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Nuernberg E, Bruch R, Hafner M, Rudolf R, Vitacolonna M. Quantitative Analysis of Whole-Mount Fluorescence-Stained Tumor Spheroids in Phenotypic Drug Screens. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2764:311-334. [PMID: 38393603 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3674-9_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Three-dimensional cell cultures, such as spheroids or organoids, serve as important models for drug screening purposes. Optical tissue clearing (OTC) enhances the visualization of fluorescence stainings and enables in toto microscopy of 3D cell culture models. Furthermore, subsequent automated image analysis tools convert qualitative confocal image sets into quantitative data. In this chapter, we describe a detailed protocol for preparation of HT29 cancer spheroids, 3D in toto immunostaining, glycerol-based OTC, whole-mount imaging, and semi-automated downstream image processing and segmentation for nuclear image analysis using open-source software.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Nuernberg
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany
- Center for Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Roman Bruch
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany
- Institute for Automation and Applied Informatics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Mathias Hafner
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ruediger Rudolf
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany
- Center for Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Mario Vitacolonna
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany.
- Center for Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany.
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2
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Maillet M, Kammoun M, Avril S, Ho Ba Tho MC, Trabelsi O. Non-destructive Characterization of Skeletal Muscle Extracellular Matrix Morphology by Combining Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) Imaging with Tissue Clearing. Ann Biomed Eng 2023; 51:2323-2336. [PMID: 37310491 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-023-03274-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Histology is an essential step to visualize and analyze the microstructure of any biological tissue; however, histological processing is often irreversible, and histological samples are unable to be imaged or tested further. In this work, a novel non-destructive protocol is proposed for morphological analysis of skeletal muscles, combining Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) imaging with Tissue Clearing. Imaging combining OCT and Propylene Glycol (PG) as a tissue-clearing agent, was performed on rat tail and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle. The results show that the extracellular matrix morphology of skeletal muscles, including muscular fibers and the whole microstructure architecture were clearly identified. PG improved OCT imaging as measured by image quality metric Contrast Per Pixel CPP (increases by 3.9%), Naturalness Image Quality Evaluator NIQE (decreases by 23%), and Volume of Interest VOI size (higher for CPP and lower for NIQE values). The tendon microstructure was observed with less precision, as collagen fibers could not be clearly detected. The reversibility of the optical effects of the PG on the immersed tissue (in a Phosphate-Buffered Saline solution) was studied comparing native and rehydrated OCT image acquisition from a single EDL sample. Optical properties and microstructure visibility (CPP and NIQE) have been recovered to 99% of the native sample values. Moreover, clearing process caused shrinkage of the tissue recovered to 86% of the original width. Future work will aim to employ the proposed experimental protocol to identify the local mechanical properties of biological tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxence Maillet
- Université de technologie de Compiègne, CNRS, Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Centre de recherche Royallieu, CS 60319, 60203, Compiègne Cedex, France
| | - Malek Kammoun
- Université de technologie de Compiègne, CNRS, Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Centre de recherche Royallieu, CS 60319, 60203, Compiègne Cedex, France
| | - Stéphane Avril
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Univ Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Inserm, U 1059 Sainbiose, 42023, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Marie-Christine Ho Ba Tho
- Université de technologie de Compiègne, CNRS, Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Centre de recherche Royallieu, CS 60319, 60203, Compiègne Cedex, France
| | - Olfa Trabelsi
- Université de technologie de Compiègne, CNRS, Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Centre de recherche Royallieu, CS 60319, 60203, Compiègne Cedex, France.
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Sheet AH, Hamdy O, Abdel-Harith M. Scattering and absorption properties modification of optically cleared skeletal muscles: an ex vivo study. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2023; 40:1042-1050. [PMID: 37706757 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.486496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Optical clearing is a relatively new approach to enhancing the optical transparency of biological tissues by reducing their scattering properties. The optical clearing effect is achievable via various chemical, physical, and photo-thermal techniques. The present work studied optical parameters of bovine skeletal muscles under different clearing protocols: immersion optical clearing in 99% glycerol and photo-thermal optical clearing via exposure to IR laser irradiation. Moreover, the two techniques were combined with different immersion time intervals after multiple exposure periods to get optimum results. The muscle samples' diffuse reflectance and total transmittance were measured using a single integrating sphere and introduced to the Kubleka-Munk mathematical model to determine the absorption and reduced scattering coefficients. Results revealed a 6% scattering reduction after irradiating the sample for 10 min and immersing it in glycerol for 18 min and 8% after 20 min of laser irradiation and 18 min of immersion. Moreover, increases of 6.5% and 7.5% in penetration depth were prominent for the total treatment times of 28 min and 38 min, respectively. Furthermore, the measurements' accuracy and sensitivity were analyzed and evaluated using the receiver operating characteristic method. The accuracy ranged from 0.93 to 0.98, with sensitivity from 0.93 to 0.99 for each clearing protocol. Although laser irradiation and application of 99% glycerol separately produced scattering light reduction, the maximal clearing effect was obtained while irradiating the sample with a laser for 20 min and then immersing it in 99% glycerol for a maximum of 18 min.
