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Rbah Y, Taaifi Y, Allay A, Belhaj K, Melhaoui R, Houmy N, Ben Moumen A, Azeroual E, Addi M, Mansouri F, Serghini-Caid H, Elamrani A. A Comprehensive Exploration of the Fatty Acids Profile, Cholesterol, and Tocopherols Levels in Liver from Laying Hens Fed Diets Containing Nonindustrial Hemp Seed. SCIENTIFICA 2024; 2024:8848436. [PMID: 38222849 PMCID: PMC10783980 DOI: 10.1155/2024/8848436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the impact of dietary nonindustrial Moroccan hemp seed (HS) on the fatty acid profile, cholesterol, and tocopherol levels, in the liver of 120 Lohmann brown laying hens aged 22 weeks during 12 weeks of treatment. The hens are randomly allocated into four treatment groups, each subdivided into six replicates with five birds in each replicate. The dietary treatments consist of 0% HS (control), 10% HS, 20% HS, and 30% HS. Results indicate a substantial increase (p < 0.01) in polyunsaturated fatty acids, including omega 3 (n-3) and omega 6 (n-6) types, with the inclusion of HS in the diet. The n-6/n-3 ratio is significantly reduced (p < 0.01), and there is a significant reduction (p < 0.01) in saturated fatty acids only for the 30% HS treatment, indicating a more favorable fatty acid composition. Cholesterol levels remain largely unaffected by HS inclusion, except for the 10% HS group, which shows a significant decrease (p < 0.05). Moreover, hepatic tocopherol levels are significantly elevated (p < 0.01) in subjects receiving the HS diet, with the 30% HS group exhibiting the highest tocopherol content. In summary, incorporating HS into the diet up to 30% appears to offer promising benefits for hepatic lipid composition, particularly in terms of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, the n-6/n-3 ratio, and tocopherol levels, while having minimal impact on cholesterol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef Rbah
- Laboratory for Agricultural Productions Improvement, Biotechnology and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohammed First, BP-717, Oujda 60000, Morocco
| | - Yassine Taaifi
- Laboratory for Agricultural Productions Improvement, Biotechnology and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohammed First, BP-717, Oujda 60000, Morocco
| | - Aymane Allay
- Laboratory for Agricultural Productions Improvement, Biotechnology and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohammed First, BP-717, Oujda 60000, Morocco
| | - Kamal Belhaj
- Laboratory of Sustainable Agriculture Management, Higher School of Technology Sidi Bennour, University Chouaib Doukkali, Street Jabran Khalil Jabran BP 299-24000, El Jadida, Morocco
| | - Reda Melhaoui
- Laboratory for Agricultural Productions Improvement, Biotechnology and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohammed First, BP-717, Oujda 60000, Morocco
| | - Nadia Houmy
- Agro-Food Technology and Quality Laboratory, Regional Center of Agricultural Research of Oujda National Institute of Agricultural Research, Ennasr Av, BP 415, Rabat 10090, Morocco
| | - Abdessamad Ben Moumen
- Laboratory for Agricultural Productions Improvement, Biotechnology and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohammed First, BP-717, Oujda 60000, Morocco
| | | | - Mohamed Addi
- Laboratory for Agricultural Productions Improvement, Biotechnology and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohammed First, BP-717, Oujda 60000, Morocco
| | - Farid Mansouri
- Laboratory for Agricultural Productions Improvement, Biotechnology and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohammed First, BP-717, Oujda 60000, Morocco
- Laboratory LSAIP Higher School of Education and Training, Mohammed I University, BP-410, Oujda 60000, Morocco
| | - Hana Serghini-Caid
- Laboratory for Agricultural Productions Improvement, Biotechnology and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohammed First, BP-717, Oujda 60000, Morocco
| | - Ahmed Elamrani
- Laboratory for Agricultural Productions Improvement, Biotechnology and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohammed First, BP-717, Oujda 60000, Morocco
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El-Zenary AS, Boney JW, Harvatine KJ. Direct Comparison of 18 Carbon n-3 and n-6 Fatty Acids at Equal Levels in an Oil Blend on Tissue Enrichment of Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid in Broiler Chickens. J Nutr 2023; 153:2929-2938. [PMID: 37453531 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Omega-3 (n-3) and omega-6 (n-6) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are of interest because of their health effects. However, most experiments use natural oils and are confounded by PUFA concentrations and other fatty acids (FAs) that impact biosynthesis of the very long-chain derivatives (VLC). OBJECTIVES To directly compare the effect of 18 C n-3 or n-6 FA fed at similar rates on their elongation and desaturation to VLC PUFA and their incorporation into tissues. METHODS Oil blends that substituted ∼23% points of stearidonic acid (SDA) with alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), or linoleic acid (LA) while minimizing differences in other FA were prepared. COBB500 broilers were fed the oil blends at 1.25% of the diet from day 14-35 age. RESULTS There was greater enrichment of VLC PUFA in breast, thigh, liver, and plasma when diets were supplemented with high-SDA and high-GLA oil blends than high-ALA and high-LA oil blends. The efficiency of VLCn-3 PUFA synthesis from SDA and ALA was lower than the efficiency of VLCn-6 PUFA synthesis from GLA and LA, suggesting that the elongation and desaturation enzymes more efficiently utilized n-6 substrates. The efficiency of biotransformation of SDA to VLCn-3 PUFA was greater than that of high-ALA, and synthesis of VLCn-6 PUFA from GLA was higher than that of high-LA in breast, thigh, liver, and plasma. There were minimal effects on tissue-saturated and monounsaturated FA. CONCLUSIONS The high-SDA and high-GLA oil blends efficiently enriched tissues with their VLC-PUFA more than high-ALA and high-LA treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Sa El-Zenary
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Egypt; Department of Animal Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - John W Boney
- Department of Animal Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Kevin J Harvatine
- Department of Animal Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.
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Elkin RG, Harvatine KJ. A review of recent studies on the enrichment of eggs and poultry meat with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: novel findings and unanswered questions. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102938. [PMID: 37572619 PMCID: PMC10428063 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies from our laboratory over the past decade have yielded new information with regard to the dietary enrichment of eggs and poultry meat with omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) but have also generated a number of unanswered questions. In this review, we summarize the novel findings from this work, identify knowledge gaps, and offer possible explanations for some perplexing observations. Specifically discussed are: 1) Why feeding laying hens and broilers an oil rich in stearidonic acid (SDA; 18:4 n-3), which theoretically bypasses the putative rate-limiting step in the hepatic n-3 PUFA biosynthetic pathway, does not enrich egg yolks and tissues with very long-chain (VLC; ≥20 C) n-3 PUFA to the same degree as obtained by feeding birds oils rich in preformed VLC n-3 PUFA; 2) Why in hens fed an SDA-rich oil, SDA fails to accumulate in egg yolk but is readily incorporated into adipose tissue; 3) How oils rich in oleic acid (OA; 18:1 n-9), when co-fed with various sources of n-3 PUFA, attenuates egg and tissue n-3 PUFA contents or rescues egg production when co-fed with a level of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6 n-3) that causes severe hypotriglyceridemia; and 4) Why the efficiency of VLC n-3 PUFA deposition into eggs and poultry meat is inversely related to the dietary content of α-linolenic acid (ALA; 18:3 n-3), SDA, or DHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Elkin
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Kevin J Harvatine
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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4
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Elkin RG, El-Zenary AS, Bomberger R, Haile AB, Weaver EA, Ramachandran R, Harvatine KJ. Feeding laying hens docosa hexaenoic acid-rich microalgae oil at 40 g/kg diet causes hypotriglyceridemia, depresses egg production, and attenuates expression of key genes affecting hepatic triglyceride synthesis and secretion, but is rescued by dietary co-supplementation of high-oleic sunflower oil. Poult Sci 2022; 102:102318. [PMID: 36525748 PMCID: PMC9758496 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary goal of this study was to investigate the effect of feeding White Leghorn hens graded levels of a docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-rich microalgae oil (MAO) on productive performance and enrichment of eggs with very long-chain (VLC) omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Forty-nine-week-old hens (8 per diet) were fed the following diets for 28 d: 1) A corn-soybean meal-based diet with no supplemental oil (CON); 2) CON + 10 g/kg MAO; 3) CON + 20 g/kg MAO; 4) CON + 30 g/kg MAO; 5) CON + 40 g/kg MAO; 6) CON + 40 g/kg MAO + 20 g/kg high-oleic sunflower oil (HOSO); and 7) CON + 40 g/kg MAO + 40 g/kg HOSO. Diets 6 and 7 were included because we previously reported that co-feeding high-oleic acid oils with n-3 PUFA-containing oils attenuated egg yolk n-3 PUFA contents vs. feeding hens the n-3 oils alone. All data were collected on an individual hen basis. Egg VLC n-3 PUFA enrichment plateaued, in terms of statistical significance, at the 30 g/kg MAO level (266 mg/yolk). Hens