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Chen G, Zhang H, Jiang J, Chen S, Zhang H, Zhang G, Zheng C, Xu H. Metabolomics approach to growth-age discrimination in mountain-cultivated ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2300445. [PMID: 37736007 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Mountain-cultivated ginseng is typically harvested after 10 years, while ginseng aged over 15 years is considered wild ginseng. This study aims to differentiate mountain-cultivated ginseng by age, as the fraudulent practice of selling low-aged cultivated ginseng disguised as high-aged one is damaging the market. In this study, LC-MS analyzed 98 ginseng samples, and multivariate statistical analysis identified patterns between samples to select influential components. Machine learning models were developed to identify ginseng samples of different ages. The untargeted metabolomic analysis clearly divided samples aged 4-20 years into three age groups. Twenty-two potential age-dependent biomarkers were discovered to differentiate the three sample groups. Three machine learning models were used to predict new samples, and the optimal model was selected. Some biomarkers could determine age phases according to the differentiation of mountain-cultivated ginseng samples. These biomarkers were thoroughly analyzed for variation trends. The machine learning models established using the screened biomarkers successfully predicted the age group of new samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gan Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Hong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jiaming Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Simin Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Gongmin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Changwu Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Hongxi Xu
- Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
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2
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Chen CL, Chen YT, Liao WY, Chang YS, Yu JS, Juo BR. Urinary Metabolomic Analysis of Prostate Cancer by UPLC-FTMS and UPLC-Ion Trap MS n. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2270. [PMID: 37443661 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13132270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulative evidence suggests metabolic disorders correlate with prostate cancer. Metabolic profiling of urine allows the measurement of numerous metabolites simultaneously. This study set up a metabolomic platform consisting of UPLC-FTMS and UPLC-ion trap MSn for urine metabolome analysis. The platform improved retention time, mass accuracy, and signal stability. Additionally, the product ion spectrum obtained from ion trap MSn facilitated structure elucidation of candidate metabolites, especially when authentic standards were not available. Urine samples from six hernia patients and six BPH patients were used for the initial establishment of the analytic platform. This platform was further employed to analyze the urine samples of 27 PCa and 49 BPH patients. Choosing the upper and lower 16% of metabolites, 258 metabolite candidates were selected. Twenty-four of them with AUC values larger than 0.65 were further selected. Eighteen of the twenty-four features can be matched in METLIN and HMDB. Eleven of the eighteen features can be interpreted by MSn experiments. They were used for the combination achieving the best differential power. Finally, four metabolites were combined to reach the AUC value of 0.842 (CI 95, 0.7559 to 0.9279). This study demonstrates the urinary metabolomic analysis of prostate cancer and sheds light on future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Lun Chen
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Chen
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yu Liao
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Sun Chang
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Jau-Song Yu
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Bao-Rong Juo
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
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Raclariu-Manolică AC, Socaciu C. Detecting and Profiling of Milk Thistle Metabolites in Food Supplements: A Safety-Oriented Approach by Advanced Analytics. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13030440. [PMID: 36984880 PMCID: PMC10052194 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13030440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.) is among the top-selling botanicals used as a supportive treatment for liver diseases. Silymarin, a mixture of unique flavonolignan metabolites, is the main bioactive component of milk thistle. The biological activities of silymarin have been well described in the literature, and its use is considered safe and well-tolerated in appropriate doses. However, commercial preparations do not always contain the recommended concentrations of silymarin, failing to provide the expected therapeutic effect. While the poor quality of raw material may explain the low concentrations of silymarin, its deliberate removal is suspected to be an adulteration. Toxic contaminants and foreign matters were also detected in milk thistle preparations, raising serious health concerns. Standard methods for determination of silymarin components include thin-layer chromatography (TLC), high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with various detectors, but nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) have also been applied. This review surveys the extraction techniques of main milk thistle metabolites and the quality, efficacy, and safety of the derived food supplements. Advanced analytical authentication approaches are discussed with a focus on DNA barcoding and metabarcoding to complement orthogonal chemical characterization and fingerprinting of herbal products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ancuța Cristina Raclariu-Manolică
- Stejarul Research Centre for Biological Sciences, National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, 610004 Piatra Neamț, Romania
| | - Carmen Socaciu
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- BIODIATECH-Research Center for Applied Biotechnology in Diagnosis and Molecular Therapy, 400478 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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4
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Huang G, Xie S, Wang M, Mao D, Huang G, Huang J, Liu X, Zhang R, Xie J, Huang LJ, Cheng C, Yao F, Zhong Y, Lin L, Yao C. Metabolite profiling analysis of hepatitis B virus-induced liver cirrhosis patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy using gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2023; 37:e5529. [PMID: 36250932 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This study used gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOFMS) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole TOFMS (UPLC-QTOFMS) metabonomic analytical techniques in combination with bioinformatics and pattern recognition analysis methods to analyze the serum metabolite profiling of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-induced liver cirrhosis patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE), to find the specific biomarkers of MHE, to reveal the pathogenesis of MHE, and to determine a promising approach for early diagnosis of MHE. Serum samples of 100 normal controls (NC group), 29 HBV-induced liver cirrhosis patients with MHE (MHE group), and 24 HBV-induced liver cirrhosis patients without MHE [comprising 12 cases of compensated cirrhosis (CS group) and 12 cases of decompensated cirrhosis (DS group)] were collected and employed into GC-TOFMS and UPLC-QTOFMS platforms for serum metabolite detection; the outcome data were then analyzed using principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). There were no significant differential metabolites between the NC group and the CS group. A series of key differential metabolites were detected. According to the variable influence in projection values and P-values, 60 small-molecule metabolites were considered to be dysregulated in the MHE group (compared to the NC group); 27 of these 60 dysregulated differential metabolites were considered to be the potential biomarkers (see Table 4, marked in bold); 66 small-molecule metabolites were considered to be dysregulated in the DS group (compared to the NC group); 34 of these 66 dysregulated differential metabolites were considered to be the potential biomarkers (see Table 5, marked in bold). According to the fold-change values, 9 of these 27 metabolites, namely valine, oxalic acid, erythro-sphingosine, 4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid, isoleucine, allo-isoleucine, thyroxine, rac-octanoyl carnitine, and tocopherol (vitamin E), were downregulated in the MHE group (compared to the NC group); the other 18, namely adenine, glycochenodeoxycholic acid, fucose, allothreonine, glycohyocholic acid, glycoursodeoxycholic acid, tyrosine, taurocheno-deoxycholate, phenylalanine, 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-butanoic acid, hydroxyacetic acid, taurocholate, sorbitol, rhamnose, tauroursodeoxycholate, tolbutamide, pyroglutamic acid, and malic acid, were upregulated; 6 of these 34 metabolites were downregulated in the DS group (compared to the NC group), and the other 28 were upregulated, as shown in Table 5. (a) GC-TOFMS and UPLC-QTOFMS metabonomic analytical platforms can detect a range of metabolites in the serum; this might be of great help to study the pathogenesis of MHE and may provide a new approach for the early diagnosis of MHE. (b) Metabonomics analysis in combination with pattern recognition analysis might have great potential to distinguish the HBV-induced liver cirrhosis patients who have MHE from the normal healthy population and HBV-induced liver cirrhosis patients without MHE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guochu Huang
- First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Sheng Xie
- First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Meng Wang
- First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Dewen Mao
- First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Guye Huang
- First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Jingjing Huang
- First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Xirong Liu
- First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Rongzhen Zhang
- First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Jiacheng Xie
- Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | | | - Chen Cheng
- First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Fan Yao
- First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Yu Zhong
- First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Long Lin
- Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Chun Yao
- Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
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5
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Xia ZD, Sun B, Wen JF, Ma RX, Wang FY, Wang YQ, Li ZH, Jia P, Zheng XH. Research progress on metabolomics in the quality evaluation and clinical study of Panax ginseng. Biomed Chromatogr 2022:e5546. [PMID: 36342761 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Panax ginseng, an essential component of traditional medicine and often referred to as the king of herbs, has played a pivotal role in medicine globally for several millennia. Previously, traditional phytochemical methods were mainly used for quality evaluation and pharmacological mechanism studies of ginseng, resulting in the lack of systematicness and innovation and hindering the development and utilization of ginseng resources. Since the beginning of the new century, systems biology technology represented by metabolomics has shown unique advantages in the modernization and internationalization of herbal medicine, establishing a bridge for communication between traditional medicine and modern medicine. P. ginseng, a special herb used in medicine and food, is one of the main research objects for qualitative and quantitative analysis of metabolomics and has gradually become the focus of researchers globally. Here, we conducted a comprehensive summary and analysis of numerous studies published in ginseng metabolomics. This review aims to provide more novel ideas for the quality evaluation, development, and clinical application of ginseng in the future and offer more useful technical references for the modernization and internationalization of herbal medicine based on metabolomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-di Xia
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jin-Feng Wen
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ruo-Xin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Feng-Yun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yu-Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhi-Hao Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Pu Jia
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
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6
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Integration of multiplatform metabolomics and multivariate analysis for geographical origin discrimination of Panax ginseng. Food Res Int 2022; 159:111610. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Dzobo K. The Role of Natural Products as Sources of Therapeutic Agents for Innovative Drug Discovery. COMPREHENSIVE PHARMACOLOGY 2022. [PMCID: PMC8016209 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-820472-6.00041-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Emerging threats to human health require a concerted effort in search of both preventive and treatment strategies, placing natural products at the center of efforts to obtain new therapies and reduce disease spread and associated mortality. The therapeutic value of compounds found in plants has been known for ages, resulting in their utilization in homes and in clinics for the treatment of many ailments ranging from common headache to serious conditions such as wounds. Despite the advancement observed in the world, plant based medicines are still being used to treat many pathological conditions or are used as alternatives to modern medicines. In most cases, these natural products or plant-based medicines are used in an un-purified state as extracts. A lot of research is underway to identify and purify the active compounds responsible for the healing process. Some of the current drugs used in clinics have their origins as natural products or came from plant extracts. In addition, several synthetic analogues are natural product-based or plant-based. With the emergence of novel infectious agents such as the SARS-CoV-2 in addition to already burdensome diseases such as diabetes, cancer, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS, there is need to come up with new drugs that can cure these conditions. Natural products offer an opportunity to discover new compounds that can be converted into drugs given their chemical structure diversity. Advances in analytical processes make drug discovery a multi-dimensional process involving computational designing and testing and eventual laboratory screening of potential drug candidates. Lead compounds will then be evaluated for safety, pharmacokinetics and efficacy. New technologies including Artificial Intelligence, better organ and tissue models such as organoids allow virtual screening, automation and high-throughput screening to be part of drug discovery. The use of bioinformatics and computation means that drug discovery can be a fast and efficient process and enable the use of natural products structures to obtain novel drugs. The removal of potential bottlenecks resulting in minimal false positive leads in drug development has enabled an efficient system of drug discovery. This review describes the biosynthesis and screening of natural products during drug discovery as well as methods used in studying natural products.
