Fingerprint analysis of dang-gui-Si-Ni decoction and its anticoagulant activity in vivo-in vitro

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Dang-Gui-Si-Ni (DGSN) decoction is a classic prescription in the clinical practice of traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). DGSN decoction is often used to relieve symptoms of cold coagulation and blood stasis recorded by Treatise on Febrile Diseases (Shang Han Lun) and treat Raynaud's disease, dysmenorrhea, arthritis, migraine in TCM clinic. Accumulated evidences have suggested that this diseases are related to microcirculation disturbance. However, the anticoagulant activity and underlying mechanisms of DGSN decoction responsible for the therapeutic not well understood.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The fingerprint and anticoagulant activity in vivo-in vitro of DGSN decoction were evaluated to strengthen the quality control and activity study of formulas.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The chemical components of DGSN decoction were analyzed by HPLC and its fingerprint similarity were evaluated by "Chinese Medicine Chromatographic Fingerprint Similarity Evaluation Software (2012 Edition)". The anticoagulant activity of DGSN decoction was assessed by measuring four coagulation factors (PT, TT, APTT, FIB) in vitro. Zebrafish thrombosis model induced by punatinib was established to evaluate the activity of improving microvascular hemodynamics in vivo. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR) were adopted to compare the changes in the RNA expression levels of coagulation factor II (FII), VII (FVII), IX (FIX) and X (FX) in zebrafish thrombosis model.

RESULTS

The fingerprint similarity evaluation method of DGSN decoction was established. The results showed that 18 samples had higher similarity (S1-S18 > 0.878). Pharmacodynamic results showed that DGSN decoction could extend PT, TT and APTT, and reduce FIB content in vitro. Meanwhile, it markedly enhanced the cardiac output and blood flow velocity at low dosage (500 μg mL-1) in vivo. q-PCR data demonstrated that DGSN decoction (500 μg mL-1) could downregulate the RNA expression of FII, FVII, FIX and FX. Interestingly, there were a bidirectional regulation of FII, FIX and FX in a certain concentration range. In general, DGSN decoction can significantly improve hemodynamics and downregulate coagulation factors, and the results were consistent both in vitro - in vivo.

CONCLUSION

The fingerprint study provide a new perspective for improving the quality control of DGSN decoction. DGSN decoction possess anticoagulant activity by regulating multiple coagulation factors simultaneously. Thus, it has the potential to develop into the novel raw material of anticoagulant drugs.

Aerial parts of Angelica sinensis supplementation for improved broiler growth and intestinal health

This research examined the impact of incorporating Angelica sinensis's aerial components (APA), commonly referred to as "female ginseng", into broilers' diet. Two hundred eighty-eight 1-day-old Cobb 500 broilers were randomly assigned to the 4 experimental groups with 6 replications and 12 birds/replicate. The 4 groups were fed the diets included 4 concentrations of APA (0, 1, 2, and 3%, respectively). The study spanned 42 d, categorized as the starter phase (1-21 d) and the finisher phase (22-42 d). Notably, broilers fed with 3% APA demonstrated a pronounced surge in feed consumption and weight gain during the 22 to 42 d and over the full 42-d period (P < 0.05). Furthermore, when examining the broilers' intestinal structure, there was a notable increase in the villus height and villi ratio across the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, with a decrease in crypt depth upon 3% APA inclusion (P < 0.05). On a molecular note, certain genes connected to the intestinal mechanical barrier, such as Zona Occludens 1 and Claudin-2, saw significant elevation in the jejunum (P < 0.05). The jejunum also displayed heightened levels of antimicrobial peptides like lysozyme, mucin 2, sIgA, IgG, and IgM, showcasing an enhanced chemical and immune barrier (P < 0.05). Delving into the 16SrDNA sequencing of intestinal content, a higher microbial diversity was evident with a surge in beneficial bacteria, particularly Firmicutes, advocating a resilient and balanced microecosystem. The findings imply that a 3% APA dietary addition bolsters growth metrics and fortifies the intestinal barrier's structural and functional integrity in broilers.

Angelica sinensis polysaccharides modified selenium nanoparticles for effective prevention of acute liver injury

As a global public health issue, the treatment of acute liver injury (ALI) is severely limited due to the lack of specific drugs. In order to address the challenges, innovative strategies for selenium nanoparticles (Se NPs) with excellent antioxidant properties have been actively developed to effectively prevent ALI. However, the functional activity of Se NPs is severely affected by poor stability and bioavailability. The aim of this work is to develop a stabilization system (ASP-Se NPs) for Angelica sinensis polysaccharides modified Se NPs. The results showed that ASP-Se NPs with smaller size (62.38 ± 2.96 nm) showed good stability, specific accumulation in liver and enhanced cell uptake, thus exerting strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory functions. The results of in vivo experiments further confirmed that ASP-Se NPs effectively prevented CCl4-induced ALI by improving liver function, inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammatory response, and liver pathological damage. This work provides a new alternative method for effectively preventing ALI and improving liver function.

Volatile oil of Angelica sinensis Radix improves cognitive function by inhibiting miR-301a-3p targeting Ppp2ca in cerebral ischemia mice

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Angelica Sinensis Radix (ASR) is a commonly used Chinese medicine known for its effects on tonifying blood, promoting blood circulation, and alleviating pain associated with menstrual regulation. Additionally, it has been used in the treatment of vascular cognitive impairment (VCI). The primary pharmacodynamic agent within ASR is volatile oil of Angelica Sinensis Radix (VOASR), which has demonstrated efficacy in combating cognitive impairment, although its mechanism remains unclear.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to elucidate the potential molecular mechanisms underlying VOASR's improvement of cognitive function in cerebral ischemic mice.

METHODS

A model of cerebral ischemic mice was established through unilateral common carotid artery occlusion (UCCAO) surgery, followed by intervention with VOASR. Cognitive function was assessed using the Morris water maze (MWM) test, while RT-qPCR was utilized to measure the differential expression of miR-301a-3p in the hippocampus. To evaluate cognitive function and hippocampal protein differences, wild-type mice and miR-301a-3p knockout mice were subjected to the MWM test and iTRAQ protein profiling. The relationship between miR-301a-3p and potential target genes was validated through a Dual-Luciferase Reporter experiment. RT-qPCR and Western blot were employed to determine the differential expression of Ppp2ca and synaptic plasticity-related proteins in the mouse hippocampus.

RESULTS

Intervention with VOASR significantly improved cognitive impairment in cerebral ischemic mice and reduced the expression of miR-301a-3p in the hippocampus. Our findings suggest that miR-301a-3p may regulate cognitive function by targeting Ppp2ca. Furthermore, VOASR intervention led to an increase in the expression of Ppp2ca and synaptic plasticity-related proteins.

CONCLUSION

Our study indicates that VOASR may be involved in regulating cognitive function by inhibiting miR-301a-3p, consequently increasing the expression of Ppp2ca and synaptic plasticity proteins. These results provide a new target and direction for the treatment of cognitive dysfunction.

Sophora flavescens-Angelica sinensis in the treatment of eczema by inhibiting TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Sophora flavescens Ait.-Angelica sinensis(Oliv.) Diels drug pairing (SA) is a transformed drug pairing from Shengui pill, a traditional Chinese medicine prescription in the ninth volume of Traditional Chinese Medicine classic "Gu Jin Yi Jian", which is famous for clearing heat, moistening dryness, and promoting blood circulation. It is commonly used in the treatment of eczema, a skin condition that causes itching and inflammation. Despite its widespread use, there is still limited research on the mechanism of how SA treats eczema. This paper aims to fill this gap by conducting animal experiments to uncover the mechanism behind SA's therapeutic effects on eczema. Our findings provide a solid foundation for the clinical use of this TCM prescription.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The basic purpose of this study is to clarify the therapeutic mechanism of Sophora flavescens-Angelica sinensis (SA) in the treatment and control of eczema.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The chemical compositions of SA were analyzed using HPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS. In vivo, a mouse model of eczema was created, and the serum levels of TNF-α and IL-1β were quantified using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining was performed to assess the pathological state of the mouse skin, and immunohistochemical technique (IHC) was employed to estimate the contents of TNF-α, TLR4, and NF-κB semi-quantitatively. The expression levels of TLR4, MyD88, and NF-κB mRNA were determined through real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Western Blotting was utilized to identify the protein levels of TLR4, MyD88, and NF-κB in mouse skin tissue.

RESULTS

SA identified 18 active chemicals, some of which were shown in vivo to inhibit the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway while reducing serum levels of TNF-α and IL-1β, making them ideal agents for the treatment of eczema.

CONCLUSIONS

SA's anti-inflammatory properties are attributed to its ability to reduce serum levels of TNF-α and IL-1β, likewise inhibit the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway.

Angelica Sinensis Polysaccharide-Based Nanoparticles for Liver-Targeted Delivery of Oridonin

The present work aimed to study the feasibility of Angelica sinensis polysaccharide (ASP) as an instinctive liver targeting drug delivery carrier for oridonin (ORI) in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). ASP was reacted with deoxycholic acid (DOCA) via an esterification reaction to form an ASP-DOCA conjugate. ORI-loaded ASP-DOCA nanoparticles (ORI/ASP-DOCA NPs) were prepared by the thin-film water method, and their size was about 195 nm in aqueous solution. ORI/ASP-DOCA NPs had a drug loading capacity of up to 9.2%. The release of ORI in ORI/ASP-DOCA NPs was pH-dependent, resulting in rapid decomposition and accelerated drug release at acidic pH. ORI/ASP-DOCA NPs significantly enhanced the accumulation of ORI in liver tumors through ASGPR-mediated endocytosis. In vitro results showed that ORI/ASP-DOCA NPs increased cell uptake and apoptosis in HepG2 cells, and in vivo results showed that ORI/ASP-DOCA NPs caused effective tumor suppression in H22 tumor-bearing mice compared with free ORI. In short, ORI/ASP-DOCA NPs might be a simple, feasible, safe and effective ORI nano-drug delivery system that could be used for the targeted delivery and treatment of liver tumors.

