disintegrant physical state. The temperature difference between the tablet and the disintegration medium likely affected the rate of fluid flow into tablets and influenced disintegration. Understanding disintegrant temperature sensitivity would help to avoid unacceptable fluctuations in disintegration due to temperature variations. The temperature difference effect could also be harnessed to boost disintegrant performance.
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3
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Chaiya P, Rojviriya C, Pichayakorn W, Phaechamud T. New Insight into the Impact of Effervescence on Gel Layer Microstructure and Drug Release of Effervescent Matrices Using Combined Mechanical and Imaging Characterisation Techniques. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:2299. [PMID: 36365118 PMCID: PMC9694726 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Gel layer characteristics play a crucial role in hydrophilic hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) matrix development. Effervescent agents have the potential to affect the gel layer microstructures. This study aimed to investigate the influence of effervescence on the microstructure of the gel layer around HPMC matrices using a combination of texture analysis and imaging techniques. The relationship with drug release profile and release mechanisms were also examined. The high amounts of effervescent agents promoted a rapid carbonation reaction, resulting in a high gel layer formation with a low gel strength through texture analysis. This finding was ascribed to the enhanced surface roughness and porosity observed under digital microscopy and microporous structure of the gel layer under scanning electron microscopy. The reconstructed three-dimensional images from synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy notably exhibited the interconnected pores of various sizes from the carbonation reaction of effervescent and microporous networks, indicating the gel layer on the tablet surface. Notably, effervescence promoted the increase in interconnected porosities, which directly influenced the strength of the gel layer microstructure, drug release patterns and release mechanism of the effervescent matrix tablet. Therefore, combined mechanical characterisation and imaging techniques can provide new insights into the role of effervescent agents on the gel layer microstructure, and describe the relationship of drug release patterns and release mechanism of matrix tablets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pornsit Chaiya
- Programme of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
- School of Pharmacy, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Catleya Rojviriya
- Synchrotron Light Research Institute (Public Organization), Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Wiwat Pichayakorn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Thawatchai Phaechamud
- Programme of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
- Natural Bioactive and Material for Health Promotion and Drug Delivery System Group (NBM Group), Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
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4
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Zeng Q, Wang L, Wu S, Fang G, Zhao M, Li Z, Li W. Research progress on the application of spectral imaging technology in pharmaceutical tablet analysis. Int J Pharm 2022; 625:122100. [PMID: 35961418 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tablet as a traditional dosage form in pharmacy has the advantages of accurate dosage, ideal dissolution and bioavailability, convenient to carry and transport. The most concerned tablet quality attributes include active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) contents and polymorphic forms, components distribution, hardness, density, coating state, dissolution behavior, etc., which greatly affect the bioavailability and consistency of tablet final products. In the pharmaceutical industry, there are usually industry standard methods to analyze the tablet quality attributes. However, these methods are generally time-consuming and laborious, and lack a comprehensive understanding of the properties of tablets, such as spatial information. In recent years, spectral imaging technology makes up for the shortcomings of traditional tablet analysis methods because it provides non-contact and rich information in time and space. As a promising technology to replace the traditional tablet analysis methods, it has attracted more and more attention. The present paper briefly describes a series of spectral imaging techniques and their applications in tablet analysis. Finally, the possible application prospect of this technology and the deficiencies that need to be improved were also prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zeng
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; State key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Long Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; State key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Sijun Wu
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; State key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Guangpu Fang
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Mingwei Zhao
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Zheng Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; State key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Wenlong Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; State key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.
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5
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Arora S, Sangwan A, Kaur H, Singh J. Simultaneous axial and radial swelling studies from 2D stereozoom images of tablet compacts composed of superdisintegrants. J Microsc 2022; 288:16-27. [PMID: 35919950 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.13138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Swelling-based disintegration is considered important for drug release from tablets and can be modified with excipients called tablet disintegrants. Swelling of tablets occurs axially and radially, and most researchers have observed both these events separately using 2D images. In the current work, we have studied these events simultaneously instead of separately under a stereo microscope for tablet compacts composed of high proportions of disintegrants (sodium starch glycolate, SSG; and croscarmellose sodium, CCS), using water as the disintegrating medium. A hypothesis is proposed for the measurements of radial and axial swellings from a single 2D image, as horizontal lengths based on the Hipparchus trigonometric function for a right-angle triangle. All predicted axial and radial lengths (as per proposed hypothesis) are found validated with respect to vernier caliper measurements for dry-tablet compacts with a minute error of 3.809%. The axial swelling is ∼5-folds more than that of radial swelling on the basis of normalized lengths. No particular trend can be spotted exclusively in favor of a superdisintegrant, however, the CCS-based tablets have shown higher swelling as compared to SSG-based tablets. From the current studies, it is evident that both axial and radial dimensions are obtainable from single 2D stereozoom images and can be successfully implemented for swelling studies of tablets. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar Arora
- Post-Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (formerly College of Pharmacy), University of Health Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
| | - Aarti Sangwan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
| | - Harmeet Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
| | - Jasbir Singh
- Post-Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (formerly College of Pharmacy), University of Health Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