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Yu T, Li D, Zhu D. Tissue Optical Clearing for Biomedical Imaging: From In Vitro to In Vivo. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 3233:217-255. [PMID: 34053030 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-7627-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Tissue optical clearing technique provides a prospective solution for the application of advanced optical methods in life sciences. This chapter firstly gives a brief introduction to mechanisms of tissue optical clearing techniques, from the physical mechanism to chemical mechanism, which is the most important foundation to develop tissue optical clearing methods. During the past years, in vitro and in vivo tissue optical clearing methods were developed. In vitro tissue optical clearing techniques, including the solvent-based clearing methods and the hydrophilic reagents-based clearing methods, combined with labeling technique and advanced microscopy, can be applied to image 3D microstructure of tissue blocks or whole organs such as brain and spinal cord with high resolution. In vivo skin or skull optical clearing, promise various optical imaging techniques to detect cutaneous or cortical cell and vascular structure and function without surgical window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Yu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Dongyu Li
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Dan Zhu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China. .,MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Costantini I, Cicchi R, Silvestri L, Vanzi F, Pavone FS. In-vivo and ex-vivo optical clearing methods for biological tissues: review. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:5251-5267. [PMID: 31646045 PMCID: PMC6788593 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.005251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Every optical imaging technique is limited in its penetration depth by scattering occurring in biological tissues. Possible solutions to overcome this problem consist of limiting the detrimental effects of scattering by reducing optical inhomogeneities within the sample. This can be achieved either by using physical methods (such as refractive index matching solutions) or by chemical methods (such as the removal of scatterers), based on tissue transformation protocols. This review provides an overview of the current state-of-the-art methods used for both ex-vivo and in-vivo optical clearing of biological tissues. We start with a brief history of the development of the most widespread clearing methods across the new millennium, then we describe the working principles of both physical and chemical methods. Clearing methods are then reviewed, pointing the attention of the reader on both physical and chemical methods, classified based on the tissue size and type for each specific application. A small section is reserved for methods that have already found in-vivo applications at the research level. Finally, a detailed discussion highlighting both the most relevant results achieved and the new ongoing developments in this field is reported in the last part, together with future perspectives for the clearing methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Costantini
- National Institute of Optics, National Research Council, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy, University of Florence, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Riccardo Cicchi
- National Institute of Optics, National Research Council, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy, University of Florence, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Ludovico Silvestri
- National Institute of Optics, National Research Council, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy, University of Florence, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence, Via Sansone 1, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy
| | - Francesco Vanzi
- European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy, University of Florence, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy
| | - Francesco Saverio Pavone
- National Institute of Optics, National Research Council, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy, University of Florence, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence, Via Sansone 1, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy
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6
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Xie Q, Zeng N, Huang Y, Tuchin VV, Ma H. Study on the tissue clearing process using different agents by Mueller matrix microscope. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:3269-3280. [PMID: 31467778 PMCID: PMC6706038 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.003269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we monitor the in vitro tissue clearing process of mouse dorsal skin immersed into two types of agents using Mueller matrix microscope. By Mueller matrix polar decomposition, we can see that the major difference between polarization changes due to two kinds of agents is the opposite trend of phase retardance with clearing. For the insight of the connection between different agents with the microstructural and optical changes of cleared tissues, we establish various models to mimic the dynamic process of microphysical features of tissues with clearing time. The mechanisms considered include refractive index matching, collagen shrinkage, more orderly fibers and birefringence variation. We compare the experimental results with simulations based on a single mechanism model and a combined model, respectively, which confirms that an individual possible mechanism cannot explain the polarization phenomena due to clearing. Also by simulations of various clearing models involving two possible mechanisms, we can speculate that formamide and saturated sucrose as agents have respective impacts on tissue features and then cause different polarization changes with clearing. Specifically, collagen shrinkage plus birefringence reduction can better explain the tissue cleared by formamide, and refractive index match plus increased birefringence model is likely to be a proper description of tissue cleared by sucrose. Both simulations and experiments also validate the potential of Mueller matrix microscope as a good tool to understand the interaction between clearing agents and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaolin Xie
- Tsinghua University, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Institute of Optical Imaging and Sensing, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Minimal Invasive Medical Technologies, 2279 Lishui Street, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Tsinghua University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 1 Tsinghua Yuan, Beijing 100084, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Nan Zeng
- Tsinghua University, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Institute of Optical Imaging and Sensing, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Minimal Invasive Medical Technologies, 2279 Lishui Street, Shenzhen 518055, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Yu Huang
- Tsinghua University, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Institute of Optical Imaging and Sensing, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Minimal Invasive Medical Technologies, 2279 Lishui Street, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Tsinghua University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 1 Tsinghua Yuan, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Valery V. Tuchin
- Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya Street, Saratov 410012, Russia
- Tomsk State University, 36 Lenin Avenue, Tomsk 634050, Russia
- Institute of Precision Mechanics and Control of RAS, 24 Rabochaya Street, Saratov 410028, Russia
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 33-2 Leninsky prospect, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Hui Ma
- Tsinghua University, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Institute of Optical Imaging and Sensing, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Minimal Invasive Medical Technologies, 2279 Lishui Street, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Tsinghua University, Department of Physics, 1 Tsinghua Yuan, Beijing 100084, China
- Center for Precision Medicine and Healthcare, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, 518071, China
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Sdobnov AY, Lademann J, Darvin ME, Tuchin VV. Methods for Optical Skin Clearing in Molecular Optical Imaging in Dermatology. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2019; 84:S144-S158. [PMID: 31213200 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297919140098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This short review describes recent progress in using optical clearing (OC) technique in skin studies. Optical clearing is an efficient tool for enhancing the probing depth and data quality in multiphoton microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. Here, we discuss the main mechanisms of OC, its safety, advantages, and limitations. The data on the OC effect on the skin water content are presented. It was demonstrated that 70% glycerol and 100% OmnipaqueTM 300 reduce the water content in the skin. Both OC agents (OCAs) significantly affect the strongly bound and weakly bound water. However, OmnipaqueTM 300 causes considerably less skin dehydration than glycerol. In addition, the results of examination of the OC effect on autofluorescence in two-photon excitation and background fluorescence in Raman scattering at different skin depths are presented. It is shown that OmnipaqueTM 300 is a promising OCA due to its ability to reduce background fluorescence in the upper skin layers. The possibility of multimodal imaging combining optical methods and OC technique is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Yu Sdobnov
- Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, Oulu, 90570, Finland. .,Research-Educational Institute of Optics and Biophotonics, Saratov State University, Saratov, 410012, Russia
| | - J Lademann
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, 10117, Germany
| | - M E Darvin
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, 10117, Germany
| | - V V Tuchin
- Research-Educational Institute of Optics and Biophotonics, Saratov State University, Saratov, 410012, Russia.,Laboratory of Laser Diagnostics of Technical and Living Systems, Institute of Precision Mechanics and Control, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saratov, 410028, Russia.,Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Biophotonics, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, 634050, Russia.,Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia
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8
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Corsetti S, Gunn-Moore F, Dholakia K. Light sheet fluorescence microscopy for neuroscience. J Neurosci Methods 2019; 319:16-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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9
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In Vivo Experimental Study on the Enhancement of Optical Clearing Effect by Laser Irradiation in Conjunction with a Chemical Penetration Enhancer. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9030542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The penetration of optical clearing agents (OCAs) is restricted by the natural barrier function of the stratum corneum (SC) of the skin, which can be breached by physical and chemical methods to enhance the transcutaneous delivery of OCAs. To breach the barrier function of SC, we carried out the in vivo experimental study to enhance the optical clearing effect of PEG-400 by laser irradiation in conjunction with a chemical penetration enhancer thiazone. We compared the reflectance spectra of skin without laser irradiation or thiazone. Mono-treatment of thiazone could not significantly enhance the optical clearing efficacy of the skin. After 60 min, the reflectance spectrum decreased by only approximately 10%. With the combined treatment, the reflectance spectrum decreased by approximately 30% after 10 min. Subsequently, the effect of laser dose on the enhancement of optical clearing efficacy was studied. The optimal irradiation dose was determined. The reflectance of skins irradiated by a laser dose at 0.7 J/cm2 decreased by approximately 10% and were 20% lower than those at 0.5 and 0.9 J/cm2. The laser at 0.5 J/cm2 could not damage the SC completely, whereas the laser at 0.9 J/cm2 influenced the epidermis and dermis; thus, the reflectance of skin samples irradiated by 0.9 J/cm2 did not decrease.