ASAP: a platform for gene functional analysis in Angelica sinensis

BACKGROUND

Angelica sinensis (Danggui), a renowned medicinal orchid, has gained significant recognition for its therapeutic effects in treating a wide range of ailments. Genome information serves as a valuable resource, enabling researchers to gain a deeper understanding of gene function. In recent times, the availability of chromosome-level genomes for A. sinensis has opened up vast opportunities for exploring gene functionality. Integrating multiomics data can allow researchers to unravel the intricate mechanisms underlying gene function in A. sinensis and further enhance our knowledge of its medicinal properties.

RESULTS

In this study, we utilized genomic and transcriptomic data to construct a coexpression network for A. sinensis. To annotate genes, we aligned them with sequences from various databases, such as the NR, TAIR, trEMBL, UniProt, and SwissProt databases. For GO and KEGG annotations, we employed InterProScan and GhostKOALA software. Additionally, gene families were predicted using iTAK, HMMER, OrholoFinder, and KEGG annotation. To facilitate gene functional analysis in A. sinensis, we developed a comprehensive platform that integrates genomic and transcriptomic data with processed functional annotations. The platform includes several tools, such as BLAST, GSEA, Heatmap, JBrowse, and Sequence Extraction. This integrated resource and approach will enable researchers to explore the functional aspects of genes in A. sinensis more effectively.

CONCLUSION

We developed a platform, named ASAP, to facilitate gene functional analysis in A. sinensis. ASAP ( www.gzybioinformatics.cn/ASAP ) offers a comprehensive collection of genome data, transcriptome resources, and analysis tools. This platform serves as a valuable resource for researchers conducting gene functional research in their projects, providing them with the necessary data and tools to enhance their studies.

Antifungal mechanism of Angelica sinensis essential oil against Penicillium roqueforti and its application in extending the shelf life of bread

There are a variety of reports on the application of Angelica sinensis essential oil (ASEO) in the biomedical field. However, the antifungal mechanism of ASEO has not been reported. In this study, the antifungal mechanism of ASEO against Penicillium roqueforti was investigated by proteomics and genomics. ASEO can increase the permeability of P. roqueforti cell membrane and decrease the content of lipid and trehalose. With the increase of glycerol content, the HOG signaling pathway can be upregulated. Consistent with the above phenotypic changes, proteomics confirmed that ASEO treatment inhibited the steroid synthesis pathway of P. roqueforti. The significant down-regulation of ERG4, ERG6, ERG25, SMT1, and FDFT1 gene expression confirmed this conclusion. Cluster+activates the MAPK and UPP signaling pathways and ultimately leads to cell apoptosis. The bread shelf life experiment showed that ASEO could extend the shelf life of bread up to day 7. This study provides new evidence for the antifungal activity of ASEO against P. roqueforti and will promote the use of ASEO in the preservation of food and agricultural products.

Preparation and evaluation of Angelica sinensis polysaccharide-modified chitosan sponge for acute liver injury protection

In this study, a porous sponge material was formed by physically mixing chitosan (CS) and Angelica sinensis polysaccharide (ASP). After removing the water by freeze-drying, the CS/ASP sponge was obtained. The prepared sponges exhibited excellent swelling properties, thermal stability and biocompatibility as well as improvements over the insufficient mechanical properties of pure chitosan sponges. Notably, the ASP released from the CS/ASP sponge could be effectively absorbed by the liver, which endowed the CS/ASP sponge with effective liver-protective effects against CCl4-induced acute liver injury; these protective effects surpassed those of both blank CS and CS/Dextran sponges. The underlying protective mechanism may involve the activation of the Nrf2-mediated antioxidant signaling pathway and the inhibition of hepatocyte apoptosis. Understanding CS/ASP sponges may provide new insights and inspire new methods for the clinical application of ASP. At the same time, we hope to suggest future directions for the development of polysaccharide preparations.

[Protective effect and mechanism of Astragalus membranaceus and Angelica sinensis compatibility against triptolide-induced hepatotoxicity by regulating Keap1/Nrf2/PGC-1α]

This paper aims to investigate the protective effect and mechanism of Astragalus membranaceus and Angelica sinensis before and after compatibility against triptolide(TP)-induced hepatotoxicity. The experiment was divided into a blank group, model group, Astragalus membranaceus group, Angelica sinensis group, and compatibility groups with Astragalus membranaceus/Angelica sinensis ratio of 1∶1, 2∶1, and 5∶1. TP-induced hepatotoxicity model was established, and corresponding drug intervention was carried out. The levels of alanine transaminase(ALT), aspartate transaminase(AST), and alkaline phosphatase(ALP) in serum were detected. Pathological injuries of livers were detected by hematoxylin-eosin(HE) staining. The levels of malondialdehyde(MDA), superoxide dismutase(SOD), glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px), and reduced glutathione(GSH) in the liver were measured. Wes-tern blot method was used to detect the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2), Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1(Keap1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, coactivator-1 alpha(PGC-1α), heme oxygenase-1(HO-1), and NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1(NQO1) in livers. Immunofluorescence was used to detect the expression of Nrf2 and PGC-1α in livers. The results indicated that Astragalus membranaceus/Angelica sinensis ratio of 2∶1 and 5∶1 could significantly reduce the levels of serum AST, ALT, and ALP, improve the pathological damage of liver tissue, increase the levels of GSH and GSH-Px, and reduce the content of MDA in liver tissue. Astragalus membranaceus/Angelica sinensis ratio of 1∶1 and 2∶1 could significantly improve the level of SOD. Astragalus membranaceus and Angelica sinensis before and after compatibility significantly increased the protein expression of HO-1 and NQO1, improved the protein expression of Nrf2 and PGC-1α, and decreased the protein expression of Keap1 in liver tissue. The above results confirmed that the compatibility of Astragalus membranaceus and Angelica sinensis had antioxidant effects by re-gulating Keap1/Nrf2/PGC-1α, and the Astragalus membranaceus/Angelica sinensis ratio of 2∶1 and 5∶1 had stronger antioxidant effect and significantly reduced TP-induced hepatoto-xicity.

Network pharmacology and molecular docking study on the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome with angelica sinensis- radix rehmanniae drug pair

This study aimed to investigate the angelica sinensis - radix rehmanniae (AR) role in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), employing network pharmacology and molecular docking techniques for active ingredient, targets, and pathway prediction. AR active components were obtained through TCMSP platform and literature search. The related targets of AR and PCOS were obtained through the disease and Swiss Target Prediction databases. An "active ingredient-target" network map was constructed using Cytoscape software, and gene ontology and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes enrichment analysis was conducted through Hiplot. Finally, Auto Dock Tools software was used to conduct molecular docking between active ingredients and core targets. The main bioactive ingredients of AR in the treatment of PCOS are acteoside, baicalin, caffeic acid, cistanoside F, geniposide, etc. These ingredients involve 10 core targets, such as SRC, HSP90AA1, STAT3, MAPK1, and JUN. The effect of AR on anti-PCOS mainly involves the AGE-RAGE signaling pathway, Relaxin signaling pathway, TNF signaling pathway, and ErbB signaling pathway. Molecular docking results showed that the main active components and key targets of AR could be stably combined. AR can improve hyperandrogen status, regulate glucose homeostasis, and correct lipid metabolism and other physiological processes through multi-component, multi-target, and multi-pathway. Thus, it could play a significant role in PCOS treatment. The results of our study provide a scientific foundation for basic research and clinical applications of AR for the treatment of PCOS.

Synergistic inhibition of glioblastoma multiforme through an in-silico analysis of luteolin and ferulic acid derived from Angelica sinensis and Cannabis sativa: Advancements in computational therapeutics

The primary objective of this study is to uncover novel therapeutic agents for the treatment of Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM), a highly aggressive form of brain cancer, and Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Given the complexity and resistance associated with both conditions, the study underscores the imperative need for therapeutic alternatives that can traverse the biological intricacies inherent in both neuro-oncological and neurodegenerative disorders. To achieve this, a meticulous, target-based virtual screening was employed on an ensemble of 50 flavonoids and polyphenol derivatives primarily derived from plant sources. The screening focused predominantly on molecular targets pertinent to GBM but also evaluated the potential overlap with neural pathways involved in AD. The study utilized molecular docking and Molecular Dynamic (MD) simulation techniques to analyze the interaction of these compounds with a key biological target, protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor-type Z (PTPRZ). Out of the 50 compounds examined, 10 met our stringent criteria for binding affinity and specificity. Subsequently, the highest value of binding energy was observed for the synergistic binding of luteolin and ferulic acid with the value of -10.5 kcal/mol. Both compounds exhibited inherent neuroprotective properties and demonstrated significant potential as pathway inhibitors in GBM as well as molecular modulators in AD. Drawing upon advanced in-silico cytotoxicity predictions and sophisticated molecular modeling techniques, this study casts a spotlight on the therapeutic capabilities of polyphenols against GBM. Furthermore, our findings suggest that leveraging these compounds could catalyze a much-needed paradigm shift towards more integrative therapeutic approaches that span the breadth of both neuro-oncology and neurodegenerative diseases. The identification of cross-therapeutic potential in flavonoids and polyphenols could drastically broaden the scope of treatment modalities against both fatal diseases.

The efficacy and mechanism of Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels root aqueous extract based on RNA sequencing and 16S rDNA sequencing in alleviating polycystic ovary syndrome

BACKGROUND

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) leads to persistent anovulation, hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance, and polycystic ovary, and is mainly characterized by menstrual disorders, and reproductive dysfunction. Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels root has been used in many classical formulas of traditional Chinese medicine, and is commonly used to treat various gynecological diseases.

