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Tang DM, Nasrollahi TS, Vasquez M, Borrelli M, Sindwani R, Wu AW. Practice Patterns Among Fellowship-Trained Rhinologists: A Survey of Past American Rhinologic Society Fellows. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2024; 38:230-236. [PMID: 38584418 DOI: 10.1177/19458924241244888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The goals of this study were to understand the trends in recent and past rhinology fellows concerning their demographics, goals, and experiences. METHODS An anonymous web-based survey was sent to graduates of the 35 rhinology fellowship programs. The survey included questions regarding the scope of practice, research contribution, societal involvement, fellow satisfaction with training, and current practice patterns. Chi-square testing and logistic regression were used to compare variables across cohorts: 0-5 years versus 6+ years from fellowship graduation, gender, and practice settings. RESULTS Based on 171 respondents, we found no significant differences in 0-5 versus 6+ year graduates in their desire for an academic job post-fellowship. However, those who graduated 6+ years ago had significantly more success securing one (74% vs 96%, P = 0.004). Between males and females, there were no differences in goal of obtaining an academic job or success in obtaining an academic career. Females were more likely to report they attend academic society meetings regularly. Female rhinologists also reported less satisfaction with overall work-life balance and decreased satisfaction with clinical practice. Physicians in academic settings have poorer work-life balance. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that finding an academic job may be more difficult for recent rhinology fellowship graduates, although still very possible for the majority of graduates. Understanding the reason for these changes may provide insight to current rhinology fellowship directors and trainees interested in pursuing fellowship training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis M Tang
- Cedars-Sinai Department of Otolaryngology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Tasha S Nasrollahi
- Cedars-Sinai Department of Otolaryngology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Missael Vasquez
- Cedars-Sinai Department of Otolaryngology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Michela Borrelli
- Cedars-Sinai Department of Otolaryngology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Raj Sindwani
- Head and Neck Institute, Cleveland Clinic Head and Neck Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Arthur W Wu
- Cedars-Sinai Department of Otolaryngology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
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DiNardo LA, Reese AD, Raghavan M, Sullivan M, Carr MM. Gender distribution of Top Doctors in otolaryngology-head and neck surgery. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0300659. [PMID: 38635507 PMCID: PMC11025773 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0300659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Our study seeks to understand the profiles of otolaryngologists selected by Castle Connolly's Top Doctor list and how this compares to the entire field of otolaryngology. METHODS Top Doctor lists published in Castle Connolly affiliated magazines were analyzed for Otolaryngology, Otolaryngology/Facial Plastic Surgery, or Pediatric Otolaryngology physicians. Only lists published in 2021 or representing the 2021 Top Doctor lists were analyzed. Of the total 39 partnered magazines, 27 met our criteria. Information on the physician was analyzed from the Castle Connolly website and included: gender, education, faculty position, years as a Top Doctor, and certifications of each physician. RESULTS 879 doctors, 742 (84%) men and 137 women (16%), were included in our analysis. 509 physicians completed a fellowship, 85 (62%) women and 424 (57%) men. The fellowship type varied significantly between gender (p = .002). 122 (14%) Top Doctors completed facial and plastic reconstructive surgery and 111 (91%) were men. Of the women Top Doctors completing a fellowship, 29 (34%) completed a fellowship in pediatric otolaryngology. A logistic regression found that men have an increased odds of being on the Top Doctors list for more years than females (OR: 1.36, p < .001). CONCLUSION The percentage of women named as Top Doctors was less than the proportion of women in otolaryngology. This may be attributed to gender differences we found in fellowship type and certification. Further research into the role of otolaryngology subspecialties in selection of Top Doctors is needed to better understand gender differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A. DiNardo
- Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences at the University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Alyssa D. Reese
- Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences at the University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Maya Raghavan
- Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences at the University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Meagan Sullivan
- Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences at the University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Michele M. Carr
- Department of Otolaryngology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences at the University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
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Yesantharao LV, Sriram S, Litvack JR, Chandrasekhar SS, Galaiya DJ. Is a Simple Checklist Associated With Improvement in Gender Representation at the AAO-HNSF Annual Meeting? Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2024. [PMID: 38591747 DOI: 10.1002/ohn.743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In September 2017, the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (AAO-HNS) added 2 questions querying panel organizers if gender/racial diversity was considered in selecting panel presenters, beginning with the 2018 Annual Meeting (AM). This study examines how this checklist impacted the gender diversity of panel presenters at the AAO-HNS AM. STUDY DESIGN This was a cross-sectional investigation comparing female representation before and after the addition of questions inquiring about diversity in 2018. SETTING A review of abstract submissions for the AMs from 2015 to 2021. METHODS AM Official Program Abstracts were used to obtain presenter names and specialty area for each panel. The percentage of female presenters, in total and stratified by specialty area, were compared before and after 2018 to quantify changes following the addition of the checklist. RESULTS There was a significant increase in the proportion of female panel presenters from 22.3% (total n = 1199) in 2015 to 2017 to 33.0% (total n = 1868) in 2018 to 2021 (P < .001) and in all panel specialties. The number of female moderated panels also significantly increased after checklist implementation from 22% to 38% (P < .001). Correspondingly, the number of panels with no female representation decreased from 42% in 2015 to 2017 to 23% in 2018 to 2021 (P < .001). CONCLUSION The addition of a checklist asking panel organizers to consider diversity in selecting panelists was associated with an increased proportion of female presenters at the AM. This simple strategy can be implemented by all medical conferences to help close the gender gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lekha V Yesantharao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Shreya Sriram
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jamie R Litvack
- Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA
| | | | - Deepa J Galaiya
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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4