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6
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Suzuki K, Yoshiki M, Nishikawa N, Harada T, Fujita Y, Terui Y, Yoshida T, Tomita T. Visualizing fluid transport inside orally disintegrating tablets and changes in tablets using real-time X-ray radiography and X-ray computed tomography. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2022; 48:301-309. [PMID: 35913028 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2022.2108831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the disintegration of wet- and dry-compressed orally disintegrating (OD) tablets, with synchrotron radiation as the X-ray source. SIGNIFICANCE Pharmaceutical tablets are vital for treatment of various diseases. Therefore, they are constantly developed to ensure desirable characteristics. In particular, OD tablets need to disintegrate immediately after absorbing saliva. How these tablets absorb saliva is key to enhancing rapid product development. Recently, absorption processes have been investigated using various non-invasive techniques, including X-ray radiography and X-ray computed tomography. However, X-ray radiography studies on how water without a contrast agent is absorbed, moves, and causes a tablet to swell are scarce. Use of a contrast agent is associated with some shortcomings, including complex data analysis in some instances, alterations in the viscosity of water, and potential influence on fluid transport inside the tablet, thus possibly affecting the disintegration process. METHODS Real-time X-ray radiography was used to monitor the disintegration of various tablets, while X-ray computed tomography and software were used to create 3D images. RESULTS We demonstrated how pure water penetrated the wet-compressed tablet faster than inside the dry-compressed tablet, and how the latter swelled more. X-ray computed tomography showed the presence of voids in the tablets following water absorption. CONCLUSION Our methods are promising for non-destructive fluid absorption and transport investigations inside OD tablets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Suzuki
- Semiconductor Evaluation Laboratory, Evaluation and Analysis Technology Center, Toshiba Nanoanalysis Corporation; 1, Komukai-Toshiba-Cho, Saiwai-ku, Kawasaki, 212-8583, Japan
| | - Masahiko Yoshiki
- Functional Materials Laboratory, Corporate Research & Development Center, Research & Development Division, Toshiba Corporation; 1, Komukai-Toshiba-Cho, Saiwai-ku, Kawasaki, 212-8582, Japan
| | - Norio Nishikawa
- Semiconductor Evaluation Laboratory, Evaluation and Analysis Technology Center, Toshiba Nanoanalysis Corporation; 1, Komukai-Toshiba-Cho, Saiwai-ku, Kawasaki, 212-8583, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Harada
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, Showa University; 1-5-8, Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Fujita
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Drug Information, School of Pharmacy, Showa University; 1-5-8, Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo,142-8555, Japan
| | - Yuji Terui
- Engineering Planning Department, Planning Division, Toshiba Nanoanalysis Corporation; 8, Shinsugita-cho, Isogo-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, 235-8522, Japan
| | - Takayuki Yoshida
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo Heisei University; 4-21-2, Nakano, Nakano-ku, Tokyo, 164-8530, Japan
| | - Takashi Tomita
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo Heisei University; 4-21-2, Nakano, Nakano-ku, Tokyo, 164-8530, Japan
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7
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Engelbrecht S, Pichot V, Goepfert T, Lin H, Fischer BM. Extraction of Fickian water diffusion in polymers using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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8
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Gu J, Qin J, Han Z. Relative humidity sensing using THz metasurfaces combined with polyvinyl alcohol. APPLIED OPTICS 2022; 61:6086-6091. [PMID: 36255850 DOI: 10.1364/ao.463276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Relative humidity (RH) plays an important role in almost every industrial field. Thus, the detection of RH is of great significance in these fields. Terahertz (THz) waves are extremely sensitive to the changes in RH because water absorbs strongly in this electromagnetic band. In this paper, a RH sensor based on THz metasurfaces combined with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is proposed. Different from the conventional metasurface sensor, our sensor includes a PVA layer that is sandwiched between the metal structure and the substrate. The improved design is able to enhance the interaction between the electric field and the water molecules absorbed in the PVA layer, and the sensitivity of the humidity sensor can reach 0.34 GHz/%RH, which is more than twice that of the conventional metasurface sensor. These results show that the proposed sensor can be used for the detection of RH with high reliability and high sensitivity, which open a new, to the best of our knowledge, avenue for RH sensing using THz spectroscopy.
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9
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Ruhil S, Dahiya M, Kaur H, Singh J. New insights into the disintegration mechanism and disintegration profiling of rapidly disintegrating tablets (RDTs) by thermal imaging. Int J Pharm 2022; 611:121283. [PMID: 34775042 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In current studies, the disintegration process of tablets has been studied by thermal imaging. The study covers two major aspects; first, new revelations in the mechanism of tablet disintegration, and second, the development of disintegration test as a multi-point test by new thermometric and non-thermometric methods. The study has been carried out on fexofenadine rapidly disintegrating tablets (FEX RDTs) in a dark room cabinet fitted with a Fluke thermal imager and using water as the disintegration medium. The studies exhibit the existence of endothermic peaks during the early penetration of water in FEX RDTs. These endotherms are prominent at the starting point when the disintegration has just started, or the tablet has been just exposed to the water. Such endotherms have not been reported earlier for tablets and can be considered as a part of the wicking mechanism during disintegration. In later stages, when the water has completely wet the tablet, the endotherms are superimposed by exotherms. The endotherms or exotherms have also been used as a measurement of disintegration in the form of a new thermometric parameter, "area under temperature curve" (AUTC). Non-thermometric disintegration profiling by residual and subtraction methods is also performed. Among these, disintegration by the residual method, i.e., disintegration (residual) is newly introduced. In the end, the principal component analysis (PCA) describes the relationship between various disintegration methods, particle size distribution, and dissolution. PCA reveals that AUTC is the best method for studying the disintegration behavior of FEX RDTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarda Ruhil
- Post-Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (formerly College of Pharmacy), University of Health Sciences, Rohtak 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Monika Dahiya
- Post-Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (formerly College of Pharmacy), University of Health Sciences, Rohtak 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Harmeet Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Jasbir Singh
- Post-Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (formerly College of Pharmacy), University of Health Sciences, Rohtak 124001, Haryana, India.
