1
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Kilic-Berkmen G, Scorr LM, McKay L, Thayani M, Donsante Y, Perlmutter JS, Norris SA, Wright L, Klein C, Feuerstein JS, Mahajan A, Wagle-Shukla A, Malaty I, LeDoux MS, Pirio-Richardson S, Pantelyat A, Moukheiber E, Frank S, Ondo W, Saunders-Pullman R, Lohman K, Hess EJ, Jinnah HA. Sex Differences in Dystonia. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2024. [PMID: 38778444 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.14059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior studies have indicated that female individuals outnumber male individuals for certain types of dystonia. Few studies have addressed factors impacting these sex differences or their potential biological mechanisms. OBJECTIVES To evaluate factors underlying sex differences in the dystonias and explore potential mechanisms for these differences. METHODS Data from individuals with various types of dystonia were analyzed in relation to sex. Data came from two different sources. One source was the Dystonia Coalition database, which contains predominantly idiopathic adult-onset focal and segmental dystonias. The second source was the MDSGene database, which contains predominantly early-onset monogenic dystonias. RESULTS The 3222 individuals from the Dystonia Coalition included 71% female participants and 29% male participants for an overall female-to-male ratio (F:M) of 2.4. This ratio varied according to body region affected and whether dystonia was task-specific. The female predominance was age-dependent. Sex did not have a significant impact on co-existing tremor, geste antagoniste, depression or anxiety. In the 1377 individuals from the MDSGene database, female participants outnumbered male participants for some genes (GNAL, GCH1, and ANO3) but not for other genes (THAP1, TH, and TOR1A). CONCLUSIONS These results are in keeping with prior studies that have indicated female individuals outnumber male individuals for both adult-onset idiopathic and early onset monogenic dystonias. These results extend prior observations by revealing that sex ratios depend on the type of dystonia, age, and underlying genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamze Kilic-Berkmen
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Laura M Scorr
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lucas McKay
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Tech, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mehreen Thayani
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yuping Donsante
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joel S Perlmutter
- Department of Neurology, Radiology, Neuroscience, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Scott A Norris
- Department of Neurology and Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Laura Wright
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Abhimanyu Mahajan
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Program, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Aparna Wagle-Shukla
- Fixel Institute for Neurological Disease, University of Florida Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Irene Malaty
- Fixel Institute for Neurological Disease, University of Florida Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Mark S LeDoux
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA
- Veracity Neuroscience LLC, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Sarah Pirio-Richardson
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico/New Mexico VA Healthcare System, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Alexander Pantelyat
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Emile Moukheiber
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Samuel Frank
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - William Ondo
- Movement Disorders Clinic, Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rachel Saunders-Pullman
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, and Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, NY, USA
| | - Katja Lohman
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ellen J Hess
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - H A Jinnah
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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2
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Rey Hipolito AG, van der Heijden ME, Sillitoe RV. Physiology of Dystonia: Animal Studies. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 169:163-215. [PMID: 37482392 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2023.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Dystonia is currently ranked as the third most prevalent motor disorder. It is typically characterized by involuntary muscle over- or co-contractions that can cause painful abnormal postures and jerky movements. Dystonia is a heterogenous disorder-across patients, dystonic symptoms vary in their severity, body distribution, temporal pattern, onset, and progression. There are also a growing number of genes that are associated with hereditary dystonia. In addition, multiple brain regions are associated with dystonic symptoms in both genetic and sporadic forms of the disease. The heterogeneity of dystonia has made it difficult to fully understand its underlying pathophysiology. However, the use of animal models has been used to uncover the complex circuit mechanisms that lead to dystonic behaviors. Here, we summarize findings from animal models harboring mutations in dystonia-associated genes and phenotypic animal models with overt dystonic motor signs resulting from spontaneous mutations, neural circuit perturbations, or pharmacological manipulations. Taken together, an emerging picture depicts dystonia as a result of brain-wide network dysfunction driven by basal ganglia and cerebellar dysfunction. In the basal ganglia, changes in dopaminergic, serotonergic, noradrenergic, and cholinergic signaling are found across different animal models. In the cerebellum, abnormal burst firing activity is observed in multiple dystonia models. We are now beginning to unveil the extent to which these structures mechanistically interact with each other. Such mechanisms inspire the use of pre-clinical animal models that will be used to design new therapies including drug treatments and brain stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro G Rey Hipolito
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Meike E van der Heijden
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Roy V Sillitoe
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Development, Disease Models & Therapeutics Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States.
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3
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Park SM, Roache CE, Iffland PH, Moldenhauer HJ, Matychak KK, Plante AE, Lieberman AG, Crino PB, Meredith A. BK channel properties correlate with neurobehavioral severity in three KCNMA1-linked channelopathy mouse models. eLife 2022; 11:e77953. [PMID: 35819138 PMCID: PMC9275823 DOI: 10.7554/elife.77953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
KCNMA1 forms the pore of BK K+ channels, which regulate neuronal and muscle excitability. Recently, genetic screening identified heterozygous KCNMA1 variants in a subset of patients with debilitating paroxysmal non-kinesigenic dyskinesia, presenting with or without epilepsy (PNKD3). However, the relevance of KCNMA1 mutations and the basis for clinical heterogeneity in PNKD3 has not been established. Here, we evaluate the relative severity of three KCNMA1 patient variants in BK channels, neurons, and mice. In heterologous cells, BKN999S and BKD434G channels displayed gain-of-function (GOF) properties, whereas BKH444Q channels showed loss-of-function (LOF) properties. The relative degree of channel activity was BKN999S > BKD434G>WT > BKH444Q. BK currents and action potential firing were increased, and seizure thresholds decreased, in Kcnma1N999S/WT and Kcnma1D434G/WT transgenic mice but not Kcnma1H444Q/WT mice. In a novel behavioral test for paroxysmal dyskinesia, the more severely affected Kcnma1N999S/WT mice became immobile after stress. This was abrogated by acute dextroamphetamine treatment, consistent with PNKD3-affected individuals. Homozygous Kcnma1D434G/D434G mice showed similar immobility, but in contrast, homozygous Kcnma1H444Q/H444Q mice displayed hyperkinetic behavior. These data establish the relative pathogenic potential of patient alleles as N999S>D434G>H444Q and validate Kcnma1N999S/WT mice as a model for PNKD3 with increased seizure propensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Mi Park
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Cooper E Roache
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Philip H Iffland
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Hans J Moldenhauer
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Katia K Matychak
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Amber E Plante
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Abby G Lieberman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Peter B Crino