fed 40 g/kg MAO had greatly attenuated measures of hen performance, marked liver enlargement, an altered ovarian follicle hierarchy, greatly lowered circulating triglyceride levels, and depressed hepatic expression of key genes involved in triglyceride synthesis and secretion. As compared to hens fed 40 g/kg MAO alone, feeding hens 40 g/kg MAO co-supplemented with HOSO (Diets 6 and 7) restored egg production, ovarian morphology, and all other measures of hen productive performance to CON levels, elevated plasma triglyceride levels, prevented liver enlargement, and increased the hepatic expression of key genes involved in triglyceride synthesis and secretion. In conclusion, MAO can greatly enrich hens' eggs with VLC n-3 PUFA, but its recommended dietary inclusion should not exceed 20 g/kg. This would allow for near-maximal yolk VLC n-3 PUFA enrichment without impairing hen productive performance, altering the ovarian follicle hierarchy or, based on the work of others, presumably imparting off-flavors in the egg.
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Physical and Chemical Characterisation of Conventional and Nano/Emulsions: Influence of Vegetable Oils from Different Origins. Foods 2022; 11:foods11050681. [PMID: 35267312 PMCID: PMC8908978 DOI: 10.3390/foods11050681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The processes of oil production play an important role in defining the final physical and chemical properties of vegetable oils, which have an influence on the formation and characteristics of emulsions. The objective of this work was to investigate the correlations between oils’ physical and chemical properties with the stability of conventional emulsions (d > 200 nm) and nanoemulsions (d < 200 nm). Five vegetable oils obtained from different production processes and with high proportion of unsaturated fatty acids were studied. Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), cold-pressed rapeseed oil (CPRO), refined olive oil (OO), refined rapeseed oil (RO) and refined sunflower oil (SO) were used in this study. The results showed that the physicochemical stability of emulsion was affected by fatty acid composition, the presence of antioxidants, free fatty acids and droplet size. There was a significant positive correlation (p < 0.05) between the fraction of unsaturated fatty acids and emulsion oxidative stability, where SO, OO and EVOO showed a significantly higher lipid oxidative stability compared to RO and CPRO emulsions. Nanoemulsions with a smaller droplet size showed better physical stability than conventional emulsions. However, there was not a significant correlation between the oxidative stability of emulsions, droplet size and antioxidant capacity of oils.
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Supplementary n-3 fatty acids sources on performance and formation of omega-3 in egg of laying hens: a meta-analysis. Poult Sci 2021; 101:101566. [PMID: 34823172 PMCID: PMC8626700 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the effects of supplementary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) sources in the diet on the formation of some important n-3 PUFA contents in eggs and to assess factors contributing to the conversion efficiency of omega-3 in laying hens. A dataset was constructed from 34 studies examining the impact of dietary inclusion with ingredients rich in n-3 PUFA on fatty acids profile and production performance of laying hens. The eligibility criteria were developed to obtain studies reporting required information with sufficient quality. The mixed model methodology was employed where the “study” was set as random effects and fatty acid (FA) supplements as fixed effects. Several factors were included in the models as covariates. Discrete analysis for sources of FA was also performed to compare their effects on FA formation in eggs. Significant linear positive associations were observed between the concentration of α-linolenic acid (ALA), total n-3 PUFA, and the ratio of linoleic acid (LA) to ALA (LA/ALA) in diets with the formation of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), total n-3 PUFA, and n6/n3 ratio in egg (P < 0.05) with different magnitudes. ALA and total n-3 PUFAs concentration had no relationship with cholesterol concentration, feed intake, and egg weight. Prediction models for DHA formation was higher for ALA as predictor variables (slope = 0.482; R2 = 0.684) than n-3 PUFAs (slopes = 0.998, R2 = 0.628). Significant interactions were found on the level of ALA × FA sources and n-3 PUFA × FA sources. Fish oil (P = 0.0148, R2 = 0.732) improved the prediction equation to estimate DHA formation. To conclude, levels of ALA, n-3 PUFA, and the ratio of LA/ALA can be used as predictor variables to estimate the formation of n-3 fatty acids in eggs. It was confirmed that although all n-3 FA sources had a positive correlation on DHA and n-3 PUFA deposition, however, fish oil showed the highest prediction model for DHA formation across all FA sources included in the dataset.
