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Ruschioni S, Duca D, Tulli F, Zarantoniello M, Cardinaletti G, Corsi L, Olivotto I, Basili D, Naspetti S, Truzzi C, Isidoro N, Riolo P. Evaluation of Growth Performance and Environmental Impact of Hermetia illucens Larvae Reared on Coffee Silverskins Enriched with Schizochytrium limacinum or Isochrysis galbana Microalgae. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:609. [PMID: 38396577 PMCID: PMC10886010 DOI: 10.3390/ani14040609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Hermetia illucens is a promising insect due to its ability to convert low-value substrates as food chain by-products into highly nutritious feed. Its feeding and nutrition are important issues. The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of different substrates consisting of coffee silverskin, a by-product of the roasting process, enriched with different inclusions of microalgae (5%, 10%, 20%, and 25%), Schizochytrium limacinum, and Isochrysis galbana, combined with the assessment of environmental sustainability by LCA. In general, the addition of microalgae led to an increase in larval growth performance due to the higher content of protein and lipids, although S. limacinum showed the best results with respect to larvae fed with coffee silverskin enriched with I. galbana. A higher prepupal weight was observed in larvae fed with 10%, 20%, and 25% S. limacinum; shorter development times in larvae fed with 25% of both S. limacinum and I. galbana; and a higher growth rate in larvae fed with 25% S. limacinum. The 10% S. limacinum inclusion was only slightly different from the higher inclusions. Furthermore, 10% of S. limacinum achieved the best waste reduction index. The greater the inclusion of microalgae, the greater the environmental impact of larval production. Therefore, the addition of 10% S. limacinum appears to be the best compromise for larval rearing, especially considering that a higher inclusion of microalgae did not yield additional benefits in terms of the nutritional value of H. illucens prepupae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ruschioni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (S.R.); (D.D.); (L.C.); (N.I.)
| | - Daniele Duca
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (S.R.); (D.D.); (L.C.); (N.I.)
| | - Francesca Tulli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agro-Alimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Università di Udine, Via Sondrio 2/A, 33100 Udine, Italy; (F.T.); (G.C.)
| | - Matteo Zarantoniello
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (M.Z.); (I.O.); (C.T.)
| | - Gloriana Cardinaletti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agro-Alimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Università di Udine, Via Sondrio 2/A, 33100 Udine, Italy; (F.T.); (G.C.)
| | - Lorenzo Corsi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (S.R.); (D.D.); (L.C.); (N.I.)
| | - Ike Olivotto
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (M.Z.); (I.O.); (C.T.)
| | - Danilo Basili
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Simona Naspetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Ingegneria della Materia, dell’Ambiente ed Urbanistica, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy;
| | - Cristina Truzzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (M.Z.); (I.O.); (C.T.)
| | - Nunzio Isidoro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (S.R.); (D.D.); (L.C.); (N.I.)
| | - Paola Riolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (S.R.); (D.D.); (L.C.); (N.I.)
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Li O, Liang J, Chen Y, Tang S, Li Z. Exploration of Converting Food Waste into Value-Added Products via Insect Pretreatment-Assisted Hydrothermal Catalysis. ACS Omega 2023; 8:18760-18772. [PMID: 37273594 PMCID: PMC10233670 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c00762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The environmental burden of food waste (FW) disposal coupled with natural resource scarcity has aroused interest in FW valorization; however, transforming FW into valuable products remains a challenge because of its heterogeneous nature. In this study, a two-stage method involving black soldier fly (BSF)-based insect pretreatment and subsequent hydrothermal catalysis over a single-atom cerium-incorporated hydroxyapatite (Ce-HAP) was explored to convert FW into high added-value furfurals (furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural). FW consisting of cereal, vegetables, meat, eggs, oil, and salt was initially degraded by BSF larvae to generate homogeneous BSF biomass, and then, crucial parameters impacting the conversion of BSF biomass into furfurals were investigated. Under the optimized conditions, 9.3 wt % yield of furfurals was attained, and repeated trials confirmed the recyclability of Ce-HAP. It was proved that the revenue of furfural production from FW by this two-stage method ranged from 3.14 to 584.4 USD/tonne. This study provides a potential technical orientation for FW resource utilization.