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10
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Sdobnov AY, Darvin ME, Genina EA, Bashkatov AN, Lademann J, Tuchin VV. Recent progress in tissue optical clearing for spectroscopic application. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 197:216-229. [PMID: 29433855 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.01.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper aims to review recent progress in optical clearing of the skin and over naturally turbid biological tissues and blood using this technique in vivo and in vitro with multiphoton microscopy, confocal Raman microscopy, confocal microscopy, NIR spectroscopy, optical coherence tomography, and laser speckle contrast imaging. Basic principles of the technique, its safety, advantages and limitations are discussed. The application of optical clearing agent on a tissue allows for controlling the optical properties of tissue. Optical clearing-induced reduction of tissue scattering significantly facilitates the observation of deep-located tissue regions, at the same time improving the resolution and image contrast for a variety of optical imaging methods suitable for clinical applications, such as diagnostics and laser treatment of skin diseases, mucosal tumor imaging, laser disruption of pathological abnormalities, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Yu Sdobnov
- Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, Oulu 90570, Finland; Research-Educational Institute of Optics and Biophotonics, Saratov State University (National Research University of Russia), Astrakhanskaya 83, 410012 Saratov, Russian Federation.
| | - M E Darvin
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - E A Genina
- Research-Educational Institute of Optics and Biophotonics, Saratov State University (National Research University of Russia), Astrakhanskaya 83, 410012 Saratov, Russian Federation; Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Biophotonics, Tomsk State University (National Research University of Russia), Lenin's av. 36, 634050 Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - A N Bashkatov
- Research-Educational Institute of Optics and Biophotonics, Saratov State University (National Research University of Russia), Astrakhanskaya 83, 410012 Saratov, Russian Federation; Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Biophotonics, Tomsk State University (National Research University of Russia), Lenin's av. 36, 634050 Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - J Lademann
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - V V Tuchin
- Research-Educational Institute of Optics and Biophotonics, Saratov State University (National Research University of Russia), Astrakhanskaya 83, 410012 Saratov, Russian Federation; Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Biophotonics, Tomsk State University (National Research University of Russia), Lenin's av. 36, 634050 Tomsk, Russian Federation; Laboratory of Laser Diagnostics of Technical and Living Systems, Institute of Precision Mechanics and Control RAS, Rabochaya 24, 410028 Saratov, Russian Federation
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Sdobnov A, Darvin ME, Lademann J, Tuchin V. A comparative study of ex vivo skin optical clearing using two-photon microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2017; 10:1115-1123. [PMID: 28133923 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201600066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Multiphoton tomography (MPT) is a prospective tool for imaging the skin structure. Aiming to increase the probing depth, a comparative ex vivo study of optical clearing of porcine ear skin was performed by using two optical clearing agents (OCAs), i.e., glycerol and iohexol (OmnipaqueTM ) at different concentrations, which exhibit different osmotic properties. The results show that a topical application of glycerol or OmnipaqueTM solutions onto the skin for 60 min significantly improved the depth and contrast of the MPT signals. By utilizing 40%, 60% and 100% glycerol, and 60% and 100% OmnipaqueTM it was demonstrated that both agents improve autofluorescence and SHG (second harmonic generation) signals from the skin. At the applied concentrations and agent time exposure, glycerol is more effective than OmnipaqueTM . However, tissue shrinkage and cell morphology changes were found for highly concentrated glycerol solutions. OmnipaqueTM , on the contrary, increases the safety and has no or minimal tissue shrinkage during the optical clearing process. Moreover OmnipaqueTM allows for robust multimodal optical/X-ray imaging with automatically matched optically cleared and X-ray contrasted tissue volumes. These findings make OmnipaqueTM more prospective than glycerol for some particular application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Sdobnov
- Research-Education Institute of Optics and Biophotonics, Saratov National Research State University, Astrakhanskaya 83, 410012, Saratov, Russian Federation
| | - Maxim E Darvin
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Juergen Lademann
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Valery Tuchin
- Research-Education Institute of Optics and Biophotonics, Saratov National Research State University, Astrakhanskaya 83, 410012, Saratov, Russian Federation
- Laboratory of Laser Diagnostics of Technical and Living Systems, Institute of Precision Mechanics and Control RAS, Rabochaya 24, 410028, Saratov, Russian Federation
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Biophotonics, National Research Tomsk State University, Lenin's av. 36, 634050, Tomsk, Russian Federation
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12
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Enfield J, McGrath J, Daly SM, Leahy M. Enhanced in vivo visualization of the microcirculation by topical application of fructose solution confirmed with correlation mapping optical coherence tomography. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2016; 21:081212. [PMID: 27311423 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.21.8.081212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Changes within the microcirculation can provide an early indication of the onset of a plethora of ailments. Various techniques have thus been developed that enable the study of microcirculatory irregularities. Correlation mapping optical coherence tomography (cmOCT) is a recently proposed technique, which enables mapping of vasculature networks at the capillary level in a noninvasive and noncontact manner. This technique is an extension of conventional optical coherence tomography (OCT) and is therefore likewise limited in the penetration depth of ballistic photons in biological media. Optical clearing has previously been demonstrated to enhance the penetration depth and the imaging capabilities of OCT. In order to enhance the achievable maximum imaging depth, we propose the use of optical clearing in conjunction with the cmOCT technique. We demonstrate in vivo a 13% increase in OCT penetration depth by topical application of a high-concentration fructose solution, thereby enabling the visualization of vessel features at deeper depths within the tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joey Enfield
- Tissue Optics and Microcirculation Imaging Facility, National Biophotonics and Imaging Platform, Department of Physics and Energy, Ireland
| | - James McGrath