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7
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El-Zenary ASA, Gaafar KM, Abou-Elkhair R, Elkin RG, Boney JW, Harvatine KJ. Comparison of Ahiflower oil containing stearidonic acid to a high-alpha-linolenic acid flaxseed oil at two levels on tissue omega-3 enrichment in broilers. Lipids 2021; 57:57-68. [PMID: 34800048 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Enrichment of broiler meat with very long-chain omega-3 fatty acids (VLCn-3 FA) is of interest because of their beneficial effects on human health. The ability of Ahiflower® (AHI) oil (Buglossoides arvensis), which naturally contains stearidonic acid (SDA), and a high-alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) flaxseed (FLAX) oil to enrich VLCn-3 FA contents in broilers tissues was investigated. Fifty-five Cobb 500 chicks were fed from days 12 to 35 of life either a control (CON) diet that contained 27.9 g/kg soybean oil or AHI or FLAX oils, each individually at 7.5 or 22.5 g/kg of the diet in substitution for soybean oil (all on an as fed basis). Total VLCn-3 FA contents were greater in breast, thigh, liver, adipose tissue, and plasma of all n-3 treatments compared to CON, with the greatest increase observed at the highest level of AHI and FLAX oils (p < 0.001). AHI oil at 7.5 g/kg promoted the most efficient synthesis and deposition of VLCn-3 in broiler tissues measured as deposition of VLCn-3 FA in tissues relative to intake of n3 FA. In conclusion, both ALA and SDA oils increased VLCn-3 FA deposition in tissues, but there were diminishing returns when increasing dietary levels of the oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S A El-Zenary
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt.,Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Khalid M Gaafar
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Reham Abou-Elkhair
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Robert G Elkin
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John W Boney
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kevin J Harvatine
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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8
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Elkin RG, El-Zenary ASA, Bomberger R, Harvatine KJ. Supplemental dietary oils rich in oleic acid or linoleic acid attenuate egg yolk and tissue n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid contents in laying hens co-fed oils enriched in either stearidonic acid or α-linolenic acid. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2021; 172:102322. [PMID: 34399187 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2021.102322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that when laying hens were fed diets supplemented with oils enriched in α-linolenic acid (ALA) and oleic acid (OA), the deposition of n-3 PUFA in egg yolk was attenuated as compared to feeding hens a diet supplemented with the ALA-rich oil alone. The present work extends those findings to another n-3 PUFA-rich oil (stearidonic acid [SDA]-enriched soybean oil) and two other high-OA oils, suggesting that the effect is not plant oil-specific. Feeding hens a supplemental linoleic acid (LA)-rich oil plus an oil rich in either SDA or ALA also attenuated egg yolk ALA and SDA contents (Experiment 1), or egg yolk and liver ALA contents (Experiment 2), respectively, as compared to feeding the SDA- or ALA-rich oils alone. Future work should focus on the lack of neutrality of OA and LA in relation to n-3 PUFA nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Elkin
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Ahmed S A El-Zenary
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Permanent address: Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Rebecca Bomberger
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Kevin J Harvatine
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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9