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Lu H, Liu Y, Shen W, Zhou Y, Ma X, Sun S, Dong X, Ji F, Tong H, Xu J, He G, Xu W. Yeast enrichment facilitated lipid removal and bioconversion by black soldier fly larvae in the food waste treatment. Waste Manag 2023; 166:152-162. [PMID: 37172516 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Food waste can be converted into insectile fatty acids (FAs) by the larvae of black soldier fly (BSFL), Hermetia illucens, for use in the feed sector or as a source of biodiesel. However, waste oil was less decomposed than carbohydrate or protein in frass due to the limitation of larval lipid metabolism. In this study, 10 yeast strains were screened, corresponding to six species, to examine their capacity of improving lipid transformation performance by BSFL. The species of Candida lipolytica was superior to the other five species, which exhibited significantly higher lipid reduction rate (95.0-97.1 %) than the control (88.7 %), and the larval FA yields achieved 82.3-115.5 % of the food waste FA matters, suggesting that BSFL not only transformed waste oil but also biosynthesized FAs from waste carbohydrate and other substances. Further, the CL2 strain of Candida lipolytica was examined for treating food waste containing high lipid content (16-32 %). The lipid removal rate was found improved from 21.4 to 42.3 % (control) to 80.5-93.3% in the waste containing 20-32 % lipid. The upper limit of lipid content that could be endured by BSFL was ≈16 %, and the CL2-enrichment elevated the upper limit to ≈24 %. Fungal community analysis indicated that Candida spp. accounted for the lipid removal improvement. The Candida spp. CL2 strain may facilitate the lipid reduction and transformation by BSFL through microbial catabolizing and assimilation of waste FAs. Altogether, this study suggests that yeast enrichment is feasible in improving lipid transformation by BSFL especially for food waste exhibiting high lipid content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxu Lu
- School of Ocean Science and Technology & Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Yanxia Liu
- School of Ocean Science and Technology & Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Wenyue Shen
- School of Ocean Science and Technology & Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- School of Ocean Science and Technology & Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China; School of Petrochemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Liaoyang 111003, China
| | - Xiangwei Ma
- School of Ocean Science and Technology & Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Shibo Sun
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Xiaoying Dong
- School of Ocean Science and Technology & Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China; School of Petrochemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Liaoyang 111003, China
| | - Fengyun Ji
- School of Ocean Science and Technology & Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Huiyan Tong
- School of Ocean Science and Technology & Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Jianqiang Xu
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Gaohong He
- School of Ocean Science and Technology & Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China; State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Weiping Xu
- School of Ocean Science and Technology & Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China.
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Liu Y, Liu J, He J, Lu H, Sun S, Ji F, Dong X, Bao Y, Xu J, He G, Xu W. Chronological and Carbohydrate-Dependent Transformation of Fatty Acids in the Larvae of Black Soldier Fly Following Food Waste Treatment. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041903. [PMID: 36838890 PMCID: PMC9963906 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Although black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) can convert food waste into insectile fatty acids (FAs), the chronological and diet-dependent transformation of larval FAs has yet to be determined. This study focused on the dynamics of larval FA profiles following food waste treatment and characterized factors that may drive FA composition and bioaccumulation. Larval FA matters peaked on Day 11 as 7.7 ± 0.7% of food waste dry matter, maintained stably from Day 11-19, and decreased slightly from Day 19-21. The BSFL primarily utilized waste carbohydrates for FA bioconversion (Day 0-11) and shifted to waste FAs (Day 7-17) when the carbohydrates were close to depletion. The optimal time window for larvae harvest was Days 17-19, which fulfilled both targets of waste oil removal and larval FA transformation. Larval FAs were dominated by C12:0, followed by C18:2, C18:1, and C16:0. The waste-reducing carbohydrate primarily accounted for larval FA bioaccumulation (r = -0.947, p < 0.001). The increase in diet carbohydrate ratio resulted in the elevation of larval C12:0 yield, which indicated that larval C12:0-FA was primarily biosynthesized from carbohydrates and further transformed from ≥C16 FAs. This study elucidates the bioaccumulation process of larval FAs for food waste treatment and highlights the importance of waste carbohydrates for both the composition and transformation of larval FAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Liu
- School of Ocean Science and Technology (OST) & Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology (PIIT), Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Junliang Liu
- School of Ocean Science and Technology (OST) & Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology (PIIT), Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Jinwen He
- School of Ocean Science and Technology (OST) & Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology (PIIT), Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Hongxu Lu
- School of Ocean Science and Technology (OST) & Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology (PIIT), Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Shibo Sun
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences (LPS), Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Fengyun Ji
- School of Ocean Science and Technology (OST) & Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology (PIIT), Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Xiaoying Dong
- School of Ocean Science and Technology (OST) & Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology (PIIT), Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Yongming Bao
- School of Ocean Science and Technology (OST) & Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology (PIIT), Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Jianqiang Xu
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences (LPS), Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
- Correspondence: (J.X.); (W.X.)