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Duan Y, Shang X, Liu G, Zou Z, Zhu X, Ma Y, Li F, Fang W. The effects of tea plants-soybean intercropping on the secondary metabolites of tea plants by metabolomics analysis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:482. [PMID: 34686144 PMCID: PMC8532361 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03258-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intercropping, especially with legumes, as a productive and sustainable system, can promote plants growth and improves the soil quality than the sole crop, is an essential cultivation pattern in modern agricultural systems. However, the metabolic changes of secondary metabolites and the growth in tea plants during the processing of intercropping with soybean have not been fully analyzed. RESULTS The secondary metabolomic of the tea plants were significant influence with intercropping soybean during the different growth stages. Especially in the profuse flowering stage of intercropping soybean, the biosynthesis of amino acids was significantly impacted, and the flavonoid biosynthesis, the flavone and flavonol biosynthesis also were changed. And the expression of metabolites associated with amino acids metabolism, particularly glutamate, glutamine, lysine and arginine were up-regulated, while the expression of the sucrose and D-Glucose-6P were down-regulated. Furthermore, the chlorophyll photosynthetic parameters and the photosynthetic activity of tea plants were higher in the tea plants-soybean intercropping system. CONCLUSIONS These results strengthen our understanding of the metabolic mechanisms in tea plant's secondary metabolites under the tea plants-soybean intercropping system and demonstrate that the intercropping system of leguminous crops is greatly potential to improve tea quality. These may provide the basis for reducing the application of nitrogen fertilizer and improve the ecosystem in tea plantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Duan
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaowen Shang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Guodong Liu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhongwei Zou
- Department of Plants Science, University of Manitoba, 66 Dafoe Road, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Xujun Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yuanchun Ma
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Fang Li
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wanping Fang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Pu ZJ, Zhang S, Tang YP, Shi XQ, Tao HJ, Yan H, Chen JQ, Yue SJ, Chen YY, Zhu ZH, Zhou GS, Su SL, Duan JA. Study on changes in pigment composition during the blooming period of safflower based on plant metabolomics and semi-quantitative analysis. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:4082-4091. [PMID: 34514725 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Red and yellow pigments are the major ingredients of safflower, often used to color food and cosmetics. Carthamin was the main component of red pigment and hydroxysafflor yellow A and anhydrosafflower yellow B were representative components of yellow pigment. Plant metabolomics and semi-quantitative analysis were used to analyze the changes of pigment composition during the blooming period, especially these characteristic components. Carthamin, hydroxysafflor yellow A, anhydrosafflower yellow B, and other components were screened out as differential metabolites based on plant metabolomics. Then semi-quantitative analysis was used to quantify these three representative components of pigments. Experimental results showed that the content of pigments has dynamic changes along with flowering, in the early blooming period, yellow pigment accumulated much and red pigment was low in content. In the middle period, the accumulation rate of the yellow pigment slowed down and content was stabilized. In the next step, the content of yellow pigments gradually decreased, and the content of red pigments gradually increased. Later, the level of yellow pigment decreased significantly, and the accumulation rate of red pigment increased significantly. Last, the appearance color of safflower was red, with yellow parts barely visible, and accumulation of red pigment was the highest and of the yellow pigment was the lowest in content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong-Jin Pu
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for TCM Compatibility, and State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, and Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Ping Tang
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for TCM Compatibility, and State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, and Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Xu-Qin Shi
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Hui-Juan Tao
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Hui Yan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Qian Chen
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Shi-Jun Yue
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for TCM Compatibility, and State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, and Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Yan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for TCM Compatibility, and State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, and Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Zhen-Hua Zhu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Gui-Sheng Zhou
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Shu-Lan Su
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Ao Duan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P. R. China
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10
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Yan H, Pu ZJ, Zhang ZY, Zhou GS, Zou DQ, Guo S, Li C, Zhan ZL, Duan JA. Research on Biomarkers of Different Growth Periods and Different Drying Processes of Citrus wilsonii Tanaka Based on Plant Metabolomics. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:700367. [PMID: 34335665 PMCID: PMC8317225 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.700367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Fruit of Citrus wilsonii Tanaka called as "Xiang yuan" in Chinese, which means fragrant and round. It was widely used in the pharmaceutical and food industries. This fruit has well-known health benefits such as antioxidant, radical scavenging, and anti-inflammatory. Naringin, deacetylnomilin, citric acid, limonin, and nomilin were the characteristic components of Citrus wilsonii Tanaka. Although the fruit of Citrus wilsonii Tanaka possessed many applications, there was a lack of research on the growth period and drying process. In this study, plant metabolomics was used to analyze the biomarkers of the growth period, and appearance indicators and metabolites abundance were combined for the analysis of change regularities of the growth period. The representative differential metabolites of naringin, citric acid, and limonin were screened out, and the abundance of these components was relatively highest in the middle of the growth period. Therefore, the fruit of Citrus wilsonii Tanaka should be harvested before it turned yellow completely, which could effectively ensure the content of potential active ingredients. In the comparison of different drying methods, citric acid and naringin were considered to be representative differential components, but limonoids were relatively stable and not easily affected by drying methods. Naringin was an index component that could not only be reflected the maturity but also related to different drying methods. Considering its physical and chemical properties and its position, naringin had the potential to be a biomarker of Citrus wilsonii Tanaka.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zong-Jin Pu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Gui-Sheng Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Dong-Qian Zou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Sheng Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Chao Li
- Jumpcan Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Taizhou, China
| | - Zhi-Lai Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs Breeding Base, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Ao Duan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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11
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Crosstalk of Multi-Omics Platforms with Plants of Therapeutic Importance. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061296. [PMID: 34071113 PMCID: PMC8224614 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
From time immemorial, humans have exploited plants as a source of food and medicines. The World Health Organization (WHO) has recorded 21,000 plants with medicinal value out of 300,000 species available worldwide. The promising modern "multi-omics" platforms and tools have been proven as functional platforms able to endow us with comprehensive knowledge of the proteome, genome, transcriptome, and metabolome of medicinal plant systems so as to reveal the novel connected genetic (gene) pathways, proteins, regulator sequences and secondary metabolite (molecule) biosynthetic pathways of various drug and protein molecules from a variety of plants with therapeutic significance. This review paper endeavors to abridge the contemporary advancements in research areas of multi-omics and the information involved in decoding its prospective relevance to the utilization of plants with medicinal value in the present global scenario. The crosstalk of medicinal plants with genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics approaches will be discussed.
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12
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Wang XJ, Xie Q, Liu Y, Jiang S, Li W, Li B, Wang W, Liu CX. Panax japonicus and chikusetsusaponins: A review of diverse biological activities and pharmacology mechanism. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2021; 13:64-77. [PMID: 36117758 PMCID: PMC9476776 DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Panax japonicus, which in the Tujia dialect is known as “Baisan Qi” and “Zhujieshen”, is a classic “qi” drug of Tujia ethnomedicine and it has unique effects on disease caused by “qi” stagnation and blood stasis. This paper serves as the basis of further scientific research and development of Panax japonicus. The pharmacology effects of molecular pharmacology were discussed and summarized. P. japonicus plays an important role on several diseases, such as rheumatic arthritis, cancer, cardiovascular agents, and this review provides new insights into P. japonicus as promising agents to substitute ginseng and notoginseng.