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Canick JE, Campbell JC, Woodard CR, Grimm LJ, Collins AM. Otolaryngology residency program factors associated with female resident representation. World J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2024; 10:7-11. [PMID: 38560033 PMCID: PMC10979041 DOI: 10.1002/wjo2.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Female representation in the field of otolaryngology is lacking. Residency is the first point at which medical school graduates specialize in a chosen field and thus represents an opportunity to recruit and train more female otolaryngologists. This study sought to identify program factors associated with greater female representation among resident physicians. Methods Departmental websites of all 124 otolaryngology residency programs in the United States and Puerto Rico were examined for a list of residents. For programs with a resident roster available, the genders of residents, faculty, program directors, and chairpersons were recorded. Location and city population for each program was also recorded, as was female resident representation. Programs were compared using Pearson Chi-squared univariate tests. Results 1,632 residents and 2,605 faculty were included in the analysis of 109 programs. The median female resident representation was 40%. Programs with larger faculty sizes, more female faculty, and urban location were associated with an above-median female resident representation. Programs with a larger residency cohort approached significance regarding above-median female resident representation. Higher female faculty representation, program director gender, chairperson gender, and US region were not associated with variation in female resident representation. Conclusions Greater female otolaryngology residency representation was associated with programs having an urban location and greater numbers of female and total faculty. It was also likely that a larger resident cohort size may affect female resident representation. The proportions of female faculty, program director, and chairperson gender, as well as the US region, were not associated with variation in female resident gender representation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James C. Campbell
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery & Communication SciencesDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Charles R. Woodard
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery & Communication SciencesDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Lars J. Grimm
- Department of RadiologyDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Alissa M. Collins
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery & Communication SciencesDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
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Russel SM, Farzal Z, Ebert C, Buckmire R, DeMason C, Shah R, Frank-Ito DO. Finding the Potholes in Academic Career Pathways for Underrepresented Groups in Otolaryngology. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2024; 170:396-404. [PMID: 37668176 PMCID: PMC11073850 DOI: 10.1002/ohn.513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess inequities in representation among ranks and odds of promotion by race in academic otolaryngology. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING US academic medical centers. METHODS Demographic data was collected for medical students, residents, and faculty in the Association of American Medical Colleges and Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education databases for the academic year 2020 to 2021. The rank equity index (REI) was used to make pairwise comparisons between ranks to determine groups' representation between levels. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) demonstrating the likelihood that an individual of a particular rank/race would advance in their academic career were determined. RESULTS Representation comparing medical students with full professors for black, Latine, and Asian otolaryngologists was below parity (REI: 0.27, 0.85, 0.85, respectively). Black (OR: 0.20, CI: 0.15, 0.26), Latine (OR: 0.61, CI: 0.50, 0.75), and Asian (OR: 0.62, CI: 0.55, 0.71) medical students all faced lower odds of becoming otolaryngology residents compared to their white counterparts. Similar findings occurred when comparing resident and assistant professor representation. American Indian/Alaskan Native (AIAN) and Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander (NHPI) REIs and ORs could not be assessed as only 1 self-reported AIAN and no NHPI faculty are present in the studied data. CONCLUSION Underrepresented in Medicine and Asian physicians faced worsening representation at each rung of the academic otolaryngology ladder. The greatest losses occurred when medical students transitioned to residents and residents transitioned to assistant professors. AIAN and NH faculty were absent in otolaryngology, indicating vital targets for recruitment efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Russel
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Communication Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Zainab Farzal
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Charles Ebert
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Robert Buckmire
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Christine DeMason
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rupali Shah
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dennis O. Frank-Ito
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Communication Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Computational Biology and Bioinformatics PhD Program, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Bowe SN, Bly RA, Whipple ME, Gray ST. Residency Selection in Otolaryngology: Past, Present, & Future. Laryngoscope 2023; 133:S1-S13. [PMID: 36951573 DOI: 10.1002/lary.30668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the otolaryngology residency selection process, including past experiences based on the medical literature and survey analysis of our present practices to generate recommendations for future selection system design. METHODS A mixed-methods study, including a scoping review and a cross-sectional survey, was completed. Four databases were assessed for articles on otolaryngology residency selection published from January 1, 2016 through December 31, 2020. A 36-question survey was developed and distributed to 114 otolaryngology program directors. Descriptive and thematic analysis was performed. RESULTS Ultimately, 67 of 168 articles underwent data abstraction and assessment. Three themes surfaced during the analysis: effectiveness, efficiency, and equity. Regarding the survey, there were 62 participants (54.4% response rate). The three most important goals for the selection process were: (1) to fit the program culture, (2) to make good colleagues, and (3) to contribute to the program's diversity. The three biggest 'pain points' were as follows: (1) Large volume of applications, (2) Lack of reliable information about personal characteristics, and (3) Lack of reliable information about a genuine interest in the program. CONCLUSIONS Within this study, the depth and breadth of the literature on otolaryngology residency selection have been synthesized. Additionally, baseline data on selection practices within our specialty has been captured. With an informed understanding of our past and present, we can look to the future. Built upon the principles of person-environment fit theory, our proposed framework can guide research and policy discussions regarding the design of selection systems in otolaryngology, as we work to achieve more effective, efficient, and equitable outcomes. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE N/A Laryngoscope, 133:2929-2941, 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah N Bowe
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, San Antonio Uniformed Services Health Education Consortium, JBSA-Ft. Sam Houston, Texas, U.S.A
| | - Randall A Bly
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, U.S.A
- Seattle Children's Hospital and Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, U.S.A
| | - Mark E Whipple
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, U.S.A
- Department of Biomedical Informatics and Medical Education, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, U.S.A
| | - Stacey T Gray
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A
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Wang E, Diaz A, Khan ML, Blair EA, Shogan AN. Regional distribution in female representation in US otolaryngology faculty. Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol 2023; 8:832-838. [PMID: 37621283 PMCID: PMC10446270 DOI: 10.1002/lio2.1099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives To quantify the current proportion of women in otolaryngology at different levels of professorship and determine whether these proportions differ by US region. Methods Academic rank and gender at all ACGME-accredited otolaryngology programs in the United States were determined from departmental websites, Doximity, and LinkedIn from November 2021 to March 2022. Individuals were then further organized using US Census Bureau-designated regions. Results Among the 2682 faculty positions at 124 ACGME-accredited programs, women held 706 (26.3%) of these positions. Female representation was highest at the assistant professorship level, with women holding 286 (37.2%) positions out of a total 769. At the associate professorship level, women held 141 (27.6%) of the 511 total positions. The largest gender disparity is seen at the full professorship level; only 69 (13.6%) positions out of 508 were held by women. Out of every region and rank, only assistant professorship in the West had no significant difference in percentages of men and women (p = .710). Female representation of professors in the Northeast was significantly lower than that of our reference group (the South; β = -10.9, p = .020). Conclusions Otolaryngology has exhibited great progress in increasing female representation, with assistant professorship in the West reaching gender parity. However, the gender gap at other faculty levels still leaves much to be desired, particularly in senior ranks. The lack of otolaryngologists at senior ranks is detrimental to mentorship of junior faculty, residents, and medical students. Renewed efforts should be made to decrease the gender disparity in the South, Northeast, and particularly at the professorship level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Wang