| | - Gaohong He
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Weiping Xu
- School of Ocean Science and Technology (OST) & Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology (PIIT), Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
- Correspondence: (J.X.); (W.X.)
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Hadj Saadoun J, Sogari G, Bernini V, Camorali C, Rossi F, Neviani E, Lazzi C. A critical review of intrinsic and extrinsic antimicrobial properties of insects. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Giannetti D, Schifani E, Reggiani R, Mazzoni E, Reguzzi MC, Castracani C, Spotti FA, Giardina B, Mori A, Grasso DA. Do It by Yourself: Larval Locomotion in the Black Soldier Fly Hermetia illucens, with a Novel “Self-Harvesting” Method to Separate Prepupae. Insects 2022; 13:insects13020127. [PMID: 35206701 PMCID: PMC8879302 DOI: 10.3390/insects13020127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The black soldier fly Hermetia illucens is a widespread species of fly of American origins, which is increasingly used to develop sustainable waste recycling processes as it is able to develop by consuming a wide variety of wastes as food, while both its body and the residuals of its feeding activity can be re-used in a variety of processes. However, many aspects of its larval biology remain unknown. Among these, there is larval movement and its variation in response to external stimuli and environmental conditions. Larvae of the black soldier fly eventually reach the prepupal stage, during which they stop feeding and seek a shelter to pupate. Sorting prepupae from the younger larvae and feeding substratum can be important in rearing processes, since they are used to obtain adults but are also particularly rich in protein and lipids. We focused our study on behavioural differences between prepupae and younger larvae, describing tonic immobility as an anti-predatory response of both, but also their very different ways of locomotion and reactions to stress. Finally, we developed a practical system to exploit these differences, inducing prepupae to move away from the substratum and other larvae to be efficiently collected. Abstract The neotropical insect Hermetia illucens has become a cosmopolite species, and it is considered a highly promising insect in circular and sustainable economic processes. Being able to feed on a wide variety of organic substrates, it represents a source of lipids and proteins for many uses and produces recyclable waste. We investigated the characteristics and differences in the poorly-known locomotory behaviour of larvae of different instars, paying particular attention to the unique characteristics of the prepupal stage, key to farming and industrial processes. Moreover, we attempted to develop a “self-harvesting” system relying on the behavioural traits of prepupae to obtain their separation from younger larvae under rearing condition with minimum effort. Prepupae differ from younger larvae in their response to physical disturbance in the form of tonic immobility and significantly differ in their locomotory movements. Both prepupae and younger larvae reacted similarly to heat or light-induced stress, but low light and high moisture induced only prepupae to migrate away, which resulted in the development of a highly efficient separation methodology. The new data on the behaviour of H. illucens not only shed new light on some unexplored aspects of its biology, but also led to develop an inexpensive self-harvesting system that can be implemented in small-scale and industrial farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Giannetti
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences & Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 11/a, 43124 Parma, Italy; (E.S.); (C.C.); (F.A.S.); (B.G.); (A.M.); (D.A.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Enrico Schifani
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences & Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 11/a, 43124 Parma, Italy; (E.S.); (C.C.); (F.A.S.); (B.G.); (A.M.); (D.A.G.)