- Tissue Optics and Microcirculation Imaging Facility, National Biophotonics and Imaging Platform, Department of Physics and Energy, Ireland
| | - Susan M Daly
- Tissue Optics and Microcirculation Imaging Facility, National Biophotonics and Imaging Platform, Department of Physics and Energy, Ireland
| | - Martin Leahy
- Tissue Optics and Microcirculation Imaging Facility, National Biophotonics and Imaging Platform, Department of Physics and Energy, IrelandbNational University of Ireland, Tissue Optics and Microcirculation Imaging Group, National Biophotonics and Imaging
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13
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Belikov AV, Skrypnik AV, Shatilova KV, Tuchin VV. Multi-beam laser-induced hydrodynamic shock waves used for delivery of microparticles and liquids in skin. Lasers Surg Med 2015; 47:723-36. [DOI: 10.1002/lsm.22417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V. Belikov
- Saint Petersburg National Research University of Information Technologies; Mechanics and Optics; Saint-Petersburg 197101 Russian Federation
| | - Alexei V. Skrypnik
- Saint Petersburg National Research University of Information Technologies; Mechanics and Optics; Saint-Petersburg 197101 Russian Federation
| | - Ksenia V. Shatilova
- Saint Petersburg National Research University of Information Technologies; Mechanics and Optics; Saint-Petersburg 197101 Russian Federation
| | - Valery V. Tuchin
- Research-Educational Institute of Optics and Biophotonics; Saratov State University; Saratov 410012 Russian Federation
- Institute of Precise Mechanics and Control of Russian Academy of Sciences; Saratov 410028 Russian Federation
- Laboratory of Biophotonics; Tomsk State University; Tomsk 634050 Russian Federation
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Zhu D, Larin KV, Luo Q, Tuchin VV. Recent progress in tissue optical clearing. LASER & PHOTONICS REVIEWS 2013; 7:732-757. [PMID: 24348874 PMCID: PMC3856422 DOI: 10.1002/lpor.201200056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2012] [Revised: 12/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Tissue optical clearing technique provides a prospective solution for the application of advanced optical methods in life sciences. This paper gives a review of recent developments in tissue optical clearing techniques. The physical, molecular and physiological mechanisms of tissue optical clearing are overviewed and discussed. Various methods for enhancing penetration of optical-clearing agents into tissue, such as physical methods, chemical-penetration enhancers and combination of physical and chemical methods are introduced. Combining the tissue optical clearing technique with advanced microscopy image or labeling technique, applications for 3D microstructure of whole tissues such as brain and central nervous system with unprecedented resolution are demonstrated. Moreover, the difference in diffusion and/or clearing ability of selected agents in healthy versus pathological tissues can provide a highly sensitive indicator of the tissue health/pathology condition. Finally, recent advances in optical clearing of soft or hard tissue for in vivo imaging and phototherapy are introduced. [Formula: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Photonics of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan, China
| | - Kirill V Larin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, USA and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of MedicineHouston, USA
- Department of Optics and Biophotonics, Saratov State UniversitySaratov, 410012, Russia
| | - Qingming Luo
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Photonics of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan, China
| | - Valery V Tuchin
- Department of Optics and Biophotonics, Saratov State UniversitySaratov, 410012, Russia
- Laboratory of Laser Diagnostics of Technical and Living Systems, Institute of Precise Mechanics and Control RASSaratov, 410028, Russia
- Optoelectronics and Measurement Techniques Laboratory, P.O. Box 4500, University of Oulu, FIN-90014Oulu, Finland
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15
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Menyaev YA, Nedosekin DA, Sarimollaoglu M, Juratli MA, Galanzha EI, Tuchin VV, Zharov VP. Optical clearing in photoacoustic flow cytometry. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 4:3030-41. [PMID: 24409398 PMCID: PMC3862168 DOI: 10.1364/boe.4.003030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Clinical applications of photoacoustic (PA) flow cytometry (PAFC) for detection of circulating tumor cells in deep blood vessels are hindered by laser beam scattering, that result in loss of PAFC sensitivity and resolution. We demonstrate biocompatible and rapid optical clearing (OC) of skin to minimize light scattering and thus, increase optical resolution and sensitivity of PAFC. OC effect was achieved in 20 min by sequent skin cleaning, microdermabrasion, and glycerol application enhanced by massage and sonophoresis. Using 0.8 mm mouse skin layer over a blood vessel in vitro phantom we demonstrated 1.6-fold decrease in laser spot blurring accompanied by 1.6-fold increase in PA signal amplitude from blood background. As a result, peak rate for B16F10 melanoma cells in blood flow increased 1.7-fold. By using OC we also demonstrated the feasibility of PA contrast improvement for human hand veins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulian A. Menyaev
- Phillips Classic Laser and Nanomedicine Laboratories, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., Little Rock, AR 72205 USA
| | - Dmitry A. Nedosekin
- Phillips Classic Laser and Nanomedicine Laboratories, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., Little Rock, AR 72205 USA
| | - Mustafa Sarimollaoglu
- Phillips Classic Laser and Nanomedicine Laboratories, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., Little Rock, AR 72205 USA
| | - Mazen A. Juratli
- Phillips Classic Laser and Nanomedicine Laboratories, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., Little Rock, AR 72205 USA
| | - Ekaterina I. Galanzha
- Phillips Classic Laser and Nanomedicine Laboratories, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., Little Rock, AR 72205 USA
| | - Valery V. Tuchin
- Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya St., Saratov, 410012 Russia
- Institute of Precise Mechanics and Control of RAS, 28 Rabochaya St., Saratov, 410028 Russia
- Optoelectronics and Measurement Techniques Laboratory, University of Oulu, P.O. BOX 4500, 90014 Finland
| | - Vladimir P. Zharov
- Phillips Classic Laser and Nanomedicine Laboratories, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., Little Rock, AR 72205 USA
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16
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Clendenon SG, Young PA, Ferkowicz M, Phillips C, Dunn KW. Deep tissue fluorescent imaging in scattering specimens using confocal microscopy. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2011; 17:614-617. [PMID: 21729357 PMCID: PMC4428593 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927611000535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In scattering specimens, multiphoton excitation and nondescanned detection improve imaging depth by a factor of 2 or more over confocal microscopy; however, imaging depth is still limited by scattering. We applied the concept of clearing to deep tissue imaging of highly scattering specimens. Clearing is a remarkably effective approach to improving image quality at depth using either confocal or multiphoton microscopy. Tissue clearing appears to eliminate the need for multiphoton excitation for deep tissue imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry G Clendenon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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17