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Andrea Meredith
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
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4
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Snell HD, Vitenzon A, Tara E, Chen C, Tindi J, Jordan BA, Khodakhah K. Mechanism of stress-induced attacks in an episodic neurologic disorder. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabh2675. [PMID: 35442745 PMCID: PMC9020779 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abh2675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Stress is the most common trigger among episodic neurologic disorders. In episodic ataxia type 2 (EA2), physical or emotional stress causes episodes of severe motor dysfunction that manifest as ataxia and dystonia. We used the tottering (tg/tg) mouse, a faithful animal model of EA2, to dissect the mechanisms underlying stress-induced motor attacks. We find that in response to acute stress, activation of α1-adrenergic receptors (α1-Rs) on Purkinje cells by norepinephrine leads to their erratic firing and consequently motor attacks. We show that norepinephrine induces erratic firing of Purkinje cells by disrupting their spontaneous intrinsic pacemaking via a casein kinase 2 (CK2)-dependent signaling pathway, which likely reduces the activity of calcium-dependent potassium channels. Moreover, we report that disruption of this signaling cascade at a number of nodes prevents stress-induced attacks in the tottering mouse. Together, our results suggest that norepinephrine and CK2 are required for the initiation of stress-induced attacks in EA2 and provide previously unidentified targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather D. Snell
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Ariel Vitenzon
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Esra Tara
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Chris Chen
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Jaafar Tindi
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Bryen A. Jordan
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Kamran Khodakhah
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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5
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Moehle MS, Bender AM, Dickerson JW, Foster DJ, Qi A, Cho HP, Donsante Y, Peng W, Bryant Z, Stillwell KJ, Bridges TM, Chang S, Watson KJ, O’Neill JC, Engers JL, Peng L, Rodriguez AL, Niswender CM, Lindsley CW, Hess EJ, Conn PJ, Rook JM. Discovery of the First Selective M 4 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor Antagonists with in Vivo Antiparkinsonian and Antidystonic Efficacy. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2021; 4:1306-1321. [PMID: 34423268 PMCID: PMC8369681 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nonselective antagonists of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) that broadly inhibit all five mAChR subtypes provide an efficacious treatment for some movement disorders, including Parkinson's disease and dystonia. Despite their efficacy in these and other central nervous system disorders, antimuscarinic therapy has limited utility due to severe adverse effects that often limit their tolerability by patients. Recent advances in understanding the roles that each mAChR subtype plays in disease pathology suggest that highly selective ligands for individual subtypes may underlie the antiparkinsonian and antidystonic efficacy observed with the use of nonselective antimuscarinic therapeutics. Our recent work has indicated that the M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor has several important roles in opposing aberrant neurotransmitter release, intracellular signaling pathways, and brain circuits associated with movement disorders. This raises the possibility that selective antagonists of M4 may recapitulate the efficacy of nonselective antimuscarinic therapeutics and may decrease or eliminate the adverse effects associated with these drugs. However, this has not been directly tested due to lack of selective antagonists of M4. Here, we utilize genetic mAChR knockout animals in combination with nonselective mAChR antagonists to confirm that the M4 receptor activation is required for the locomotor-stimulating and antiparkinsonian efficacy in rodent models. We also report the synthesis, discovery, and characterization of the first-in-class selective M4 antagonists VU6013720, VU6021302, and VU6021625 and confirm that these optimized compounds have antiparkinsonian and antidystonic efficacy in pharmacological and genetic models of movement disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S. Moehle
- Department
of Pharmacology, Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States,Department
of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Center for Translational Research
in Neurodegeneration, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Aaron M. Bender
- Department
of Pharmacology, Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Jonathan W. Dickerson
- Department
of Pharmacology, Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Daniel J. Foster
- Department
of Pharmacology, Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States,Vanderbilt
Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Aidong Qi
- Department
of Pharmacology, Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Hyekyung P. Cho
- Department
of Pharmacology, Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Yuping Donsante
- Department
of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Weimin Peng
- Department
of Pharmacology, Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Zoey Bryant
- Department
of Pharmacology, Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Kaylee J. Stillwell
- Department
of Pharmacology, Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Thomas M. Bridges
- Department
of Pharmacology, Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Sichen Chang
- Department
of Pharmacology, Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Katherine J. Watson
- Department
of Pharmacology, Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Jordan C. O’Neill
- Department
of Pharmacology, Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Julie L. Engers
- Department
of Pharmacology, Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Li Peng
- Department
of Pharmacology, Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Alice L. Rodriguez
- Department
of Pharmacology, Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Colleen M. Niswender
- Department
of Pharmacology, Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States,Vanderbilt
Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Craig W. Lindsley
- Department
of Pharmacology, Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Ellen J. Hess
- Department
of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - P. Jeffrey Conn
- Department
of Pharmacology, Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States,Vanderbilt
Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States,E-mail:
| | - Jerri M. Rook
- Department
of Pharmacology, Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States,E-mail:
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6
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Kim JE, Chae S, Kim S, Jung YJ, Kang MG, Heo WD, Kim D. Cerebellar 5HT-2A receptor mediates stress-induced onset of dystonia. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/10/eabb5735. [PMID: 33658190 PMCID: PMC7929497 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb5735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Stress is a key risk factor for dystonia, a debilitating motor disorder characterized by cocontractions of muscles leading to abnormal body posture. While the serotonin (5HT) system is known to control emotional responses to stress, its role in dystonia remains unclear. Here, we reveal that 5HT neurons in the dorsal raphe nuclei (DRN) send projections to the fastigial deep cerebellar nuclei (fDCN) and that photostimulation of 5HT-fDCN induces dystonia in wild-type mice. Moreover, we report that photoinhibition of 5HT-fDCN reduces dystonia in a1A tot/tot mice, a genetic model of stress-induced dystonia, and administration of a 5HT-2A receptor inverse agonist (MDL100907; 0.1 to 1 mg/kg) or shRNA-mediated knockdown of the ht2ar gene in fDCN can notably reduce the onset of dystonia in a1A tot/tot mice. These results support the serotonin theory of dystonia and suggest strategies for alleviating symptoms in human patients by blocking 5HT-2A receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Eun Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sujin Chae
- KAIST Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungsoo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Joo Jung
- Bio Core Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung-Goo Kang
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Won Do Heo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Daesoo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea.
