TNFAIP8 family gene expressions in the mouse tail intervertebral disc injury model

TIPE3 promotes drug resistance in colorectal cancer by enhancing autophagy via the USP19/Beclin1 pathway

Drug resistance is a major obstacle to the effective treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the function and mechanism of TIPE3 in drug resistance of CRC. TIPE3 expression in clinical samples and CRC cell lines was detected using qPCR. CCK-8 and colony formation assays were employed to analyze the proliferation of CRC cells. The apoptosis of CRC cells was analyzed using flow cytometry, and autophagy of CRC cells was detected using western blotting, transmission electron microscopy, and immunofluorescence. Moreover, the relationship between USP19 and Beclin1 was detected using co-immunoprecipitation. CRC cells that had been transfected with OE-TIPE3 were co-cultured with macrophages (THP-1 cells induced by PMA), to create a model of TIPE3 overexpression in macrophage M2 polarization. Additionally, a nude mouse tumor model was established. After chemotherapy, tumor apoptosis was detected using the TUNEL assay, and autophagy levels were measured using immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, and western blotting. TIPE3 expression was increased in both CRC tumors and cell lines. TIPE3 overexpression substantially promoted drug resistance in CRC in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, TIPE3 upregulated USP19 protein expression, which accelerated autophagy. In addition, co-immunoprecipitation showed an interaction between USP19 and Beclin1. TIPE3 increased drug resistance by enhancing CRC cell autophagy via the USP19/Beclin1 pathway and stimulating macrophage polarization towards the M2-type. Thus, TIPE3 could serve as a potential target for the development of novel strategies to overcome chemoresistance.

Gene Expression Changes Precede Elevated Mechanical Sensitivity in the Mouse Intervertebral Disc Injury Model

Background

Back pain after intervertebral disc (IVD) injury is a common clinical problem. Previous work examining early molecular changes post injury mainly used a candidate marker approach.

Methods

In this study, gene expression in the injured and intact mouse tail IVDs was determined with a nonbiased whole transcriptome approach and related to subsequent pain behavior. Mouse tail IVD injury was induced by a needle puncture. Whole murine transcriptome was determined by RNASeq. Transcriptomes of injured IVDs were compared with those of intact controls by bioinformatic methods. Mechanical allodynia was assessed by the Von Frey method.

Results

Among the 17,722 murine genes with meaningful expressions, 7242 genes were differentially expressed (P.adj ⟨ 0.01). Ontology study of upregulated genes revealed that leukocyte migration was the most enriched biological process, and network analysis showed that Tnfa had the most protein-protein interactions. The most enriched downregulated pathways were related to the pattern specification process. Mechanical allodynia persisted at the 4-week end point.

Conclusion

The RNASeq data revealed numerous early genes that participate in inflammation and repair processes post IVD injury. Mechanical allodynia followed these gene expression changes.

Tnfaip8 and Tipe2 Gene Deletion Ameliorates Immediate Proteoglycan Loss and Inflammatory Responses in the Injured Mouse Intervertebral Disc

OBJECTIVE

TNFAIP8 and TIPE2 belong to TNFa-induced protein 8 (TNFAIP8/TIPE) family. They control apoptosis and direct leukocyte migration. Nucleus pulposus cell loss is a hallmark of intervertebral disc degeneration in response to injury, and inflammation may cause pain. Here, we examined the effects of TNFAIP8/TIPE2 deficiency on the intervertebral discs in mice with these genes deleted.

DESIGN

Tail intervertebral discs in Tnfaip8 or Tipe2 single and double knockout mice ( Tnfaip8 -/- , Tipe2 -/- , and Tnfaip8/Tipe2 dko) , and wild-type controls were injured. The spine motion segments were stained with safranin O to reveal proteoglycans. Macrophages were identified by immunostaining, and selected inflammatory marker and collagen gene expression was examined by Real Time PCR.

RESULTS

The injured tail intervertebral discs of Tnfaip -/- , Tipe2 -/- , and Tnfaip8/Tipe2 dko mice all displayed higher levels of proteoglycans than wild-type controls. Fewer macrophages were found in the injured intervertebral discs of Tipe2 -/- and Tnfaip8/Tipe2 dko mice than wild type. Il6 , Adam8 , and Col1 gene expression was downregulated in the injured intervertebral discs of Tnfip8/Tipe2 dko mice.

CONCLUSIONS

TNFAIP8 and TIPE2 loss of function ameliorated proteoglycan loss and inflammation in the injured intervertebral discs. They may serve as molecular targets to preserve disc structure and reduce inflammation.