PURPOSE

To investigate the protective effect of water extract of A. sinensis root (WEA) on PCOS rats, and the mechanism by RNA sequencing, and 16S rDNA sequencing.

METHODS

The PCOS rat model was established by letrozole combined with high-fat diet (gavage; 2 months), and treated with WEA (gavage; 2 g/kg, 4 g/kg or 8 g/kg; 1 month). To evaluate the therapeutic effect of WEA on PCOS rats, vaginal smear, hematoxylin-eosin staining, and biochemical indicators detection were performed. The rat ovarian tissue was analyzed by RNA sequencing, and the results were verified by qRT-PCR, and Western blot. 16S rDNA sequencing was used to analyze the gut microbiota of rats.

RESULTS

The results of the vaginal smear, and hematoxylin-eosin staining showed that WEA improved estrous cycle disorder, and ovarian tissue lesions. WEA (4 g/kg or 8 g/kg; 1 months) alleviated hormone disorders, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia. RNA sequencing showed that WEA intervention significantly changed the expressions of 2756 genes, which were enriched in phosphatidylinositol3-kinase/phosphorylated protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and insulin signaling pathways. 16S rDNA sequencing found that WEA increased the species diversity of gut microbiota, and regulated the abundance of some microbiota (genus level: Dubosiella, Bifidobacterium, Coriobacteriaceae (UCG-002), and Treponema; species level: Bifidobacterium animalis, Lactobacillus murinus, and Lactobacillus johnsonii).

CONCLUSION

WEA regulated hormone, and glycolipid metabolism disorders, thereby relieving the PCOS induced by letrozole combined with high-fat diet. The mechanism was related to the regulation of PI3K/AKT, PPAR, MAPK, AMPK, and insulin signaling pathways in ovarian tissues, and the maintenance of gut microbiota homeostasis. Clarifying the efficacy and mechanism of WEA in alleviating PCOS based on RNA sequencing and 16S rDNA sequencing will guide the more reasonable clinical use of WEA.

Angelica sinensis polysaccharides ameliorated 5-Fluorouracil-induced damage of early B cell progenitors by alleviating oxidative stress of IL-7 producing mesenchymal stem and progenitor cells

B-lymphocytopenia among myelosuppression is the most intractable side effect of chemotherapy. Here, we investigated ways to alleviate 5-fluorouracil-caused stress hematopoietic impairment. We found that intraperitoneally injected ASP (Angelica sinensis polysaccharides) (100 mg/kg per day), one main active ingredient of Angelica sinensis, for consecutive 7 days, significantly recovered mouse bone marrow pro-B and pre-B cells, reversed the capacity of CFU-PreB colony forming, thus alleviating B cell reduction in the spleen and peripheral blood, as well as ameliorating immunoglobin from spleen and serum. The mechanism is related to the protective effects of ASP on IL-7 producing cells, including perivascular Leptin+ and CXCL12+ mesenchymal stem and progenitor cells (MSPCs), thus promoting IL-7 production, and activating IL-7R-mediated STAT5, PI3K-AKT signaling, including survival signals and EBF1, PAX5 transcription factor expression. Additionally, ASP's IL-7 promoting effect was demonstrated to be associated with maintaining osteogenesis/adipogenesis balance of MSPCs via the NRF2 antioxidant pathway. Collectively, our findings indicate that ASP reverse stress B-lymphocytopenia via improving Nrf2 signaling, promoting IL-7 production in MSPCs, and subsequently maintaining survival, proliferation, and differentiation of B cell progenitors, which may represent a promising therapeutic strategy.

Angelica sinensis polysaccharide ameliorates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease via restoring estrogen-related receptor α expression in liver

Angelica sinensis polysaccharide (ASP) showed increasingly recognized hepatoprotective effects and lipid regulation. Because polysaccharides are typically degraded into fragments or short-chain fatty acids in the gut, rather than being absorbed in their intact form, it is worth pondering why ASP can regulate hepatic lipid metabolism and protect the liver from damage caused by lipid accumulation. In vivo and in vitro nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) models with lipid accumulation were established to investigate the effect and potential mechanisms of ASP on hepatic fat accumulation. Our results showed that ASP remodeled the composition and abundance of the gut microbiota in high-fat diet-fed mice and increased their levels of propionate (0.92 ± 0.30 × 107 vs. 2.13 ± 0.52 × 107 ) and butyrate (1.83 ± 1.31 × 107 vs. 6.39 ± 1.44 × 107 ). Sodium propionate significantly increased the expression of estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) in liver cells (400 mM sodium propionate for 2.19-fold increase) and alleviated the progress of NAFLD in methionine-choline-deficient diet model. Taken together, our study demonstrated that ASP can regulate hepatic lipid metabolism via propionate/ERRα pathway and ultimately relieving NAFLD. Our findings demonstrate that ASP can be used as a health care product or food supplement to prevent NAFLD.

[Research progress in pharmacological effects and chemical components of processed Angelicae Sinensis Radix products]

Angelicae Sinensis Radix is one of the main Chinese medicinal materials with both medicinal and edible values. It has the functions of tonifying and activating blood, regulating menstruation and relieving pain, and moistening intestines to relieve constipation. It is mainly produced in the southeastern Gansu province, and that produced in Minxian, Gansu is praised for the best quality. The chemical components of Angelicae Sinensis Radix mainly include volatile oils, organic acids, and polysaccharides, which have anti-inflammatory, pain-relieving, anti-tumor, anti-oxidation, immunomodulatory and other pharmacological effects. Therefore, this medicinal material is widely used in clinical practice. By reviewing the relevant literature, this study systematically introduced the research status about the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of processed Angelicae Sinensis Radix products, aiming to provide a theoretical reference and support for the future research, development, and clinical application of related drugs.

Diverse neolignans and lignans from an aqueous extract of the Angelica sinensis root head

Neolignans and lignans with diverse new chemical structures, including eleven pairs of separated chiral enantiomers [(+)-/(-)-1-(+)-/(-)-5, (+)-/(-)-8, (+)-/(-)-10, and (+)-/(-)-12-(+)-/(-)-15], two achiral compounds (6 and 9), and an unseparated racemate [(±)-11], together with a new natural product (7) and 21 known derivatives, were isolated from an aqueous extract of the Angelica sinensis root head (guitou). Among the chiral isolates, (+)-/(-)-13 and (+)-/(-)-15 were scalemic pairs with enantiomeric ratios of around 3:1 and 1.5:1, respectively, while others were enantiomeric equivalent pairs. This indicates that the diverse neolignans in A. sinensis are biosynthesized via different pathways with varying degrees of stereo-controlled manners.

Comprehensive quality evaluation of two different geography originated Angelica sinensis Radix based on potential production area development and resource protection

Angelica sinensis Radix (ASR) is mainly produced in the southern region of Gansu, China, and is a famous edible and medicinal herb. Noticeably, Aba region in Sichuan, China has similar geographical and climatic conditions to the southern region of Gansu, China, and has the potential to further develop the ASR planting industry chain. This study was the first to use an innovative method that combines GC-MS, HPLC-DAD fingerprints, and stoichiometric analysis to compare and explore the feasibility of using the Aba region as a source of high-quality ASR supplements. GC-MS analysis showed that the composition of ASR essential oil(AEO) in these two regions was highly similar (>99%). The HPLC data showed that the main sources of differences in ASR components between the two regions were coniferyl ferulate, E-ligustilide, Z-ligustilide, and Butylidenephthalide, which have great potential in anti-depression, regulating gut microbiota, and other aspects. The ASR in Aba region was rich in these components, and its biological activity might be higher to some extent than that in southern Gansu. This study confirmed the potential of the Aba region in Sichuan to become a high-quality production area for ASR, which was conducive to the expansion of ASR resources and the development of related industrial chains.

Isolation of the Main Pathogens Causing Postharvest Disease in Fresh Angelica sinensis during Different Storage Stages and Impacts of Ozone Treatment on Disease Development and Mycotoxin Production

Angelica sinensis, a Chinese herbal medicine, is susceptible to molds during storage, reducing its quality, and even generating mycotoxins with toxic effects on human health. Fresh A. sinensis was harvested from Min County of Gansu Province in China and kept at room temperature. Naturally occurring symptoms were observed during different storage stages. Molds were isolated and identified from the diseased A. sinensis using morphological and molecular biology methods. The impact of ozone treatment on postharvest disease development and mycotoxin production was investigated. The results indicated that A. sinensis decay began on day 7 of storage and progressed thereafter. Nine mold species were isolated and characterized: day 7, two Mucormycetes; day 14, Clonostachys rosea; day 21, two Penicillium species and Aspergillus versicolor; day 28, Alternaria alternata and Trichoderma atroviride; and day 49, Fusarium solani. Ozone treatment markedly inhibited the development of postharvest disease and the mycotoxin production (such as, patulin, 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, and sterigmatocystin) in the rotten tissue of A. sinensis inoculated with the nine isolates.