- KAIST Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
- Bio Core Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
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7
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Speck AE, Aguiar Jr. AS. Relationship between physical exercise and the most varied forms of dyskinesia. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-65742021006020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Elisa Speck
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Brasil; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Brasil
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8
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Jinnah H, Sun YV. Dystonia genes and their biological pathways. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 129:159-168. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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9
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Tara E, Vitenzon A, Hess E, Khodakhah K. Aberrant cerebellar Purkinje cell activity as the cause of motor attacks in a mouse model of episodic ataxia type 2. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:11/9/dmm034181. [PMID: 30279196 PMCID: PMC6177005 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.034181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many cerebellar-induced neurological disorders, such as ataxias and cerebellar-induced dystonias, are associated with abnormal Purkinje cell activity. In tottering mice, a well-established mouse model of episodic ataxia type 2 (EA2), cerebellar Purkinje cells are required for the initiation of motor attacks. How Purkinje cells contribute to the initiation of attacks is not known, and to date there are no reports on the activity of Purkinje cells during motor attacks in the tottering mice. Here, we show that tottering Purkinje cells exhibit high-frequency burst firing during attacks, reminiscent of other mouse models of cerebellar-induced motor dysfunction. We recorded the activity of Purkinje cells in awake head-restrained tottering mice at baseline, or during caffeine-induced attacks. During motor attacks, firing of Purkinje cells transformed to high-frequency burst firing. Interestingly, the extent to which the activity of Purkinje cells was erratic was correlated with the severity of the motor dysfunction. In support of a causal role for erratic activity in generating motor dysfunction, we found that direct infusion of the small conductance calcium-activated potassium (SK) channel activator NS309 into the cerebellum of tottering mice in the midst of an attack normalized the firing of Purkinje cells and aborted attacks. Conversely, we found that inducing high-frequency burst firing of Purkinje cells in wild-type animals is sufficient to produce severe motor signs. We report that erratic activity of wild-type Purkinje cells results in ataxia and dystonic postures. Moreover, this aberrant activity is the cause of motor attacks in the tottering mice. Summary: Here, we report that in the well-established mouse model of episodic ataxia type 2, tottering, the severe episodic motor signs are caused by highly erratic activity of Purkinje cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Tara
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Ariel Vitenzon
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Ellen Hess
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322-3090, USA
| | - Kamran Khodakhah
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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10
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Kasikci T, Bek S, Koc G, Yucel M, Kutukcu Y, Odabasi Z. Transcallosal conduction in paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia. Somatosens Mot Res 2018; 34:235-241. [PMID: 29334840 DOI: 10.1080/08990220.2017.1421158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Detecting whether a possible disequilibrium between the excitatory and inhibitory interhemispheric interactions in paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD) exists. METHODS This study assessed measures of motor threshold, motor evoked potential latency, the cortical silent period, the ipsilateral silent period and the transcallosal conduction time (TCT) in PKD patients. Data were compared between the clinically affected hemisphere (aH) and the fellow hemisphere (fH). RESULTS The transcallosal conduction time from the aH to the fH was 11.8 ms (range = 2.3-20.7) and 13.6 ms (range = 2.8-67.7) from the fH to the aH. The difference in TCT in the affected side was significant (p = .019). CONCLUSION The findings demonstrated that, although inhibitory interneurons act normally and symmetrically between the motor cortices and transcallosal inhibition was normal and symmetrical between both sides, the onset of transcallosal inhibition was asymmetrical. The affected hemisphere's inhibition toward the unaffected hemisphere is faster compared to the inhibition provided by the fellow hemisphere. These results are consistent with an inhibitory deficit in the level of interhemispheric interactions. SIGNIFICANCE This study revealed a defect in inhibition of the motor axis could be responsible in the pathological mechanisms of kinesigenic dyskinesia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Semai Bek
- a Gulhane Medical Faculty , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Guray Koc
- a Gulhane Medical Faculty , Ankara , Turkey
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11
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Jinnah HA, Neychev V, Hess EJ. The Anatomical Basis for Dystonia: The Motor Network Model. TREMOR AND OTHER HYPERKINETIC MOVEMENTS (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2017; 7:506. [PMID: 29123945 PMCID: PMC5673689 DOI: 10.7916/d8v69x3s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Background The dystonias include a clinically and etiologically very diverse group of disorders. There are both degenerative and non-degenerative subtypes resulting from genetic or acquired causes. Traditionally, all dystonias have been viewed as disorders of the basal ganglia. However, there has been increasing appreciation for involvement of other brain regions including the cerebellum, thalamus, midbrain, and cortex. Much of the early evidence for these other brain regions has come from studies of animals, but multiple recent studies have been done with humans, in an effort to confirm or refute involvement of these other regions. The purpose of this article is to review the new evidence from animals and humans regarding the motor network model, and to address the issues important to translational neuroscience. Methods The English literature was reviewed for articles relating to the neuroanatomical basis for various types of dystonia in both animals and humans. Results There is evidence from both animals and humans that multiple brain regions play an important role in various types of dystonia. The most direct evidence for specific brain regions comes from animal studies using pharmacological, lesion, or genetic methods. In these studies, experimental manipulations of specific brain regions provide direct evidence for involvement of the basal ganglia, cerebellum, thalamus and other regions. Additional evidence also comes from human studies using neuropathological, neuroimaging, non-invasive brain stimulation, and surgical interventions. In these studies, the evidence is less conclusive, because discriminating the regions that cause dystonia from those that reflect secondary responses to abnormal movements is more challenging. Discussion Overall, the evidence from both animals and humans suggests that different regions may play important roles in different subtypes of dystonia. The evidence so far provides strong support for the motor network model. There are obvious challenges, but also advantages, of attempting to translate knowledge gained from animals into a more complete understanding of human dystonia and novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Jinnah
- Departments of Neurology, Human Genetics and Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Vladimir Neychev
- Department of Surgery, University Multiprofile Hospital for Active Treatment "Alexandrovska", Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ellen J Hess
- Departments of Pharmacology and Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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12