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Guo X, Guo Z, Wei H, Yang H, He Y, Xie S, Wu G, Deng X, Zhao Q, Li L. In Vivo Comparison of the Optical Clearing Efficacy of Optical Clearing Agents in Human Skin by Quantifying Permeability Using Optical Coherence Tomography. Photochem Photobiol 2011; 87:734-40. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2011.00908.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Abstract
In this article, we discuss the optical immersion method based on refractive index matching of scatterers (e.g., collagen, elastin fibers, cells and cell compartments) and the ground material (interstitial fluid and/or cytoplasm) of tissue and blood under the action of exogenous optical clearing agents. We analyze the optical clearing of fibrous and cell-structured tissues and blood from the point of view of receiving more valuable, normally hidden, information from spectroscopic and polarization measurements, confocal microscopy, optical coherence and optical projection tomography, as well as from nonlinear spectroscopies, such as two-photon fluorescence and second-harmonic generation techniques. Some important applications of the immersion technique to glucose sensing, drug delivery monitoring, improvements of image contrast and imaging depth, nondistortive delivery of laser radiation and precision tissue laser photodisruption, among others, are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina A Genina
- Research-Educational Institute of Optics and Biophotonics, Saratov State University, 410012 Saratov, Russia
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19
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Yoon J, Park D, Son T, Seo J, Nelson JS, Jung B. A physical method to enhance transdermal delivery of a tissue optical clearing agent: combination of microneedling and sonophoresis. Lasers Surg Med 2010; 42:412-7. [PMID: 20583247 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.20930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Various physical methods, such as microneedling, laser ablation, sonophoresis, and sandpaper, have been widely studied to enhance the transdermal delivery of tissue optical clearing (TOC) agents. A previous study demonstrated that the microneedling method could effectively enhance the permeability of a TOC agent through the skin barrier. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, we introduce a new physical combination method which utilizes both microneedling and sonophoresis to further enhance the transdermal delivery of a TOC agent, glycerol. Porcine skin samples were divided into a control group treated only with the microneedle roller and a test group treated with both the microneedle roller and sonophoresis. Glycerol was applied topically after microneedling. The optimal concentration and transdermal delivery efficacy of glycerol were quantitatively evaluated. RESULTS A 70% glycerol solution was determined to be the optimal concentration for the combination method. The combination method resulted in approximately a 2.3-fold higher transdermal diffusion rate of glycerol when compared to the microneedling method alone. CONCLUSION The combination method and optimal glycerol concentration effectively enhanced transdermal delivery of glycerol by accelerating the diffusion rate through the skin barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhee Yoon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju-si 220-710, Korea
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20
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Cilip CM, Ross AE, Jarow JP, Fried NM. Application of an optical clearing agent during noninvasive laser coagulation of the canine vas deferens. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2010; 15:048001. [PMID: 20799844 PMCID: PMC2921419 DOI: 10.1117/1.3463009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2010] [Revised: 05/18/2010] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Development of a noninvasive vasectomy technique may eliminate male fear of complications and result in a more popular procedure. This study explores application of an optical clearing agent (OCA) to scrotal skin to reduce laser power necessary for successful noninvasive laser vasectomy and eliminate scrotal skin burns. A mixture of dimethyl sulfoxide and glycerol was noninvasively delivered into scrotal skin using a pneumatic jet device. Near-infrared laser radiation was delivered in conjunction with cryogen spray cooling to the skin surface in a canine model, ex vivo and in vivo. Burst pressure (BP) measurements were conducted to quantify strength of vas closure. A 30-min application of OCA improved skin transparency by 26+/-3%, reducing average power necessary for successful noninvasive laser vasectomy from 9.2 W without OCA (BP=291+/-31 mmHg) to 7.0 W with OCA (BP=292+/-19 mmHg). Control studies without OCA at 7.0 W failed to coagulate the vas with burst pressures (82+/-28 mmHg) significantly below typical ejaculation pressures (136+/-29 mmHg). Application of an OCA reduced the laser power necessary for successful noninvasive thermal coagulation of the vas by approximately 25%. This technique may result in use of a less expensive laser and eliminate the formation of scrotal skin burns during the procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Cilip
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Department of Physics and Optical Science, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, USA
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21
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Liu C, Zhi Z, Tuchin VV, Luo Q, Zhu D. Enhancement of skin optical clearing efficacy using photo-irradiation. Lasers Surg Med 2010; 42:132-40. [PMID: 20166162 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.20900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Tissue optical clearing technique based on immersion of tissues into optical clearing agents (OCAs) can reduce the scattering and enhance the penetration of light in tissue. However, the barrier function of epidermis limits the penetration of OCAs, and hence is responsible for the poor optical clearing efficacy of skin by topical action. In this study, a variety of light irradiation was applied to increase permeability of agents in skin and improve the optical clearing efficacy. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS Different light sources with different dose, i.e, CO(2) laser, Nd:YAG laser (532 and 1,064 nm) with different pulse modes and Intense Pulsed Light (IPL) (400-700 and 560-950 nm) were used to irradiate rat skin in vivo, and then glycerol was applied onto the irradiated zone. VIS-NIR spectrometer was utilized to monitor the changes of reflectance. In vitro skin samples were also irradiated by Q-switched Nd:YAG laser (1,064 nm) and then treated by glycerol for 10-60 minutes. Based on the measurement of the reflectance and transmittance of the samples, the optical properties of skin and penetration depth of light were calculated. RESULTS Results show that photo-irradiation with appropriate dose combining with the following glycerol treatment is able to reduce in vivo skin reflectance. Compared with the control group, the maximal changes in reflectance are ninefold at 575 nm and eightfold at 615 nm, respectively, which were caused by Q-switched 1,064-nm Nd:YAG laser irradiation and following glycerol treatment. The results for in vitro skin demonstrate that the joint action can significantly increase the optical penetration depth in samples. CONCLUSIONS The combination of Q-switched Nd:YAG (1,064 nm) laser and glycerol could enhance optical skin clearing efficacy significantly. This study provides a non-invasive way to improve the optical clearing of skin, which will benefit the skin optical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caihua Liu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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22