| | - Roberto Reggiani
- Azienda Agraria Sperimentale Stuard, Strada Madonna dell’Aiuto, 7/a, San Pancrazio, 43126 Parma, Italy;
| | - Emanuele Mazzoni
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Section Sustainable Crop and Food Protection, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy; (E.M.); (M.C.R.)
| | - Maria Cristina Reguzzi
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Section Sustainable Crop and Food Protection, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy; (E.M.); (M.C.R.)
| | - Cristina Castracani
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences & Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 11/a, 43124 Parma, Italy; (E.S.); (C.C.); (F.A.S.); (B.G.); (A.M.); (D.A.G.)
| | - Fiorenza A. Spotti
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences & Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 11/a, 43124 Parma, Italy; (E.S.); (C.C.); (F.A.S.); (B.G.); (A.M.); (D.A.G.)
| | - Beatrice Giardina
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences & Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 11/a, 43124 Parma, Italy; (E.S.); (C.C.); (F.A.S.); (B.G.); (A.M.); (D.A.G.)
| | - Alessandra Mori
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences & Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 11/a, 43124 Parma, Italy; (E.S.); (C.C.); (F.A.S.); (B.G.); (A.M.); (D.A.G.)
| | - Donato A. Grasso
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences & Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 11/a, 43124 Parma, Italy; (E.S.); (C.C.); (F.A.S.); (B.G.); (A.M.); (D.A.G.)
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Franco A, Salvia R, Scieuzo C, Schmitt E, Russo A, Falabella P. Lipids from Insects in Cosmetics and for Personal Care Products. Insects 2021; 13:insects13010041. [PMID: 35055884 PMCID: PMC8779901 DOI: 10.3390/insects13010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The use of insects as a new source of lipids is a topic of great interest from both environmental and economic points of view. In addition to use in feed and energy applications, lipids could be used for the formulation of personal care products. The cosmetics industry is always in search of new ingredients to use in novel product formulations. The processes mediated by bioconverter insects, such as Hermetia illucens, are really advantageous because starting from substrates of low economic and biological value (agri-food by-products, zootechnical, catering, and other waste), it is possible to obtain products of high commercial value. The composition of insect lipids depends on the feeding substrate, as well as the insect species, therefore for each personal care application, it is possible to find the most suitable starting conditions. In this review, we display a general outlook on insect lipids, the extraction processes, and their use in cosmetics and personal care fields. Abstract Insects, the most varied group of known organisms on Earth, are arousing great interest also for the possibility to use them as a feed and food source. The mass rearing of some species, defined as “bioconverters”, is spreading worldwide, thanks to their sustainability. At the end of the bioconversion process, breeders obtain eco-friendly biomolecules of high biological and economic value, including proteins and lipids, from larvae of bioconverter insects, in particular Hermetia illucens. Besides the most classical use of insect lipids as food additives, they are also used in the formulation of several products for personal care. The composition of insect lipids depends on the substrate on which the insects are reared but also on the insect species, so the cosmetic producers should consider these features to choose their insect starting point. The most abundant fatty acids detected in H. illucens are lauric, myristic, palmitic, and oleic acids, regardless of feed substrate; its fatty acids composition is favorable for soap composition, while their derivatives are used for detergent and shampoo. Here, we offer an overview of insect lipids, their extraction methods, and their application in cosmetics and personal care products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Franco
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (A.F.); (C.S.)
- Spinoff XFlies s.r.l., University of Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Rosanna Salvia
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (A.F.); (C.S.)
- Spinoff XFlies s.r.l., University of Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
- Correspondence: (R.S.); (P.F.)
| | - Carmen Scieuzo
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (A.F.); (C.S.)
- Spinoff XFlies s.r.l., University of Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Eric Schmitt
- Protix B.V., Industriestaat 3, 5107 NC Dongen, The Netherlands;
| | - Antonella Russo
- Greenswitch s.r.l., Strada Provinciale Ferrandina—Macchia, 75013 Ferrandina, Italy;
| | - Patrizia Falabella
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (A.F.); (C.S.)
- Spinoff XFlies s.r.l., University of Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
- Correspondence: (R.S.); (P.F.)