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13
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Yang Y, Ju Z, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Yang L, Wang Z. Phytochemical analysis of Panax species: a review. J Ginseng Res 2020; 45:1-21. [PMID: 33437152 PMCID: PMC7790905 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2019.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Panax species have gained numerous attentions because of their various biological effects on cardiovascular, kidney, reproductive diseases known for a long time. Recently, advanced analytical methods including thin layer chromatography, high-performance thin layer chromatography, gas chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with tandem ultraviolet, diode array detector, evaporative light scattering detector, and mass detector, two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography, high speed counter-current chromatography, high speed centrifugal partition chromatography, micellar electrokinetic chromatography, high-performance anion-exchange chromatography, ambient ionization mass spectrometry, molecularly imprinted polymer, enzyme immunoassay, 1H-NMR, and infrared spectroscopy have been used to identify and evaluate chemical constituents in Panax species. Moreover, Soxhlet extraction, heat reflux extraction, ultrasonic extraction, solid phase extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, enzyme-assisted extraction, acceleration solvent extraction, matrix solid phase dispersion extraction, and pulsed electric field are discussed. In this review, a total of 219 articles published from 1980 to 2018 are investigated. Panax species including P. notoginseng, P. quinquefolius, sand P. ginseng in the raw and processed forms from different parts, geographical origins, and growing times are studied. Furthermore, the potential biomarkers are screened through the previous articles. It is expected that the review can provide a fundamental for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuangui Yang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Zhengcai Ju
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Yingbo Yang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Yanhai Zhang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Li Yang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China.,Shanghai R&D Center for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, China
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China.,Shanghai R&D Center for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, China
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14
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Song H, Song KW, Hong SP. Simultaneous quantification of six nonpolar ginsenosides in white ginseng by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with integrated pulsed amperometric detection. J Ginseng Res 2019; 44:563-569. [PMID: 32617036 PMCID: PMC7322751 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background White ginseng consists of the roots and rhizomes of the Panax species, and red ginseng is made by steaming and drying white ginseng. While red ginseng has both polar and nonpolar ginsenosides, previous studies showed white ginseng to have only polar ginsenosides. Because nonpolar ginsenosides are formed through the manufacture of red ginseng from white ginseng, researchers have generally thought that nonpolar ginsenosides do not exist in white ginseng. Methods We developed a simultaneous quantitative method for six nonpolar ginsenosides in white ginseng using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with integrated pulsed amperometric detection. The nonpolar ginsenosides of white ginseng were extracted for 4 h under reflux with 50% methanol. Results Using the gradient elution system, all target components were completely separated within 50 min. Nonpolar ginsenosides were determined in the rhizome head (RH), main root (MR), lateral root, and hairy root (HR) of 6-year-old white ginseng samples obtained from several regions (Geumsan, Punggi, and Kanghwa). The total content in the HR of white ginseng was 37.8–56.8% of that in the HR of red ginseng. The total content in the MR of white ginseng was 5.9–24.3% of that in the MR of red ginseng. In addition, the total content in the RH of white ginseng was 28.5–35.8% of that in the HR of red ginseng Conclusion It was confirmed that nonpolar ginsenosides known to be specific components of red ginseng were present at substantial concentrations in the HR or RH of white ginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeyoung Song
- Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Won Song
- Department of Oral medicine, School of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Pyo Hong
- Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Kyung Hee East-West Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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15
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Simultaneous quantification of six indicator compounds in Wen-Qing-Yin by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection. J Food Drug Anal 2019; 27:749-757. [PMID: 31324290 PMCID: PMC9307046 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple gradient high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) method was used to simultaneously to analyze characteristics of six indicator compounds in the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formulation Wen-Qing-Yin (WQY). Separate optimization was performed using a Cosmosil C18 column gradient method with 0.1% formic acid in both mobile phases of aqueous and acetonitrile (ACN), at a flow rate, detection wavelength, and sample volume of 1.8 mL/min, 268 nm, and 10 μL, respectively. The linear regression of six active compounds berberine (BER), baicalin (BAI), ferulic acid (FER), geniposide (GEN), hydorxymethoxylfurfural (HMF), and paeoniflorin (PAE) was produced at the concentration range of 10–2000 μg/mL. The method validation revealed an acceptable precision (intra- and inter-day precision < 3.39% and 4.11%, respectively) and recovery (85.60–110.45% and 86.58–110.90%), a recovery range of 86.61–109.42%, and sensitivity (limit of detection [LOD] and limit of quantification [LOQ] values were in the range of 0.03–3.13, and 0.08–9.38 μg/mL, respectively) while the calibration curves were linear with a correlation coefficient (R2) ranging from 0.9966 to 0.9989. The qualitative and quantitative analyses were performed by direct comparison of the peaks of the WCY extract to retention times of reference standards. Additionally, principal component analysis (PCA) successfully discriminated four purchased commercial samples of all six indicator constituents, and the present results indicate their comprehensive potential usefulness for qualitative and quantitative analyses of the WQY decoction and its commercial products.
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16
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Romano JD, Tatonetti NP. Informatics and Computational Methods in Natural Product Drug Discovery: A Review and Perspectives. Front Genet 2019; 10:368. [PMID: 31114606 PMCID: PMC6503039 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of new pharmaceutical drugs is one of the preeminent tasks-scientifically, economically, and socially-in biomedical research. Advances in informatics and computational biology have increased productivity at many stages of the drug discovery pipeline. Nevertheless, drug discovery has slowed, largely due to the reliance on small molecules as the primary source of novel hypotheses. Natural products (such as plant metabolites, animal toxins, and immunological components) comprise a vast and diverse source of bioactive compounds, some of which are supported by thousands of years of traditional medicine, and are largely disjoint from the set of small molecules used commonly for discovery. However, natural products possess unique characteristics that distinguish them from traditional small molecule drug candidates, requiring new methods and approaches for assessing their therapeutic potential. In this review, we investigate a number of state-of-the-art techniques in bioinformatics, cheminformatics, and knowledge engineering for data-driven drug discovery from natural products. We focus on methods that aim to bridge the gap between traditional small-molecule drug candidates and different classes of natural products. We also explore the current informatics knowledge gaps and other barriers that need to be overcome to fully leverage these compounds for drug discovery. Finally, we conclude with a "road map" of research priorities that seeks to realize this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D. Romano
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Data Science Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Nicholas P. Tatonetti
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Data Science Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
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17
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Jin MM, Zhang WD, Jiang HH, Du YF, Guo W, Cao L, Xu HJ. UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS-guided dereplication of Pulsatilla chinensis to identify triterpenoid saponins. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2018; 29:516-527. [PMID: 29637651 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Triterpenoid saponins are the major bioactive constituents of Pulsatilla chinensis, playing an important role in various biological activities such as anti-tumour, cognition-enhancing, anti-biosis, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic and immunological adjuvant. OBJECTIVE To establish a systematic strategy based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS) for the efficient characterisation and identification of triterpenoid saponins in crude extracts from Pulsatilla chinensis. METHODOLOGY In this work, the strategy includes two aspects: (1) positive mode: by target screening, we can deduce the aglycone type and the composition of sugar moiety according to the fragment ions; untargeted screening includes four steps, find unknown, formula finder, ChemSpider search and MS/MS identification; (2) negative mode: according to the MS/MS spectra, the composition of sugar chain bonded to C-28 is inferred reasonably. The extract of Pulsatilla chinensis was separated within 60 min on a C18 column and eluted with methanol and water both containing 0.1% formic acid. RESULTS As a result, a total of 22 triterpenoid saponins (11 pairs of isomers) with four aglycone skeletons were tentatively identified or elucidated in crude extracts from Pulsatilla chinensis based on their retention times, the mass spectrometric fragmentation patterns, and MS and MS/MS data. CONCLUSION This study provides an efficient analysis strategy to rapidly identify the triterpenoid saponins in Pulsatilla species even in traditional Chinese medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao-Miao Jin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Dan Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Hong Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, P. R. China
| | - Ying-Feng Du
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, P. R. China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, P. R. China
| | - Liang Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, P. R. China
| | - Hui-Jun Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, P. R. China
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18
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Wu W, Jiao C, Li H, Ma Y, Jiao L, Liu S. LC-MS based metabolic and metabonomic studies of Panax ginseng. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2018; 29:331-340. [PMID: 29460310 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Panax ginseng has received much attention as a valuable health supplement with medicinal potential. Its chemical diversity and multiple pharmacological properties call for comprehensive methods to better understand the effects of ginseng and ginsenosides. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) based metabonomic approaches just fit the purpose. OBJECTIVE Aims to give a review of recent progress on LC-MS based pharmacokinetic, metabolic, and phytochemical metabolomic studies of ginseng, and metabonomic studies of ginseng intervention effects. METHODS The review has four sections: the first section discusses metabolic studies of ginsenosides based on LC-MS, the second focuses on ginsenoside-drug interactions and pharmacokinetic interaction between herb compounds based on LC-MS, the third is phytochemical metabolomic studies of ginseng based on LC-MS, and the fourth deals with metabonomic studies of ginseng intervention effects based on LC-MS. RESULTS LC-MS based metabonomic research on ginseng include analysis of single ginsenoside and total ginsenosides. The theory of multi-components and multi-targeted mechanisms helps to explain ginseng effects. CONCLUSION LC-MS based metabonomics is a promising way to comprehensively assess ginseng. It is valuable for quality control and mechanism studies of ginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Chuanxi Jiao
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Hui Li
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Yue Ma
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Lili Jiao
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Shuying Liu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, P. R. China
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Thomford NE, Senthebane DA, Rowe A, Munro D, Seele P, Maroyi A, Dzobo K. Natural Products for Drug Discovery in the 21st Century: Innovations for Novel Drug Discovery. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1578. [PMID: 29799486 PMCID: PMC6032166 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 522] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic properties of plants have been recognised since time immemorial. Many pathological conditions have been treated using plant-derived medicines. These medicines are used as concoctions or concentrated plant extracts without isolation of active compounds. Modern medicine however, requires the isolation and purification of one or two active compounds. There are however a lot of global health challenges with diseases such as cancer, degenerative diseases, HIV/AIDS and diabetes, of which modern medicine is struggling to provide cures. Many times the isolation of "active compound" has made the compound ineffective. Drug discovery is a multidimensional problem requiring several parameters of both natural and synthetic compounds such as safety, pharmacokinetics and efficacy to be evaluated during drug candidate selection. The advent of latest technologies that enhance drug design hypotheses such as Artificial Intelligence, the use of 'organ-on chip' and microfluidics technologies, means that automation has become part of drug discovery. This has resulted in increased speed in drug discovery and evaluation of the safety, pharmacokinetics and efficacy of candidate compounds whilst allowing novel ways of drug design and synthesis based on natural compounds. Recent advances in analytical and computational techniques have opened new avenues to process complex natural products and to use their structures to derive new and innovative drugs. Indeed, we are in the era of computational molecular design, as applied to natural products. Predictive computational softwares have contributed to the discovery of molecular targets of natural products and their derivatives. In future the use of quantum computing, computational softwares and databases in modelling molecular interactions and predicting features and parameters needed for drug development, such as pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics, will result in few false positive leads in drug development. This review discusses plant-based natural product drug discovery and how innovative technologies play a role in next-generation drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Ekow Thomford
- Pharmacogenomics and Drug Metabolism Group, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, PMB, Cape Coast, Ghana.