Glutathione-modified graphene quantum dots as fluorescent probes for detecting organophosphorus pesticide residues in Radix Angelica Sinensis

A novel fluorescent sensor was developed in this study based on glutathione-functionalized graphene quantum dots (GQDs@GSH) to detect organophosphorus pesticide residues in Radix Angelica Sinensis. GQDs@GSH was synthesized by a one-step pyrolysis method with a fluorescence quantum yield as high as 33.9% and its structure was characterized by transmission electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. GQDs@GSH exhibited excellent fluorescence property showing strong blue fluorescence under UV irradiation. The fluorescence of GQDs@GSH could be quenched by Fe³⁺ by electron transfer and the quenched fluorescence could be recovered due to the strong chelating and reducing ability of phytic acid (PA). Under the catalyzation of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and choline oxidase (ChOx), acetylcholine (ACh) could be decomposed to H₂O₂, which could further oxidize Fe²⁺ to Fe³⁺ thus quenching the fluorescence of GQDs@GSH once again. Coumaphos, a kind of organophosphorus pesticide, could inhibit AChE activity, thus making the quenched fluorescence turn on again. Several parameters influencing the fluorescence response such as Fe³⁺, PA, ACh and coumaphos concentration, pH value and reaction time were optimized. Based on such a fluorescence "off-on-off-on" ngkmechanism, GQDs@GSH was successfully applied to the detection of coumaphos in Radix Angelica Sinensis. A good linear relationship between the fluorescence intensity and coumaphos concentration was obtained in the range of 0.1-10.0 μmol·L^-1. By a standard addition method, the recoveries were measured to be 101.44-117.90% with RSDs lower than 1.98%. The biosensor system is simple, sensitive and accurate. It has a good application prospect in the detection of organophosphorus pesticide residues in traditional Chinese medicine and agricultural products, and also expanded the application scope for glutathione as a highly selective biological molecule.

Effect of Angelica polysaccharide on mouse myeloid-derived suppressor cells

Angelica polysaccharide (APS) is a polysaccharide extracted from Angelica sinensis and it is one of the main active components of Angelica sinensis. Many studies have demonstrated that APS can promote the activation and function of a variety of immune cells and is recognized as an immune enhancer, but the regulatory effect of APS on myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) is still unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of APS on MDSC proliferation, differentiation and function through in vivo and in vitro experiments. In vitro, our results showed that APS promoted the proliferation, differentiation and immunosuppressive function of MDSC through STAT1 and STAT3 signaling pathways, and positively correlated with the expression level of Mannose receptor (MR, also known as CD206) and in a concentration-dependent manner on APS. In vivo, APS up-regulated T cells, γδT cells, CD8+T cells, natural killer cells, monocytes/macrophages, and granulocytes in the peripheral blood and spleen of mice to varying degrees and was accompanied by the same degree of increase in the proportion of MDSC. That reminds to the clinician that when applying APS as treatment they should pay attention to its possible side effects of increasing the quantity and function of MDSC, in order to increase its efficacy.

Responsible for Root Rot of Angelica sinensis and Characterization of Their Biological Enemies in Dingxi, China

Root rot is a serious disease in plantations of Angelica sinensis, severely reducing yield and quality and threatening sustainable production. Fusarium isolates (n = 32) were obtained from field samples of root rot tissue, leaves, and infected soil. Isolates were identified by comparison of the sequences of their internal transcribed spacer region and translation elongation factor 1-α to sequences of known species in the National Center for Biotechnology Information database. These Fusarium isolates include Fusarium tricinctum (43.75%), F. equiseti (31.25%), F. solani (9.37%), F. oxysporum (6.25%), F. acuminatum (6.25%), and F. incarnatum (3.12%). For pathogenicity testing under greenhouse conditions, seven isolates were selected based on a phylogenetic analysis, including four strains of F. tricinctum and one strain each of F. solani, F. oxysporum, and F. acuminatum. The seven isolates were all pathogenic but differed in their ability to infect: The four F. tricinctum strains were capable of causing root rot in A. sinensis at 100% incidence and were highly aggressive. Furthermore, the symptoms of root rot induced by those seven isolates were consistent with typical root rot cases in the field, but their disease severity varied. Observed histopathological preparations of F. tricinctum-infected seedlings and tissue slide results showed that this fungal species can penetrate epidermal cells and colonize the cortical cells where it induces necrosis and severe plasmolysis. Plate confrontation experiments showed that isolated rhizosphere bacteria inhibited the Fusarium pathogens that cause root rot in A. sinensis. Our results provide timely information about the use of biocontrol agents for suppression of root rot disease.

Prediction and validation of potential molecular targets for the combination of Astragalus membranaceus and Angelica sinensis in the treatment of atherosclerosis based on network pharmacology

Since the 20th century, mortality rate due to cardiovascular diseases has increased, posing a substantial economic burden on society. Atherosclerosis is a common cardiovascular disease that requires urgent and careful attention. This study was conducted to predict and validate the potential molecular targets and pathways of Astragalus membranaceus and Angelica sinensis (A&A) in the treatment of atherosclerosis using network pharmacology. The active ingredients of A&A were obtained using the TCMSP database, while the target genes of atherosclerosis were acquired using 2 databases, namely GeneCards and DrugBank. The disease-target-component model map and the core network were obtained using Cytoscape 3.8.2 and MCODE plug-in, respectively. The core network was then imported into the STRING database to obtain the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network diagram. Moreover, gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses were performed using the HIPLOT online website. Finally, the small molecules related to key signaling pathways were molecularly docked and visualized. Under the screening conditions of oral bioavailability ≥ 30% and drug-likeness ≥ 0.18, 22 active ingredients were identified from A&A, and 174 relevant targets were obtained. Additionally, 54 active ingredients were found in the extracted core network. Interleukin (IL)-17 signaling pathway, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling pathway, and Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway were selected as the main subjects through KEGG enrichment analysis. Core targets (RELA, IKBKB, CHUK, and MMP3) and active ingredients (kaempferol, quercetin, and isorhamnetin) were selected and validated using molecular docking. This study identified multiple molecular targets and pathways for A&A in the treatment of atherosclerosis. A&A has the potential to treat atherosclerosis through an antiinflammatory approach.

Exploring the Q-markers of Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels of anti-platelet aggregation activity based on spectrum-effect relationships

The radix of Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels (RAS) is widely used in medicinal and dietary applications in China, and has the function for replenishing and invigorating the blood, stopping pain and moistening the intestines. In this study, RAS from the main geoherb regions showed better efficacy in inhibiting Adenosine diphosphate- or arachidonic acid-induced platelet aggregation than those from non-geoherb regions. In addition, the HPLC fingerprints of 30 batches of RAS, as part of the comprehensive evaluation of RAS, were established and used for spectral efficiency to screen the quality markers for anti-platelet aggregation activities. Five compounds in RAS-senkyunolide I, uridine, guanine, ferulic acid and adenosine-were demonstrated to contribute significantly to the anti-platelet aggregation activity. These bioactive compounds, especially senkyunolide I and ferulic acid with stronger activities, could be used as quality markers of RAS for quality control of RAS.

A comparative study on the traditional versus modern yellow rice wine processing methods using Taohong Siwu Decoction for pharmaceutical production

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Taohong Siwu Decoction (THSWD) is based on the "First Recipe of Gynecology." It is widely used in various blood stasis and deficiency syndromes, mainly in gynecological blood stasis, irregular menstruation, and dysmenorrhea. THSWD has great demand in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), gynecology, orthopedics, and internal medicine. According to classical records, three medicinal materials, namely Rehmanniae radix, Angelica sinensis, and Carthamus tinctorius, used in THSWD need to be "washed with yellow rice wine." In the study of TCM prescriptions, the processing methods of medicinal materials not only needed to follow traditional records but also should consider modern technical conditions. Many medicinal materials in the repertoire of classical prescriptions involve yellow rice wine processing. Determining the processing method for medicinal materials is a key and difficult problem in the research and development of classical prescriptions.

AIM OF THE STUDY

With THSWD as the representative, this study analyzed differences between no processing method, the modern processing method of "stir-frying the materials with yellow rice wine," and the traditional processing method of "washing with yellow rice wine." We focused on three aspects: composition, efficacy, and endogenous metabolism. This study aimed to provide a reference for research on the processing methods of medicinal materials used in classical prescriptions.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

UPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS was used to quickly identify and classify the main chemical compounds of THSWD. A model of primary dysmenorrhea (PD) was established using estradiol benzoate combined with oxytocin. The latent period and writhing time; the levels of serum PGF2α, PGE2, ET-1, and β-EP; and the pathological sections of the uterus were observed to determine their pharmacodynamic differences. GC-TOF/MS was used to analyze the differences in serum metabolites in rats.

RESULTS

A total of 54 active compounds were identified, and the results showed that catalpol and rehmapicroside disappeared following yellow rice wine processing. Compared with materials processed by the traditional method, the relative contents of 15 components, such as 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and digitalis C, increased in materials processed by the modern method. However, the relative contents of 16 components, such as hydroxysafflor yellow A, verbascoside, and ferulic acid, decreased in the modern processing method. The modern and classic processing methods acted on PD through different metabolic pathways. THSWD obtained by classical processing methods mainly treated PD through anti-inflammatory and estrogen metabolism pathways, whereas THSWD obtained by modern processing methods mainly treated PD through anti-inflammatory metabolic pathways.

CONCLUSION

The study revealed the differences in different yellow rice wine processing methods in terms of chemical composition of the THSWD obtained, as well as the mechanisms of action for the treatment of PD. This study provides a reference for the clinical application of THSWD and development of classical prescription preparations.

Bolting reduces ferulic acid and flavonoid biosynthesis and induces root lignification in Angelica sinensis

Angelica sinensis is a perennial herbaceous species that produces the bioactive metabolites ferulic acid and alkylphthalides widely applied in the treatment of cardio-cerebrovascular diseases. While the effects of bolting on plant biomass and metabolites accumulation have been partly investigated, the mechanism of bolting reducing metabolites biosynthesis is still limited. In this study, the root biomass, accumulations of ferulic acid, flavonoids and lignin, antioxidant capacity, and related genes expression at four different bolting stages were investigated. The results showed that there was a 2.2-, 2.4- and 2.9-fold decrease of the root biomass, ferulic acid and flavonoids contents, while a 2.9-fold increase of lignin content on a per plant basis during the bolting stages. The antioxidant capacity also exhibited significant decrease with growth and development. The differential expression levels of the 20 genes, which are involved in biosynthesis of ferulic acid (e.g. AsPAL1, As4CLs and AsHCT), flavonoids (e.g. AsCHS, AsCHI and AsI3'H) and lignin (e.g. AsCAD1 and AsLACs), were consistent with changes in the above metabolites accumulation. The findings will provide useful references for improving the production of bioactive metabolites in A. sinensis.