- Pritzker School of Medicine, University of ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Ashley Diaz
- Pritzker School of Medicine, University of ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Maha L. Khan
- Biological Sciences DivisionUniversity of ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Elizabeth A. Blair
- Department of Surgery, Section of OtolaryngologyUniversity of Chicago MedicineChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Andrea N. Shogan
- Department of Surgery, Section of OtolaryngologyUniversity of Chicago MedicineChicagoIllinoisUSA
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Persad-Paisley EM, Andrea SB, Leary OP, Carvalho OD, Zeyl VG, Laguna AR, Anderson MN, Shao B, Toms SA, Oyelese AA, Gokaslan ZL, Sharkey KM. Continued underrepresentation of historically excluded groups in the neurosurgery pipeline: an analysis of racial and ethnic trends across stages of medical training from 2012 to 2020. J Neurosurg 2023; 138:1748-1757. [PMID: 36272123 DOI: 10.3171/2022.8.jns221143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE US allopathic medical schools have experienced improvements in racial and ethnic diversity among matriculants in the past decade. It is not clear, however, whether better representation of historically excluded racial and ethnic groups at medical school entry impacts subsequent stages of the medical training pipeline leading into a specific field. The aim of this study was to examine these trends as they relate to the neurosurgical medical education pipeline and consider the drivers that sustain barriers for underrepresented groups. METHODS Race and ethnicity reports from the American Association of Medical Colleges were obtained on allopathic medical school applicants, acceptees, and graduates and applicants to US neurosurgical residency programs from 2012 to 2020. The representation of groups categorized by self-reported race and ethnicity was compared with their US population counterparts to determine the representation quotient (RQ) for each group. Annual racial composition differences and changes in representation over time at each stage of medical training were evaluated by estimating incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using non-Hispanic Whites as the reference group. RESULTS On average, Asian and White individuals most frequently applied and were accepted to medical school, had the highest graduation rates, and applied to neurosurgery residency programs more often than other racial groups. The medical school application and acceptance rates for Black individuals increased from 2012 to 2020 relative to Whites by 30% (95% CI 1.23-1.36) and 42% (95% CI 1.31-1.53), respectively. During this same period, however, inequities in neurosurgical residency applications grew across all non-Asian racialized groups relative to Whites. While the incidence of active Black neurosurgery residents increased from 2012 to 2020 (0.6 to 0.7/100,000 Black US inhabitants), the prevalence of White neurosurgery residents grew in the active neurosurgery resident population by 16% more. CONCLUSIONS The increased racial diversity of medical school students in recent years is not yet reflected in racial representation among neurosurgery applicants. Disproportionately fewer Black relative to White US medical students apply to neurosurgery residency, which contributes to declining racial representation among all active neurosurgery resident physicians. Hispanic individuals are becoming increasingly represented in neurosurgery residency but continue to remain underrepresented relative to the US population. Ongoing efforts to recruit medical students into neurosurgery who more accurately reflect the diversity of the general US population are necessary to ensure equitable patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Owen P Leary
- 1The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Orianna D Carvalho
- 3Lifespan Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Research Design, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Victoria G Zeyl
- 1The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Amanda R Laguna
- 1The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Katherine M Sharkey
- 5Medicine, and
- 6Psychiatry and Human Behavior, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
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Stack TJ, Berk GA, Ho TD, Zeatoun A, Kong KA, Chaskes MB, Thorp BD, Ebert CS, DeMason CE, Senior BA, Kimple AJ. Racial and Ethnic Bias in Letters of Recommendation and Personal Statements for Application to Otolaryngology Residency. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 2023; 85:141-149. [PMID: 37040732 PMCID: PMC10871677 DOI: 10.1159/000529795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The persistent lack of racial and ethnic diversity within the field of otolaryngology calls for an analysis of potential bias within the residency application system. Letters of recommendation (LORs) and personal statements (PSs) are the most important subjective application constituents. This subjectivity predisposes these components to implicit bias. In applications to various surgical subspecialties, prior linguistic studies assessing bias in reviews of LOR show race-based differences. Thus far, racial and ethnic linguistic differences in LORs for otolaryngology applicants have not been analyzed in the literature. METHODS LORs and PSs were abstracted from otolaryngology - head and neck surgery applications in the Electronic Residency Application Service for the 2019-20 and 2020-21 application cycles. Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count 2015 was used for quantitative analysis of emotional, cognitive, and structural components of written text. RESULTS Race-pair analysis of the 2019-2021 application cycles revealed higher mean "teaching" scores for LORs for Asian, black, Hispanic, and white applicants when compared to applicants who self-identified as Other. White applicants had lower scores for the terms "research" and "analytic" when compared to Asian and black applicants, respectively. Analysis of PSs revealed greater scores for an "authentic" writing style for white versus Asian applicants. White applicants were found to have higher scores for "tone" compared to black applicants. CONCLUSION Minor racial and ethnic language differences exist in both LORs and PSs. A statistically significant difference was observed among LORs, with the "teaching" term used more frequently for Asian, black, Hispanic, and white applicants compared to self-identified Other individuals. For PSs, statistically significant differences were observed among white applicants, who wrote about themselves using more "authentic" language when compared with Asian applicants and who also had higher scores for "tone" compared to black applicants. Although these differences were statistically significant, the practical impact of the variances is likely small.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor J Stack
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Garrett A Berk
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Tiffany D Ho
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Abdullah Zeatoun
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Keonho A Kong
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mark B Chaskes
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Brian D Thorp
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Charles S Ebert
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Christine E DeMason
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Brent A Senior
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Adam J Kimple