| | - Dimakatso Alice Senthebane
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component, Wernher and Beit Building (South), University of Cape Town Medical Campus, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.
- Division of Medical Biochemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.
| | - Arielle Rowe
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component, Wernher and Beit Building (South), University of Cape Town Medical Campus, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.
| | - Daniella Munro
- Pharmacogenomics and Drug Metabolism Group, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.
| | - Palesa Seele
- Division of Chemical and Systems Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.
| | - Alfred Maroyi
- Department of Botany, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag, Alice X1314, South Africa.
| | - Kevin Dzobo
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component, Wernher and Beit Building (South), University of Cape Town Medical Campus, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.
- Division of Medical Biochemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.
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20
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Huang X, Liu Y, Zhang N, Sun X, Yue H, Chen C, Liu S. UPLC Orbitrap HRMS Analysis of Panax quinquefolium L. for Authentication of Panax Genus with Chemometric Methods. J Chromatogr Sci 2018; 56:25-35. [PMID: 28977419 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmx077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Ginsenosides in Panax quinquefolium L. were determined using developed ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS) method with electrospray ionization and orbitrap MS analyzer in negative ionization mode. Optimal UPLC separation was achieved using a mixture of acetonitrile and water with 0.1% formic acid as the mobile phase in linear gradient elution. The MS parameters were optimized for reliable detection with enhanced selectivity and sensitivity, and improved identification and quantification of ginsenosides. The applicability of this method was demonstrated on ginsenosides from Panax quinquefolium L. (American ginseng), Panax ginseng (Chinese ginseng) and Panax notoginseng (Sanchi) roots and products. The differences between Chinese and Northern American Panax quinquefolium L., main roots and hair roots, and products from different pharmacy were investigated. The results were also confirmed by principal component analysis and partial least squares discriminatory analysis. It indicated that the strategy can be extended to rapid and accurate authentication of Panax genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, PR China
| | - Yan Liu
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, PR China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, PR China
| | - Xiuli Sun
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, PR China
| | - Hao Yue
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, PR China
| | - Changbao Chen
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, PR China
| | - Shuying Liu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, PR China.,Changchun Center of Mass Spectrometry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, PR China
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21
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Ju Z, Li J, Han H, Yang L, Wang Z. Analysis of bioactive components and multi-component pharmacokinetics of saponins from the leaves of Panax notoginseng
in rat plasma after oral administration by LC-MS/MS. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:1512-1523. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201701042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengcai Ju
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines; Institute of Chinese Materia Medica; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Jia Li
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines; Institute of Chinese Materia Medica; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Han Han
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines; Institute of Chinese Materia Medica; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Li Yang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines; Institute of Chinese Materia Medica; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines; Institute of Chinese Materia Medica; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Shanghai China
- Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines; Shanghai China
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22
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Chen J, Yuan Y, Ran X, Guo N, Dou D. Metabolomics analysis based on a UPLC-Q-TOF-MS metabolomics approach to compare Lin-Xia-Shan-Shen and garden ginseng. RSC Adv 2018; 8:30616-30623. [PMID: 35546833 PMCID: PMC9085524 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra04823a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Panax ginseng Meyer which has been cultivated and grown naturally in mountainous forests is formally called “Lin-Xia-Shan-Shen” (LXSS), but when cultivated it is called garden ginseng (GG), according to the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 edition). The medicinal value of LXSS is significantly higher than that of GG based on the clinical experience of TCM. This study aimed to evaluate the variety of chemical constituents in LXSS and GG. Methods: 18 LXSS and 6 GG samples were investigated using a UPLC-Q-TOF-MS technique. Results: the contents of 16 metabolites, mainly involved in the biosynthesis of rare ginsenosides (ginsenosides Rg3, -Rh1, -Rh2), galactose metabolism (myo-inositol), the citric cycle (citric acid and succinic acid), GABA shunt (GABA) and amino metabolism (alanine and aspartic acid), were higher in LXSS than in GG; while 14 metabolites, mainly involved in starch and sucrose metabolism (fructose and sucrose), amino metabolism (tryptophan, proline, dencichine and pyroglutamic acid) and campesterol biosynthesis (campesterol), were lower in LXSS than in GG. For LXSS with different growing years, 5 metabolites showed a tendency to increase dependent on the number of years, and these were related mainly to galactose metabolism (melibiose), the citric cycle (malic acid), fatty acid metabolism (2-hydroxy stearic acid); while 5 metabolites showed a tendency to decrease on ascending the grades, and these were related to sucrose metabolism (fructose and sucrose), fatty acid metabolism (2-hydroxy hexadecanoic acid) and campesterol biosynthesis (campesterol). Conclusion: this proposed analytical method coupled with multivariate analysis is fast, accurate, and reliable for discriminating GG and high cultivation ages of LXSS samples. Panax ginseng Meyer which has been cultivated and grown naturally in mountainous forests is formally called “Lin-Xia-Shan-Shen” (LXSS), but when cultivated it is called garden ginseng (GG), according to the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 edition).![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- College of Pharmacy
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Dalian
- China
| | - Ying Yuan
- College of Pharmacy
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Dalian
- China
| | - Xiaoku Ran
- College of Pharmacy
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Dalian
- China
| | - Na Guo
- Experimental Research Center
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences
- Beijing
- China
| | - Deqiang Dou
- College of Pharmacy
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Dalian
- China
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Wang S, Hua Y, Zou L, Liu X, Yan Y, Zhao H, Luo Y, Liu J. Comparison of Chemical Constituents in Scrophulariae Radix Processed by Different Methods based on UFLC-MS Combined with Multivariate Statistical Analysis. J Chromatogr Sci 2017; 56:122-130. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmx090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Hakeem Said I, Rezk A, Hussain I, Grimbs A, Shrestha A, Schepker H, Brix K, Ullrich MS, Kuhnert N. Metabolome Comparison of Bioactive and Inactive Rhododendron Extracts and Identification of an Antibacterial Cannabinoid(s) from Rhododendron collettianum. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2017; 28:454-464. [PMID: 28612345 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The science of metabolomics offers the possibility to measure full secondary plant metabolomes with limited experimental effort to allow identification of metabolome differences using principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) of liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) data. OBJECTIVE To demonstrate a bioinformatics driven hypothesis generator for identification of biologically active compounds in plant crude extracts, which is validated by activity guided fractionation. METHODOLOGY Crude extracts of Rhododendron leaves were tested for their antibacterial activity using agar diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration assays. Extracts were profiled by LC-MS. PCA and PLS-DA were used for differentiation of bioactive and inactive extracts and their metabolites. Preparative-high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy were used for separation and structure elucidation of pure compound(s) respectively. RESULTS An antibacterial Rhododendron collettianum was compared to a series of inactive extracts. Three metabolites were found to distinguish R. collettianum from other species indicating the ability of PCA and PLS-DA to suggest potential bioactive substances. An activity-guided fractionation of R. collettianum extracts was carried out and cannabiorcichromenic acid (CCA) was identified as antibacterial compound thereby validating the PCA and PLS-DA generated hypothesis. Four mammalian cell lines were used to estimate possible cytotoxicity of CCA. CONCLUSION It was shown that bioinformatics tools facilitate early stage identification of a biologically active compound(s) using LC-MS data, which reduce complexity and number of separation steps in bioactive screening. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inamullah Hakeem Said
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, 28759, Bremen, Germany
| | - Ahmed Rezk
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, 28759, Bremen, Germany
| | - Ishtiaq Hussain
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, 28759, Bremen, Germany
| | - Anne Grimbs
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, 28759, Bremen, Germany
| | - Abhinandan Shrestha
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, 28759, Bremen, Germany
| | - Hartwig Schepker
- Stiftung Bremer Rhododendronpark, Deliusweg 40, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Klaudia Brix
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, 28759, Bremen, Germany
| | - Matthias S Ullrich
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, 28759, Bremen, Germany
| | - Nikolai Kuhnert
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, 28759, Bremen, Germany
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Wang HP, Liu Y, Chen C, Xiao HB. Screening Specific Biomarkers of Herbs Using a Metabolomics Approach: A Case Study of Panax ginseng. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4609. [PMID: 28676690 PMCID: PMC5496890 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04712-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Medicinal herbs belonging to the same genus are always easily confused due to their extremely similar morphology and metabolites. Previously, to differentiate them, inherently specific biomarkers were screened out via intuitive comparison of their metabolite profiles. Unfortunately, the selected biomarkers have worked only partially. Most significant specific biomarkers have been neglected. Herein, a novel method for screening specific biomarkers of medicinal herbs using a metabolomics technique was developed. Firstly, the profiles of a group of easily confused herbs belonging to the same genus were analyzed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry to detect all components, including low-response metabolites. Then, all components were compared between the different samples, and specific biomarkers were extracted by the metabolomics techniques of alignment, normalization, defining the sample sets, filtering by frequency and Venn diagram analysis with Mass Profiler Professional (MPP) software. Thirdly, the correlations of these biomarkers were investigated via partial correlational analysis to obtain the most representative specific biomarkers. As an example, selection of specific biomarkers for ginseng (Panax ginseng) was performed, and three specific biomarkers including chikusetsusaponin IVa, ginsenoside Rf and ginsenoside Rc were finally selected and verified as the most representative specific biomarkers of Panax ginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yan Liu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Chang Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Hong-Bin Xiao
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China. .,Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.