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Tan GH, Liu YY, Wang L, Li K, Zhang ZQ, Li HF, Yang ZF, Li Y, Li D, Wu MY, Yu CL, Long JJ, Chen RC, Li LX, Yin LP, Liu JW, Cheng XW, Shen Q, Shu YS, Sakimura K, Liao LJ, Wu ZY, Xiong ZQ. PRRT2 deficiency induces paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia by regulating synaptic transmission in cerebellum. Cell Res 2017; 28:90-110. [PMID: 29056747 PMCID: PMC5752836 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2017.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the proline-rich transmembrane protein 2 (PRRT2) are associated with paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD) and several other paroxysmal neurological diseases, but the PRRT2 function and pathogenic mechanisms remain largely obscure. Here we show that PRRT2 is a presynaptic protein that interacts with components of the SNARE complex and downregulates its formation. Loss-of-function mutant mice showed PKD-like phenotypes triggered by generalized seizures, hyperthermia, or optogenetic stimulation of the cerebellum. Mutant mice with specific PRRT2 deletion in cerebellar granule cells (GCs) recapitulate the behavioral phenotypes seen in Prrt2-null mice. Furthermore, recording made in cerebellar slices showed that optogenetic stimulation of GCs results in transient elevation followed by suppression of Purkinje cell firing. The anticonvulsant drug carbamazepine used in PKD treatment also relieved PKD-like behaviors in mutant mice. Together, our findings identify PRRT2 as a novel regulator of the SNARE complex and provide a circuit mechanism underlying the PRRT2-related behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-He Tan
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,Department of Human Anatomy, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine & Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Kui Li
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Ze-Qiang Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hong-Fu Li
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Zhong-Fei Yang
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yang Li
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Dan Li
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Ming-Yue Wu
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Chun-Lei Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Juan-Juan Long
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Ren-Chao Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Li-Xi Li
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Lu-Ping Yin
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Ji-Wei Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xue-Wen Cheng
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Qi Shen
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - You-Sheng Shu
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Kenji Sakimura
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
| | - Lu-Jian Liao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Zhi-Ying Wu
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Zhi-Qi Xiong
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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13
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Rose SJ, Harrast P, Donsante C, Fan X, Joers V, Tansey MG, Jinnah HA, Hess EJ. Parkinsonism without dopamine neuron degeneration in aged l-dopa-responsive dystonia knockin mice. Mov Disord 2017; 32:1694-1700. [PMID: 28949038 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent neuroimaging studies implicate nigrostriatal degeneration as a critical factor in producing late-onset parkinsonism in patients with l-dopa-responsive dystonia-causing mutations. However, postmortem anatomical studies do not reveal neurodegeneration in l-dopa-responsive dystonia patients. These contrasting findings make it unclear how parkinsonism develops in l-dopa-responsive dystonia mutation carriers. METHODS We prospectively assessed motor dysfunction, responses to dopaminergic challenge, and dopamine neuron degeneration with aging in a validated knockin mouse model bearing a l-dopa-responsive dystonia-causing mutation found in humans. RESULTS As l-dopa-responsive dystonia mice aged, dystonic movements waned while locomotor activity decreased and initiation of movements slowed. Despite the age-related reduction in movement, there was no evidence for degeneration of midbrain dopamine neurons. Presynaptically mediated dopaminergic responses did not change with age in l-dopa-responsive dystonia mice, but responses to D1 dopamine receptor agonists decreased with age. CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated for the first time the co-occurrence of dystonia and Parkinson's-like features (mainly consisting of hypokinesia) in a genetic mouse model. In this model we show that these features evolve without dopaminergic neurodegeneration, suggesting that postsynaptic plasticity, rather than presynaptic degeneration, may contribute to the development of parkinsonism in patients with l-dopa-responsive dystonia. © 2017 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Rose
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Porter Harrast
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Christine Donsante
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Xueliang Fan
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Valerie Joers
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Malú G Tansey
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - H A Jinnah
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ellen J Hess
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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14
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Dorgans K, Salvi J, Bertaso F, Bernard L, Lory P, Doussau F, Mezghrani A. Characterization of the dominant inheritance mechanism of Episodic Ataxia type 2. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 106:110-123. [PMID: 28688851 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Episodic Ataxia type 2 (EA2) is an autosomal dominant neuronal disorder linked to mutations in the Cav2.1 subunit of P/Q-type calcium channels. In vitro studies have established that EA2 mutations induce loss of channel activity and that EA2 mutants can exert a dominant negative effect, suppressing normal Cav2.1 activity through protein misfolding and trafficking defects. To date, the role of this mechanism in the disease pathogenesis is unknown because no animal model exists. To address this issue, we have generated a mouse bearing the R1497X nonsense mutation in Cav2.1 (Cav2.1R1497X). Phenotypic analysis of heterozygous Cav2.1R1497X mice revealed ataxia associated with muscle weakness and generalized absence epilepsy. Electrophysiological studies of the cerebellar circuits in heterozygous Cav2.1R1497X mice highlighted severe dysregulations in synaptic transmission of the two major excitatory inputs as well as alteration of the spontaneous activity of Purkinje cells. Moreover, these neuronal dysfunctions were associated with a strong suppression of Cav2.1 channel expression in the cerebellum of heterozygous Cav2.1R1497X mice. Finally, the presence of Cav2.1 in cerebellar lipid raft microdomains was strongly impaired in heterozygous Cav2.1R1497X mice. Altogether, these results reveal a pathogenic mechanism for EA2 based on a dominant negative activity of mutant channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Dorgans
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives-INCI CNRS-UPR 3212, 5 rue Blaise Pascal, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Julie Salvi
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS UMR 5203, INSERM U1191, Université de Montpellier, LabEx 'Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics', 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34094 Montpellier, France
| | - Federica Bertaso
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS UMR 5203, INSERM U1191, Université de Montpellier, LabEx 'Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics', 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34094 Montpellier, France
| | - Ludivine Bernard
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS UMR 5203, INSERM U1191, Université de Montpellier, LabEx 'Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics', 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34094 Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Lory
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS UMR 5203, INSERM U1191, Université de Montpellier, LabEx 'Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics', 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34094 Montpellier, France.
| | - Frederic Doussau
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives-INCI CNRS-UPR 3212, 5 rue Blaise Pascal, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Alexandre Mezghrani
- Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier, INSERM U1051, Hôpital Saint Eloi - Bâtiment INM, 80 rue Augustin Fliche, 34091 Montpellier, France.