Comprehensive analysis of the prognostic and immunological signature of TNFAIP8 family genes in human glioma

TNFAIP8 family molecules have been recognized for their involvement in the progression of tumors across a range of cancer types. Emerging experimental data suggests a role for certain TNFAIP8 family molecules in the development of glioma. Nonetheless, the comprehensive understanding of the genomic alterations, prognostic significance, and immunological profiles of TNFAIP8 family molecules in glioma remains incomplete. In the study, using the comprehensive bioinformatics tools, we explored the unique functions of 4 TNFAIP8 members including TNFAIP8, TNFAIP8L1, TNFAIP8L2 and TNFAIP8L3 in glioma. The expressions of TNFAIP8, TNFAIP8L1, TNFAIP8L2, and TNFAIP8L3 were notably upregulated in glioma tissues compared to normal tissues. Furthermore, survival analysis indicated that elevated expression levels of TNFAIP8, TNFAIP8L1 and TNFAIP8L2 were correlated with unfavorable outcomes in terms of overall survival (OS), disease-specific survival (DSS), and progression-free interval (PFI) among glioma patients. Genetic modifications, such as mutations and copy number alterations, within the TNFAIP8 family exhibited a significant association with extended OS, DSS and PFS in individuals diagnosed with glioma. The findings suggest a noteworthy correlation between TNFAIP8 family members and the age and 1p/19q codeletion status of glioma patients. We also found that there were significant relationships between TNFAIP8 family expression and tumor immunity in glioma. Furthermore, functional annotation of TNFAIP8 family members and their co-expressed genes in gliomas was carried out using GO and KEGG pathway analysis. The GO analysis revealed that the primary biological processes influenced by the TNFAIP8 family co-expressed genes included cell chemotaxis, temperature homeostasis, and endocytic vesicle formation. Additionally, the KEGG analysis demonstrated that TNFAIP8 family co-expressed genes are involved in regulating various pathways such as inflammatory mediator regulation of TRP channels, pathways in cancer, prolactin signaling pathway, and Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis. Overall, the findings suggest that TNFAIP8 family members may play a significant role in the development of glioma and have the potential to serve as prognostic indicators and therapeutic targets for individuals with glioma.

Down-regulated expression of TIPE3 inhibits malignant progression of non-small cell lung cancer via Wnt signaling

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for approximately 80 % of all lung cancers with a low five-year survival rate. Therefore, the mechanistic pathways and biomarkers of NSCLC must be explored to elucidate its pathogenesis. In this study, we examined TIPE3 expression in NSCLC cells and investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying NSCLC regulation in vivo and in vitro. We collected tissue samples from patients with NSCLC to examine TIPE3 expression and its association with patient metastasis and prognosis. Furthermore, we evaluated the expression level of TIPE3 in NSCLC cells. Cell lines with the highest expression were selected for molecular mechanism experiments, and animal models were established for in vivo verification. The results showed that TIPE3 was significantly increased in patients with NSCLC, and this increased expression was associated with tumor metastasis and patient prognosis. TIPE3 knockdown inhibited proliferation, migration, invasion, EMT, angiogenesis, and tumorsphere formation in NSCLC cells. Moreover, it reduced the metabolic levels of tumor cells. However, overexpression of TIPE3 has the opposite effect. The in vivo results showed that TIPE3 knockdown reduced tumor volume, weight, and metastasis. Furthermore, the results showed that TIPE3 may inhibit malignant progression of NSCLC via the regulation of Wnt/β-catenin expression. These findings suggest that TIPE3 is significantly elevated in patients with NSCLC and that downregulation of TIPE3 can suppress the malignant progression of NSCLC, which could serve as a potential diagnostic and treatment strategy for NSCLC.

Gene Expression Profiles Perturbed by Injury to the Mouse Intervertebral Disc

OBJECTIVES

Back pain subsequent to intervertebral disc injury is a common clinical problem. Previous work examining early molecular changes post injury mainly used a candidate marker approach. In this study, gene expression in the injured and intact mouse tail intervertebral discs was determined with a nonbiased whole transcriptome approach.

DESIGN

Mouse tail intervertebral disc injury was induced by a needle puncture. Whole murine transcriptome was determined by RNASeq. Transcriptomes of injured intervertebral discs were compared with those of intact controls by bioinformatic methods.

RESULTS

Among the 18,078 murine genes examined, 592 genes were differentially expressed ( P.adj < 0.01). Novel genes upregulated in injured compared with intact intervertebral discs included Chl1, Lum , etc. Ontology study of upregulated genes revealed that leukocyte migration was the most enriched biological process, and network analysis showed that Tnfa had the most protein-protein interactions. Novel downregulated genes in the injured intervertebral discs included 4833412C05Rik , Myoc , etc . The most enriched downregulated pathways were related to cytoskeletal organization.