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26
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Govindaraghavan S. Multiple ginsenosides ratios pattern - A pointer to identify Panax ginseng root extracts adulterated with other plant parts? Fitoterapia 2017; 121:64-75. [PMID: 28669919 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2017.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Govindaraghavan
- Network Nutrition - IMCD Australia, Unit 9, 7 Meridian Place, Bella Vista, NSW 2153, Australia.
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27
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Zhang JJ, Su H, Zhang L, Liao BS, Xiao SM, Dong LL, Hu ZG, Wang P, Li XW, Huang ZH, Gao ZM, Zhang LJ, Shen L, Cheng RY, Xu J, Chen SL. Comprehensive Characterization for Ginsenosides Biosynthesis in Ginseng Root by Integration Analysis of Chemical and Transcriptome. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22060889. [PMID: 28561788 PMCID: PMC6152789 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22060889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbgenomics provides a global platform to explore the genetics and biology of herbs on the genome level. Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer is an important medicinal plant with numerous pharmaceutical effects. Previous reports mainly discussed the transcriptome of ginseng at the organ level. However, based on mass spectrometry imaging analyses, the ginsenosides varied among different tissues. In this work, ginseng root was separated into three tissues-periderm, cortex and stele-each for five duplicates. The chemical analysis and transcriptome analysis were conducted simultaneously. Gene-encoding enzymes involved in ginsenosides biosynthesis and modification were studied based on gene and molecule data. Eight widely-used ginsenosides were distributed unevenly in ginseng roots. A total of 182,881 unigenes were assembled with an N50 contig size of 1374 bp. About 21,000 of these unigenes were positively correlated with the content of ginsenosides. Additionally, we identified 192 transcripts encoding enzymes involved in two triterpenoid biosynthesis pathways and 290 transcripts encoding UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs). Of these UGTs, 195 UGTs (67.2%) were more highly expressed in the periderm, and that seven UGTs and one UGT were specifically expressed in the periderm and stele, respectively. This genetic resource will help to improve the interpretation on complex mechanisms of ginsenosides biosynthesis, accumulation, and transportation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China.
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - He Su
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, and China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Guangdong Branch, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- Data Center, China Academy of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Bao-Sheng Liao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Shui-Ming Xiao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Lin-Lin Dong
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Zhi-Gang Hu
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China.
| | - Ping Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China.
| | - Xi-Wen Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Zhi-Hai Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, and China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Guangdong Branch, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Zhi-Ming Gao
- The Engineering Technology Research Center for Chinese Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Lian-Juan Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Liang Shen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Rui-Yang Cheng
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Jiang Xu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Shi-Lin Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
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Nontargeted metabolomics approach for the differentiation of cultivation ages of mountain cultivated ginseng leaves using UHPLC/QTOF-MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 141:108-122. [PMID: 28437718 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The adulteration or falsification of the cultivation age of mountain cultivated ginseng (MCG) has been a serious problem in the commercial MCG market. To develop an efficient discrimination tool for the cultivation age and to explore potential age-dependent markers, an optimized ultra high-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC/QTOF-MS)-based metabolomics approach was applied in the global metabolite profiling of 156 MCG leaf (MGL) samples aged from 6 to 18 years. Multivariate statistical methods such as principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were used to compare the derived patterns between MGL samples of different cultivation ages. The present study demonstrated that 6-18-year-old MGL samples can be successfully discriminated using two simple successive steps, together with four PLS-DA discrimination models. Furthermore, 39 robust age-dependent markers enabling differentiation among the 6-18-year-old MGL samples were discovered. The results were validated by a permutation test and an external test set to verify the predictability and reliability of the established discrimination models. More importantly, without destroying the MCG roots, the proposed approach could also be applied to discriminate MCG root ages indirectly, using a minimum amount of homophyletic MGL samples combined with the established four PLS-DA models and identified markers. Additionally, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study in which 6-18-year-old MCG root ages have been nondestructively differentiated by analyzing homophyletic MGL samples using UHPLC/QTOF-MS analysis and two simple successive steps together with four PLS-DA models. The method developed in this study can be used as a standard protocol for discriminating and predicting MGL ages directly and homophyletic MCG root ages indirectly.
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GC-MS Metabolomic Analysis to Reveal the Metabolites and Biological Pathways Involved in the Developmental Stages and Tissue Response of Panax ginseng. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22030496. [PMID: 28335577 PMCID: PMC6155413 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22030496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginsenosides, the major compounds present in ginseng, are known to have numerous physiological and pharmacological effects. The physiological processes, enzymes and genes involved in ginsenoside synthesis in P. ginseng have been well characterized. However, relatively little information is known about the dynamic metabolic changes that occur during ginsenoside accumulation in ginseng. To explore this topic, we isolated metabolites from different tissues at different growth stages, and identified and characterized them by using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that a total of 30, 16, 20, 36 and 31 metabolites were identified and involved in different developmental stages in leaf, stem, petiole, lateral root and main root, respectively. To investigate the contribution of tissue to the biosynthesis of ginsenosides, we examined the metabolic changes of leaf, stem, petiole, lateral root and main root during five development stages: 1-, 2-, 3-, 4- and 5-years. The score plots of partial least squares-discriminate analysis (PLS-DA) showed clear discrimination between growth stages and tissue samples. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis in the same tissue at different growth stages indicated profound biochemical changes in several pathways, including carbohydrate metabolism and pentose phosphate metabolism, in addition, the tissues displayed significant variations in amino acid metabolism, sugar metabolism and energy metabolism. These results should facilitate further dissection of the metabolic flux regulation of ginsenoside accumulation in different developmental stages or different tissues of ginseng.
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The integration of GC–MS and LC–MS to assay the metabolomics profiling in Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolius reveals a tissue- and species-specific connectivity of primary metabolites and ginsenosides accumulation. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 135:176-185. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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31
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Liu F, Ma N, He C, Hu Y, Li P, Chen M, Su H, Wan JB. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the saponins in Panax notoginseng leaves using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry and high performance liquid chromatography coupled with UV detector. J Ginseng Res 2017; 42:149-157. [PMID: 29719461 PMCID: PMC5926404 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Panax notoginseng leaves (PNL) exhibit extensive activities, but few analytical methods have been established to exclusively determine the dammarane triterpene saponins in PNL. Methods Ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/Q-TOF MS) and HPLC-UV methods were developed for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of ginsenosides in PNL, respectively. Results Extraction conditions, including solvents and extraction methods, were optimized, which showed that ginsenosides Rc and Rb3, the main components of PNL, are transformed to notoginsenosides Fe and Fd, respectively, in the presence of water, by removing a glucose residue from position C-3 via possible enzymatic hydrolysis. A total of 57 saponins were identified in the methanolic extract of PNL by UPLC/Q-TOF MS. Among them, 19 components were unambiguously characterized by their reference substances. Additionally, seven saponins of PNL—ginsenosides Rb1, Rc, Rb2, and Rb3, and notoginsenosides Fc, Fe, and Fd—were quantified using the HPLC-UV method after extraction with methanol. The separation of analytes, particularly the separation of notoginsenoside Fc and ginsenoside Rc, was achieved on a Zorbax ODS C8 column at a temperature of 35°C. This developed HPLC-UV method provides an adequate linearity (r2 > 0.999), repeatability (relative standard deviation, RSD < 2.98%), and inter- and intraday variations (RSD < 4.40%) with recovery (98.7–106.1%) of seven saponins concerned. This validated method was also conducted to determine seven components in 10 batches of PNL. Conclusion These findings are beneficial to the quality control of PNL and its relevant products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Ni Ma
- Department of Product Development, Wenshan Sanqi Institute of Science and Technology, Wenshan University, Wenshan, China
| | - Chengwei He
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Yuanjia Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Peng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Meiwan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Huanxing Su
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Jian-Bo Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
- Corresponding author. Room 6034, Building N22, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macao 999078, China.