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15
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Nibbeling EAR, Delnooz CCS, de Koning TJ, Sinke RJ, Jinnah HA, Tijssen MAJ, Verbeek DS. Using the shared genetics of dystonia and ataxia to unravel their pathogenesis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 75:22-39. [PMID: 28143763 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this review we explore the similarities between spinocerebellar ataxias and dystonias, and suggest potentially shared molecular pathways using a gene co-expression network approach. The spinocerebellar ataxias are a group of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by coordination problems caused mainly by atrophy of the cerebellum. The dystonias are another group of neurological movement disorders linked to basal ganglia dysfunction, although evidence is now pointing to cerebellar involvement as well. Our gene co-expression network approach identified 99 shared genes and showed the involvement of two major pathways: synaptic transmission and neurodevelopment. These pathways overlapped in the two disorders, with a large role for GABAergic signaling in both. The overlapping pathways may provide novel targets for disease therapies. We need to prioritize variants obtained by whole exome sequencing in the genes associated with these pathways in the search for new pathogenic variants, which can than be used to help in the genetic counseling of patients and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther A R Nibbeling
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cathérine C S Delnooz
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Neurology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tom J de Koning
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen, The Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Neurology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard J Sinke
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hyder A Jinnah
- Departments of Neurology, Human Genetics and Pediatrics, Emory Clinic, Atlanta, USA
| | - Marina A J Tijssen
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Neurology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dineke S Verbeek
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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16
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Dahimene S, Page KM, Nieto-Rostro M, Pratt WS, D'Arco M, Dolphin AC. A CaV2.1 N-terminal fragment relieves the dominant-negative inhibition by an Episodic ataxia 2 mutant. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 93:243-56. [PMID: 27260834 PMCID: PMC4940211 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Episodic ataxia 2 (EA2) is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations in the gene CACNA1A that encodes the pore-forming CaV2.1 calcium channel subunit. The majority of EA2 mutations reported so far are nonsense or deletion/insertion mutations predicted to form truncated proteins. Heterologous expression of wild-type CaV2.1, together with truncated constructs that mimic EA2 mutants, significantly suppressed wild-type calcium channel function, indicating that the truncated protein produces a dominant-negative effect (Jouvenceau et al., 2001; Page et al., 2004). A similar finding has been shown for CaV2.2 (Raghib et al., 2001). We show here that a highly conserved sequence in the cytoplasmic N-terminus is involved in this process, for both CaV2.1 and CaV2.2 channels. Additionally, we were able to interfere with the suppressive effect of an EA2 construct by mutating key N-terminal residues within it. We postulate that the N-terminus of the truncated channel plays an essential part in its interaction with the full-length CaV2.1, which prevents the correct folding of the wild-type channel. In agreement with this, we were able to disrupt the interaction between EA2 and the full length channel by co-expressing a free N-terminal peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shehrazade Dahimene
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Karen M Page
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Manuela Nieto-Rostro
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Wendy S Pratt
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Marianna D'Arco
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Annette C Dolphin
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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17
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Rose SJ, Yu XY, Heinzer AK, Harrast P, Fan X, Raike RS, Thompson VB, Pare JF, Weinshenker D, Smith Y, Jinnah HA, Hess EJ. A new knock-in mouse model of l-DOPA-responsive dystonia. Brain 2015. [PMID: 26220941 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal dopamine neurotransmission is associated with many different genetic and acquired dystonic disorders. For instance, mutations in genes critical for the synthesis of dopamine, including GCH1 and TH cause l-DOPA-responsive dystonia. Despite evidence that implicates abnormal dopamine neurotransmission in dystonia, the precise nature of the pre- and postsynaptic defects that result in dystonia are not known. To better understand these defects, we generated a knock-in mouse model of l-DOPA-responsive dystonia (DRD) mice that recapitulates the human p.381Q>K TH mutation (c.1141C>A). Mice homozygous for this mutation displayed the core features of the human disorder, including reduced TH activity, dystonia that worsened throughout the course of the active phase, and improvement in the dystonia in response to both l-DOPA and trihexyphenidyl. Although the gross anatomy of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons was normal in DRD mice, the microstructure of striatal synapses was affected whereby the ratio of axo-spinous to axo-dendritic corticostriatal synaptic contacts was reduced. Microinjection of l-DOPA directly into the striatum ameliorated the dystonic movements but cerebellar microinjections of l-DOPA had no effect. Surprisingly, the striatal dopamine concentration was reduced to ∼1% of normal, a concentration more typically associated with akinesia, suggesting that (mal)adaptive postsynaptic responses may also play a role in the development of dystonia. Administration of D1- or D2-like dopamine receptor agonists to enhance dopamine signalling reduced the dystonic movements, whereas administration of D1- or D2-like dopamine receptor antagonists to further reduce dopamine signalling worsened the dystonia, suggesting that both receptors mediate the abnormal movements. Further, D1-dopamine receptors were supersensitive; adenylate cyclase activity, locomotor activity and stereotypy were exaggerated in DRD mice in response to the D1-dopamine receptor agonist SKF 81297. D2-dopamine receptors exhibited a change in the valence in DRD mice with an increase in adenylate cyclase activity and blunted behavioural responses after challenge with the D2-dopamine receptor agonist quinpirole. Together, our findings suggest that the development of dystonia may depend on a reduction in dopamine in combination with specific abnormal receptor responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Rose
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Xin Y Yu
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ann K Heinzer
- 2 Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Porter Harrast
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Xueliang Fan
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Robert S Raike
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Valerie B Thompson
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jean-Francois Pare
- 3 Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA 4 Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - David Weinshenker
- 5 Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Yoland Smith
- 3 Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA 4 Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA 6 Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Hyder A Jinnah
- 5 Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA 6 Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA 7 Department of Pediatrics Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ellen J Hess
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA 6 Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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18
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Dystonia and cerebellar degeneration in the leaner mouse mutant. Brain Res 2015; 1611:56-64. [PMID: 25791619 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cerebellar degeneration is traditionally associated with ataxia. Yet, there are examples of both ataxia and dystonia occurring in individuals with cerebellar degeneration. There is also substantial evidence suggesting that cerebellar dysfunction alone may cause dystonia. The types of cerebellar defects that may cause ataxia, dystonia, or both have not been delineated. In the current study, we explored the relationship between cerebellar degeneration and dystonia using the leaner mouse mutant. Leaner mice have severe dystonia that is associated with dysfunctional and degenerating cerebellar Purkinje cells. Whereas the density of Purkinje cells was not significantly reduced in 4 week-old leaner mice, approximately 50% of the neurons was lost by 34 weeks of age. On the other hand, the dystonia and associated functional disability became significantly less severe during this same interval. In other words, dystonia improved as Purkinje cells were lost, suggesting that dysfunctional Purkinje cells, rather than Purkinje cell loss, contribute to the dystonia. These results provide evidence that distorted cerebellar function may cause dystonia and support the concept that different types of cerebellar defects can have different functional consequences.