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Bruno D, Montali A, Mastore M, Brivio MF, Mohamed A, Tian L, Grimaldi A, Casartelli M, Tettamanti G. Insights Into the Immune Response of the Black Soldier Fly Larvae to Bacteria. Front Immunol 2021; 12:745160. [PMID: 34867970 PMCID: PMC8636706 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.745160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In insects, a complex and effective immune system that can be rapidly activated by a plethora of stimuli has evolved. Although the main cellular and humoral mechanisms and their activation pathways are highly conserved across insects, the timing and the efficacy of triggered immune responses can differ among different species. In this scenario, an insect deserving particular attention is the black soldier fly (BSF), Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae). Indeed, BSF larvae can be reared on a wide range of decaying organic substrates and, thanks to their high protein and lipid content, they represent a valuable source of macromolecules useful for different applications (e.g., production of feedstuff, bioplastics, and biodiesel), thus contributing to the development of circular economy supply chains for waste valorization. However, decaying substrates bring the larvae into contact with different potential pathogens that can challenge their health status and growth. Although these life strategies have presumably contributed to shape the evolution of a sophisticated and efficient immune system in this dipteran, knowledge about its functional features is still fragmentary. In the present study, we investigated the processes underpinning the immune response to bacteria in H. illucens larvae and characterized their reaction times. Our data demonstrate that the cellular and humoral responses in this insect show different kinetics: phagocytosis and encapsulation are rapidly triggered after the immune challenge, while the humoral components intervene later. Moreover, although both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria are completely removed from the insect body within a few hours after injection, Gram-positive bacteria persist in the hemolymph longer than do Gram-negative bacteria. Finally, the activity of two key actors of the humoral response, i.e., lysozyme and phenoloxidase, show unusual dynamics as compared to other insects. This study represents the first detailed characterization of the immune response to bacteria of H. illucens larvae, expanding knowledge on the defense mechanisms of this insect among Diptera. This information is a prerequisite to manipulating the larval immune response by nutritional and environmental factors to increase resistance to pathogens and optimize health status during mass rearing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Bruno
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Biology, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Aurora Montali
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Biology, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Maristella Mastore
- Laboratory of Comparative Immunology, Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Maurizio Francesco Brivio
- Laboratory of Comparative Immunology, Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Amr Mohamed
- Laboratory of Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Sciences, Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ling Tian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Guangdong Provincial Sericulture and Mulberry Engineering Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Annalisa Grimaldi
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Biology, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Morena Casartelli
- Laboratory of Insect Physiology and Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, Milan, Italy.,Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology (BAT Center), University of Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Gianluca Tettamanti
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Biology, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.,Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology (BAT Center), University of Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Greenwood MP, Hull KL, Brink-Hull M, Lloyd M, Rhode C. Feed and Host Genetics Drive Microbiome Diversity with Resultant Consequences for Production Traits in Mass-Reared Black Soldier Fly ( Hermetia illucens) Larvae. Insects 2021; 12:1082. [PMID: 34940170 PMCID: PMC8706267 DOI: 10.3390/insects12121082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Mass rearing the black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens, for waste bioremediation and valorisation is gaining traction on a global scale. While the health and productivity of this species are underpinned by associations with microbial taxa, little is known about the factors that govern gut microbiome assembly, function, and contributions towards host phenotypic development in actively feeding larvae. In the present study, a 16S rDNA gene sequencing approach applied to a study system incorporating both feed substrate and genetic variation is used to address this knowledge gap. It is determined that the alpha diversity of larval gut bacterial communities is driven primarily by features of the larval feed substrate, including the diversity of exogenous bacterial populations. Microbiome beta diversity, however, demonstrated patterns of differentiation consistent with an influence of diet, larval genetic background, and a potential interaction between these factors. Moreover, evidence for an association between microbiome structure and the rate of larval fat accumulation was uncovered. Taxonomic enrichment analysis and clustering of putative functional gut profiles further suggested that feed-dependent turnover in microbiome communities is most likely to impact larval characteristics. Taken together, these findings indicate that host-microbiome interactions in this species are complex yet relevant to larval trait emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P. Greenwood
- Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; (M.P.G.); (K.L.H.); (M.B.-H.)
| | - Kelvin L. Hull
- Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; (M.P.G.); (K.L.H.); (M.B.-H.)
| | - Marissa Brink-Hull
- Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; (M.P.G.); (K.L.H.); (M.B.-H.)
| | - Melissa Lloyd
- Insect Technology Group Holdings UK Ltd., 1 Farnham Road, Guildford, Surrey GU2 4RG, UK;
| | - Clint Rhode
- Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; (M.P.G.); (K.L.H.); (M.B.-H.)