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Liu J, Liu Y, Zhao L, Zhang ZH, Tang ZH. Profiling of ginsenosides in the two medicinal Panax herbs based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:1770. [PMID: 27795912 PMCID: PMC5059545 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-3427-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
As the king of herb plants, ginseng has been used for nearly 5000 years in medicines in Asia and recently in the West. Ginsenosides, the main active constituents in Panax herbs, have prominent immunoregulatory effects. Although extensively studied in the roots, ginsenosides have not been studied with regard to their profiles and natural variations in the leaf, stem, petiole, lateral root, and main roots during development or among species. In this study, a sensitive ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry method with a shorter chromatographic running time was developed and validated for simultaneous quantification of ten ginsenosides. Comparing ginsenoside contents in various parts during different developmental stages revealed part-specific accumulation of most ginsenosides. Further investigation indicated that Rg3 accumulated at significantly higher levels in the petiole of P. ginseng than in that of P. quinquefolius. The relative ratio of ginsenoside Rb2 to Rb1 appears to be a candidate metabolic marker for identifying the ginseng cultivar within a diverse collection of ginseng accessions. In addition, the PCA showed that aboveground parts differed significantly between species and can be considered as species-specific markers rather than roots. This comprehensive survey, providing reliable, affordable and adequate scientific evidence, could be used to differentiate two species and discriminate ginseng cultivar ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040 China
| | - Yang Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040 China
| | - Long Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040 China
| | - Zhong-Hua Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040 China
| | - Zhong-Hua Tang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040 China
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Zhuang J, Tang X, Du Z, Yang M, Zhou Y. Prediction of biomarkers of therapeutic effects of patients with lung adenocarcinoma treated with gefitinib based on progression-free-survival by metabolomic fingerprinting. Talanta 2016; 160:636-644. [PMID: 27591660 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lung carcinoma is one of the most frequently diagnosed malignancy and threats human life and health. In clinical practice, gefitinib, one of the most well-known epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors, was frequently used in the treatment of non-small cell lung carcinoma. However, this drug is not useful for all non-small cell patients. In this study, the biomarkers were found out to predict the therapeutic effects of gefitinib for lung carcinoma patients. Serum samples were collected from patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma. The ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC)-quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry (Q-TOF MS) was conducted to obtain the metabolic data for each patient. Partial least squares-discriminate analysis (PLS-DA) was performed to indicate the differences between metabolites of patients, and Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was used to eliminate the interference of the patient's gender, age, smoking history and disease stage. Thus, differential biomarkers were found. The combination of these biomarkers was statistically significant predictors based on progression-free survival. If these biomarkers can be further confirmed by the clinic, it could suggest the proper therapeutic schedule, and help to reduce patients' economic burden and medication side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingcong Zhuang
- Analysisand Testing Center, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaohu Tang
- Analysisand Testing Center, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Research Center, Shandong Cancer Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zhenxia Du
- Analysisand Testing Center, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Ming Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Research Center, Shandong Cancer Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Ying Zhou
- Analysisand Testing Center, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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Ning Z, Liu Z, Song Z, Zhao S, Dong Y, Zeng H, Shu Y, Lu C, Liu Y, Lu A. A single marker choice strategy in simultaneous characterization and quantification of multiple components by rapid resolution liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (RRLC-QqQ-MS). J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 124:174-188. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Skirycz A, Kierszniowska S, Méret M, Willmitzer L, Tzotzos G. Medicinal Bioprospecting of the Amazon Rainforest: A Modern Eldorado? Trends Biotechnol 2016; 34:781-790. [PMID: 27113632 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ignorant of the New World, Europeans believed in El Dorado, a hidden city of immense wealth in gold. Many consider the Amazonian forest to be a medicinal treasure chest and potentially the largest drug dispensary in the world. Yet, the quest to obtain drugs from indigenous tropical plants remains elusive. Here, we assess the potential of new technologies to tap into the metabolic diversity of tropical plants. We also consider how regulations affect access to plant resources. We conclude that, although the road to this medicinal El Dorado may be long and arduous, many other smaller but still valuable finds are hidden along the way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Skirycz
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany; Previous affiliation: ITV Institute, Vale. S.A., Belem, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Lothar Willmitzer
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
| | - George Tzotzos
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy; Previous affiliation: ITV Institute, Vale. S.A., Belem, Brazil
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Wang Y, Choi HK, Brinckmann JA, Jiang X, Huang L. Chemical analysis of Panax quinquefolius (North American ginseng): A review. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1426:1-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Peng Y, Zhao L, Lin D, Liu Y, Zhang M, Song S. Determination of the chemical constituents of the different processed products of Anemarrhena asphodeloides Rhizomes by high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2015; 30:508-19. [PMID: 26230281 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In this work, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with a hybrid quadrupole time of-flight mass spectrometry (Q-TOF-MS/MS) was used to study chemical compositions of different processed products of Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (RA). A Grace Alltima(TM) C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) was used for separation. Mobile phase consisted of 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile, using gradient elution. ESI-MS data was acquired in both positive and negative mode. The experiment was established on the basis of a series of reference substances (two xanthone and seven saponins) to qualitatively identify the chemical compounds of different processed products of RA by MS analysis. There was no difference in the type of chemical constituents between different processed products of RA. A total of 25 compounds were identified, including four xanthones, 21 steroidal saponins and eight pairs of isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Lulu Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Dongju Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yuyang Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Mengyu Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - ShaoJiang Song
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
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Wu W, Lu Z, Teng Y, Guo Y, Liu S. Structural Characterization of Ginsenosides from Flower Buds of Panax ginseng by RRLC-Q-TOF MS. J Chromatogr Sci 2015; 54:136-43. [PMID: 26270079 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmv115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Ginseng flower bud as a part of Panax ginseng has received much attention as a valuable functional food with medicinal potential. A few studies focused on systematic and comprehensive studies on its major ingredients. This study aims to rapidly characterize ginsenosides in ginseng flower buds and provide scientific basis for developing functional food, exploiting pharmaceutical effects and making full use of ginseng resources. A rapid resolution liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (RRLC-Q-TOF-MS) method was developed for rapid qualitative and quantitative analysis of ginsenosides in ginseng flower buds. The compounds were identified by comparing retention time of the reference standards, accurate mass measurement and the fragment ions obtained from RRLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS analyses. A total of 14 kinds of ginsenosides were identified and 5 kinds of malonyl-ginsenosides were first tentatively identified in ginseng flower buds. Ten kinds of main ginsenosides were quantitatively analyzed. The developed RRLC-Q-TOF-MS method was demonstrated as an effective analytical means for rapid characterization of the ginsenosides in flower buds of P. ginseng. The research result is valuable for quality control, assessment of authenticity and stability evaluation of ginseng flower buds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, No. 1035 Boshuo Road, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Ziyan Lu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, No. 1035 Boshuo Road, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Yaran Teng
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, No. 1035 Boshuo Road, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Yingying Guo
- Jilin Province Product Quality Supervision Test Institute, Changchun 130103, China
| | - Shuying Liu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, No. 1035 Boshuo Road, Changchun 130117, China Changchun Center of Mass Spectrometry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
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Li S, Lin H, Qu C, Tang Y, Shen J, Li W, Yue S, Kai J, Shang G, Zhu Z, Zhang C, Liu P, Yan H, Zhang L, Qian L, Qian D, Duan JA. Urine and plasma metabonomics coupled with UHPLC-QTOF/MS and multivariate data analysis on potential biomarkers in anemia and hematinic effects of herb pair Gui-Hong. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 170:175-83. [PMID: 25985767 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The compatibility of Angelicae Sinensis Radix (Danggui) and Carthami Flos (Honghua), a famous herb pair Gui-Hong, can produce synergistic and complementary hematinic effects. Our previous studies have indicated that Gui-Hong has therapeutic potential treatment in hemolytic and aplastic anemia (HAA). The present study aimed to investigate the hematinic effects of Danggui, Honghua and Gui-Hong on HAA rats induced by acetyl phenylhydrazine (APH) and cyclophosphamide (CP) and to explore the underlying hematinic regulation mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats were divided into 5 groups, and drugs were administered by oral gavage one time each day for continuous 7 days from the experiment began. Urine and plasma were analyzed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF/MS). Partial least-squares discriminate analysis (PLS-DA) models were built to evaluate the therapeutic effects of Danggui, Honghua and Gui-Hong. Pearson correlation matrix analysis method was used to discover the correlations between potential biomarkers and biochemical indicators of HAA rats. RESULTS Seven potential biomarkers contribute to the separation of model group and control group were tentatively identified. The levels of l-kynurenine, phenylalanine, nicotinic acid and sphingosine increased significantly (P<0.05) in HAA rats, while the levels of l-isoleucine, l-tyrosine and serotonin decreased significantly (P<0.05) in comparison with control rats. Those endogenous metabolites were chiefly involved in phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis, tryptophan metabolism and tyrosine metabolism. The metabolic deviations could be regulated closer to normal level after Danggui, Honghua and Gui-Hong intervention. In term of hematinic effects, Gui-Hong was the most effective as shown by the relative distance in PLS-DA score plots and relative intensity of potential biomarkers. The result reflected the synergic action between Danggui and Honghua. The above results were found to be reasonable in explaining the hematinic effects mechanism of Gui-Hong. CONCLUSIONS The results of routine blood, urinary metabolic pattern and plasma metabolic pattern show the Danggui, Honghua and Gui-Hong groups are moving toward the control group and the HAA was being prevented and alleviated. The effect of Gui-Hong group is more remarkable than Danggui and Honghua groups. Some potential biomarkers like l-kynurenine, phenylalanine, l-isoleucine, l-tyrosine, serotonin, nicotinic acid and sphingosine have been found and identified. The work shows that the metabonomics method is a promising tool in the efficacy and mechanism research of traditional Chinese medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujiao Li
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hang Lin
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Cheng Qu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yuping Tang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Juan Shen
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Weixia Li
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shijun Yue
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jun Kai
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Guanxiong Shang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhenhua Zhu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Changbin Zhang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Pei Liu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hui Yan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Li Qian
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Dawei Qian
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jin-ao Duan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Effect of Ginseng (Panax ginseng) Berry EtOAc Fraction on Cognitive Impairment in C57BL/6 Mice under High-Fat Diet Inducement. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:316527. [PMID: 26161118 PMCID: PMC4486251 DOI: 10.1155/2015/316527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
High-fat diet-induced obesity leads to type 2 diabetes. Recently, there has been growing apprehension about diabetes-associated cognitive impairment (DACM). The effect of ginseng (Panax ginseng) berry ethyl acetate fraction (GBEF) on mice with high-fat diet-induced cognitive impairment was investigated to confirm its physiological function. C57BL/6 mice were fed a high-fat diet for 5 weeks and then a high-fat diet with GBEF (20 and 50 mg/kg of body weight) for 4 weeks. After three in vivo behavioral tests (Y-maze, passive avoidance, and Morris water maze tests), blood samples were collected from the postcaval vein for biochemical analysis, and whole brains were prepared for an ex vivo test. A method based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) accurate-mass quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (Q-TOF/MS) was used to determine major ginsenosides. GBEF decreased the fasting blood glucose levels of high-fat diet-induced diabetes mellitus (DM) mice and improved hyperglycemia. Cognitive behavior tests were examined after setting up the DM mice. The in vivo experiments showed that mice treated with GBEF exhibited more improved cognitive behavior than DM mice. In addition, GBEF effectively inhibited the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels of DM mice brain tissues. Q-TOF UPLC/MS analyses of GBEF showed that ginsenoside Re was the major ginsenoside.