[Effect of cropping patterns onbacterial community diversity and metabolic function in rhizosphere soil of Angelica sinensis]

The sustainable development of Angelica sinensis industry is seriously restricted by continuous cropping obstacles. In order to explore an efficient cultivation technique for A. sinensis, an experiment with five cropping patterns [A: Pisum sativum (Ps)-A. sinensis (As)-As, control); B: Ps-Triticum aestivum (Ta)-As; C: Ps-Mongolia astragalus (Ma)-As; D: Ps-Solanum tuberosum (St)-As); E: Ps-Fallow (F)-As)] were conducted in major A. sinensis producing areas located in Weiyuan County, Gansu Province. The physicochemical properties and relative abundance of bacterial genomic DNA in rhizosphere soil under different cropping patterns were measured during A. sinensis harvest period to investigate the effects of different cropping patterns on physicochemical properties, bacterial community diversity, and metabolic pathways. The results showed that: 1) the physicochemical properties in A. sinensis rhizosphere soil varied among different cropping patterns. Compared with the control, soil electrical conductivity under C pattern was significantly higher, and lower under B, D and E, CO₂ respiration rate for B, C, D and E were significantly increased. 2) Soil bacteria of A. sinensis rhizosphere soil in the five cropping patterns belonged to 26 phyla and 368 genera. The dominant genera were Gemmatimonas from Gemmatimonadetes, Sphingomonas from Proteobacteria, and Subgroup_6 from Acidobacteria. Compared with the control, the relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria under B and C patterns was significantly higher, Acidobacteria in D pattern was significantly lower, while Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, and Actinobacteria in E pattern was significantly higher. 3) There were significantly negative relations between soil pH, electrical conductivity, contents of organic matter, available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium with the relative abundance of Proteobacteria in A. sinensis rhizosphere soil across the five cropping patterns. 4) There was significant difference in relative abundance for bacteria of six metabolic pathways under the five cropping patterns. In conclusion, C pattern had a regulating effect on physicochemical properties and bacterial communities in A.sinensis rhizosphere soil, which could be taken as a major practice to overcome the continuous cropping obstacles.

Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking Study on the Potential Mechanism of Yi-Qi-Huo-Xue-Tong-Luo Formula in Treating Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the potential mechanism of action of Yi-Qi-Huo-Xue-Tong-Luo formula (YQHXTLF) in the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN).

METHODS

Network pharmacology and molecular docking techniques were used in this study. Firstly, the active ingredients and the corresponding targets of YQHXTLF were retrieved using the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology (TCMSP) platform; subsequently, the targets related to DPN were retrieved using GeneCards, Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM), Pharmgkb, Therapeutic Target Database (TTD) and Drugbank databases; the common targets of YQHXTLF and DPN were obtained by Venn diagram; afterwards, the "YQHXTLF Pharmacodynamic Component-DPN Target" regulatory network was visualized using Cytoscape 3.6.1 software, and Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis were performed on the potential targets using R 3.6.3 software. Finally, molecular docking of the main chemical components in the PPI network with the core targets was verified by Autodock Vina software.

RESULTS

A total of 86 active ingredients and 229 targets in YQHXTLF were screened, and 81 active ingredients and 110 targets were identified to be closely related to diabetic peripheral neuropathy disease. PPI network mapping identified TP53, MAPK1, JUN, and STAT3 as possible core targets. KEGG pathway analysis showed that these targets are mostly involved in AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications, TNF signaling pathway, and MAPK signaling pathway. The molecular docking results showed that the main chemical components of YQHXTLF have a stable binding activity to the core pivotal targets.

CONCLUSION

YQHXTLF may act on TP53, MAPK1, JUN, and STAT3 to regulate inflammatory response, apoptosis, or proliferation as a molecular mechanism for the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy, reflecting its multitarget and multipathway action, and providing new ideas to further uncover its pharmacological basis and mechanism of action.

The protective effects of different compatibility proportions of the couplet medicines for Astragali Radix and Angelica sinensis Radix on myocardial infarction injury

Context: Astragali Radix (AR) and Angelica sinensis Radix (ASR) combinations are used to treat cardiovascular disorders.Objectives: This study investigates the protective effects of different compatibility proportions of AR and ASR on cardiac dysfunction in a C57BL/6 mouse model of myocardial infarction (MI).Materials and methods: MI mice were induced by ligation of the left coronary artery and divided into six groups: sham, vehicle, 10 mg/kg/d simvastatin and combinations of AR and ASR at different ratios, including 1:1 (AR 2.5 g/kg + ASR 2.5 g/kg), 3:1 (AR 3.75 g/kg + ASR 1.25 g/kg) and 5:1 (AR 4.17 g/kg + ASR 0.83 g/kg). Both AR-ASR combinations and simvastatin were dissolved in saline solution and given daily by gavage. The left ventricle function, infarct size, heart tissue injury, apoptosis of cardiomyocytes, leukocyte infiltrates, capillary density and expression of cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-9, Bcl-2, Bax, Bad, IL-1β, IL-6, VEGF, p-Akt and p-eNOS were analysed.Results: Different combinations of AR and ASR improve cardiac function and reduce infarct size (61.15% vs. 39.3%, 42.65% and 45.5%) and tissue injury through different mechanisms. When AR was combined with ASR at ratio of 1:1, the inflammation and cardiomyocyte apoptosis were suppressed (p < 0.05, p < 0.01). The combination ratio of 3:1 exerted effect in promoting angiogensis (p < 0.05). In the combination of AR and ASR at 5:1 ratio, angiogenesis was significantly improved (p < 0.01) and the apoptosis was inhibited (p < 0.05).Conclusions: Our results reflect the regulation of multiple targets and links in herb pairs and provide an important basis for the use of AR and ASR combinations in the treatment of MI.

Hepatoprotective Angelica sinensis silver nanoformulation against multidrug resistant bacteria and the integration of a multicomponent logic gate system

The rampant usage of antibiotics has led to the emergence of toxicity, especially hepatotoxicity and the emergence of microbial drug resistance. Hence, a series of novel hepatoprotective, biocompatible, antibacterial silver nanoformulations (AS-AgNPs) were developed by using the important Chinese medicinal plant Angelica sinensis. The different size of AS-AgNPs were characterized by UV-Visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The size-dependent antibacterial properties of AS-AgNPs were investigated against Gram-positive, Gram-negative and multi-drug resistant bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of AS-AgNPs with different size against six bacteria was found to be in the range of 5-100 μg mL-1 with no resistance till 12 cycles. TEM and SEM results of bacteria after the treatment suggested that AS-AgNPs disrupted the cell membrane by creating pores. The cytocompatibility and cytoprotective effect of AS-AgNPs were evaluated against HepG2 cell lines, which showed that 85% of cells were viable up to 100 μg mL-1 of the concentration with almost no change in AST and ALT levels. Further, a logic combinatorial library, including basic logic gates (AND, OR, NOR, INHIBIT, IMPLICATION, and YES), three input logic gates (OR, and NOR) and combinatorial gates (INH-OR, INH-YES, INH-INH, AND-NOR, and NOT-AND-NOR) were designed by integrating multi-components based on the interaction between AS-AgNP1 and bacteria, where DiSC3(5) was used as the signal reporter. This system clearly demonstrates the ability of simple logic circuits to perform sophisticated analysis for the detection of multiple bacteria.

Angelica sinensis extract protects against ischemia-reperfusion injury in the hippocampus by activating p38 MAPK-mediated p90RSK/p-Bad and p90RSK/CREB/BDNF signaling after transient global cerebral ischemia in rats

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels, commonly known as Dang Gui (DG), is one of the most popular traditional Chinese herbal medicines for the treatment of stroke. However, the effects of DG on transient global cerebral ischemia (GCI) and its precise mechanisms remain unclear.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study aimed to investigate the effects of the DG extract on ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in the hippocampus 7 d after transient GCI and to identify the potential mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-related signaling pathway in the hippocampus involved in the effects.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Rats were intragastrically administered DG at doses of 0.25 g/kg (DG-0.25g), 0.5 g/kg (DG-0.5g), or 1 g/kg (DG-1g) 1, 3, and 5 d after GCI.

RESULTS

DG-0.5g and DG-1g treatments effectively promoted hippocampal cornu ammonis 1 (CA1) neuronal survival. DG-0.5g and DG-1g treatments markedly increased phospho-p38 MAPK (p-p38 MAPK), phospho-90-kDa ribosomal S6 kinase (p-p90RSK), cytosolic and mitochondrial phospho-Bad (p-Bad), phospho-cAMP response element-binding protein (p-CREB), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and p-CREB/BDNF expression; decreased 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, cytochrome c (Cytc), and cleaved caspase-3 expression, and inhibited apoptosis in the hippocampal CA1 region. Pretreatment with a specific inhibitor of p38 MAPK, SB203580, completely blocked the effects of DG-1g on the expression of the aforementioned proteins.

CONCLUSIONS

DG-0.5g and DG-1g treatments exerted neuroprotective effects on I/R injury by activating p38 MAPK-mediated p90RSK/p-Bad-induced anti-apoptotic-Cytc/caspase-3-related and p90RSK/CREB/BDNF survival signaling in the hippocampus 7 d after transient GCI.

[Study on history of processing and drying of Angelicae sinensis]

Angelicae sinensis Radix( ASR) is a commonly used medicinal material in Chinese medicine,widely used in clinical practice of Chinese medicine,Gansu province is the genuine production area of ASR. This paper studies the evolution law of drying method of ASR,the results showed that drying process was the key affection of the medicinal properties and quality of ASR,and it was an important reflection of the authentic properties of ASR. The drying history of ASR has gradually changed from the earliest shade drying to various drying methods. The Chinese Pharmacopoeia stipulates that the drying method of ASR is"fumigation drying",and the traditional drying method can not meet the processing needs of the origin. In recent years,the new drying methods and drying effects on the quality of ASR are more.