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Lenz J, Finke JH, Bunjes H, Kwade A, Juhnke M. Tablet formulation development focusing on the functional behaviour of water uptake and swelling. Int J Pharm X 2021; 3:100103. [PMID: 34805969 PMCID: PMC8581513 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2021.100103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The functional behaviour of tablets is strongly influenced by their manufacturing process and the choice of excipients. Water uptake and swelling are prerequisites for tablet disintegration, dispersion and hence active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) dissolution. High proportions of polymeric excipients in tablets, which are typically used as API carriers in amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs), may be challenging due to the formation of a gelling polymer network (GPN). In this study, systematic investigations into the formulation development of tablets containing polymeric and other excipients are performed by water uptake and swelling analysis. The impact of tablet composition and porosity as well as pH of the test medium are investigated. The pH affects the analysis results for Eudragit L100-55 and Eudragit EPO. HPMC and Kollidon VA64 inhibit water uptake and swelling of tablets due to the formation of a GPN. High tablet porosity, coarse particle size of the polymer and the addition of fillers and disintegrants can reduce the negative impact of a GPN on tablet performance. The application of lubricants slows down the analysed processes. Water uptake and swelling data are fitted to an empirical model obtaining four characteristic parameters to facilitate the simple quantitative assessment of varying tablet formulations and structural properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Lenz
- Novartis Pharma AG, Fabrikstrasse 2, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jan Henrik Finke
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Partikeltechnik, Volkmaroder Strasse 5, D-38104 Braunschweig, Germany
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Zentrum für Pharmaverfahrenstechnik - PVZ, Franz-Liszt-Strasse 35a, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Heike Bunjes
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Zentrum für Pharmaverfahrenstechnik - PVZ, Franz-Liszt-Strasse 35a, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Pharmazeutische Technologie und Biopharmazie, Mendelssohnstrasse 1, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Arno Kwade
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Partikeltechnik, Volkmaroder Strasse 5, D-38104 Braunschweig, Germany
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Zentrum für Pharmaverfahrenstechnik - PVZ, Franz-Liszt-Strasse 35a, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Juhnke
- Novartis Pharma AG, Fabrikstrasse 2, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Sriram A, Tangirala S, Atmakuri S, Hoque S, Modani S, Srivastava S, Mahajan S, Maji I, Kumar R, Khatri D, Madan J, Singh PK. Budding Multi-matrix Technology-a Retrospective Approach, Deep Insights, and Future Perspectives. AAPS PharmSciTech 2021; 22:264. [PMID: 34734325 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-021-02133-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The human race is consistently striving for achieving good health and eliminate disease-causing factors. For the last few decades, scientists have been endeavoring to invent and innovate technologies that can substitute the conventional dosage forms and enable targeted and prolonged drug release at a particular site. The novel multi-matrix technology is a type of matrix formulation where the formulation is embraced to have a matrix system with multiple number of matrices. The MMX technology embraces with a combination of outer hydrophilic layer and amphiphilic/lipophilic core layer, within which drug is encapsulated followed by enteric coating for extended/targeted release at the required site. In comparison to conventional oral drug delivery systems and other drug delivery systems, multi-matrix (MMX) technology formulations afford many advantages. Additionally, it attributes for targeting strategy aimed at the colon and offers modified prolonged drug release. Thus, it has emerged rapidly as a potential alternative option in targeted oral drug delivery. However, the development of this MMX technology formulations is a exigent task and also has its own set of limitations. Due to its promising advantages and colon targeting strategy over the other colon targeted drug delivery systems, premier global companies are exploiting its potential. This article review deep insights into the formulation procedures, drug delivery mechanism, advantages, limitations, safety and efficacy studies of various marketed drug formulations of MMX technology including regulatory perspectives and future perspectives.
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12
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Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy for powder compact porosity and pore shape measurements: An error analysis of the anisotropic bruggeman model. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICS-X 2021; 3:100079. [PMID: 34027385 PMCID: PMC8120941 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2021.100079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) is a novel technique which has been applied for pore structure analysis and porosity measurements. For this, mainly the anisotropic Bruggeman (AB-EMA) model is applied to correlate the effective refractive index (neff) of a tablet and the porosity as well as to evaluate the pore shape based on the depolarisation factor L. This paper investigates possible error sources of the AB-EMA for THz-TDS based tablet analysis. The effect of absorption and tablet anisotropy – changes of pore shape with porosity and density distribution – have been investigated. The results suggest that high tablet absorption has a negligible effect on the accuracy of the AB-EMA. In regards of tablet anisotropy the accuracy of the porosity determination is not impaired significantly. However, density distribution and variations in the pore shape with porosity resulted in an unreliable extraction of the tablet pore shape. As an extension of the AB-EMA a new concept was introduced to convert the model into bounds for L. This new approach was found useful to investigate tablet pore shape but also the applicability of the AB-EMA for an unknown set of data.
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Key Words
-
ϵ
˜
eff
, Effective complex dielectric permittivity
-
ϵ
˜
s
, Complex dielectric permittivity of the solid fract
-
n
˜
, Complex refractive index
- AB-EMA, Anisotropic Bruggemen model
- API, Active pharmaceutical ingredient
- Anisotropy
- Bruggeman model
- D, Tablet diameter
- Density distribution
- H, Tablet thickness
- Ibu, Ibuprofen formulation
- L, Depolarisation factor
- L1, Depolarisation factor at the lowest porosity
- Lac, Lactose
- Lfit, Estimation of the depolarisation factor based on a fitting model
- Ll/u, Lower/upper bound of the depolarisation factor
- Lmax/min, Maximal/minimal depolarisation factor in the simulation of a tablet set
- M, Tablet mass
- MCC, Microcrystalline cellulose
- Pharmaceutical tablet
- Pore structure
- RMSE, Root-mean squared error
- THz-TDS, Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy
- Terahertz
- a1, Gradient of the depolarisation factor as a function of porosity
- a2, Y-intercept of the depolarisation factor as a function of porosity
- c, Speed of light
- f, Porosity
- f1, Lowest porosity in a set of tablets
- n, Refractive index
- neff, 1, Effective refractive index at the lowest porosity
- neff, Effective refractive index
- neff, l/u, Lower/upper Wiener bound for neff
- neff, l/u, Lower/upper margin for ns
- ns, Intrinsic refractive index of the solid fraction
- ns, c, ns estimated with accounting for absorption
- ns, fit, Estimation of the intrinsic refractive index based on a fitting model
- p, Polar axis of a spheroid, parallel to the wavevector
- q, r, Equatorial axes of a spheroid, perpendicular to the wavevector
- tablename Str, Starch
- αeff, Effective absorption coefficient
- κ, Extinction coefficient
- κeff, Effective extinction coefficient
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An improved method for the simultaneous determination of water uptake and swelling of tablets. Int J Pharm 2021; 595:120229. [PMID: 33484927 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Water uptake and swelling of tablets are processes occurring during active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) release. Thereby, disintegration is promoted and the enhanced exposure of API surface area to the release medium facilitates API dissolution. An experimental set-up for the simultaneous and time-resolved determination of water uptake and swelling of tablets has been developed. Water uptake was determined with a balance and swelling was determined with a camera. To validate the gravimetrical analysis, real-time water uptake measurements with inert test specimens were performed. The standard deviation of these measurements was considered to depict precision. A complementary gravimetrical analysis was employed to determine accuracy. For both, precision and accuracy, a maximum deviation of 6% was found. An algorithm for the symmetry-based 3D volume reconstruction was applied to obtain volumes of the tablets from 2D images. X-ray micro computed tomography was used to validate the accuracy and the determined volumes were in good accordance within 6% deviation. A case study with binary formulations of a filler and disintegrants confirmed reproducibility and demonstrated the ability of the method to discriminate formulation characteristics, such as disintegrant type, composition and porosity for water uptake and swelling with the necessary temporal resolution.