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19
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Protein mutated in paroxysmal dyskinesia interacts with the active zone protein RIM and suppresses synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:2935-41. [PMID: 25730884 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1501364112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Paroxysmal nonkinesigenic dyskinesia (PNKD) is an autosomal dominant episodic movement disorder precipitated by coffee, alcohol, and stress. We previously identified the causative gene but the function of the encoded protein remains unknown. We also generated a PNKD mouse model that revealed dysregulated dopamine signaling in vivo. Here, we show that PNKD interacts with synaptic active zone proteins Rab3-interacting molecule (RIM)1 and RIM2, localizes to synapses, and modulates neurotransmitter release. Overexpressed PNKD protein suppresses release, and mutant PNKD protein is less effective than wild-type at inhibiting exocytosis. In PNKD KO mice, RIM1/2 protein levels are reduced and synaptic strength is impaired. Thus, PNKD is a novel synaptic protein with a regulatory role in neurotransmitter release.
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20
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Assessment of Movement Disorders in Rodents. Mov Disord 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-405195-9.00004-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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22
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Stahl JS, Thumser ZC. Flocculus Purkinje cell signals in mouse Cacna1a calcium channel mutants of escalating severity: an investigation of the role of firing irregularity in ataxia. J Neurophysiol 2014; 112:2647-63. [PMID: 25143538 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00129.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutation of the Cacna1a gene for the P/Q (CaV2.1) calcium channel invariably leads to cerebellar dysfunction. The dysfunction has been attributed to disrupted rhythmicity of cerebellar Purkinje cells, but the hypothesis remains unproven. If irregular firing rates cause cerebellar dysfunction, then the irregularity and behavioral deficits should covary in a series of mutant strains of escalating severity. We compared firing irregularity in floccular and anterior vermis Purkinje cells in the mildly affected rocker and moderately affected tottering Cacna1a mutants and normal C57BL/6 mice. We also measured the amplitude and timing of modulations of floccular Purkinje cell firing rate during the horizontal vestibuloocular reflex (VOR, 0.25-1 Hz) and the horizontal and vertical optokinetic reflex (OKR, 0.125-1 Hz). We recorded Purkinje cells selective for rotational stimulation about the vertical axis (VAPCs) and a horizontal axis (HAPCs). Irregularity scaled with behavioral deficit severity in the flocculus but failed to do so in the vermis, challenging the irregularity hypothesis. Mutant VAPCs exhibited unusually strong modulation during VOR and OKR, the response augmentation scaling with phenotypic severity. HAPCs exhibited increased OKR modulation but in tottering only. The data contradict prior claims that modulation amplitude is unaffected in tottering but support the idea that attenuated compensatory eye movements in Cacna1a mutants arise from defective transfer of Purkinje cell signals to downstream circuitry, rather than attenuated synaptic transmission within the cerebellar cortex. Shifts in the relative sizes of the VAPC and HAPC populations raise the possibility that Cacna1a mutations influence the development of floccular zone architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Stahl
- Neurology Division, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio; and Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Zachary C Thumser
- Neurology Division, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio; and
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Rose SJ, Kriener LH, Heinzer AK, Fan X, Raike RS, van den Maagdenberg AMJM, Hess EJ. The first knockin mouse model of episodic ataxia type 2. Exp Neurol 2014; 261:553-62. [PMID: 25109669 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Episodic ataxia type 2 (EA2) is an autosomal dominant disorder associated with attacks of ataxia that are typically precipitated by stress, ethanol, caffeine or exercise. EA2 is caused by loss-of-function mutations in the CACNA1A gene, which encodes the α1A subunit of the CaV2.1 voltage-gated Ca(2+) channel. To better understand the pathomechanisms of this disorder in vivo, we created the first genetic animal model of EA2 by engineering a mouse line carrying the EA2-causing c.4486T>G (p.F1406C) missense mutation in the orthologous mouse Cacna1a gene. Mice homozygous for the mutated allele exhibit a ~70% reduction in CaV2.1 current density in Purkinje cells, though surprisingly do not exhibit an overt motor phenotype. Mice hemizygous for the knockin allele (EA2/- mice) did exhibit motor dysfunction measurable by rotarod and pole test. Studies using Cre-flox conditional genetics explored the role of cerebellar Purkinje cells or cerebellar granule cells in the poor motor performance of EA2/- mice and demonstrate that manipulation of either cell type alone did not cause poor motor performance. Thus, it is possible that subtle dysfunction arising from multiple cell types is necessary for the expression of certain ataxia syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Rose
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Lisa H Kriener
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ann K Heinzer
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Xueliang Fan
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Robert S Raike
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Arn M J M van den Maagdenberg
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen J Hess
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Genetic animal models of dystonia: common features and diversities. Prog Neurobiol 2014; 121:91-113. [PMID: 25034123 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Animal models are pivotal for studies of pathogenesis and treatment of disorders of the central nervous system which in its complexity cannot yet be modeled in vitro or using computer simulations. The choice of a specific model to test novel therapeutic strategies for a human disease should be based on validity of the model for the approach: does the model reflect symptoms, pathogenesis and treatment response present in human patients? In the movement disorder dystonia, prior to the availability of genetically engineered mice, spontaneous mutants were chosen based on expression of dystonic features, including abnormal muscle contraction, movements and postures. Recent discovery of a number of genes and gene products involved in dystonia initiated research on pathogenesis of the disorder, and the creation of novel models based on gene mutations. Here we present a review of current models of dystonia, with a focus on genetic rodent models, which will likely be first choice in the future either for pathophysiological or for preclinical drug testing or both. In order to help selection of a model depending on expression of a specific feature of dystonia, this review is organized by symptoms and current knowledge of pathogenesis of dystonia. We conclude that albeit there is increasing need for research on pathogenesis of the disease and development of improved models, current models do replicate features of dystonia and are useful tools to develop urgently demanded treatment for this debilitating disorder.