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Hayden J, Harley RJ, Deshpande N, Swanson D, Welschmeyer A, Malekzadeh S, Harley EH. Analyzing Diversity Elements on Otolaryngology Residency Program Websites. JOURNAL OF SURGICAL EDUCATION 2023; 80:247-255. [PMID: 36328935 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsurg.2022.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate how the internet presence of Otolaryngology residency programs influences recruitment of diverse applicants. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING Website, Instagram, and AAMC Residency Explorer data from all US, non-military, allopathic otolaryngology residency programs. METHODS We identified 10 common ways in which residency programs communicate their commitment to diversity through web-based platforms. We then analyzed program websites and Instagram pages for the presence of these 10 diversity elements. Univariate and multivariate linear regression were used to evaluate the association between presence of a diversity elements and the proportion of underrepresented minority residents in the program. RESULTS Review of 106 Otolaryngology residency program websites and Instagram pages was completed from February to May 2021. Most programs (69.8%) satisfied at least one diversity element. Of the programs reviewed, 83 had demographic information available for comparison. After adjusting for Doximity ranking, multivariate linear regression demonstrated that several elements were positive predictors of program diversity. Diversity and inclusion message (p < 0.0001), statement encouraging URM applicants (p < 0.0001), dedicated diversity chair/committee (p = 0.005), and diversity related articles/blog posts (p = 0.006) were independently associated with a greater proportion of URM residents in a given program. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate that providing diversity related information on residency program websites may play a role in improving program diversity. The large percentage of programs that lack the presence of any diversity element (30.2%) demonstrates that there is significant room for improvement. This study presents a promising strategy through which programs can improve recruitment of diverse residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamil Hayden
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine / University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio.
| | - Randall J Harley
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Nikita Deshpande
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California
| | - Daniel Swanson
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC; Department of General Surgery, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC
| | - Alexandra Welschmeyer
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine / University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Sonya Malekzadeh
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC
| | - Earl H Harley
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC
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Choi JS, Ziltzer R, Gadkaree SK, Adams ME, Huang TC. Neurotology Workforce in the United States: Gender Diversity and Geographic Distribution. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2023; 168:1477-1484. [PMID: 36939593 DOI: 10.1002/ohn.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The workforce of neurotology has changed with increasing numbers of accredited programs and diverse representation among trainees over the past several decades. This study aims to describe the characteristics, density, and geographic variation of the current neurotology workforce in the United States. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING American Board of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery portal and online search. METHODS The study cohort included physicians certified in Neurotology by the American Board of Otolaryngology as of 2021 (n = 372). Physician characteristics including years of practice, gender, practice setting, and location were collected. Geographic variation analysis was performed by the state, county, and hospital referral region. Associations between the number of neurotologists per population and socioeconomic characteristics were assessed using multivariable regression analysis. RESULTS Among 372 neurotologists, 65% practiced in academic settings and 13% were female. The percentage of female neurotologists increased from 0% among neurotologists with ≥30 years of practice to 23% among <10 years of practice. There were no differences in a practice setting by gender. The geographical analysis demonstrated that the average number of neurotologists was 1.1 per 1 million Americans. In a multivariable model, the density of neurotologists was significantly higher within counties with the highest quartiles of college education (β = .6 [95% confidence interval, CI: 0.3-0.8]) and income (β = .3 [95% CI: 0.1-0.6]). CONCLUSION The number of board-certified neurotologists has gradually increased and there have been trends toward greater gender diversity. The geographical distribution of neurotology practice was concentrated in counties with higher socioeconomic status as expected given the referral-based nature of the subspecialty. There should be efforts to reach out to low socioeconomic communities to ensure equivalent access to neurotological care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet S Choi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ryan Ziltzer
- Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Shekhar K Gadkaree
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Meredith E Adams
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Tina C Huang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Flanary V, Jefferson GD, Brown DJ, Arosarena OA, Brenner MJ, Cabrera-Muffly C, Cannon TY, Faucett EA, Francis CL, Harvey E, Johnson RF, Loyo M, Nance MA, Vinson KN, Thompson DM. Leadership of Black Women Faculty in Otolaryngology-More than A Rounding Error. Laryngoscope 2023; 133:E36-E37. [PMID: 36625321 DOI: 10.1002/lary.30552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Flanary
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences and Office of Diversity and Inclusion, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Gina D Jefferson
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - David J Brown
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Oneida A Arosarena
- Deparment of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Temple University, Lewis Katz School of medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael J Brenner
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery and Committee on Antiracism, Senate Advisory Committee on University Affairs, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Cristina Cabrera-Muffly
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Trinitia Y Cannon
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery & Communication Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Erynne A Faucett
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Carrie L Francis
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Workforce Innovation and Empowerment, Faculty Affairs & Development, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA.,Harry Barnes Society, White Plains, Maryland, USA
| | - Erin Harvey
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Romaine F Johnson
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children Medical Center Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Myriam Loyo
- Division of Facial Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Melonie A Nance
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh SOM, Section Chief Otolaryngology VAPHS, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kimberly N Vinson
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Dana M Thompson
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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13
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Trent MS, Michelle L, Roman K, Kim JK, Haidar YM, Tjoa T, Abouzari M. One hundred most-cited articles in head and neck surgery and analysis of female authorship. Head Neck 2023; 45:42-58. [PMID: 36193849 PMCID: PMC9742131 DOI: 10.1002/hed.27210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While female head and neck surgeons have made significant contributions to the field, women's achievements in scientific communication have traditionally been underreported. METHODS A search of high-impact journals in the field of head and neck surgery was performed in the Elsevier's Scopus database to identify the top 100 most-cited articles. RESULTS The top 100 most-cited articles (during the span of 1953 and 2016) had the highest total number of citations between 2005 and 2009. Women accounted for 36% of first authors and 25% of corresponding authors. Change in the relative number of first female authors in these top 100 articles did not increase significantly between 1950 and 2019. CONCLUSION The proportion of female first authors in head and neck surgery has not significantly increased over the past several decades, despite greater numbers of female trainees. Our findings support the need for additional research on female representation in head and neck surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica S. Trent