Dang-Gui-Liu-Huang Tang a traditional herbal formula, ameliorates imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like skin inflammation in mice by inhibiting IL-22 production

BACKGROUND

The traditional herbal formula, Dang-Gui-Liu-Huang Tang (DGLHT) has been previously shown to inhibit T lymphocyte proliferation and suppress dendritic cell function. Hypothesis/Purpose: To assess the therapeutic value of DGLHT for the treatment of psoriasis, a Th1 and/or Th17 cell-mediated inflammatory skin disease, and to investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms.

METHODS

An in vivo mouse model of imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriasis-like inflammation was used to investigate the effect of DGLHT. The anti-inflammatory effects of an ethanolic extract of DGLHT (DGLHT-E) and the mechanism responsible were examined in an in vitro model using IL-1α, IL-17A, IL-22, oncostatin M, plus TNF-α (M5) stimulated HaCaT cells. The anti-proliferative effect of DGLHT-E was examined by analyzing the expression levels of K16, K17 and Ki67 in IL-22 stimulated HaCaT cells.

RESULTS

Topical application of 1% DGLHT-E significantly reduced psoriasis-like symptoms including scaling and epidermal hyperplasia in IMQ-treated mice. Immunohistochemical studies showed that DGLHT-E exerted potent anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting IL-22 production in local skin lesions. DGLHT-E also attenuated the productions of CXCL10 and CCL20 in M5-stimulated HaCaT cells by suppressing the ERK1/2, JNK and STAT3 signaling pathways. Furthermore, berberine hydrochloride, a primary constituent of DGLHT-E inhibited the expressions of the proliferation markers K16 and K17 in IL-22 stimulated HaCaT cells.

CONCLUSION

These results suggested that DGLHT-E offers a possible treatment for psoriasis, and that berberine hydrochloride might be a useful component of ointment-based treatments for psoriatic lesions.

Clinical effect of cervical paravertebral nerve block combined with Mailuoning and Angelica sinensis in treatment of nerve-root type cervical spondylosis

To observe and analyze the clinical effect of cervical paravertebral nerve block combined with Mailuoning and Angelica sinensis injection in treatment of nerve-root type cervical spondylosis. 120 patients who have been accepted by our hospital for nerve-root type cervical spondylosis were selected as research objects. They were randomly divided into a research group and a control group, each containing 60 patients. The control group was applied with glucocorticoid nerve block therapy, while the research group was treated by cervical paravertebral nerve block combined with Mailuoning and Angelica sinensis injection. The total therapeutic response rates of two groups were compared. The total therapeutic response rate of the research group was relatively higher,P<0.05. Through comparing various clinical effect scores between two groups, the research group also had advantages over control group, P<0.05. The treatment satisfaction degree of the research group was also higher than that of control group, P<0.05. The application of cervical paravertebral nerve block combined with Mailuoning and Angelica sinensis injection can achieve better medical results and achieve higher treatment satisfaction degree.

Butylidenephthalide abrogates the myofibroblasts activation and mesenchymal transdifferentiation in oral submucous fibrosis

Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is a premalignant disorder in the oral cavity, and areca nut chewing habit has been implicated in the persistent activation of myofibroblasts and the subsequent fibrosis. Therefore, it is critical to ameliorate the excessive activities of myofibroblasts prior to the malignant transformation of OSF. In the current study, we evaluated the cytotoxicity of butylidenephthalide (BP), a major phthalide ingredient of Angelica sinensis, in fibrotic buccal mucosal fibroblasts (fBMFs) as well as various myofibroblast hallmarks, including the phenotypical characteristics and fibrosis-related markers. Our results demonstrated that myofibroblast activities, including collagen gel contraction, migration, invasion and wound healing abilities were inhibited in response to BP. The expression levels of myofibroblast marker, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), fibronectin and type 1 collagen A1 were decreased after exposure of BP. Moreover, we found that the EMT-related markers, Twist, Snail and ZEB1 were all downregulated after BP treatment. Most importantly, our findings demonstrated that BP impeded the binding of Snail to the E-box region in the α-SMA promoter, which may lead to inhibition of the arecoline-induced myofibroblast activities. Collectively, our data indicated that BP reduced numerous myofibroblast features in fBMFs and hindered the binding of Snail to α-SMA, thereby may function as an effective and natural antifibrosis compound.

A novel approach using metabolomics coupled with hematological and biochemical parameters to explain the enriching-blood effect and mechanism of unprocessed Angelica sinensis and its 4 kinds of processed products

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Angelica sinensis (AS), root of Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels, an important kind of Chinese traditional herbal medicine, has been used for women to enrich the blood for thousands of years. It is mainly distributed in Gansu province of China. According to Traditional Chinese medicine usage, unprocessed AS (UAS) and its 4 kinds of processed products (ASs) are all used to treat different diseases or syndromes. The difference among the enriching-blood effects of ASs is unclear. And their exact mechanisms of enriching the blood are not fully understood.

AIM OF THE STUDY

In this study, our aim is to compare the enriching-blood effect and explain the related mechanism of ASs, to lay the foundation for the blood deficiency diagnosis and the rational use of ASs in the clinic.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

ASs were used to intervene the blood deficiency syndrome model mice induced by acetyl phenylhydrazine (APH) and cyclophosphamide (CTX). A novel approach using metabolomics coupled with hematological and biochemical parameters to explain the enriching-blood effect and mechanism of ASs was established. The blood routine examination, ATPase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, methemoglobin, glutathion peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and erythropoietin were measured. Two biofluids (plasma and urine) obtained from mice were analyzed with GC-MS. Distinct changes in metabolite patterns of the two biofluids after mice were induced by APH and CTX, and mice were intervened with ASs were analyzed using partial least squares-discriminant analysis. Potential biomarkers were found using a novel method including variable importance in the projection (VIP) >1.0, volcano plot analysis, and significance analysis of microarray.

RESULTS

The results of hematological, biochemical parameters and the integrated metabolomics all showed the blood deficiency syndrome model was built successfully, ASs exhibited different degree of enriching-blood effect, and AS pached with alcohol (AAS) exhibited the best enriching-blood effect. 16 metabolites in the plasma and 8 metabolites in the urine were considered as the potential biomarkers. These metabolites were involved in 7 metabolic pathways which were concerned with the different enriching-blood effect mechanisms of ASs. The correlation analysis results confirmed L-Valine (plasma), Linoleic acid (urine), L-Aspartic acid (urine) and Cholesterol (urine) were strong positive or negative associated with biochemical indicators.

CONCLUSIONS

The enriching-blood effects of ASs are different. The pathological mechanisms of blood deficiency syndrome and the enriching-blood effect mechanism of ASs are involved in 7 metabolic pathways. L-Valine (plasma), Linoleic acid (urine), L-Aspartic acid (urine), Cholesterol (urine) are four important biomarkers being related to the enriching-blood effect of ASs. The combination of VIP, volcano plot analysis and significance analysis of microarray is suitable for screening biomarkers in metabolomics study. They can lay the foundation for clinical practice.

Integrated metabonomic-proteomic studies on blood enrichment effects of Angelica sinensis on a blood deficiency mice model

CONTEXT

Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels (Umbelliferae) (AS) is a well-known Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) that enriches and regulates the blood.

OBJECTIVE

An integrated metabonomic and proteomic method was developed and applied to study the blood enrichment effects and mechanisms of AS on blood deficiency (BD) mouse model.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Forty mice were randomly divided into the control, BD, High-dose of AS (ASH), Middle-dose of AS (ASM), and Low-dose of AS (ASL) groups. BD model mice were established by injecting N-acetylphenylhydrazine (APH) and cyclophosphamide (CTX) (ip). The aqueous extract of AS was administered at three dose of 20, 10, or 5 g/kg b. wt. orally for 7 consecutive days before/after APH and CTX administration. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) combined with pattern recognition method and 2D gel electrophoresis (2-DE) proteomics were performed in this study to discover the underlying hematopoietic regulation mechanisms of AS on BD mouse model.

RESULTS

Unlike in the control group, the HSP90 and arginase levels increased significantly (p < 0.05) in the BD group, but the levels of carbonic anhydrase, GAPDH, catalase, fibrinogen, GSTP, carboxylesterase and hem binding protein in the BD group decreased significantly (p < 0.05). Unlike the levels in the BD group, the levels of these biomarkers were regulated to a normal state near the control group in the ASM group. Unlike in the control group, l-alanine, arachidonic acid, l-valine, octadecanoic acid, glycine, hexadecanoic acid, l-threonine, butanoic acid, malic acid, l-proline and propanoic acid levels increased significantly (p < 0.05) in the BD group, the levels of d-fructose in the BD group decreased significantly (p < 0.05). The relative concentrations of 12 endogenous metabolites were also significantly affected by the ASL, ASM, and ASH treatments. Notably, most of the altered BD-related metabolites were restored to normal state after ASM administration.

CONCLUSION

AS can promote hematopoietic activities, inhibit production of reactive oxygen species, regulate energy metabolism, increase antiapoptosis, and potentially contribute to the blood enrichment effects of AS against APH- and CTX-induced BD mice.

[Radix Angelicae Sinensis and Radix Hedysari Enhance Radiosensitivity of Human Liver Cancer Cells to ¹²C⁶⁺Radiation]

OBJECTIVE

To determine the effect of Radix Angelicae Sinensis and Radix Hedysari (RAS-RH) on radiosensitivity of human liver cancer H22 cells to heavy ion ¹²C⁶⁺and its possible mechanism.