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10
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Pereira N, Alegria C, Aleixo C, Martins P, Gonçalves EM, Abreu M. Selection of Autochthonous LAB Strains of Unripe Green Tomato towards the Production of Highly Nutritious Lacto-Fermented Ingredients. Foods 2021; 10:2916. [PMID: 34945467 DOI: 10.3390/foods10122916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactic fermentation of unripe green tomatoes as a tool to produce food ingredients is a viable alternative for adding value to industrial tomatoes unsuitable for processing and left in large quantities in the fields. Fermentation using starter cultures isolated from the fruit (plant-matrix adapted) can have advantages over allochthonous strains in obtaining fermented products with sensory acceptability and potentially probiotic characteristics. This paper details the characterisation of the unripe green tomato lactic microbiota to screen LAB strains for use as starter cultures in fermentation processes, along with LAB strains available from INIAV's collection. Morphological, biochemical (API system), and genomic (16S rDNA gene sequencing) identification showed that the dominant LAB genera in unripe green tomato are Lactiplantibacillus, Leuconostoc, and Weissella. Among nine tested strains, autochthonous Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and allochthonous Weissella paramesenteroides showed tolerance to added solanine (200 ppm) and the best in vitro probiotic potential. The results indicate that the two LAB strains are promising candidates for manufacturing probiotic fermented foods from unripe green tomatoes.
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11
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Nuvoli D, Montevecchi G, Lovato F, Masino F, Van Der Borght M, Messori M, Antonelli A. Protein films from black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens, Diptera: Stratiomyidae) prepupae: effect of protein solubility and mild crosslinking. J Sci Food Agric 2021; 101:4506-4513. [PMID: 33449403 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This work evaluated the performances of protein-based bioplastics obtained from black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) prepupae. Protein films were synthesized by film casting, using both the whole proteins and their soluble fraction at pH = 10. The effects of glycerol as a plasticizer and of citric acid as a mild crosslinker on film properties were also evaluated. RESULTS Films obtained using the soluble protein fraction were the strongest, as well as the most homogeneous and transparent ones. Protein mild crosslinking improved film tensile properties, especially in films obtained with the whole protein fraction. Non-crosslinked samples had a high affinity with water while crosslinking almost eliminated the ability of films to absorb water. All protein-based films proved to be effective barriers to red light (transmittance less than 2%). CONCLUSIONS Bioplastics derived from black soldier fly prepupae may find applications in the agricultural sector (biodegradable pots, mulching films, utensils) and deserve to be tested for food and non-food packaging. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Nuvoli
- Department of Engineering 'Enzo Ferrari', University of Modena Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Montevecchi
- Department of Life Sciences (Agro-Food Science Area), BIOGEST - SITEIA Interdepartmental Centre, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Francesca Lovato
- Department of Life Sciences (Agro-Food Science Area), BIOGEST - SITEIA Interdepartmental Centre, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Faculty of Engineering Technology, Lab4Food, Campus Geel, KU Leuven, Geel, Belgium
| | - Francesca Masino
- Department of Life Sciences (Agro-Food Science Area), BIOGEST - SITEIA Interdepartmental Centre, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Mik Van Der Borght
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Faculty of Engineering Technology, Lab4Food, Campus Geel, KU Leuven, Geel, Belgium
| | - Massimo Messori
- Department of Engineering 'Enzo Ferrari', University of Modena Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Andrea Antonelli
- Department of Life Sciences (Agro-Food Science Area), BIOGEST - SITEIA Interdepartmental Centre, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
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12
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Lawal KG, Kavle RR, Akanbi TO, Mirosa M, Agyei D. Enrichment in specific fatty acids profile of Tenebrio molitor and Hermetia illucens larvae through feeding. Future Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fufo.2021.100016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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13
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Montevecchi G, Licciardello F, Masino F, Miron LT, Antonelli A. Fortification of wheat flour with black soldier fly prepupae. Evaluation of technological and nutritional parameters of the intermediate doughs and final baked products. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2021; 69:102666. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2021.102666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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14