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Zhong H, Guo Z, Wei H, Zeng C, Xiong H, He Y, Liu S. In vitro study of ultrasound and different-concentration glycerol-induced changes in human skin optical attenuation assessed with optical coherence tomography. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2010; 15:036012. [PMID: 20615014 DOI: 10.1117/1.3432750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated the ultrasound-induced skin optical clearing enhancement with topical application of 60% glycerol (G) on in vitro porcine skin and in vivo human skin. Our purpose was to find the relation between the effect of optical skin clearing and different concentrations of glycerol and to find more effective ultrasound-glycerol combinations on optical skin clearing. The enhancement effect of ultrasound [Sonophoresis (SP) delivery] in combination with 40% G, 60% G, and 80% G on in vitro human skin optical clearing was investigated. Light imaging depths of skin were measured using optical coherence tomography. Different concentrations of glycerol and ultrasound with a frequency of 1 MHz and an intensity of 0.5 W/cm(2) was simultaneously applied for 15 min. The results show that with the increase of concentration of glycerol, the optical clearing of skin is much improved. Optical clearing capability of glycerol was more enhanced with simultaneous application of ultrasound compared with glycerol alone. The attenuation coefficients of skin tissues after application of 40% G/SP, 60% G/SP, and 80% G/SP decreased approximately 11.8%, 18.5%, and 20.0% at 15 min compared with 40% G, 60% G, and 80% G alone, respectively. The greatest decrease in attenuation coefficients at 60 min was approximately 52.3% and 63.4% for 80% G (without ultrasound) and 80% G/SP (with ultrasound), respectively, which are 2.1-fold and 2.6-fold to that in the 40% G.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqing Zhong
- South China Normal University, Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science of Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou 510631, Guangdong, China
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23
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Zhu D, Wang J, Zhi Z, Wen X, Luo Q. Imaging dermal blood flow through the intact rat skin with an optical clearing method. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2010; 15:026008. [PMID: 20459253 DOI: 10.1117/1.3369739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Noninvasive detection of skin microcirculation is very significant for clinical diagnosis and therapy of peripheral vascular disease. In this study, an optical clearing method enables a laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI) technique to image dermal blood flow through intact rat skin. The optical clearing effect of rat skin in vitro caused by a mixture of PEG-400 and Thiazone is evaluated by a commercially available spectrophotometer with an integrating sphere. A LSCI system is applied to image the dermal blood flow of in vivo rat skin after topical treatment of the agents. The results show that the reduced scattering coefficient (630 nm) is down to 60% of the initial value after 40 min of topical treatment of the mixture on skin in vitro. In vivo experimental results show that a 12-min treatment of the mixture on the epidermis can make the skin transparent and dermal vessels can be observed, while treatment with pure PEG-400 cannot. The process of skin optical clearing lasts, and the skin can be recovered by treatment of saline solution. Because optical clearing decreases the temporal contrast, dermal blood flow can be obtained by the laser speckle contrast imaging technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhu
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan 430074, China
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24
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Zhong H, Guo Z, Wei H, Guo L, Wang C, He Y, Xiong H, Liu S. Synergistic effect of ultrasound and thiazone-PEG 400 on human skin optical clearing in vivo. Photochem Photobiol 2010; 86:732-7. [PMID: 20202160 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2010.00710.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we propose a new physical method in combination with mixed solution of thiazone and polyethylene glycol 400 (thiazone PEG 400 solution) penetration into tissue to assess the skin optical clearing. Four treatments were performed: (1) control group (C); (2) polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG400); (3) 0.25% thiazone (0.25%T); (4) 0.25% thiazone and 5-min ultrasound (0.25%T/SP). The diffuse reflectance spectra and imaging depth of human skin in vivo at different times were measured by spectroscopy and optical coherence tomography (OCT). The optical clearing efficacy of skin was qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed. The results showed that the diffuse reflectance at 540 nm of samples at 10 min after being treated by 0.25%T/SP decreased by approximately 15.51%, whereas, 0.46%, 4.73% and 5.75% were received in C, PEG400 and 0.25%T, respectively. And at 60 min, the decrease in diffuse reflectance of samples in 0.25%T/SP is about 2.22-fold, 1.20-fold compared with that of the samples in PEG 400 and 0.25%T, at 540 nm, respectively. Simultaneously, 0.25%T/SP results in 41.33% increase in OCT 1/e light penetration depth after 60 min. There was a significant difference in the optical clearing effect on skin between ultrasound-mixed solution of thiazone in combination with PEG 400 and the mixed solution (P < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqing Zhong
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
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25
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Fercher AF. Optical coherence tomography - development, principles, applications. Z Med Phys 2009; 20:251-76. [PMID: 21134630 DOI: 10.1016/j.zemedi.2009.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2009] [Revised: 10/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a review of the development of optical coherence tomography (OCT), its principles and important applications. Basic OCT systems are described and the physical foundations of OCT signal properties and signal recording systems are reviewed. Recent examples of OCT applications in ophthalmology, cardiology, gastroenterology and dermatology outline the relevance of this advanced imaging modality in the medical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adolf Friedrich Fercher
- ZBMTP - Medizinische Physik, Medizinische Universität Wien, Währinger Straße 13, A-1090 Wien.