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14
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Lin H, Russell BP, Bawuah P, Zeitler JA. Sensing Water Absorption in Hygrothermally Aged Epoxies with Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2021; 93:2449-2455. [PMID: 33401901 PMCID: PMC7880525 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
![]()
In
the field of non-destructive testing, terahertz sensing has
been used to analyze a wide range of materials where the most successful
applications have involved materials that are semi-transparent to
terahertz radiation. In this work, we demonstrate the sensitivity
of terahertz time-domain spectroscopy to quantify water absorption
in hygrothermally aged simple and commercial epoxy systems supported
by conventional gravimetric analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hungyen Lin
- Engineering Department, Lancaster University, Gillow Avenue, Lancaster LA1 4YW, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin P Russell
- Experimental Materials Science, Hexcel Composites Ltd., Ickleton Road, Duxford CB22 4QB, United Kingdom
| | - Prince Bawuah
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, United Kingdom
| | - J Axel Zeitler
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, United Kingdom
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15
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Al-Sharabi M, Markl D, Vivacqua V, Bawuah P, MacLean N, Bentley M, York AP, Marigo M, Huang K, Zeitler JA. Terahertz pulsed imaging as a new method for investigating the liquid transport kinetics of α-alumina powder compacts. Chem Eng Res Des 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Bawuah P, Markl D, Turner A, Evans M, Portieri A, Farrell D, Lucas R, Anderson A, Goodwin DJ, Zeitler JA. A Fast and Non-destructive Terahertz Dissolution Assay for Immediate Release Tablets. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:2083-2092. [PMID: 33307044 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
There is a clear need for a robust process analytical technology tool that can be used for on-line/in-line prediction of dissolution and disintegration characteristics of pharmaceutical tablets during manufacture. Tablet porosity is a reliable and fundamental critical quality attribute which controls key mass transport mechanisms that govern disintegration and dissolution behavior. A measurement protocol was developed to measure the total porosity of a large number of tablets in transmission without the need for any sample preparation. By using this fast and non-destructive terahertz spectroscopy method it is possible to predict the disintegration and dissolution of drug from a tablet in less than a second per sample without the need of a chemometric model. The validity of the terahertz porosity method was established across a range of immediate release (IR) formulations of ibuprofen and indomethacin tablets of varying geometries as well as with and without debossing. Excellent correlation was observed between the measured terahertz porosity, dissolution characteristics (time to release 50% drug content) and disintegration time for all samples. These promising results and considering the robustness of the terahertz method pave the way for a fully automated at-line/on-line porosity sensor for real time release testing of IR tablets dissolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prince Bawuah
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Daniel Markl
- University of Strathclyde, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow, UK; EPSRC Future Manufacturing Research Hub for Continuous Manufacturing and Advanced Crystallisation (CMAC), University of Strathclyde, Technology and Innovation Centre, Glasgow, UK
| | - Alice Turner
- University of Strathclyde, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow, UK; The CMAC National Facility, The EPSRC CMAC Future Manufacturing Research Hub, The Technology and Innovation Centre, The University of Strathclyde, 99 George Street, Glasgow, G1 1RD, UK
| | - Mike Evans
- TeraView Limited, 1, Enterprise, Cambridge Research Park, CB25 9PD Cambridge, UK
| | - Alessia Portieri
- TeraView Limited, 1, Enterprise, Cambridge Research Park, CB25 9PD Cambridge, UK
| | - Daniel Farrell
- TeraView Limited, 1, Enterprise, Cambridge Research Park, CB25 9PD Cambridge, UK
| | - Ralph Lucas
- Huxley Bertram Engineering Ltd, 53 Pembroke Avenue, Waterbeach, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew Anderson
- GSK, David Jack Centre, Research and Development, Park Road, Ware, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Daniel J Goodwin
- GSK, David Jack Centre, Research and Development, Park Road, Ware, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - J Axel Zeitler
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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17
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Abidin IZ, Rezoagli E, Simonassi-Paiva B, Fehrenbach GW, Masterson K, Pogue R, Cao Z, Rowan N, Murphy EJ, Major I. A Bilayer Vaginal Tablet for the Localized Delivery of Disulfiram and 5-Fluorouracil to the Cervix. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12121185. [PMID: 33291349 PMCID: PMC7762309 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12121185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was performed to develop an adjuvant therapy in the form of a self-administered vaginal tablet regimen for the localized delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs. This therapy will help to reduce relapse by eradicating cancerous cells in the margin of cervical tumors. The vaginal tablet is a very common formulation that is easy to manufacture, easy to place in the vagina, and has a low cost of manufacture, making them ideal for use in developing countries. A combination of disulfiram and 5-fluorouracil, which are both off-patent drugs and provide different modes of action, were evaluated. The tablets developed were evaluated for weight variation, thickness, hardness, friability, swelling index, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), particle morphology, in vitro drug release, and cytotoxicity on Ca-Ski cells. Both layers were designed to release both drugs concurrently for a synergistic effect. The polymer–polymer interaction between the layers was able to reduce the loss of formulation due to chitosan. While the bilayer tablet had satisfactory performance in the physicochemical tests, in vitro cell culture with Ca-Ski also showed a synergistic effect using a combination of drugs at a low dose. However, the formulation only had 24-h dose release before degradation. Further drug combinations should be evaluated in subsequent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismin Zainol Abidin
- Materials Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, N37 HD68 Athlone, Ireland; (I.Z.A.); (Z.C.)
| | - Emanuele Rezoagli
- Bioscience Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, N37 HD68 Athlone, Ireland; (E.R.); (B.S.-P.); (G.W.F.); (K.M.); (R.P.); (N.R.); (E.J.M.)
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, 1–20126 Monza, Italy
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI) at CÚRAM Centre for Research in Medical Devices, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland
| | - Bianca Simonassi-Paiva
- Bioscience Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, N37 HD68 Athlone, Ireland; (E.R.); (B.S.-P.); (G.W.F.); (K.M.); (R.P.); (N.R.); (E.J.M.)
| | - Gustavo Waltzer Fehrenbach
- Bioscience Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, N37 HD68 Athlone, Ireland; (E.R.); (B.S.-P.); (G.W.F.); (K.M.); (R.P.); (N.R.); (E.J.M.)
| | - Kevin Masterson
- Bioscience Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, N37 HD68 Athlone, Ireland; (E.R.); (B.S.-P.); (G.W.F.); (K.M.); (R.P.); (N.R.); (E.J.M.)
| | - Robert Pogue
- Bioscience Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, N37 HD68 Athlone, Ireland; (E.R.); (B.S.-P.); (G.W.F.); (K.M.); (R.P.); (N.R.); (E.J.M.)