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Lauren Michelle
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Kelsey Roman
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Joshua K. Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Yarah M. Haidar
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Tjoson Tjoa
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Mehdi Abouzari
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Irvine, USA
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14
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Champaloux EP, Acosta AS, Gray ST, Meyer TK, Bergmark RW. Otolaryngology residents' experiences of pregnancy and return to work: A multisite qualitative study. Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol 2022; 7:1322-1328. [PMID: 36258851 PMCID: PMC9575055 DOI: 10.1002/lio2.878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives A paucity of literature exists about childbearing during otolaryngology residency. Pregnancy is a common part of many physician life cycles, but the timing of residency and the rigors of surgical training amplify the challenges. This study was designed to understand the experiences of childbearing otolaryngology residents and support them during this major life event. Unique challenges include long training, shortage of role models, combination surgical and clinical work, and higher rates of infertility. Study Design Qualitative research. IRB exempt. Setting United States. Methods To capture modern perspectives, 16 current and former otolaryngology residents that experienced pregnancy and childbirth during residency in all four geographic regions of the United States in the past 10 years were recruited to participate in individual structured qualitative interviews. Results Although there was significant training program and personal anxiety reported by childbearing otolaryngology residents, many surgeons experienced healthy pregnancies and postpartum recoveries with minimal disruption to clinical productivity and minimal disruption to their training programs. Multiple recurring themes were identified among the participants spanning the entire childbearing process: increased incidence of pregnancy complications and preterm labor, pregnancy stigma from leadership and coresidents, scheduling logistics regarding call and parental leave, and challenging transitions back to clinical work while navigating breastfeeding and childcare. Conclusion There are actional recommendations that programs can address to make childbearing during residency accessible and acceptable. Understanding these challenges is an important step to encouraging childbearing residents to prosper in academic otolaryngology, increasing the diversity at the highest levels of the field. Level of Evidence 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve P. Champaloux
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery University of Washington Seattle Washington USA
| | | | - Stacey T. Gray
- Department of Otolaryngology ‐ Head and Neck Surgery Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts Eye and Ear Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Tanya K. Meyer
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery University of Washington Seattle Washington USA
| | - Regan W. Bergmark
- Department of Otolaryngology ‐ Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School and Center for Surgery and Public Health Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston Massachusetts USA
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15
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Tucker J, Patel S, Benyo S, Wilson MN, Goyal N, McGinn J. Descriptive Analysis of Otolaryngology Program Directors with a Focus on Gender Disparity. EAR, NOSE & THROAT JOURNAL 2022:1455613221107149. [PMID: 35658588 DOI: 10.1177/01455613221107149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe and analyze the demographics and academic backgrounds of United States otolaryngology program directors (PD) and assess gender disparity in the field. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study in which an online search using publicly available sources was performed to gather information on PDs for 125 United States otolaryngology programs from May 14, 2021, to May 30, 2021. Data collected included PD appointment year, age, gender, resident gender breakdown, degree, as well as training location and graduation year. RESULTS There were 69.6% programs with a male PD and 30.4% with a female PD. Ninety percent of PDs have an MD degree and 9.6% have a DO degree. The current average age of PDs was 49.9 years old (range 35-79). Males were older than females PD (51.0 vs 47.1 years, P = 0.045) and have served a longer time as PD (7.1 vs 4.8 years, P = 0.019). There was no significant difference in other variables collected. There were 27.3% of program directors that held the position of professor, 44.5% associate professor, and 28.2% assistant professor. The most common subspecialty practiced by otolaryngology PDs was head and neck oncology. CONCLUSION Disparity in women's representation in otolaryngology still exists, but the program director leadership position demonstrates better parity. There is an equal percent representation when examining female PDs and female otolaryngologists in academic medicine. Continued efforts to encourage women to enter and become leaders in otolaryngology are necessary moving forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Tucker
- College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Shivam Patel
- College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Sarah Benyo
- College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Meghan N Wilson
- College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Neerav Goyal
- College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Johnathan McGinn
- College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
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16
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Identifying US Plastic Surgery Training Programs that Effectively Establish Gender and Ethnically Diverse Faculty. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open 2022; 10:e4303. [PMID: 35539297 PMCID: PMC9076441 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000004303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background: Successful strategies to improve the representation of female and ethnically underrepresented in medicine (UIM) physicians among US plastic and reconstructive surgery (PRS) faculty have not been adequately explored. Accordingly, we aimed to identify programs that have had success, and in parallel gather PRS program directors’ and chiefs/chairs’ perspectives on diversity recruitment intentionality and strategies. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of the demographic composition of female and UIM faculty of PRS residency training programs. Separate lists of programs in the top quartile for female and UIM faculty representation were collated. Additionally, a 14-question survey was administered to program directors and chiefs/chairs of all 99 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education-accredited PRS residency programs. The questions comprised three domains: (1) demographic information; (2) perceptions about diversity; and (3) recruitment strategies utilized to diversify faculty. Results: Female and UIM faculty representation ranged from 0% to 63% and 0% to 50%, respectively. Survey responses were received from program directors and chiefs/chairs of 55 institutions (55% response rate). Twenty-five (43%) respondents felt their program was diverse. Fifty-one (80%) respondents felt diversity was important to the composition of PRS faculty. Active recruitment of diverse faculty and the implementation of a diversity, equity, and inclusion committee were among the most frequently cited strategies to establish a culturally sensitive and inclusive environment. Conclusions: These findings reveal that female and UIM representation among US PRS faculty remains insufficient; however, some programs have had success through deliberate and intentional implementation of diversity, equity, and inclusion strategies.