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Song Y, Zhang N, Shi S, Li J, Zhao Y, Zhang Q, Jiang Y, Tu P. Homolog-focused profiling of ginsenosides based on the integration of step-wise formate anion-to-deprotonated ion transition screening and scheduled multiple reaction monitoring. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1406:136-44. [PMID: 26105782 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Homolog-focused profiling is a favored option to bridge targeted metabolomics toward non-targeted metabolomics. In current study, an attempt was made for the large-scale ginsenoside-specific analysis in ginseng (G) and American ginseng (AG). When formic acid (0.1%, v/v) was introduced as the mobile phase additive, formate anion-to-deprotonated ion transitions ([M+HCOO](-)>[M-H](-)) with an optimal collision energy (-32eV) could result in satisfactory responses for ginsenosides. Therefore, a step-wise multiple reaction monitoring (MRM)-based method employing [M+HCOO](-)>[M-H](-) ion pairs was constructed to screen ginsenosides among 501-1250u (for Q1) with a step-size of 2u, and MRM also served as a survey experiment to trigger enhanced product ion scans for MS(2) spectrum acquisition on a hybrid triple quadrupole-linear ion trap mass spectrometer; then, the identification of those observed ginsenosides was achieved on the basis of the well-defined mass cracking patterns for ginsenosides; afterwards, scheduled MRM was introduced for large-scale relatively quantitative analysis of all detected ginsenosides. Finally, comparative metabolomics were performed to differentiate G, AG, and their processed products. Method validation was carried out using thirteen authentic compounds. A total of 221 ginsenosides, among which 185 ones were annotated, were observed and relatively quantitated. All crude materials were obviously classified into groups I-III. Above all, the MRM-based homolog-focused profiling of ginsenosides could be used as a reliable tool to gain an in-depth view for ginsenoside-enriched herbal products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuelin Song
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China; Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014060, China
| | - Shepo Shi
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jun Li
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yunfang Zhao
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Pengfei Tu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
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He C, Li J, Xu N, Wang R, Li Z, Yang L, Wang Z. Pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, and metabolism of Notoginsenoside Fc in rats by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 109:150-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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A metabolomics approach to stratify patients diagnosed with diabetes mellitus into excess or deficiency syndromes. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:350703. [PMID: 25667595 PMCID: PMC4312632 DOI: 10.1155/2015/350703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of type 2 diabetes continuously increases globally. The traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) can stratify the diabetic patients based on their different TCM syndromes and, thus, allow a personalized treatment. Metabolomics is able to provide metabolite biomarkers for disease subtypes. In this study, we applied a metabolomics approach using an ultraperformance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled with quadruple-time-of-flight (QTOF) mass spectrometry system to characterize the metabolic alterations of different TCM syndromes including excess and deficiency in patients diagnosed with diabetes mellitus (DM). We obtained a snapshot of the distinct metabolic changes of DM patients with different TCM syndromes. DM patients with excess syndrome have higher serum 2-indolecarboxylic acid, hypotaurine, pipecolic acid, and progesterone in comparison to those patients with deficiency syndrome. The excess patients have more oxidative stress as demonstrated by unique metabolite signatures than the deficiency subjects. The results provide an improved understanding of the systemic alteration of metabolites in different syndromes of DM. The identified serum metabolites may be of clinical relevance for subtyping of diabetic patients, leading to a personalized DM treatment.
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Martin E, González-Horta C, Rager J, Bailey KA, Sánchez-Ramírez B, Ballinas-Casarrubias L, Ishida MC, Gutiérrez-Torres DS, Hernández Cerón R, Viniegra Morales D, Baeza Terrazas FA, Saunders RJ, Drobná Z, Mendez MA, Buse JB, Loomis D, Jia W, García-Vargas GG, Del Razo LM, Stýblo M, Fry R. Metabolomic characteristics of arsenic-associated diabetes in a prospective cohort in Chihuahua, Mexico. Toxicol Sci 2015; 144:338-46. [PMID: 25577196 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic exposure to inorganic arsenic (iAs) has been linked to an increased risk of diabetes, yet the specific disease phenotype and underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. In the present study we set out to identify iAs exposure-associated metabolites with altered abundance in nondiabetic and diabetic individuals in an effort to understand the relationship between exposure, metabolomic response, and disease status. A nested study design was used to profile metabolomic shifts in urine and plasma collected from 90 diabetic and 86 nondiabetic individuals matched for varying iAs concentrations in drinking water, body mass index, age, and sex. Diabetes diagnosis was based on measures of fasting plasma glucose and 2-h blood glucose. Multivariable models were used to identify metabolites with altered abundance associated with iAs exposure among diabetic and nondiabetic individuals. A total of 132 metabolites were identified to shift in urine or plasma in response to iAs exposure characterized by the sum of iAs metabolites in urine (U-tAs). Although many metabolites were altered in both diabetic and nondiabetic 35 subjects, diabetic individuals displayed a unique response to iAs exposure with 59 altered metabolites including those that play a role in tricarboxylic acid cycle and amino acid metabolism. Taken together, these data highlight the broad impact of iAs exposure on the human metabolome, and demonstrate some specificity of the metabolomic response between diabetic and nondiabetic individuals. These data may provide novel insights into the mechanisms and phenotype of diabetes associated with iAs exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Martin
- *Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Programa de Maestría en Ciencias en Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México, Colegio de Médicos Cirujanos y Homeópatas del Estado de Chihuahua, A.C., Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, International Agency for Research of Cancer, Monographs Section, IARC/WHO, Lyon Cedex, France, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Gómez Palacio, Durango, México and Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México DF, México
| | - Carmen González-Horta
- *Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Programa de Maestría en Ciencias en Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México, Colegio de Médicos Cirujanos y Homeópatas del Estado de Chihuahua, A.C., Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, International Agency for Research of Cancer, Monographs Section, IARC/WHO, Lyon Cedex, France, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Gómez Palacio, Durango, México and Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México DF, México
| | - Julia Rager
- *Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Programa de Maestría en Ciencias en Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México, Colegio de Médicos Cirujanos y Homeópatas del Estado de Chihuahua, A.C., Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, International Agency for Research of Cancer, Monographs Section, IARC/WHO, Lyon Cedex, France, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Gómez Palacio, Durango, México and Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México DF, México
| | - Kathryn A Bailey
- *Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Programa de Maestría en Ciencias en Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México, Colegio de Médicos Cirujanos y Homeópatas del Estado de Chihuahua, A.C., Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, International Agency for Research of Cancer, Monographs Section, IARC/WHO, Lyon Cedex, France, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Gómez Palacio, Durango, México and Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México DF, México
| | - Blanca Sánchez-Ramírez
- *Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Programa de Maestría en Ciencias en Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México, Colegio de Médicos Cirujanos y Homeópatas del Estado de Chihuahua, A.C., Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, International Agency for Research of Cancer, Monographs Section, IARC/WHO, Lyon Cedex, France, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Gómez Palacio, Durango, México and Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México DF, México
| | - Lourdes Ballinas-Casarrubias
- *Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Programa de Maestría en Ciencias en Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México, Colegio de Médicos Cirujanos y Homeópatas del Estado de Chihuahua, A.C., Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, International Agency for Research of Cancer, Monographs Section, IARC/WHO, Lyon Cedex, France, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Gómez Palacio, Durango, México and Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México DF, México
| | - María C Ishida
- *Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Programa de Maestría en Ciencias en Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México, Colegio de Médicos Cirujanos y Homeópatas del Estado de Chihuahua, A.C., Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, International Agency for Research of Cancer, Monographs Section, IARC/WHO, Lyon Cedex, France, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Gómez Palacio, Durango, México and Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México DF, México
| | - Daniela S Gutiérrez-Torres
- *Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Programa de Maestría en Ciencias en Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México, Colegio de Médicos Cirujanos y Homeópatas del Estado de Chihuahua, A.C., Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, International Agency for Research of Cancer, Monographs Section, IARC/WHO, Lyon Cedex, France, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Gómez Palacio, Durango, México and Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México DF, México
| | - Roberto Hernández Cerón
- *Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Programa de Maestría en Ciencias en Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México, Colegio de Médicos Cirujanos y Homeópatas del Estado de Chihuahua, A.C., Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, International Agency for Research of Cancer, Monographs Section, IARC/WHO, Lyon Cedex, France, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Gómez Palacio, Durango, México and Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México DF, México
| | - Damián Viniegra Morales
- *Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Programa de Maestría en Ciencias en Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México, Colegio de Médicos Cirujanos y Homeópatas del Estado de Chihuahua, A.C., Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, International Agency for Research of Cancer, Monographs Section, IARC/WHO, Lyon Cedex, France, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Gómez Palacio, Durango, México and Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México DF, México
| | - Francisco A Baeza Terrazas