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26
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Bui AK, McClure RA, Chang J, Stoianovici C, Hirshburg J, Yeh AT, Choi B. Revisiting optical clearing with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Lasers Surg Med 2009; 41:142-8. [PMID: 19226579 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.20742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Functional optical characterization of disease progression and response to therapy suffers from loss of spatial resolution and imaging depth due to scattering. Here we report on the ability of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) alone to reduce the optical scattering of skin. We observed a threefold reduction in the scattering of skin with topical DMSO application. With an in vivo window chamber model, we observed a threefold increase in light transmittance through the preparation and enhanced visualization of subsurface microvasculature. Collectively, our data demonstrate the potential of DMSO alone to mitigate effects of scattering, which we expect will improve molecular imaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert K Bui
- School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
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27
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Xu X, Zhu Q, Sun C. Assessment of the effects of ultrasound-mediated alcohols on skin optical clearing. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2009; 14:034042. [PMID: 19566334 DOI: 10.1117/1.3156827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Our previous studies have shown the ultrasound-induced skin optical clearing enhancement with topical application of glycerol on in vitro porcine skin and in vivo human skin. The objective of this study was to find more effective ultrasound-alcohol combinations on skin optical clearing. The effect of sonophoretic delivery (SP) in combination with a series of alcohols such as glycerol, propylene glycol, butanediol, butanol, polyethylene glycol (PEG200, PEG400) on skin optical clearing was investigated. Light transmittance and imaging depth of in vitro porcine skin were measured with spectroscopy and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Sixty percent alcohols and ultrasound (SP) with a frequency of 1 MHz and a power of 0.75 W over a 3-cm probe was simultaneously applied for 15 min. Optical clearing capability of alcohols was much improved with the simultaneous application of ultrasound compared with alcohols alone. Light transmittance at 1276 nm increased by 31% (butanol) to 57% (PEG200) at 60 min, respectively. PEG200 with ultrasound exhibited 1.8-fold the clearing capability of PEG200 alone, which was the highest enhancement by ultrasound among the six alcohols. Sixty minutes of PEG200/SP exposure resulted in a significantly increased 1e light penetration depth of 1.43 mm compared to 0.95 mm for control in OCT measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangqun Xu
- Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, School of Science, Higher Education Park in Xiasha, Zhejiang, Hangzhou 310018, China.
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28
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Kang H, Son T, Yoon J, Kwon K, Nelson JS, Jung B. Evaluation of laser beam profile in soft tissue due to compression, glycerol, and micro-needling. Lasers Surg Med 2009; 40:570-5. [PMID: 18798289 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.20664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Various methods have been suggested to enhance photon density in biological tissues in an attempt to maximize the efficacy of laser therapy. In this study, the effects of tissue compression, glycerol, and micro-needling methods on the laser beam profile (LBP) were investigated by quantitatively evaluating the spatial distribution of subsurface tissue photon density. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS The LBP in tissue was obtained by imaging the laser beam transmitted through ex vivo porcine skin samples. The independent and combinational effects of tissue compression, glycerol, and micro-needling methods on the LBP were evaluated by quantitatively analyzing the full width at half-maximum (FWHM), maximum intensity, and total intensity at FWHM. RESULTS Experimental results indicate the enhancement of the quality of Gaussian beam profile in ex vivo porcine skin. Glycerol and tissue compression resulted in an increase of maximum and total intensity and a decrease of FWHM. Tissue compression in conjunction with glycerol was determined to be the most effective method for enhancing the LBP. The topical application of glycerol in conjunction with micro-needling reduced the time period to optically clear tissue, which resulted in a further increase of subsurface tissue photon density. CONCLUSION Tissue compression, glycerol, and micro-needling methods might be used independently or in combination to effectively enhance the photon density delivered to target chromophores in subsurface tissue, thus improving the LBP quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heesung Kang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju 220-710, Korea
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29
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Xu X, Zhu Q. Feasibility of sonophoretic delivery for effective skin optical clearing. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2008; 55:1432-7. [PMID: 18390335 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2007.912416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In an attempt to find a noninvasive way to improve the efficacy of skin optical clearing with topical application of optical clearing agents (OCA), we exploited the effect of ultrasound on optical clearing of intact skin in vitro Changes in optical transmittance and diffuse reflectance of the porcine skin under different treatment procedures were measured by a UV/Vis/NIR spectrophotometer. Clearing capability of glycerol or propylene glycol was much improved with the simultaneous application of ultrasound with a frequency of 1 MHz and a power of 0.75 W over a 3-cm probe. Light transmittance at 470 and 1276 nm increased by 112%-128% and 54%-65%, respectively. The most significant effect was seen where skin was treated with the combination of ultrasound and the chemical enhancer azone, resulting in a 2.3-fold increase of optical clearing at 1276 nm. We demonstrate the feasibility of using sonophoretic delivery methods to improve skin optical clearing with topical application of OCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangqun Xu
- School of Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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30
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Genina EA, Bashkatov AN, Korobko AA, Zubkova EA, Tuchin VV, Yaroslavsky I, Altshuler GB. Optical clearing of human skin: comparative study of permeability and dehydration of intact and photothermally perforated skin. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2008; 13:021102. [PMID: 18465951 DOI: 10.1117/1.2899149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Accelerated diffusion of water and hyperosmotic optical clearing agents is studied as a result of enhanced epidermal permeability. A lattice of microzones (islets) of damage in stratum corneum is induced using a flash-lamp applique system. An optical clearing agent composed of 88% glycerol in aqueous solution is used for all experiments. Research of skin dehydration and glycerol delivery through epidermis at both intact and perforated stratum corneum is presented. The dehydration process induced by both stimuli of evaporation and osmotic agent action is studied by weight measurements. Dynamics of refractive index alteration of both glycerol solution and water during their interaction with skin samples is monitored. The amounts of water escaping from skin through the stratum corneum, due to hyperosmotic-agent action, and glycerol penetrating through the skin sample, are estimated. The results show that the proposed method allows for effective transepidermal water loss and delivery of optical clearing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina A Genina
- Saratov State University, Institute of Optics and Biophotonics, Saratov, Russia.