- Post-Graduate Program in Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70790-160, Brazil
| | - Zhi Cao
- Materials Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, N37 HD68 Athlone, Ireland; (I.Z.A.); (Z.C.)
| | - Neil Rowan
- Bioscience Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, N37 HD68 Athlone, Ireland; (E.R.); (B.S.-P.); (G.W.F.); (K.M.); (R.P.); (N.R.); (E.J.M.)
| | - Emma J. Murphy
- Bioscience Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, N37 HD68 Athlone, Ireland; (E.R.); (B.S.-P.); (G.W.F.); (K.M.); (R.P.); (N.R.); (E.J.M.)
| | - Ian Major
- Materials Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, N37 HD68 Athlone, Ireland; (I.Z.A.); (Z.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +353-906-48-3084
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18
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Lu X, Sun H, Chang T, Zhang J, Cui H. Terahertz detection of porosity and porous microstructure in pharmaceutical tablets: A review. Int J Pharm 2020; 591:120006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.120006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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19
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Application of Focus Variation Microscopy and Dissolution Imaging in Understanding the Behaviour of Hydrophilic Matrices. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12121162. [PMID: 33260657 PMCID: PMC7759878 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12121162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrophilic matrix systems can be found in a wide range of extended release pharmaceutical formulations. The main principle of these systems is that upon contact with water, the hydrophilic component swells to form a hydrated gel layer which controls drug release. The following work demonstrates an explorative study into the use of dissolution imaging and focus variation microscopy with hydrophilic polymers. This study investigated the surface properties of xanthan gum (XG), polyethylene oxide (PEO), and hypromellose (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, HPMC) compacts with each of these three hydrophilic polymers from one of each classification of natural, semi-synthetic, or synthetic polymer using a focus variation instrument. The auto correlation length (Sal) showed all surface profiles from the compacts displayed a value below 0.1 mm, indicating that only high frequency components (i.e., roughness) were considered and that the analysis had been successful. The developed interfacial area ratio (Sdr) displayed values below 5% in line with ISO guidelines for all the polymers studied with their texture aspect ratio values (Str) > 0.5, indicating uniformity of the surfaces of the produced compacts. Of the various parameters studied, areal material ratio (Smr2) predicted XG to wet and hydrate quicker than PEO, with PEO also wetting and hydrating quicker than the HPMC. The dissolution imaging and initial swelling studies proved to concur with the findings from the areal material ratio (Smr2) parameter, suggesting porosity was not an indicator for the ease with which water ingress occurs. This study suggests the Smr2 surface parameter to potentially predict wetting and initial hydration of hydrophilic polymers, however care should be taken as this study consists of a selected number of hydrophilic polymers.
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20
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Nagasamy Venkatesh D, Meyyanathan SN, Shanmugam R, Kamatham SS, Campos JR, Dias-Ferreira J, Sanchez-Lopez E, Cardoso JC, Severino P, Souto EB. Physicochemical, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic characterization of isradipine tablets for controlled release. Pharm Dev Technol 2020; 26:92-100. [PMID: 33074769 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2020.1839495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Isradipine is a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker (CCB) commonly used as vasodilator with antihypertensive properties. A remote-controlled release formulation for isradipine would substantially improve the clinical outcomes of the patients requiring chronic long-term treatment. In this work, sustained release (SR) tablets of isradipine, composed of hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC), have been produced by wet granulation and their in vitro and in vivo characterization was compared to a conventional tablet dosage form of immediate release (IR) as preliminary assessment. Tablets composed of 15.0% (wt/wt) HPMC exhibited a SR profile over a period of 24 hours. The release of isradipine followed a Fickian diffusion pattern obeying to the first order kinetics and the extent of absorption was even higher in comparison to the developed conventional tablets, which showed immediate drug release. In vivo studies were carried out in rabbits, showing that the extent of isradipine absorption from the developed tablets was higher in comparison to IR tablets due to the modified release profile obtained for the former (p < 0.05). Our results suggest that SR tablets of isradipine are an efficient solid dosage form to overcome the limitations encountered in conventional IR tablets.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Nagasamy Venkatesh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy (JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research), Ooty, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S N Meyyanathan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, JSS College of Pharmacy (JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research), Ooty, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Shanmugam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, JSS College of Pharmacy (JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research), Ooty, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S S Kamatham
- Sri Vasavi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tadepalligudem, India
| | - J R Campos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - J Dias-Ferreira
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - E Sanchez-Lopez
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Nanoscience and nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERNED Centro de Biomedicina en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Salud Juan Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - J C Cardoso
- Tiradentes University (UNIT) and Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Aracaju, Brazil
| | - P Severino
- Tiradentes University (UNIT) and Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Aracaju, Brazil.,Tiradentes Institute, Dorchester, MA, USA
| | - E B Souto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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21
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Temperature: An overlooked factor in tablet disintegration. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 151:105388. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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22
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Skelbæk-Pedersen AL, Al-Sharabi M, Vilhelmsen TK, Rantanen J, Zeitler JA. Effect of particle size and deformation behaviour on water ingress into tablets. Int J Pharm 2020; 587:119645. [PMID: 32679259 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Drug release performance of tablets is often highly dependent on disintegration, and water ingress is typically the rate-limiting step of the disintegration process. Water ingress into tablets is known to be highly influenced by the microstructure of the tablet, particularly tablet porosity. Initial particle size distribution of the formulation and the predominant powder deformation behaviour during compression are expected to impact such microstructure, making both factors important to investigate in relation to water ingress into tablets. Two size fractions (<125 and 355-500 µm) of plastically deforming microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and fragmenting di-calcium phosphate (DCP) were compressed into tablets with porosities ranging from 5 to 30% (with 5% increments). The total porosity of the tablets was measured using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy and liquid transport into these tablets was quantified using a flow cell coupled to terahertz pulsed imaging. It was found that tablets compressed from large MCC particles resulted in slower water ingress compared to tablets prepared from small MCC particles. In contrast, no difference in liquid transport kinetics was observed for tablets prepared across both size fractions of DCP particles. These results highlight the complex interplay between material characteristics, the process induced microstructure, and the liquid transport process that ultimately determines the drug release performance of the tablets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Linnet Skelbæk-Pedersen
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Oral Pilot and Process Development, Måløv, Denmark; Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Mohammed Al-Sharabi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Jukka Rantanen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J Axel Zeitler
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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23
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Al-Sharabi M, Markl D, Mudley T, Bawuah P, Karttunen AP, Ridgway C, Gane P, Ketolainen J, Peiponen KE, Rades T, Zeitler JA. Simultaneous investigation of the liquid transport and swelling performance during tablet disintegration. Int J Pharm 2020; 584:119380. [PMID: 32407939 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fast disintegrating tablets have commonly been used for fast oral drug delivery to patients with swallowing difficulties. The different characteristics of the pore structure of such formulations influence the liquid transport through the tablet and hence affect the disintegration time and the release of the drug in the body. In this work, terahertz time-domain spectroscopy and terahertz pulsed imaging were used as promising analytical techniques to quantitatively analyse the impact of the structural properties on the liquid uptake and swelling rates upon contact with the dissolution medium. Both the impact of porosity and formulation were investigated for theophylline and paracetamol based tablets. The drug substances were either formulated with functionalised calcium carbonate (FCC) with porosities of 45% and 60% or with microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) with porosities of 10% and 25%. The terahertz results reveal that the rate of liquid uptake is clearly influenced by the porosity of the tablets with a faster liquid transport observed for tablets with higher porosity, indicating that the samples exhibit structural similarity in respect to pore connectivity and pore size distribution characteristics in respect to permeability. The swelling of the FCC based tablets is fully controlled by the amount of disintegrant, whereas the liquid uptake is driven by the FCC material and the interparticle pores created during compaction. The MCC based formulations are more complex as the MCC significantly contributes to the overall tablet swelling. An increase in swelling with increasing porosity is observed in these tablets, which indicates that such formulations are performance-limited by their ability to take up liquid. Investigating the effect of the microstructure characteristics on the liquid transport and swelling kinetics is of great importance for reaching the next level of understanding of the drug delivery, and, depending on the surface nature of the pore carrier function, in turn controlling the performance of the drug mainly in respect to dissolution in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Al-Sharabi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Daniel Markl