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Walker RE, Parkhomenko V, Ying Y, Urrutia N, Harvatine KJ. Dietary SFAs and ω-6 Fatty Acids Alter Incorporation of ω-3 Fatty Acids into Milk Fat of Lactating CD-1 Mice and Tissues of Offspring. J Nutr 2021; 151:1834-1843. [PMID: 33982073 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methods to increase the amount of omega-3 (n-3) PUFAs in milk are desirable for neonatal health. The n-3 PUFA, α-linolenic acid (18:3n-3), can be elongated to EPA (20:5n-3) and DHA (22:6n-3). n-6 PUFAs suppress tissue n-3 PUFA incorporation, but the effect of SFAs is not clear. OBJECTIVES In this study, we compared the effects of SFAs and n-6 PUFAs on n-3 PUFA incorporation into milk and tissues of lactating mice and tissues of their offspring. METHODS Female CD-1 mice were bred at 8 wk of age. All experimental diets included 3% flaxseed oil and were begun on day 8 of lactation: low-fat diet (LFD); high-SFA diet (SAT), with an additional 12% saturated oil; or high-linoleic-acid diet (HLA), with 12% high-linoleic-acid oil (% kcal, carbohydrates:fat:protein: LFD, 49:24:27; both SAT and HLA, 35:46:19; n = 5/treatment). After 5 d, pup stomach milk clot FA profiles, tissue FA profiles in dams and pups, and mammary and hepatic expression of lipid metabolism genes in dams were analyzed. Data were analyzed by ANOVA with treatment diet as a fixed effect. RESULTS Dams in all groups had similar total milk fat concentrations, but both SAT and HLA decreased the concentration of n-3 PUFAs (SAT: -23%; HLA: -31%) compared with LFD, and HLA increased milk n-6 FAs by 347% compared with SAT. SAT pups had n-3 PUFA tissue concentrations similar to LFD, but HLA pups had lower n-3 PUFAs than SAT pups in multiple tissues (liver, -32%; kidney, -29%; heart, -28%; muscle, -18%). Mammary expression of lipid metabolism genes was mostly unchanged, but hepatic expression of elongases and desaturases was decreased with SAT compared with LFD [elongation of very-long-chain fatty acid (Elov)5, -42%; Elov6, -64%; fatty acid desaturase (Fads)1, -33%; Fads2, -44%]. CONCLUSIONS HLA decreased n-3 PUFA concentrations across multiple pup tissues compared with SAT. This suggests that high dietary n-6 PUFAs suppress n-3 PUFA incorporation in neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Walker
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Valentina Parkhomenko
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Yun Ying
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Natalie Urrutia
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Kevin J Harvatine
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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Al-Khalaifah H, Al-Nasser A. Dietary source of polyunsaturated fatty acids influences cell cytotoxicity in broiler chickens. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10113. [PMID: 34001928 PMCID: PMC8129153 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89381-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study aims to investigate the effects of dietary source of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on immune response in broiler chickens, represented by cytotoxic cell activity. A total of 255 one-day-old male Cobb 500 broiler chickens were fed on fish oil (FO)-, flaxseed oil-enriched diets at 50 and 19 g/kg, respectively, in addition to the soybean-based control diet. At slaughter, samples of blood and spleen were harvested from 20 birds/treatment (n = 20). The immune tissues' fatty acid profile was analyzed by gas chromatography, and the cytotoxic cell activity was investigated. The results showed that supplementing broiler chickens with diets rich in n-3 PUFA had a substantial effect on the broiler immune tissues' fatty acid profile. Cytotoxic cell activity was significantly higher in splenocytes and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from broilers fed flaxseed oil than those provided FO and the soybean control diet. These results suggest that flaxseed oil may be used to enrich chickens with n-3 PUFA and improve the immune status of chicken flocks to resist diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan Al-Khalaifah
- Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR), Kuwait, Kuwait.