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Yoon J, Son T, Choi EH, Choi B, Nelson JS, Jung B. Enhancement of optical skin clearing efficacy using a microneedle roller. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2008; 13:021103. [PMID: 18465952 PMCID: PMC2667140 DOI: 10.1117/1.2907483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Light scattering in biological tissues can be reduced by using optical clearing agents. Various physical methods in conjunction with agents have been studied to enhance the optical clearing efficacy of skin for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. In this study, we propose a new physical method to enhance the optical clearing potential of topically applied glycerol. A microneedle roller is used to easily create numerous transdermal microchannels prior to glycerol application. The optical clearing efficacy of skin is quantitatively evaluated with the use of a modulation transfer function target placed underneath ex vivo porcine skin samples. From cross-polarized images acquired at various time points after glycerol application, we find that samples treated with the microneedle roller resulted in an approximately two-fold increase in contrast compared to control samples 30 min after glycerol application. In conclusion, our data suggest that the microneedle roller can be a good physical method to enhance transdermal delivery of optical clearing agents, and hence their optical clearing potential over large regions of skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhee Yoon
- Yonsei University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wonju, Korea
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Mao Z, Zhu D, Hu Y, Wen X, Han Z. Influence of alcohols on the optical clearing effect of skin in vitro. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2008; 13:021104. [PMID: 18465953 DOI: 10.1117/1.2892684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The optical clearing technique has shown great potential in improving light penetration into biotissues. Among various optical clearing agents (OCAs) under study, the hydroxyl-terminated agents induce the highest optical clearing effect of skin, but the exact mechanism of optical clearing is still unclear. In consideration of several probable factors, such as the number of hydroxyl groups, the refractive index, and the molecular weight, we investigate the optical clearing effect of porcine skin after applying six alcohols to the epidermis and saline to the dermis. The dynamical transmission intensity of porcine skin is monitored by an integrating sphere system, and the thickness of skin samples is measured before and after experiments. The results show that the transmittance of skin increases significantly, but there is no significant change in thickness after the treatment of OCAs. The optical clearing effect of skin induced by alcohols is related to the number of hydroxyl groups. The refractive index or molecular weight of optical clearing agents does not correlate with the degree of optical clearing effect for a 60-min time interval of measurement. However, the behavior of skin transmittance after 60 min needs to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongzhen Mao
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan 430074 China
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Zhu D, Zhang J, Cui H, Mao Z, Li P, Luo Q. Short-term and long-term effects of optical clearing agents on blood vessels in chick chorioallantoic membrane. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2008; 13:021106. [PMID: 18465955 DOI: 10.1117/1.2907169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The tissue optical clearing technique shows great potential in optical diagnosis and therapy. However, short-term and long-term effects of optical clearing agents on blood vessels, which are relevant to the safety of clinical applications, have not been clarified. We used laser speckle contrast imaging to monitor the changes in blood vessels in chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) after application of glycerol or glucose. The changes in morphology of vessels and blood flow velocity were measured. Long-term effects on blood vessels were investigated by observing the function and the development of blood vessels. The results show that glycerol reduces the local blood flow velocity and constricts and even blocks vessels quickly. At 2 days, the blood flow velocity is recovered to different extents, and new blood vessels develop but are fewer in number. Glucose induces slow changes in blood flow or vessels. However, most blood vessels are blocked, and no new blood vessel develops at 2 days. The effects depend on the dosage of agents, including volume and concentration, and decrease with the dosage of agents. Therefore, short-term effects of glucose on blood vessels are slighter than those of glycerol, but long-term effects of glucose are greater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhu
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan 430074, China
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Yoon J, Son T, Jung B. Quantitative analysis method to evaluate optical clearing effect of skin using a hyperosmotic chemical agent. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2007; 2007:3347-3349. [PMID: 18002713 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2007.4353047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Light penetration depth in highly scattering tissues can be increased by using hyperosmotic chemical agents such as glycerol, PEG (polyethylene glycol) and glucose. Previous many studies used OCT, spectrometer, integrating method to quantitatively evaluate the optical clearing effect of skin. In this study, we show the optical clearing effect of skin using glycerol and suggest a new quantitative analysis method to evaluate the spatial optical clearing effect of skin using glycerol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhee Yoon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University, South Korea.
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