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17
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Jain A, Nichols G, Tarabishy S, Scomacao I, Herrera FA. A Comparison of Applicant and Resident Physician Demographics Among Surgical Subspecialties From 2009 to 2019: Trends in Gender and Underrepresented Minorities in Medicine. Ann Plast Surg 2022; 88:451-459. [PMID: 34711732 DOI: 10.1097/sap.0000000000003041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purposes of this study were to compare applicant statistics to resident physician demographics among several surgical subspecialties (SSSs), to identify trends of gender and underrepresented minorities in medicine (UIM), and to evaluate current diversity among these specialties. METHODS Graduate medical education reports from 2009 to 2019 were queried to determine trends among programs. Further identification of gender and UIM statistics was obtained in 4 several SSSs: integrated plastic surgery, orthopedic surgery (OS), otolaryngology surgery (ENT), and neurosurgery (NS). These were compared with Association of American Medical Colleges data of residency applicants for the respective years. RESULTS Significant differences were seen among gender and UIM(s) of the applicant pool when compared with resident data. All specialties had significantly fewer American Indian and African American residents compared with applicants. Significant differences between applicants and residents were also found among Hispanic, Native Hawaiian, and female demographics. All SSSs had a significant positive trend for the percentage of female residents. Significant differences between specialties were identified among African American, Hispanic, and female residents. Orthopedic surgery and NS had significantly higher percentage of African American residents compared with ENT and integrated plastic surgery. Neurosurgery had significantly higher percentage of Hispanic residents compared with OS and ENT. Integrated plastic surgery and ENT had significantly higher percentage of female residents compared with OS and NS. CONCLUSIONS There has been significant increase in number of residency programs and resident positions since 2009. However, increase in female residents and UIM(s) among SSSs has not matched the pace of growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Georgina Nichols
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina
| | - Sami Tarabishy
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina
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18
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Pereira NM, Kacker A. Sex Differences in Faculty Positions Among Top-Ranked US Otolaryngology Departments. OTO Open 2022; 6:2473974X221088282. [PMID: 35372749 PMCID: PMC8966101 DOI: 10.1177/2473974x221088282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aims to characterize the top-ranked departments in otolaryngology to provide an indicator of the state of diversity within otolaryngology and to draw a comparison with other medical and surgical fields. Study Design This cross-sectional study examined the 20 highest-ranked otolaryngology programs according to the US News & World Report ranking of best hospitals for ear, nose and throat. Setting Academic otolaryngology departments in the United States. Methods Faculty demographic and biographical data were collected from departmental websites. The Web of Science h-index was used as a surrogate for academic productivity. Descriptive statistics and chi-square analysis were used to characterize the cohort and compare otolaryngology with other fields. Results Of 562 otolaryngologists on faculty at the 20 highest-ranked programs, 413 (73.5%) were men and 149 (26.5%) were women. Among the faculty in the cohort, 174 (31.0%) were professors, 145 (25.8%) were associate professors, and 183 (32.6%) were assistant professors. Across faculty appointments, the proportion of women grew smaller as academic rank increased. When compared with all faculty across US medical schools, the departments in this study had significantly lower proportions of female professors (P = .0047), associate professors (P = .0009), and assistant professors (P = .0005). Male faculty members had higher h-indices than their female counterparts among professors (P = .004), associate professors (P = .008), assistant professors (P = .0002), and clinical assistant professors (P = .0009). Conclusion Women are underrepresented across all academic ranks in top-ranked otolaryngology programs. The current state of diversity in otolaryngology yields many opportunities to advance representation for women in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola M. Pereira
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ashutosh Kacker
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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19
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Tong JY, Hartkorn AR, Sataloff R. Otolaryngology residency program websites in a socially distanced application cycle. EAR, NOSE & THROAT JOURNAL 2022:1455613211064005. [PMID: 34983198 DOI: 10.1177/01455613211064005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide an updated evaluation of otolaryngology residency program websites during a socially distanced application cycle. Criteria were selected to evaluate for level of comprehensiveness, new content accommodating a virtual interview cycle, and stated commitment to diversity and inclusion. STUDY DESIGN Review of otolaryngology residency program websites. SETTING Online websites between December 2020 and January 2021. METHODS Otolaryngology residency program websites were evaluated for selected criteria. Programs were categorized by geographic location, size, and Doximity rankings. Differences between groups were analyzed using Student's t-test and analysis of variance with a significance level of P < .05. RESULTS 118 otolaryngology residency program websites contained a mean (SD) of 16.3 (4.7) of 31 criteria (52.6%). Fewer than one third included virtual/video tours of facilities or the surrounding area. Only 33% had a stated commitment to diversity and inclusion. There was no difference in number of criteria included when categorized by geographic location (P = .22). Larger programs (17.9 vs 14.5, P < .001) and programs ranked in the top 50 by Doximity (17.7 vs 15.2, P = .003) included a significantly greater number of criteria. CONCLUSION While the comprehensiveness of otolaryngology residency program websites has improved, considerable room for improvement remains. Programs should strive to maintain updated websites that highlight training opportunities, program culture, and commitment to diversity and inclusion. Programs also should consider prioritizing the development of new online resources that may be especially useful to applicants during a virtual interview cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Y Tong
- Department of otolaryngology-head and neck surgery12312, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alyssa R Hartkorn
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, 6556Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Robert Sataloff
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, 12312Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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20