| | - Afaf Al-Nasser
- Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR), Kuwait, Kuwait
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11
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Alagawany M, Elnesr SS, Farag MR, Abd El-Hack ME, Barkat RA, Gabr AA, Foda MA, Noreldin AE, Khafaga AF, El-Sabrout K, Elwan HAM, Tiwari R, Yatoo MI, Michalak I, Di Cerbo A, Dhama K. Potential role of important nutraceuticals in poultry performance and health - A comprehensive review. Res Vet Sci 2021; 137:9-29. [PMID: 33915364 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotics use in poultry as a growth promoter leads to the propagation of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms and incorporation of drug residues in foods; therefore, it has been restricted in different countries. There is a global trend to limit the use of antibiotics in the animal products. Prevention of the antibiotics use in the poultry diets led to the reduction in the growth performance. Consequently, there is a high demand for natural substances that lead to the same growth enhancement and beneficially affect poultry health. These constituents play essential roles in regulating the normal physiological functions of animals including the protection from infectious ailments. Nutraceuticals administration resulted beneficial in both infectious and noninfectious diseases. Being the natural components of diet, they are compatible with it and do not pose risks associated with antibiotics or other drugs. Nutraceuticals are categorized as commercial additives obtained from natural products as an alternative feed supplement for the improvement of animal welfare. This group includes enzymes, synbiotics, phytobiotics, organic acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids. In the present review, the summary of various bioactive ingredients that act as nutraceuticals and their mode of action in growth promotion and elevation of the immune system has been presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Alagawany
- Department of Poultry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt.
| | - Shaaban S Elnesr
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum 63514, Egypt
| | - Mayada R Farag
- Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Mohamed E Abd El-Hack
- Department of Poultry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Rasha A Barkat
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Amr A Gabr
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo Unversity, Giza 1221, Egypt
| | - Manar A Foda
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Ahmed E Noreldin
- Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Asmaa F Khafaga
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina 22758, Egypt
| | - Karim El-Sabrout
- Poultry production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Elshatby, Egypt
| | - Hamada A M Elwan
- Animal and Poultry Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Minia University, 61519 El-Minya, Egypt
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura 281001, India
| | - Mohd Iqbal Yatoo
- Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, 190025 Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Izabela Michalak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław 50-370, Poland
| | - Alessandro Di Cerbo
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Matelica, Italy.
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Neijat M, Zacek P, Picklo MJ, House JD. Lipidomic characterization of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine species of egg yolk lipid derived from hens fed flaxseed oil and marine algal biomass. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2020; 161:102178. [PMID: 32980739 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2020.102178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Membrane phospholipids, including phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), consist of distinct fatty acids occupying the sn-1 and sn-2 positions, reflecting the highly regulated nature of lipid biosynthesis. However, little is known about the influence of dietary lipids on the positional nature of fatty acids in tissues, including the enrichment of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) in chicken egg yolk phospholipids. This study was undertaken to characterize the PC and PE species in egg lipids derived from Lohmann hens (n=10/treatment) randomly allocated to either a control (no supplementation), a flaxseed oil (FO) or a marine algal oil (MA) diet. Each of the FO or MA diets supplied three levels of total omega-3 PUFA (0.20, 0.40 and 0.60% of diet) that were provided for 6 weeks. A combination of multiplexed mass spectrometry (MS) experiments are used to determine total, isobaric, and position molecules for PC and PE in egg yolk. The distribution of phospholipids in the yolk was predominantly PC over PE (~72 vs. 23%, respectively) across treatments. The longer chain PUFA existed in the sn-2 position in the PC and PE. Although docosahexaenoic acid (22:6) formed isomers with fatty acids 16:0, 18:0 and 18:1; it was preferentially enriched in the egg in combination with 16:0 with both the FO and MA-fed groups in both lipid pools. All 22:6-containing isomers were enriched by ~2-fold more (P < 0.0001) with MA than FO, however, all isomers exhibited a plateau with the FO-fed group. In addition, the MS analyses of PCs revealed several isobaric species containing eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5), however, in the PE, EPA formed only one isomer (i.e. in combination with 16:0). These results may assist to elucidate potential aspects regulating the limited enrichment of omega-3 PUFA, particularly EPA and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6) in chicken eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Neijat
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - P Zacek
- Faculty of Science, BIOCEV, Charles University in Prague, Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - M J Picklo
- USDA-ARS Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, ND 58203-9034
| | - J D House
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada; Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2E1, Canada; Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, R2H 2A6, Canada.
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El-Zenary AS, Ying Y, Michael Hulet R, Harvatine KJ, Elkin RG. Effect of lowering the amount of dietary linoleic acid on tissue omega-3 fatty acid contents of broilers fed supplemental flaxseed oil from 18 to 35 days of age. J APPL POULTRY RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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