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, G4 0RE Glasgow, UK; EPSRC Centre for Innovative Manufacturing in Continuous Manufacturing and Crystallisation, University of Strathclyde, 99 George Street, G1 1RD Glasgow, UK
| | - Theona Mudley
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Prince Bawuah
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Anssi-Pekka Karttunen
- School of Pharmacy, Promis Centre, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Cathy Ridgway
- Omya International AG, Forschackerstrasse 6, CH 4622 Egerkingen, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Gane
- Aalto University, School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Jarkko Ketolainen
- School of Pharmacy, Promis Centre, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kai-Erik Peiponen
- Institute of Photonics, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Thomas Rades
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J Axel Zeitler
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0AS, UK.
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Ward A, Walton K, Mawla N, Kaialy W, Liu L, Timmins P, Conway BR, Asare-Addo K. Development of a novel method utilising dissolution imaging for the measurement of swelling behaviour in hydrophilic matrices. Int J Pharm X 2019; 1:100013. [PMID: 31517278 PMCID: PMC6733280 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2019.100013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A variety of imaging techniques are currently used within the field of pharmaceutics to help understand and determine a wide range of phenomena associated with drug release from hydrophilic matrix tablets. This work for the first time aims at developing an appropriate testing imaging methodology using a surface dissolution imaging instrument (SDI2) for determining the swelling of whole compacts using hypromellose as a model hydrophilic matrix former. The influence of particle morphology (CR and DC grades) and two compressional forces (5 and 15 kN) on the initial swelling behaviour of hypromellose were investigated. The results showed that a lower absorbance of 50 mAu with a wider measurement zone proved successful in determining the edge of the gel layer and growth measurements in real-time with high level of details under flow. Despite the differences in the morphology of the grades of hypromellose tested, it was however discovered that gel growth was statistically similar between them which may be attributed to their similar chemistry. This novel method also highlighted differences in the hydrated polymer's appearance which may have been as a result of differences in porosity and solid fraction. This information is of great importance to a formulator as gel growth plays a crucial role in determining drug release from polymer compacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Ward
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Karl Walton
- EPSRC Future Metrology Hub, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Nihad Mawla
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Waseem Kaialy
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wolverhampton, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK
| | - Lande Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Peter Timmins
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Barbara R. Conway
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Kofi Asare-Addo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK
- Corresponding author.
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25
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Han DH, Kang LH. Terahertz Displacement and Thickness Sensor with Micrometer Resolution and Centimeter Dynamic Range. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 19:s19235249. [PMID: 31795307 PMCID: PMC6928778 DOI: 10.3390/s19235249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Measuring distance and thickness simultaneously is important in biological, medical, electronic, and various industries. Herein, we propose a method for simultaneously measuring the displacement and thickness of transparent materials using a pulsed terahertz wave. For this technique, a beam splitter was used to design the optical path such that the terahertz wave would incident the specimen vertically to achieve centimeter measurement range and micrometer resolution. The measured terahertz waveform carries peak time information reflected from the upper and lower surfaces of the sample, and the thickness can be calculated using the time difference between the first and second reflected peaks. The displacement can also be calculated using peak time difference when the sample moves from the initial position to the changed position. For validation, an experimental test was performed using aluminum, acrylic, and glass plates. The results confirmed a measurement range of 1 cm with an error of less than 23 μm, and the thickness error was less than 8 μm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Hyun Han
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, and LANL-JBNU Engineering Institute-Korea, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Duckjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeonbuk 54896, Korea;
| | - Lae-Hyong Kang
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Department of Flexible and Printable Electronics, and LANL-JBNU Engineering Institute-Korea, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Duckjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeonbuk 54896, Korea
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26
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27
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Ewing AV, Kazarian SG. Recent advances in the applications of vibrational spectroscopic imaging and mapping to pharmaceutical formulations. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 197:10-29. [PMID: 29290567 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Vibrational spectroscopic imaging and mapping approaches have continued in their development and applications for the analysis of pharmaceutical formulations. Obtaining spatially resolved chemical information about the distribution of different components within pharmaceutical formulations is integral for improving the understanding and quality of final drug products. This review aims to summarise some key advances of these technologies over recent years, primarily since 2010. An overview of FTIR, NIR, terahertz spectroscopic imaging and Raman mapping will be presented to give a perspective of the current state-of-the-art of these techniques for studying pharmaceutical samples. This will include their application to reveal spatial information of components that reveals molecular insight of polymorphic or structural changes, behaviour of formulations during dissolution experiments, uniformity of materials and detection of counterfeit products. Furthermore, new advancements will be presented that demonstrate the continuing novel applications of spectroscopic imaging and mapping, namely in FTIR spectroscopy, for studies of microfluidic devices. Whilst much of the recently developed work has been reported by academic groups, examples of the potential impacts of utilising these imaging and mapping technologies to support industrial applications have also been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew V Ewing
- Imperial College London, Department of Chemical Engineering, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Sergei G Kazarian
- Imperial College London, Department of Chemical Engineering, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
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Markl D, Strobel A, Schlossnikl R, Bøtker J, Bawuah P, Ridgway C, Rantanen J, Rades T, Gane P, Peiponen KE, Zeitler JA. Characterisation of pore structures of pharmaceutical tablets: A review. Int J Pharm 2018; 538:188-214. [PMID: 29341913 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Traditionally, the development of a new solid dosage form is formulation-driven and less focus is put on the design of a specific microstructure for the drug delivery system. However, the compaction process particularly impacts the microstructure, or more precisely, the pore architecture in a pharmaceutical tablet. Besides the formulation, the pore structure is a major contributor to the overall performance of oral solid dosage forms as it directly affects the liquid uptake rate, which is the very first step of the dissolution process. In future, additive manufacturing is a potential game changer to design the inner structures and realise a tailor-made pore structure. In pharmaceutical development the pore structure is most commonly only described by the total porosity of the tablet matrix. Yet it is of great importance to consider other parameters to fully resolve the interplay between microstructure and dosage form performance. Specifically, tortuosity, connectivity, as well as pore shape, size and orientation all impact the flow paths and play an important role in describing the fluid flow in a pharmaceutical tablet. This review presents the key properties of the pore structures in solid dosage forms and it discusses how to measure these properties. In particular, the principles, advantages and limitations of helium pycnometry, mercury porosimetry, terahertz time-domain spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance and X-ray computed microtomography are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Markl
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, CB3 0AS Cambridge, UK.