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Grose E, Chen T, Siu J, Campisi P, Witterick IJ, Chan Y. National Trends in Gender Diversity Among Trainees and Practicing Physicians in Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery in Canada. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2021; 148:13-19. [PMID: 34792563 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoto.2021.1431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Importance Monitoring the evolution of gender diversity within medicine is essential to understanding the medical workforce and anticipating its future. Objective To evaluate gender distribution and trends among trainees and practicing physicians in the field of otolaryngology-head and neck surgery (OHNS) across Canada. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study collected demographic data on the Canadian population, medical students, resident physicians, fellows, practicing physicians, and full-time professors from the following publicly available databases: the Canadian Post-MD Education Registry, the Canadian Medical Education Statistics from the Association of Faculties of Medicine of Canada, the Canadian Medical Association Masterfile, the Canadian Resident Matching Service archives, and the Canadian Institute for Health Information from 2000 to 2019. Information about the gender distribution in leadership positions and fellowships was obtained through publicly available websites where gender was either listed or assigned by authors. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcomes were the proportion of women in OHNS and the evolution of gender diversity over time. Results In 2019, 65 of 155 of OHNS trainees were female (41.9%), whereas female representation among all surgical trainees combined was 1225 of 2496 (49.1%). Female OHNS trainees and practicing physicians are underrepresented despite a 13.3% increase in female trainees and a 14.3% increase in female staff physicians from 2000 to 2019. Proportionally fewer female graduates pursued a fellowship during a 10-year period compared with their male counterparts, with otology and neurotology having the lowest female representation (6 of 27 [22.2%]). A minimal increase occurred in the number of women holding academic leadership positions (eg, 4 of 13 residency training programs had a previous or current female director). Conclusions and Relevance Despite the overall increase in the representation of women in the field of OHNS in Canada, these findings suggest that persistent gender gaps remain with respect to academic leadership positions and fellowship training. Continuous monitoring of the surgical workforce is important to highlight and address gender disparities within OHNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elysia Grose
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tanya Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer Siu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paolo Campisi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ian J Witterick
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yvonne Chan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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21
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Kollu T, Giutashvili T, Uppal P, Ruffner R, Mortensen M. Diversity in Academic Laryngology: An Evaluation of Academic Advancement and Research Productivity. Laryngoscope 2021; 132:1245-1250. [PMID: 34726277 DOI: 10.1002/lary.29918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diversity within the medical profession with respect to sex and racial minorities has been shown to have a positive effect on health and healthcare. Characterization of a field is key to evaluating trends and the advancement of diversity in an otolaryngology subspecialty. STUDY DESIGN Observational study. METHODS A comprehensive list of all the academic laryngologists was compiled from the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education accredited otolaryngology residency programs in 2020. The last 20 past presidents of the American Laryngological Association (ALA) and American Broncho-Esophogological Association (ABEA) were analyzed. Academic rank and years in practice were determined from departmental websites, with online search tools used as secondary resources. The h-index was utilized as a measure of research productivity. Regression analysis was performed to analyze these variables. RESULTS There are 184 academic laryngologists in the 124 programs. The majority of the population is Caucasian 76.6% (141/184), followed by Asian 16.3% (30/184), African American 4.34% (8/184), and then Hispanic 1% (2/184). There are 47 full professors with 83% Caucasian, 14.1% Asian, and 2.1% African American and 91.5% male and only 8.5% female. Past ALA presidents were 90% male and for the ABEA 75% male. H-index revealed a statistically significant difference between Caucasian and African American colleagues [P value (<.0005)]. CONCLUSIONS Minorities are disproportionately underrepresented in laryngology. Women are less likely to be in leadership roles in laryngology and become full professors. Laryngology lags behind other surgical specialties in the representation of minorities and women. Continued efforts should be made to increase diversity in the field of laryngology, especially in regard to underrepresented minorities. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE N/A Laryngoscope, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejas Kollu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Albany Medical Center, Albany, New York, U.S.A
| | | | - Priya Uppal
- Department of Otolaryngology, Albany Medical Center, Albany, New York, U.S.A
| | - Randall Ruffner
- Department of Otolaryngology, Albany Medical Center, Albany, New York, U.S.A
| | - Melissa Mortensen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Albany Medical Center, Albany, New York, U.S.A
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22
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Ferguson BL, Morgan M, Wilson SB. Trends in Diversity Related to Gender and Race in the Surgical Specialties and Subspecialties Inclusive of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 2021; 33:491-503. [PMID: 34565512 DOI: 10.1016/j.coms.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Medical training in the United States has undergone multiple evolutions and maturations. The Flexner Report and its effects, written in 1910, still has significant impact on modern professional education in the medical and dental arenas. The National Academy of Medicine (Institute of Medicine) in 2003 documented the need for diversity in the health care workforce, and the Association of American Medical Colleges additionally looked at Medical Education and health care through the lens of Academic Medicine. Both these reports reflected that health care institutions, providers, educators, students, and surgical residents are mandated to improve the health of the nation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett L Ferguson
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Truman Medical Center, 2301 Holmes, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA.
| | - Maria Morgan
- Department of Diversity and Inclusion, Truman Medical Center, 2301 Holmes, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Susan B Wilson
- Department of Diversity and Inclusion, UMKC School of Dentistry, 650 E. 25th Street, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
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Chou DW, Staltari G, Mullen M, Chang J, Durr M. Otolaryngology Resident Wellness, Training, and Education in the Early Phase of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2021; 130:904-914. [PMID: 33412923 DOI: 10.1177/0003489420987194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine changes in the residency experience early in the COVID-19 pandemic and evaluate wellness measures among otolaryngology residents. METHODS A web-based survey was administered to U.S. otolaryngology residents. Responses to the Shirom-Melamed Burnout Measure (SMBM) and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 scale were recorded along with data on burnout, demographics, wellness, sleep, training, and education. RESULTS 119 U.S. otolaryngology residents representing 27 of 42 states with otolaryngology residency programs responded to the survey. 24.4% (95% CI 17.0-31.8%) self-reported some level of burnout, while 10.9% met SMBM criteria for "clinically relevant" burnout. 51.3% experienced more stress, and 58.8% reported more anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic. Compared to males, females had a higher prevalence of burnout (38.9% vs 12.3%, P = .001) and anxiety (75.9% vs 43.8%, P < .001). PGY-2s had a greater mean SMBM index (3.64) and higher rates of self-reported burnout (54.2%) than their counterparts at other levels of training. Residents reported less time spent in the hospital, lower surgical volume, and less procedural independence. Educational didactics, primarily via videoconference, were more frequent for 63.9% of respondents. CONCLUSION While burnout among otolaryngology residents was low early in the COVID-19 pandemic, likely due to separation from the workplace environment, trainees had higher levels of anxiety and stress. The surgical experience was negatively impacted by the pandemic, but remote didactics and educational opportunities increased. These findings may inform otolaryngology residency programs on the need to promote resident wellness and aid in devising strategies to improve the educational experience during this unique global health crisis as well as in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Chou