METHODS

The experiment involved a comparison of proliferation of H22 cells (detected by CCK-8 assay) between four groups: control,drug (RAS-RH),radiation,and combination (RAS-RH+radiation). H22 cells were treated with different doses of radiation alone or radiation followed by RAS-RH. The radiation enhancement effect of RAS-RH on H22 was detected by Colony forming assay. The effect of RAS-RH on the apoptosis of H22 cells was detected by flow cytometry. The influence of RAS-RH on the expression levels of related protein Survivin and Caspase-9 was investigated by Western blot.

RESULTS

RAS-RH inhibited the proliferation of H22 cells,with a time and dose dependency [inhibitory concentration 20% (IC₂₀)=(117.60±2.15) mg/L]. The survival rate of H22 cells decreased significantly with the increase of heavy ion ¹²C⁶⁺. The two survival curves produced by the Graph Pad Prism 5.0 software were clearly separated. The combination group demonstrated smaller shoulder area at low dosage and lower survival rate of cells compared with radiation group,with a sensitization enhancement ratio (SER) of 1.39±0.07. The combination group (100 mg/L RAS-RH+2 Gy) had higher apoptosis rate and Caspase-9 protein expression level,and lower Survivin protein expression level,compared with other 3 groups ( P<0.01).

CONCLUSION

RAS-RH has radiation sensitization effect on human hepatocellular carcinoma H22 cells. The mechanism may be related to down-regulation of Survivin protein expression and up regulation of Caspase-9 protein expression.

A randomized, double-blind, placebo- controlled study on the anti-haemostatic effects of Curcuma longa, Angelica sinensis and Panax ginseng

PURPOSE

Herbs with "blood-activating" properties by traditional medicine theory often raise concerns for their possible anti-platelet or anticoagulation effects based on reports from in vitro studies. Such herbs have been implicated for bleeding manifestations based on only anecdotal reports. In particular, the combination of such herbs with anti-platelet agents is often empirically advised against despite lack of good clinical evidence. Here we studied 3 commonly used herbal preparations Curcuma longa, Angelica sinensis and Panax ginseng on their respective anti-platelet and anticoagulation effect, alone and in combination with aspirin.

STUDY DESIGN

This is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial involving 25 healthy volunteers for each herbal preparation.

METHODS

Each subject underwent 3 phases comprising of herbal product alone, aspirin alone and aspirin with herbal product, where each phase lasted for 3 weeks with 2 weeks of washout between phases. PT/APTT, platelet function by light transmission aggregometry and thrombin generation assay by calibrated automated thrombogram were measured at baseline and after each phase. Information on adverse reaction including bleeding manifestations was collected after each phase.

RESULTS

On the whole there was no clinically relevant impact on platelet and coagulation function. With the exception of 5 of 24 subjects in the Curcuma longa group, 2 of 24 subjects in the Angelica sinensis group and 1 of 23 subjects in the Panax ginseng group who had an inhibition in arachidonic-acid induced platelet aggregation, there was no effect of these 3 herbals products on platelet aggregation by other agonists. Combination of these herbal products with aspirin respectively did not further aggravate platelet inhibition caused by aspirin. None of the herbs impaired PT/APTT or thrombin generation. There was no significant bleeding manifestation.

CONCLUSIONS

This study on healthy volunteers provides good evidence on the lack of bleeding risks of Curcuma longa, Angelica sinensis and Panax ginseng either used alone or in combination with aspirin.

Danggui Buxue Tang (Astragali Radix and Angelicae Sinensis Radix) for menopausal symptoms: A review

BACKGROUND

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has contributed greatly to human health in past several thousand years. Today, the development of TCM is facing two obstacles: (i) quality control of herbal extract; and (ii) action mechanisms not known.

OBJECTIVES

Among thousands of complex TCM formulations, Danggui Buxue Tang (DBT) is the simplest one. DBT is used to treat ailments in women and contains only two herbs, Astragali Radix (Huangqi; AR) and Angelicae Sinensis Radix (Danggui; ASR). The weight ratio of AR to ASR in DBT must be 5:1, as stipulated in AD 1247. By using DBT as a model formula, we develop a strategy to reveal the complexity of a traditional TCM formula.

RESULTS

There are 3 levels of research directions: (i) the preparation of DBT and its rationale behind; (ii) the traditional theory of DBT is elucidated by chemical and biological determinations; and (iii) the action mechanisms of DBT are revealed.

CONCLUSION

Through the chemical, biological, genomic and proteomic studies, a possible direction in resolving the preparation mythologies, pharmacological and mechanistic analyses of a TCM decoction is being proposed here.

Effect of Angelica acutiloba Extract on Blood flow Regulation in Stroke-prone Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

Angelica acutiloba Kitagawa (Yamato Toki) is a herbal medicine known to exhibit various health effects. In this study, we used a rat model to examine the effects of two different Yamato Toki extracts on the blood flow response of the instep of the hind paw. Twelve-week- old male stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) were orally given 200 mg of a water extract of Yamato Toki (n=6), 200 mg of an ethanol extract of Yamato Toki (n = 6), 30 mg/kg of nicardipine (n = 6) as a positive control and saline (n = 6) as a negative control. Blood flow was monitored continuously for 0, 1, 3, 6 and 24 hours after treatment. Rats given 200 mg of the ethanol extract of Yamato Toki demonstrated significantly greater blood flow compared with control rats at I hour after treatment. An ethanol extract of Yamato Toki from Nara administrated orally can increase blood flow in SHRSP.

[Protective Effects of Angelica sinensis Volatile Oil on Atherosclerosis in Hyperlipidemia Mice]

OBJECTIVE

To study the protective effects of Angelica sinensis volatile oil on atherosclerosis in hyperlipidemia mice.

METHODS

60 mice were randomly divided into normal control group, model group, fluvastatin group, and high-, medium- and low-dose groups of Angelica sinensis volatile oil. Normal control group were fed with normal diet, the other groups were fed with high fat diet, and treated orally Vitamin D3 (100 million IU/kg) daily for 42 d. At the 14th day after modeling, fluvastatin group were orally administrated fluvastatin (6.7 mg /kg), and high-, medium- and low-doses of Angelica sinensis volatile oil groups were orally administrated Angelica sinensis volatile oil (40, 20, 10 mg /kg) for 28 d, and the normal control group and model group were administrated equal volume normal saline. The activity state, body weight and the levels of TC, TG, HDL-C and LDL-C in serum were measured. The atherosclerosis indexes (AI1, AI2), coronary heart index (R-CHR) were calculated. After the mice were killed, the heart, liver and abdominal aortas were taken. The mass of the heart and liver were measured, and the organ indexes were calculated; the tissues were fixed by formalin, embedded in paraffin, sliced, HE stained, and the histopathology changes were observed by microscope.

RESULTS

Compared with normal control group, the body weight of mice in the model group were decreased (P＜0.01), and the heart, liver indexes were significantly increased (P＜0.05), the levels TC, TG, LDL-C and HDL-C in serum and AI1, AI2 and R-CHR were significantly increased after modeling 42 d (P < 0.01). Compared with the model group, the mice body weight were significantly increased, and the heart, liver index were significantly decreased (P＜0.05) in the high-, middle-dose group of Angelica sinensis volatile oil groups; the TC, TG and LDL-C levels were significantly decreased in low-dose group (P＜0.05 or P＜0.01); AI1 and R-CHR were significantly decreased (P＜0.05 or P＜0.01) in all Angelica sinensis volatile oil groups, but the AI2 in the high-dose group of Angelica sinensis volatile oil was significantly decreased (P＜0.05). The histopathology results showed that Angelica sinensis volatile oil could relieve the fatty degeneration of hepatic cells and the injury of thoracic aortic intimae, and myocardial fibrosis, which could inhibit the formation of atherosclerotic plaque.

CONCLUSION

The certain protective effects of Angelica sinensis volatile oil are determinated on atherosclerosis in hyperlipidemia mice.

[Effects of extraction of Angelicae sinensis and Astragalus mongholicus on the peritoneal structure, functions and TGF-β1 expression in the chronic peritoneal failure rats]

OBJECTIVE

To study the effects of extraction of Angelicae sinensis and Astragalus mongholicus (EAA) on the peritoneal structure, functions and transforming growth factor-β₁(TGF-β₁) expression in the chronic peritoneal failure rats.

METHODS

Fifty SD rats were randomly divided into normal control group, model control group, positive control group, high-dose and low-dose EAA group(n=10). The modeling rats were established by intraperitoneal injection(ip) 4.25% high-glucose peritoneal dialysate 100 ml/kg, lasted 40 d, and ip lipopolysaccharides (LPS) 5 mg/kg at 8^thd, 10^thd and 12^thd. At the same time, the rats were treated with the corresponding drugs. The body weight and general states, the levels of ultrafiltration volume, the parameters of peritoneal transport function, the changes of peritoneal morphology and the TGF-β₁ expression in parietal peritoneum of rats were observed.

RESULTS

EAA could increase the levels of ultrafiltration volume and improve the parameters of peritoneal transport function. The peritoneal thickness were decreased, and the TGF-β₁ expression in parietal peritoneum were also lowered significantly.

CONCLUSIONS

EAA has some protective effects on the peritoneal structure and functions, and can inhibit TGF-β₁ expression.

[Research on the Correlation Between Soil Mineral Elements and NIR Fingerprint of Angelica sinensis]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the correlation between soil mineral elements and NIR fingerprint of Angelica sinensis.

METHODS

The fingerprint of 130 batches of Angelica sinensis from 12 production regions were determined by near infrared spectra with integrating sphere and diffuse device of near infrared spectrometer. The determination of 15 kinds of mineral elements in the corresponding origin of soil mass fraction were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry or inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, grey correlation analysis and multivariate nonlinear regression method were used to analyze.