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Hadj Saadoun J, Luparelli AV, Caligiani A, Macavei LI, Maistrello L, Neviani E, Galaverna G, Sforza S, Lazzi C. Antimicrobial Biomasses from Lactic Acid Fermentation of Black Soldier Fly Prepupae and Related By-Products. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1785. [PMID: 33202551 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, thousands of insect species are consumed as food or are used as feed ingredients. Hermetia illucens, ‘black soldier fly’, is one of them, and a large amount of puparia and dead adults flies are accumulated during rearing. These materials represent important wastes but no studies are still present in the literature regarding their functional properties and potential reuse. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are a heterogeneous group of bacteria contributing to various industrial applications, ranging from food fermentation, chemicals production to pharmaceuticals manufacturing. A LAB feature of industrial interest is their ability to produce antimicrobial metabolites. Considering the scientific and commercial interest in discovering novel antimicrobials, this work will be direct towards fermentation of insect-derived biomasses: puparia and adults insect at the end of life cycle. To the best of our knowledge, the in vitro antimicrobial activity of fermented insects is tested for the first time. This study aimed also to evaluate differences in the composition between fermented and unfermented insects, and to study whether the fermentation and the type of LAB used played a crucial role in modifying the composition of the substrate. Results firstly highlighted fermentability of this species of insects, showed that fermented black soldier flies puparium possess a high antimicrobial activity against tested pathogens. Moreover, result of chemical composition showed that fermented biomass had a higher percentage of fat and a more complex fatty acids profile.
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Bruno D, Bonacci T, Reguzzoni M, Casartelli M, Grimaldi A, Tettamanti G, Brandmayr P. An in-depth description of head morphology and mouthparts in larvae of the black soldier fly Hermetia illucens. Arthropod Struct Dev 2020; 58:100969. [PMID: 32769052 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2020.100969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The larvae of the black soldier fly (BSF) Hermetia illucens are increasingly being used for waste management purposes given their ability to grow on a wide range of organic decaying materials. Although significant efforts have been spent to improve the mass rearing of BSF larvae on specific substrates and their bioconversion capability, little is known about the biology of this insect, especially with regards to the digestive system. In this study, we analyzed the morphology of the head and buccal apparatus of H. illucens larvae by using optical and scanning electron microscopy, evaluating the different mouthparts and their modifications during larval development. Our analysis showed that the larval head of H. illucens presents similarities to those of campodeiform insect larvae, whereas the mandibular-maxillary complex represents a food intake solution typical of Stratiomyidae that enables BSF larvae to ingest semiliquid food. The mouthparts resemble a "tunnel boring machine", where the hypopharynx separates finer organic particles from coarser and inorganic ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Bruno
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J. H. Dunant, 3, Varese, 21100, Italy
| | - Teresa Bonacci
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Ponte P. Bucci, Cubo 4B, Rende, 87036, Italy
| | - Marcella Reguzzoni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Via F. Guicciardini, 9, Varese, 21100, Italy
| | - Morena Casartelli
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, Via G. Celoria, 26, Milano, 20133, Italy; BAT Center - Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-environmental Technology, University of Napoli Federico II, Via Università, 100, Portici, 80055, Italy
| | - Annalisa Grimaldi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J. H. Dunant, 3, Varese, 21100, Italy; BAT Center - Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-environmental Technology, University of Napoli Federico II, Via Università, 100, Portici, 80055, Italy
| | - Gianluca Tettamanti
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J. H. Dunant, 3, Varese, 21100, Italy; BAT Center - Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-environmental Technology, University of Napoli Federico II, Via Università, 100, Portici, 80055, Italy.
| | - Pietro Brandmayr
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Ponte P. Bucci, Cubo 4B, Rende, 87036, Italy
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