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RNAi silencing of P/Q-type calcium channels in Purkinje neurons of adult mouse leads to episodic ataxia type 2. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 68:47-56. [PMID: 24768804 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Episodic ataxia type-2 (EA2) is a dominantly inherited human neurological disorder caused by loss of function mutations in the CACNA1A gene, which encodes the CaV2.1 subunit of P/Q-type voltage-gated calcium channels. It remains however unknown whether the deficit of cerebellar CaV2.1 in adult is in direct link with the disease. To address this issue, we have used lentiviral based-vector RNA interference (RNAi) to knock-down CaV2.1 expression in the cerebellum of adult mice. We show that suppression of the P/Q-type channels in Purkinje neurons induced motor abnormalities, such as imbalance and ataxic gait. Interestingly, moderate channel suppression caused no basal ataxia, while β-adrenergic activation and exercise mimicked stress induced motor disorders. Moreover, stress-induced ataxia was stable, non-progressive and totally abolished by acetazolamide, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor used to treat EA2. Altogether, these data reveal that P/Q-type channel suppression in adult mice supports the episodic status of EA2 disease.
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Subtle microstructural changes of the cerebellum in a knock-in mouse model of DYT1 dystonia. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 62:372-80. [PMID: 24121114 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The dystonias are a group of disorders characterized by involuntary twisting and repetitive movements. DYT1 dystonia is an inherited form of dystonia caused by a mutation in the TOR1A gene, which encodes torsinA. TorsinA is expressed in many regions of the nervous system, and the regions responsible for causing dystonic movements remain uncertain. Most prior studies have focused on the basal ganglia, although there is emerging evidence for abnormalities in the cerebellum too. In the current studies, we examined the cerebellum for structural abnormalities in a knock-in mouse model of DYT1 dystonia. The gross appearance of the cerebellum appeared normal in the mutant mice, but stereological measures revealed the cerebellum to be 5% larger in mutant compared to control mice. There were no changes in the numbers of Purkinje cells, granule cells, or neurons of the deep cerebellar nuclei. However, Golgi histochemical studies revealed Purkinje cells to have thinner dendrites, and fewer and less complex dendritic spines. There also was a higher frequency of heterotopic Purkinje cells displaced into the molecular layer. These results reveal subtle structural changes of the cerebellum that are similar to those reported for the basal ganglia in the DYT1 knock-in mouse model.
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Jinnah HA, Berardelli A, Comella C, Defazio G, Delong MR, Factor S, Galpern WR, Hallett M, Ludlow CL, Perlmutter JS, Rosen AR. The focal dystonias: current views and challenges for future research. Mov Disord 2013; 28:926-43. [PMID: 23893450 PMCID: PMC3733486 DOI: 10.1002/mds.25567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The most common forms of dystonia are those that develop in adults and affect a relatively isolated region of the body. Although these adult-onset focal dystonias are most prevalent, knowledge of their etiologies and pathogenesis has lagged behind some of the rarer generalized dystonias, in which the identification of genetic defects has facilitated both basic and clinical research. This summary provides a brief review of the clinical manifestations of the adult-onset focal dystonias, focusing attention on less well understood clinical manifestations that need further study. It also provides a simple conceptual model for the similarities and differences among the different adult-onset focal dystonias as a rationale for lumping them together as a class of disorders while at the same time splitting them into subtypes. The concluding section outlines some of the most important research questions for the future. Answers to these questions are critical for advancing our understanding of this group of disorders and for developing novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Jinnah
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
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Raike RS, Weisz C, Hoebeek FE, Terzi MC, Zeeuw CID, van den Maagdenberg AM, Jinnah H, Hess EJ. Stress, caffeine and ethanol trigger transient neurological dysfunction through shared mechanisms in a mouse calcium channelopathy. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 50:151-9. [PMID: 23009754 PMCID: PMC3534906 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2012.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Several episodic neurological disorders are caused by ion channel gene mutations. In patients, transient neurological dysfunction is often evoked by stress, caffeine and ethanol, but the mechanisms underlying these triggers are unclear because each has diverse and diffuse effects on the CNS. Attacks of motor dysfunction in the Ca(V)2.1 calcium channel mouse mutant tottering are also triggered by stress, caffeine and ethanol. Therefore, we used the tottering mouse attacks to explore the pathomechanisms of the triggers. Despite the diffuse physiological effects of these triggers, ryanodine receptor blockers prevented attacks induced by all of them. In contrast, compounds that potentiate ryanodine receptors triggered attacks suggesting a convergent biochemical pathway. Tottering mouse attacks were both induced and blocked within the cerebellum suggesting that the triggers act locally to instigate attacks. In fact, stress, caffeine and alcohol precipitated attacks in Ca(V)2.1 mutant mice in which genetic pathology was limited to cerebellar Purkinje cells, suggesting that the triggers initiate dysfunction within a specific brain region. The surprising biochemical and anatomical specificity of the triggers and the discovery that the triggers operate through shared mechanisms suggest that it is possible to develop targeted therapies aimed at blocking the induction of episodic neurological dysfunction, rather than treating the symptoms once provoked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S. Raike
- Department of Pharmacology Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Catherine Weisz
- Department of Neuroscience Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Freek E. Hoebeek
- Department of Neuroscience Erasmus Medical Centre, 3015 GE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew C. Terzi
- Department of Neurology Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Chris I. De Zeeuw
- Department of Neuroscience Erasmus Medical Centre, 3015 GE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience Royal Dutch Academy of Arts & Sciences, Meibergdreef 47, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arn M. van den Maagdenberg
- Departments of Human Genetics and Neurology Leiden University Medical Centre, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - H.A. Jinnah
- Department of Neurology Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
- Department of Human Genetics Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Ellen J. Hess
- Department of Pharmacology Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
- Department of Neurology Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
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Raike RS, Pizoli CE, Weisz C, van den Maagdenberg AMJM, Jinnah HA, Hess EJ. Limited regional cerebellar dysfunction induces focal dystonia in mice. Neurobiol Dis 2012; 49:200-10. [PMID: 22850483 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2012.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Revised: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dystonia is a complex neurological syndrome broadly characterized by involuntary twisting movements and abnormal postures. The anatomical distribution of the motor symptoms varies among dystonic patients and can range from focal, involving an isolated part of the body, to generalized, involving many body parts. Functional imaging studies of both focal and generalized dystonias in humans often implicate the cerebellum suggesting that similar pathological processes may underlie both. To test this, we exploited tools developed in mice to generate animals with gradients of cerebellar dysfunction. By using conditional genetics to regionally limit cerebellar dysfunction, we found that abnormalities restricted to Purkinje cells were sufficient to cause dystonia. In fact, the extent of cerebellar dysfunction determined the extent of abnormal movements. Dysfunction of the entire cerebellum caused abnormal postures of many body parts, resembling generalized dystonia. More limited regions of dysfunction that were created by electrical stimulation or conditional genetic manipulations produced abnormal movements in an isolated body part, resembling focal dystonia. Overall, these results suggest that focal and generalized dystonias may arise through similar mechanisms and therefore may be approached with similar therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Raike