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Kaiser Permanente Oakland Medical Center, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Giuseppe Staltari
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michael Mullen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jolie Chang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Megan Durr
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Kaiser Permanente Oakland Medical Center, Oakland, CA, USA.,Department of Graduate Medical Education, Kaiser Permanente Oakland Medical Center, Oakland, CA, USA
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Kriegsman B, Harrison S, Sobin L. Women and Minorities in Otolaryngology: A Historical Perspective and Analysis of Current Representation. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2020; 54:233-238. [PMID: 33153735 DOI: 10.1016/j.otc.2020.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Over the course of the last century, otolaryngology-head and neck surgery has made significant medical and surgical advancements. Several of these efforts are credited to women and minorities despite their having faced systemic barriers to entering medical schools and the medical professions. This article highlights some of these pioneering doctors and their contributions to the field. Additionally, the current representation of women and minorities in otolaryngology residency programs and the gender and racial disparities in academic positions are reviewed. The need for mentorship during undergraduate medical education to improve diversity and inclusion within this surgical subspecialty is reinforced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry Kriegsman
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Scott Harrison
- Boston Architectural College, Boston, 320 Newbury Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lindsay Sobin
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
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Nieblas-Bedolla E, Williams JR, Christophers B, Kweon CY, Williams EJ, Jimenez N. Trends in Race/Ethnicity Among Applicants and Matriculants to US Surgical Specialties, 2010-2018. JAMA Netw Open 2020; 3:e2023509. [PMID: 33136131 PMCID: PMC7607442 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.23509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Surgical programs across the US continue to promote and invest in initiatives aimed at improving racial/ethnic diversity, but whether this translates to changes in the percentage of applicants or matriculants from racial/ethnic minority groups remains unclear. OBJECTIVE To examine trends in the percentage of applicants and matriculants to US surgical specialties who identified as part of a racial/ethnic group underrepresented in medicine from the 2010-2011 to 2018-2019 academic years. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cross-sectional study examined trends in self-reported racial/ethnic identity among applicants and matriculants to US residency programs to evaluate demographic changes among surgical programs from 2010 to 2018. Data were obtained from the Association of American Medical Colleges. RESULTS The study population consisted of a total of 737 034 applicants and 265 365 matriculants to US residency programs, including 134 158 applicants and 41 347 matriculants to surgical programs. A total of 21 369 applicants (15.9%) and 5704 matriculants (13.8%) to surgical specialties identified as underrepresented in medicine. There was no statistically significant difference in the percentage of applicants underrepresented in medicine based on race/ethnicity for all surgical specialties combined in 2010 vs 2018 (15.3% [95% CI, 14.7%-15.9%] vs 17.5% [95% CI, 16.9%-18.1%]; P = .63). Thoracic surgery was the only surgical specialty in which there was a statistically significant change in the percentage of applicants (8.1% [95% CI, 4.9%-13.2%] vs 14.6% [95% CI, 10.2%-20.4%]; P = .02) or matriculants (0% [95% CI, 0%-19.4%] vs 10.0% [95% CI, 4.0%-23.1%]; P = .01) underrepresented in medicine based on race/ethnicity. Obstetrics and gynecology had the highest mean percentage of applicants (20.2%; 95% CI, 19.4%-20.8%) and matriculants (19.0%; 95% CI, 18.2%-19.8%) underrepresented in medicine among surgical specialties. Thoracic surgery had the lowest mean percentage of applicants (12.5%; 95% CI, 9.46%-15.4%) and otolaryngology the lowest mean percentage of matriculants (8.5%; 95% CI, 7.2%-9.9%) underrepresented in medicine. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this cross-sectional study, overall US surgical programs had no change in the percentage of applicants or matriculants who self-identified as underrepresented in medicine based on race/ethnicity, but the proportion remained higher than in nonsurgical specialties. Reevaluation of current strategies aimed at increasing racial/ethnic representation appear to be necessary to help close the existing gap in medicine and recruit a more racially/ethnically diverse surgical workforce.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John R. Williams
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Briana Christophers
- Weill Cornell Medicine–Rockefeller–Sloan Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, New York
| | - Christopher Y. Kweon
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
| | | | - Nathalia Jimenez
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
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Izreig S, Torabi SJ, Kasle DA, Rahmati RW, Manes RP. Otolaryngology Match 2020-21: Survey of Prospective Applicants in the Setting of COVID-19. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2020; 130:450-458. [PMID: 32814437 PMCID: PMC7481654 DOI: 10.1177/0003489420952470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: To capture the perspectives of candidates applying for otolaryngology residency positions in the 2020-21 cycle, in the context of disruption caused by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Subjects and methods: Candidates planning to apply to the otolaryngology 2020-21 match were invited to complete a cross-sectional online survey. Distribution was via otomatch.com and word of mouth. Descriptive statistics were performed. Results: Of 85 eligible responses (estimated 18.9% of all applicants), many have had at least one board examination (71.8%) disrupted. A majority (85.9%) believe evaluation of candidates will change due to the pandemic, and 54.1% report they were now less confident in matching. Female applicants (37.6% of respondents) were found to have significantly higher odds of decreased confidence in matching (OR 2.781 [95% CI 1.045-7.4044]; P = .041). Many report a move to virtual interviews would increase the number of applications submitted (45.9%) and the number of interviews attended (77.6%). Some applicants (36.5%) did not believe residency programs would gather sufficient information about their candidacy to make an informed decision, and most (62.4%) did not believe that they would gather sufficient information to inform their own rank list. Conclusions: We find that candidates believe their candidacy will be assessed differently in light of the COVID-19 pandemic, are largely less confident in successfully matching, and are planning to apply and interview more broadly. These data are relevant to otolaryngology residency leadership to inform clear dialogue and a smooth transition into an unprecedented application cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said Izreig
- Department of Surgery (Division of Otolaryngology), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sina J Torabi
- Department of Surgery (Division of Otolaryngology), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - David A Kasle
- Department of Surgery (Division of Otolaryngology), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rahmatullah W Rahmati
- Department of Surgery (Division of Otolaryngology), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - R Peter Manes
- Department of Surgery (Division of Otolaryngology), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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