CONCLUSIONS

Novel genes highly regulated after disc injury were identified with an unbiased approach; they may serve as biomarkers of injury and response to treatments in future experiments. Enriched biological pathways and molecules with high numbers of connections may be targets for treatments after injury.

Tnfa , Il6 , Cxcl1 , and Adam8 Genes Are the Early Markers After Mouse Tail Intervertebral Disc Injury

OBJECTIVES

The early molecular events after intervertebral disc injury remain unclear. In this study, we aimed to compare inflammatory markers from 1 day to 4 wks after injury to have a comprehensive understanding of the intervertebral disc response to injury.

DESIGN

Mouse tail intervertebral disc injury was induced by a needle puncture. Inflammatory marker gene expression and morphological changes were recorded at 1 day, 1 wk, and 4 wks after injury.

RESULTS

Tnfa , Il6 , and Cxcl1 gene expression peaked at day 1 post-needle puncture of the mouse intervertebral disc, Adam8 gene expression peaked at 1-wk time point, while Tipe2 gene expression was upregulated at week 4 postinjury. F4/80 positive cells, likely to be macrophages, are present as early as day 1 in the injured intervertebral discs and consistently present at week 4 postinjury. Loss of Safranin O staining and increased histological scores of the injured intervertebral discs are consistent with progressive degeneration after injury.

CONCLUSIONS

Inflammatory cytokines including Tnfa precede Tipe2 , suggesting that Tipe2 is likely induced by Tnfa . Upregulation of Adam8 and Cxcl1 gene expression persisted at week 4, suggesting that they play a role in the transition to chronic phase of intervertebral disc degeneration.

TIPE3 protects mice from lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury

BACKGROUND

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a severe inflammatory disease with high morbidity and mortality in patients and lung transplant recipients. Tumor necrosis factor-α-induced protein 8-like 3 (TIPE3) is one of the members of the TIPE family. While TIPE2 has been demonstrated to be protective against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI, the role of TIPE3 in ALI is currently unidentified.

METHODS

To examine the role of TIPE3 in ALI, we pretreated C57BL/6 mice with control or TIPE3-lentivirus in LPS-induced ALI models. The C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into four groups: control group; ALI-induced group; ALI-induced group with control lentivirus; and ALI-induced group with TIPE3-lentivirus. Additionally, RAW 264.7 cells were used to validate the role and molecular mechanism of TIPE3 signaling in vitro.

RESULTS

An increased expression of TIPE3 reduced lung histopathological damage in ALI-affected mice. ALI-affected mice treated with TIPE3-lentivirus exhibited reduced lung microvascular permeability, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, neutrophil buildup, and inflammation response. Additionally, over-expression of TIPE3 significantly inhibited NF-κB activation and promoted the activation of Liver X receptors alpha (LXRα). In LPS-treated RAW264.7 cells, enforced TIPE3 expression produced anti-inflammatory effects, whereas the LXR inhibitor geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) reversed these effects.

CONCLUSIONS

TIPE3 protected against LPS-induced ALI by regulating the LXRα/NF-κB signaling pathway. These results suggest that TIPE3 might provide a novel insight into the prevention of ALI.

Elevated inflammatory gene expression in intervertebral disc tissues in mice with ADAM8 inactivated

We found ADAM8 enzymatic activity elevated in degenerative human intervertebral disc (IVD). Here, we examined the discs in ADAM8-inactivation mice that carry a mutation preventing self-activation of the enzyme. Surprisingly, elevated gene expression for inflammatory markers (Cxcl1, IL6) was observed in injured discs of ADAM8 mutant mice, along with elevated expression of type 2 collagen gene (Col2a1), compared with wild type controls. Injured annulus fibrosus of mutant and wild type mice contained a higher proportion of large collagen fibers compared with intact discs, as documented by microscopic examination under circular polarized light. In the intact IVDs, Adam8EQ mouse AF contained lower proportion of yellow (intermediate) fiber than WT mice. This suggests that ADAM8 may regulate inflammation and collagen fiber assembly. The seemingly contradictory findings of elevated inflammatory markers in mutant mice and excessive ADAM8 activity in human degenerative discs suggest that ADAM8 may interact with other enzymatic and pro-inflammatory processes needed for tissue maintenance and repair. As a future therapeutic intervention to retard intervertebral disc degeneration, partial inhibition of ADAM8 proteolysis may be more desirable than complete inactivation of this enzyme.