| | - Alexa Strobel
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, CB3 0AS Cambridge, UK
| | - Rüdiger Schlossnikl
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, CB3 0AS Cambridge, UK
| | - Johan Bøtker
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Prince Bawuah
- School of Pharmacy, Promis Centre, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1617, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Cathy Ridgway
- Omya International AG, CH-4665 Oftringen, Switzerland
| | - Jukka Rantanen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Rades
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Patrick Gane
- Omya International AG, CH-4665 Oftringen, Switzerland; School of Chemical Technology, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kai-Erik Peiponen
- Institute of Photonics, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - J Axel Zeitler
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, CB3 0AS Cambridge, UK
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Markl D, Bawuah P, Ridgway C, van den Ban S, Goodwin DJ, Ketolainen J, Gane P, Peiponen KE, Zeitler JA. Fast and non-destructive pore structure analysis using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. Int J Pharm 2017; 537:102-110. [PMID: 29247699 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical tablets are typically manufactured by the uni-axial compaction of powder that is confined radially by a rigid die. The directional nature of the compaction process yields not only anisotropic mechanical properties (e.g. tensile strength) but also directional properties of the pore structure in the porous compact. This study derives a new quantitative parameter, Sa, to describe the anisotropy in pore structure of pharmaceutical tablets based on terahertz time-domain spectroscopy measurements. The Sa parameter analysis was applied to three different data sets including tablets with only one excipient (functionalised calcium carbonate), samples with one excipient (microcrystalline cellulose) and one drug (indomethacin), and a complex formulation (granulated product comprising several excipients and one drug). The overall porosity, tablet thickness, initial particle size distribution as well as the granule density were all found to affect the significant structural anisotropies that were observed in all investigated tablets. The Sa parameter provides new insights into the microstructure of a tablet and its potential was particularly demonstrated for the analysis of formulations comprising several components. The results clearly indicate that material attributes, such as particle size and granule density, cause a change of the pore structure, which, therefore, directly impacts the liquid imbibition that is part of the disintegration process. We show, for the first time, how the granule density impacts the pore structure, which will also affect the performance of the tablet. It is thus of great importance to gain a better understanding of the relationship of the physical properties of material attributes (e.g. intragranular porosity, particle shape), the compaction process and the microstructure of the finished product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Markl
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, CB3 0AS Cambridge, UK.
| | - Prince Bawuah
- School of Pharmacy, Promis Centre, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1617, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | | | | | - Daniel J Goodwin
- GSK Research and Development, New Frontiers Science Park, 3rd Avenue, CM19 5AW Harlow, UK
| | - Jarkko Ketolainen
- School of Pharmacy, Promis Centre, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1617, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Patrick Gane
- Omya International AG, 4665 Oftringen Switzerland; School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kai-Erik Peiponen
- Institute of Photonics, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - J Axel Zeitler
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, CB3 0AS Cambridge, UK
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Quantification of the Local Protein Content in Hydrogels Undergoing Swelling and Dissolution at Alkaline pH Using Fluorescence Microscopy. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-017-2031-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Emerging technologies for the non-invasive characterization of physical-mechanical properties of tablets. Int J Pharm 2017; 532:299-312. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Markl D, Sauerwein J, Goodwin DJ, van den Ban S, Zeitler JA. Non-destructive Determination of Disintegration Time and Dissolution in Immediate Release Tablets by Terahertz Transmission Measurements. Pharm Res 2017; 34:1012-1022. [PMID: 28155076 PMCID: PMC5382185 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-017-2108-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to establish the suitability of terahertz (THz) transmission measurements to accurately measure and predict the critical quality attributes of disintegration time and the amount of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) dissolved after 15, 20 and 25 min for commercial tablets processed at production scale. METHODS Samples of 18 batches of biconvex tablets from a production-scale design of experiments study into exploring the design space of a commercial tablet manufacturing process were used. The tablet production involved the process steps of high-shear wet granulation, fluid-bed drying and subsequent compaction. The 18 batches were produced using a 4 factor split plot design to study the effects of process changes on the disintegration time. Non-destructive and contactless terahertz transmission measurements of the whole tablets without prior sample preparation were performed to measure the effective refractive index and absorption coefficient of 6 tablets per batch. RESULTS The disintegration time (R 2 = 0.86) and API dissolved after 15 min (R 2 = 0.96) linearly correlates with the effective refractive index, n eff, measured at terahertz frequencies. In contrast, no such correlation could be established from conventional hardness measurements. The magnitude of n eff represents the optical density of the sample and thus it reflects both changes in tablet porosity as well as granule density. For the absorption coefficient, α eff, we observed a better correlation with dissolution after 20 min (R 2 = 0.96) and a weaker correlation with disintegration (R 2 = 0.83) compared to n eff. CONCLUSION The measurements of n eff and α eff provide promising predictors for the disintegration and dissolution time of tablets. The high penetration power of terahertz radiation makes it possible to sample a significant volume proportion of a tablet without any prior sample preparation. Together with the short measurement time (seconds), the potential to measure content uniformity and the fact that the method requires no chemometric models this technology shows clear promise to be established as a process analyser to non-destructively predict critical quality attributes of tablets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Markl
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Johanna Sauerwein
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Daniel J Goodwin
- GSK Research and Development, New Frontiers Science Park, 3rd Avenue, Harlow, CM19 5AW, UK
| | | | - J Axel Zeitler
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK.