RESULTS

The soil mineral elements and their contribution were Cu > Pb, which were the main influencing factors of Angelica sinensis NIR fingerprint maximum absorbance on peak 7 249cm-1; the contribution of mineral elements in soil were Cr > Fe > Zn > Cd > Ca on peak 6 996 cm-1,there were positive correlation between Cr and Cd, and negative correlation between Fe and Ca; on peak 5 900 cm-1were Cu; on peak 5 000 cm-1were K > Ca > Zn; on peak 4 762 cm-1were K > Sb; on peak 4 651 cm-1were Ca > K > As > Cr, there were positive correlation between Ca and K, and the positive correlation or negative correlation between the square of As and Cr; the contribution of mineral elements in soil on peak 4 545cm-1were Ni > Cu > As; on peak 4 347 cm-1were Cd > Ca > As > Fe > K > Sb, and there were positive correlation among Cd, K, As and Fe.

CONCLUSION

Angelica sinensis NIR fingerprint spectrum characteristics associate with a variety of soil mineral elements, which show the multiplicity and interactivity.

Ligustilide treatment promotes functional recovery in a rat model of spinal cord injury via preventing ROS production

Ligustilide from traditional Chinese medicine extract, angelica sinensis is one of the main active components, and has many pharmacological activities related to the effectiveness. This study sought to determine whether neuro-protection of ligustilide promotes functional recovery in a rat model of spinal cord injury (SCI) via preventing ROS production. Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were induced using operation for model SCI. Furthermore, Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan (BBB) scale and footprint analysis of gait was used to assess the neuro-protection of ligustilide on SCI. The intracellular reactive oxygen species (iROS), prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α production levels were measured by monoclonal enzyme immunoassay kit. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene expression, activator protein-1 (AP-1) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) protein expressions were detected using Quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR) and western blot analyses, respectively. Interestingly, treatment with ligustilide significantly increased BBB scale and reduced recovery of coordination in SCI rats. After SCI, the iROS, PGE(2), IL-1β, TNF-α production levels and iNOS gene expression were significantly suppressed in SCI rats. These results suggest that the neuro-protection of ligustilide promotes functional recovery in a rat model of spinal cord injury via preventing ROS production.

Urine and plasma metabonomics coupled with UHPLC-QTOF/MS and multivariate data analysis on potential biomarkers in anemia and hematinic effects of herb pair Gui-Hong

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

The compatibility of Angelicae Sinensis Radix (Danggui) and Carthami Flos (Honghua), a famous herb pair Gui-Hong, can produce synergistic and complementary hematinic effects. Our previous studies have indicated that Gui-Hong has therapeutic potential treatment in hemolytic and aplastic anemia (HAA). The present study aimed to investigate the hematinic effects of Danggui, Honghua and Gui-Hong on HAA rats induced by acetyl phenylhydrazine (APH) and cyclophosphamide (CP) and to explore the underlying hematinic regulation mechanisms.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Rats were divided into 5 groups, and drugs were administered by oral gavage one time each day for continuous 7 days from the experiment began. Urine and plasma were analyzed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF/MS). Partial least-squares discriminate analysis (PLS-DA) models were built to evaluate the therapeutic effects of Danggui, Honghua and Gui-Hong. Pearson correlation matrix analysis method was used to discover the correlations between potential biomarkers and biochemical indicators of HAA rats.

RESULTS

Seven potential biomarkers contribute to the separation of model group and control group were tentatively identified. The levels of l-kynurenine, phenylalanine, nicotinic acid and sphingosine increased significantly (P<0.05) in HAA rats, while the levels of l-isoleucine, l-tyrosine and serotonin decreased significantly (P<0.05) in comparison with control rats. Those endogenous metabolites were chiefly involved in phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis, tryptophan metabolism and tyrosine metabolism. The metabolic deviations could be regulated closer to normal level after Danggui, Honghua and Gui-Hong intervention. In term of hematinic effects, Gui-Hong was the most effective as shown by the relative distance in PLS-DA score plots and relative intensity of potential biomarkers. The result reflected the synergic action between Danggui and Honghua. The above results were found to be reasonable in explaining the hematinic effects mechanism of Gui-Hong.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of routine blood, urinary metabolic pattern and plasma metabolic pattern show the Danggui, Honghua and Gui-Hong groups are moving toward the control group and the HAA was being prevented and alleviated. The effect of Gui-Hong group is more remarkable than Danggui and Honghua groups. Some potential biomarkers like l-kynurenine, phenylalanine, l-isoleucine, l-tyrosine, serotonin, nicotinic acid and sphingosine have been found and identified. The work shows that the metabonomics method is a promising tool in the efficacy and mechanism research of traditional Chinese medicines.

Potential nephroprotective effects of the Chinese herb Angelica sinensis against cisplatin tubulotoxicity

CONTEXT

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is often encountered in patients receiving cisplatin (CisPt), a chemotherapeutic drug that induces numerous toxic side effects. Techniques used to limit nephrotoxicity during CisPt treatment are not fully effective; about a third of patients experience AKI. New nephroprotective strategies, including pharmacological approaches, must be developed.

OBJECTIVE

The present study investigated the nephroprotective potential of Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels (Apiaceae) root towards CisPt tubulotoxicity.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

HK-2 cells were incubated with CisPt (10 µM) and/or with a methanolic extract of A. sinensis (AS). Nephroprotective capacity was evaluated by means of cellular viability (resazurin assay) and apoptosis (annexin-V/PI staining), oxidative stress generation (H2DCF-DA oxidation), Ki-67 index (immunofluorescence), cell cycle analysis (DNA staining), cell migration rate (scratch assay), extracellular matrix deposition (collagen determination), and β-catenin relocalization.

RESULTS

CisPt decreased cell viability [76% versus Ctrl], which was associated with an increased apoptosis. Simultaneous treatment with 50 µg/ml AS enhanced cell survival [84% versus Ctrl] and decreased the apoptosis rate. AS could not alleviate CisPt-induced oxidative stress; but doses of 5 and 50 µg/ml raised the Ki-67 index [135 and 244% versus Ctrl] and cell migration rates [1.2 and 1.3-fold versus Ctrl]. Finally, both doses of AS limited the amount of collagen deposition [121.6 and 119.6% for 5 and 50 µg/ml, respectively, versus 131.0% for CisPt-treated cells] and prevented the relocalization of β-catenin from the membrane to the nucleus.

CONCLUSION

These results confirm the nephroprotective potential of A. sinensis and require further investigations aiming at identifying its active compounds.

Calycosin orchestrates the functions of Danggui Buxue Tang, a Chinese herbal decoction composing of Astragali Radix and Angelica Sinensis Radix: An evaluation by using calycosin-knock out herbal extract

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Danggui Buxue Tang (DBT) is a classical Chinese herbal decoction containing two herbs, Astragali Radix (AR) and Angelicae Sinensis Radix (ASR), which serves as dietary supplement for treating women menopausal syndromes. Pharmacological studies indicate that DBT has estrogenic, erythropoietic and osteogenic properties; however, the action mechanism for this complex herbal decoction is not known. Calycosin, a major flavonoid in AR, shares similar structure with β-estradiol, and thus which is hypothesized to be the critical compound of DBT. Here, we aim to investigate the role of calycosin in DBT in terms of its biological functions by using a calycosin-depleted DBT decoction (DBT(Δcal)). The biological functions of DBT(Δcal) and parental DBT were systematically compared.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In order to standardize DBT decoction, four chemical markers were determined and quantified by HPLC. A semi-preparative HPLC method was utilized to prepare DBT(Δcal). The authenticity of DBT(Δcal) was evaluated by LC-QQQ-MS/MS. To reveal the effect of calycosin on DBT functions, several cell assays related to the known properties of DBT were revealed, including estrogenic, erythropoietic and osteogenic functions.

RESULTS

As compared to parental DBT, the estrogenic, erythropoietic and osteogenic abilities were markedly reduced in DBT(Δcal). However, calycosin alone did not show significant responses.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results suggest that calycosin is a bioactive chemical in DBT decoction, and which could play a key linker in orchestrating multi-components of DBT as to achieve maximal functions. These discoveries should be invaluable in drug development and in investigating the modernization of traditional Chinese medicine from a new perspective.

Guiqi polysaccharide protects the normal human fetal lung fibroblast WI-38 cells from H2O2-induced premature senescence

OBJECTIVE

This study is to investigate the effects of Guiqi polysaccharide (GQP) on H2O2-induced premature senescence in normal human fetal lung fibroblast WI-38 cells.

METHODS

WI-38 cells were subjected to treatments of GQP, Angelica sinensis polysaccharide (ASP), and Astragalus membranaceus polysaccharide (AMP), and then treated with H2O2 to induce premature senescence. Morphological observation, MTT assay, senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity assessment, telomerase activity determination, cell cycle analysis, and Western blot analysis were performed to evaluate cellular senescence.

RESULTS

H2O2 treatment induced premature senescence in WI-38 cells, as indicated by the decreased fibroblast proliferation activity and changed cellular morphology. When treated with GQP, ASP, or AMP, the morphological changes in WI-38 cells induced by H2O2 could be restored. SA-β-gal activity was elevated in H2O2-treated WI-38 cells, which could be decreased by GQP treatment. Moreover, compared with the normal control, H2O2 treatment significantly inhibited the telomerase activity of WI-38 cells. However, GQP effectively elevated the telomerase activity of these senescent cells. Furthermore, flow cytometry and cell cycle analysis showed that GQP treatment could abrogate the cell cycle arrest in H2O2-treated WI-38 cells, which might contribute to the anti-senescent effects. In addition, GQP significantly affected the p53-p21 and p16-pRb pathways in H2O2-treated WI-38 cells. The effectiveness of GQP was superior to AMP or ASP treatment alone.

CONCLUSION

GQP has protective effects in oxidative stress-induced senescence. Our findings suggest the promising role of GQP as an attractive and bio-safe agent with the potential to retard senescence and attenuate senescence-related diseases.