- *Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Programa de Maestría en Ciencias en Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México, Colegio de Médicos Cirujanos y Homeópatas del Estado de Chihuahua, A.C., Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, International Agency for Research of Cancer, Monographs Section, IARC/WHO, Lyon Cedex, France, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Gómez Palacio, Durango, México and Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México DF, México
| | - R Jesse Saunders
- *Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Programa de Maestría en Ciencias en Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México, Colegio de Médicos Cirujanos y Homeópatas del Estado de Chihuahua, A.C., Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, International Agency for Research of Cancer, Monographs Section, IARC/WHO, Lyon Cedex, France, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Gómez Palacio, Durango, México and Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México DF, México
| | - Zuzana Drobná
- *Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Programa de Maestría en Ciencias en Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México, Colegio de Médicos Cirujanos y Homeópatas del Estado de Chihuahua, A.C., Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, International Agency for Research of Cancer, Monographs Section, IARC/WHO, Lyon Cedex, France, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Gómez Palacio, Durango, México and Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México DF, México
| | - Michelle A Mendez
- *Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Programa de Maestría en Ciencias en Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México, Colegio de Médicos Cirujanos y Homeópatas del Estado de Chihuahua, A.C., Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, International Agency for Research of Cancer, Monographs Section, IARC/WHO, Lyon Cedex, France, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Gómez Palacio, Durango, México and Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México DF, México
| | - John B Buse
- *Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Programa de Maestría en Ciencias en Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México, Colegio de Médicos Cirujanos y Homeópatas del Estado de Chihuahua, A.C., Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, International Agency for Research of Cancer, Monographs Section, IARC/WHO, Lyon Cedex, France, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Gómez Palacio, Durango, México and Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México DF, México
| | - Dana Loomis
- *Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Programa de Maestría en Ciencias en Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México, Colegio de Médicos Cirujanos y Homeópatas del Estado de Chihuahua, A.C., Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, International Agency for Research of Cancer, Monographs Section, IARC/WHO, Lyon Cedex, France, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Gómez Palacio, Durango, México and Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México DF, México
| | - Wei Jia
- *Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Programa de Maestría en Ciencias en Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México, Colegio de Médicos Cirujanos y Homeópatas del Estado de Chihuahua, A.C., Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, International Agency for Research of Cancer, Monographs Section, IARC/WHO, Lyon Cedex, France, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Gómez Palacio, Durango, México and Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México DF, México
| | - Gonzalo G García-Vargas
- *Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Programa de Maestría en Ciencias en Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México, Colegio de Médicos Cirujanos y Homeópatas del Estado de Chihuahua, A.C., Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, International Agency for Research of Cancer, Monographs Section, IARC/WHO, Lyon Cedex, France, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Gómez Palacio, Durango, México and Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México DF, México
| | - Luz M Del Razo
- *Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Programa de Maestría en Ciencias en Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México, Colegio de Médicos Cirujanos y Homeópatas del Estado de Chihuahua, A.C., Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, International Agency for Research of Cancer, Monographs Section, IARC/WHO, Lyon Cedex, France, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Gómez Palacio, Durango, México and Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México DF, México
| | - Miroslav Stýblo
- *Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Programa de Maestría en Ciencias en Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México, Colegio de Médicos Cirujanos y Homeópatas del Estado de Chihuahua, A.C., Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, International Agency for Research of Cancer, Monographs Section, IARC/WHO, Lyon Cedex, France, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Gómez Palacio, Durango, México and Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México DF, México
| | - Rebecca Fry
- *Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Programa de Maestría en Ciencias en Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México, Colegio de Médicos Cirujanos y Homeópatas del Estado de Chihuahua, A.C., Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, International Agency for Research of Cancer, Monographs Section, IARC/WHO, Lyon Cedex, France, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Gómez Palacio, Durango, México and Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México DF, México
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Wu W, Sun L, Zhang Z, Guo Y, Liu S. Profiling and multivariate statistical analysis of Panax ginseng based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 107:141-50. [PMID: 25590943 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
An ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS) method was developed for the detection and structural analysis of ginsenosides in white ginseng and related processed products (red ginseng). Original neutral, malonyl, and chemically transformed ginsenosides were identified in white and red ginseng samples. The aglycone types of ginsenosides were determined by MS/MS as PPD (m/z 459), PPT (m/z 475), C-24, -25 hydrated-PPD or PPT (m/z 477 or m/z 493), and Δ20(21)-or Δ20(22)-dehydrated-PPD or PPT (m/z 441 or m/z 457). Following the structural determination, the UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS-based chemical profiling coupled with multivariate statistical analysis method was applied for global analysis of white and processed ginseng samples. The chemical markers present between the processed products red ginseng and white ginseng could be assigned. Process-mediated chemical changes were recognized as the hydrolysis of ginsenosides with large molecular weight, chemical transformations of ginsenosides, changes in malonyl-ginsenosides, and generation of 20-(R)-ginsenoside enantiomers. The relative contents of compounds classified as PPD, PPT, malonyl, and transformed ginsenosides were calculated based on peak areas in ginseng before and after processing. This study provides possibility to monitor multiple components for the quality control and global evaluation of ginseng products during processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Le Sun
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Yingying Guo
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Shuying Liu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China; Changchun Center of Mass Spectrometry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China.
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Chen T, Gong X, Chen H, Qu H. Process development for the decoloration ofPanax notoginsengextracts: A design space approach. J Sep Sci 2014; 38:346-55. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Teng Chen
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
| | - Xingchu Gong
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
| | - Huali Chen
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
| | - Haibin Qu
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
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Wu T, Xie G, Ni Y, Liu T, Yang M, Wei H, Jia W, Ji G. Serum metabolite signatures of type 2 diabetes mellitus complications. J Proteome Res 2014; 14:447-56. [PMID: 25245142 DOI: 10.1021/pr500825y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A number of metabolic conditions, including hypoglycemia, high blood pressure (HBP), dyslipidemia, nerve damage and amputation, and vision problems, occur as a result of uncontrolled blood glucose levels over a prolonged period of time. The different components of diabetic complications are not independent but rather interdependent of each other, rendering the disease difficult to diagnose and control. The underlying pathogenesis of those components cannot be easily elucidated because of the heterogeneous, polygenic, and multifactorial nature of the disease. Metabonomics offers a snapshot of distinct biochemical variations that may reflect the unique metabolic phenotype under pathophysiological conditions. Here we report a mass-spectrometry-based metabonomic study designed to identify the distinct metabolic changes associated with several complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The 292 patients recruited in the study were divided into five groups, including T2DM with HBP, T2DM with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), T2DM with HBP and NAFLD, T2DM with HBP and coronary heart disease (CHD), and T2DM with HBP, NAFLD, and CHD. Serum differential metabolites were identified in each group of T2DM complication, mainly involving bile acid, fatty acid, amino acid, lipid, carbohydrate, steroids metabolism, and tricarboxylic acids cycle. These broad-spectrum metabolic changes emphasize the complex abnormalities present among these complications with elevated blood glucose levels, providing a novel strategy for stratifying patients with T2DM complications using blood-based metabolite markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wu
- Center of Chinese Medical Therapy and Systems Biology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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48
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Metabonomic study of chronic heart failure and effects of Chinese herbal decoction in rats. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1362:89-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Discrimination of leaves of Panax ginseng and P. quinquefolius by ultra high performance liquid chromatography quadrupole/time-of-flight mass spectrometry based metabolomics approach. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 97:129-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Sheth BP, Thaker VS. Plant systems biology: insights, advances and challenges. PLANTA 2014; 240:33-54. [PMID: 24671625 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-014-2059-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants dwelling at the base of biological food chain are of fundamental significance in providing solutions to some of the most daunting ecological and environmental problems faced by our planet. The reductionist views of molecular biology provide only a partial understanding to the phenotypic knowledge of plants. Systems biology offers a comprehensive view of plant systems, by employing a holistic approach integrating the molecular data at various hierarchical levels. In this review, we discuss the basics of systems biology including the various 'omics' approaches and their integration, the modeling aspects and the tools needed for the plant systems research. A particular emphasis is given to the recent analytical advances, updated published examples of plant systems biology studies and the future trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavisha P Sheth
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Advanced Studies in Plant Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Saurashtra University, Rajkot, 360005, Gujarat, India,
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