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Mathematical modelling of liquid transport in swelling pharmaceutical immediate release tablets. Int J Pharm 2017; 526:1-10. [PMID: 28400289 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oral dosage forms are an integral part of modern health care and account for the majority of drug delivery systems. Traditionally the analysis of the dissolution behaviour of a dosage form is used as the key parameter to assess the performance of a drug product. However, understanding the mechanisms of disintegration is of critical importance to improve the quality of drug delivery systems. The disintegration performance is primarily impacted by the hydration and subsequent swelling of the powder compact. Here we compare liquid ingress and swelling data obtained using terahertz pulsed imaging (TPI) to a set of mathematical models. The interlink between hydration kinetics and swelling is described by a model based on Darcy's law and a modified swelling model based on that of Schott. Our new model includes the evolution of porosity, pore size and permeability as a function of hydration time. Results obtained from two sets of samples prepared from pure micro-crystalline cellulose (MCC) indicate a clear difference in hydration and swelling for samples of different porosities and particle sizes, which are captured by the model. Coupling a novel imaging technique, such as TPI, and mathematical models allows better understanding of hydration and swelling and eventually tablet disintegration.
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Abstract
Pharmaceutical solid dosage forms (tablets or capsules) are the predominant form to administer active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) to the patient. Tablets are typically powder compacts consisting of several different excipients in addition to the API. Excipients are added to a formulation in order to achieve the desired fill weight of a dosage form, to improve the processability or to affect the drug release behaviour in the body. These complex porous systems undergo different mechanisms when they come in contact with physiological fluids. The performance of a drug is primarily influenced by the disintegration and dissolution behaviour of the powder compact. The disintegration process is specifically critical for immediate-release dosage forms. Its mechanisms and the factors impacting disintegration are discussed and methods used to study the disintegration in-situ are presented. This review further summarises mathematical models used to simulate disintegration phenomena and to predict drug release kinetics.
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Lyophilized protein powders: A review of analytical tools for root cause analysis of lot-to-lot variability. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Advances in mechanistic understanding of release rate control mechanisms of extended-release hydrophilic matrix tablets. Ther Deliv 2016; 7:553-72. [DOI: 10.4155/tde-2016-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Approaches to characterizing and developing understanding around the mechanisms that control the release of drugs from hydrophilic matrix tablets are reviewed. While historical context is provided and direct physical characterization methods are described, recent advances including the role of percolation thresholds, the application on magnetic resonance and other spectroscopic imaging techniques are considered. The influence of polymer and dosage form characteristics are reviewed. The utility of mathematical modeling is described. Finally, how all the information derived from applying the developed mechanistic understanding from all of these tools can be brought together to develop a robust and reliable hydrophilic matrix extended-release tablet formulation is proposed.
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Pharmaceutical Terahertz Spectroscopy and Imaging. ADVANCES IN DELIVERY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-4029-5_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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Oh JH, Eun Lee J, Jeong Kim Y, Oh TO, Han S, Jeon EK, Shin K, Kim DH, Hye Park C, Lee YJ. Designing of the fixed-dose gastroretentive bilayer tablet for sustained release of metformin and immediate release of atorvastatin. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2015; 42:340-9. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2015.1096279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Hee Oh
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea and
| | - Ji Eun Lee
- R&D Center, CJ HealthCare Co., Ltd., Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Jeong Kim
- R&D Center, CJ HealthCare Co., Ltd., Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Tack-Oon Oh
- R&D Center, CJ HealthCare Co., Ltd., Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - SungKyun Han
- R&D Center, CJ HealthCare Co., Ltd., Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Kyung Jeon
- R&D Center, CJ HealthCare Co., Ltd., Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungmin Shin
- R&D Center, CJ HealthCare Co., Ltd., Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hyun Kim
- R&D Center, CJ HealthCare Co., Ltd., Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi Hye Park
- R&D Center, CJ HealthCare Co., Ltd., Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Joo Lee
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea and
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Yassin S, Goodwin DJ, Anderson A, Sibik J, Wilson DI, Gladden LF, Zeitler JA. The Disintegration Process in Microcrystalline Cellulose Based Tablets, Part 1: Influence of Temperature, Porosity and Superdisintegrants. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:3440-50. [PMID: 26073446 PMCID: PMC4647644 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Disintegration performance was measured by analysing both water ingress and tablet swelling of pure microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and in mixture with croscarmellose sodium using terahertz pulsed imaging (TPI). Tablets made from pure MCC with porosities of 10% and 15% showed similar swelling and transport kinetics: within the first 15 s, tablets had swollen by up to 33% of their original thickness and water had fully penetrated the tablet following Darcy flow kinetics. In contrast, MCC tablets with a porosity of 5% exhibited much slower transport kinetics, with swelling to only 17% of their original thickness and full water penetration reached after 100 s, dominated by case II transport kinetics. The effect of adding superdisintegrant to the formulation and varying the temperature of the dissolution medium between 20°C and 37°C on the swelling and transport process was quantified. We have demonstrated that TPI can be used to non-invasively analyse the complex disintegration kinetics of formulations that take place on timescales of seconds and is a promising tool to better understand the effect of dosage form microstructure on its performance. By relating immediate-release formulations to mathematical models used to describe controlled release formulations, it becomes possible to use this data for formulation design. © 2015 The Authors. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 104:3440-3450, 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samy Yassin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3RA, UK
| | - Daniel J Goodwin
- GlaxoSmithKline, New Frontiers Science Park, Harlow, Essex, CM19 5AW, UK
| | - Andrew Anderson
- GlaxoSmithKline, New Frontiers Science Park, Harlow, Essex, CM19 5AW, UK
| | - Juraj Sibik
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3RA, UK
| | - D Ian Wilson
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3RA, UK
| | - Lynn F Gladden
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3RA, UK
| | - J Axel Zeitler
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3RA, UK
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