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Carolyn E Pizoli
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Catherine Weisz
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Arn M J M van den Maagdenberg
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - H A Jinnah
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ellen J Hess
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Todorov B, Kros L, Shyti R, Plak P, Haasdijk ED, Raike RS, Frants RR, Hess EJ, Hoebeek FE, De Zeeuw CI, van den Maagdenberg AMJM. Purkinje cell-specific ablation of Cav2.1 channels is sufficient to cause cerebellar ataxia in mice. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2012; 11:246-58. [PMID: 21870131 PMCID: PMC3311848 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-011-0302-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/30/2022]
Abstract
The Cacna1a gene encodes the α(1A) subunit of voltage-gated Ca(V)2.1 Ca(2+) channels that are involved in neurotransmission at central synapses. Ca(V)2.1-α(1)-knockout (α1KO) mice, which lack Ca(V)2.1 channels in all neurons, have a very severe phenotype of cerebellar ataxia and dystonia, and usually die around postnatal day 20. This early lethality, combined with the wide expression of Ca(V)2.1 channels throughout the cerebellar cortex and nuclei, prohibited determination of the contribution of particular cerebellar cell types to the development of the severe neurobiological phenotype in Cacna1a mutant mice. Here, we crossed conditional Cacna1a mice with transgenic mice expressing Cre recombinase, driven by the Purkinje cell-specific Pcp2 promoter, to specifically ablate the Ca(V)2.1-α(1A) subunit and thereby Ca(V)2.1 channels in Purkinje cells. Purkinje cell Ca(V)2.1-α(1A)-knockout (PCα1KO) mice aged without difficulties, rescuing the lethal phenotype seen in α1KO mice. PCα1KO mice exhibited cerebellar ataxia starting around P12, much earlier than the first signs of progressive Purkinje cell loss, which appears in these mice between P30 and P45. Secondary cell loss was observed in the granular and molecular layers of the cerebellum and the volume of all individual cerebellar nuclei was reduced. In this mouse model with a cell type-specific ablation of Ca(V)2.1 channels, we show that ablation of Ca(V)2.1 channels restricted to Purkinje cells is sufficient to cause cerebellar ataxia. We demonstrate that spatial ablation of Ca(V)2.1 channels may help in unraveling mechanisms of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyan Todorov
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lieke Kros
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Reinald Shyti
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Petra Plak
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Robert S. Raike
- Department of Pharmacology and Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Rune R. Frants
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen J. Hess
- Department of Pharmacology and Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Freek E. Hoebeek
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chris I. De Zeeuw
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Dutch Academy for Sciences (KNAW), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arn M. J. M. van den Maagdenberg
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Selective inhibition of striatal fast-spiking interneurons causes dyskinesias. J Neurosci 2011; 31:15727-31. [PMID: 22049415 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3875-11.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fast-spiking interneurons (FSIs) can exert powerful control over striatal output, and deficits in this cell population have been observed in human patients with Tourette syndrome and rodent models of dystonia. However, a direct experimental test of striatal FSI involvement in motor control has never been performed. We applied a novel pharmacological approach to examine the behavioral consequences of selective FSI suppression in mouse striatum. IEM-1460, an inhibitor of GluA2-lacking AMPARs, selectively blocked synaptic excitation of FSIs but not striatal projection neurons. Infusion of IEM-1460 into the sensorimotor striatum reduced the firing rate of FSIs but not other cell populations, and elicited robust dystonia-like impairments. These results provide direct evidence that hypofunction of striatal FSIs can produce movement abnormalities, and suggest that they may represent a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of hyperkinetic movement disorders.
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Thompson VB, Jinnah HA, Hess EJ. Convergent mechanisms in etiologically-diverse dystonias. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2011; 15:1387-403. [PMID: 22136648 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2011.641533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dystonia is a neurological disorder associated with twisting motions and abnormal postures, which compromise normal movements and can be both painful and debilitating. It can affect a single body part (focal), several contiguous regions (segmental), or the entire body (generalized), and can arise as a result of numerous causes, both genetic and acquired. Despite the diversity of causes and manifestations, shared clinical features suggest that common mechanisms of pathogenesis may underlie many dystonias. AREAS COVERED Shared themes in etiologically-diverse dystonias exist at several biological levels. At the cellular level, abnormalities in the dopaminergic system, mitochondrial function and calcium regulation are often present. At the anatomical level, the basal ganglia and the cerebellum are frequently implicated. Global CNS dysfunction, specifically aberrant neuronal plasticity, inhibition and sensorimotor integration, are also observed in a number of dystonias. Using clinical data and data from animal models, this article seeks to highlight shared pathways that may be critical in understanding mechanisms and identifying novel therapeutic strategies in dystonia. EXPERT OPINION Identifying shared features of pathogenesis can provide insight into the biological processes that underlie etiologically diverse dystonias, and can suggest novel targets for therapeutic intervention that may be effective in a broad group of affected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie B Thompson
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Woodruff Memorial Research Building, Suite 6000, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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33
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Neychev VK, Gross RE, Lehéricy S, Hess EJ, Jinnah HA. The functional neuroanatomy of dystonia. Neurobiol Dis 2011; 42:185-201. [PMID: 21303695 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Revised: 01/08/2011] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dystonia is a neurological disorder characterized by involuntary twisting movements and postures. There are many different clinical manifestations, and many different causes. The neuroanatomical substrates for dystonia are only partly understood. Although the traditional view localizes dystonia to basal ganglia circuits, there is increasing recognition that this view is inadequate for accommodating a substantial portion of available clinical and experimental evidence. A model in which several brain regions play a role in a network better accommodates the evidence. This network model accommodates neuropathological and neuroimaging evidence that dystonia may be associated with abnormalities in multiple different brain regions. It also accommodates animal studies showing that dystonic movements arise with manipulations of different brain regions. It is consistent with neurophysiological evidence suggesting defects in neural inhibitory processes, sensorimotor integration, and maladaptive plasticity. Finally, it may explain neurosurgical experience showing that targeting the basal ganglia is effective only for certain subpopulations of dystonia. Most importantly, the network model provides many new and testable hypotheses with direct relevance for new treatment strategies that go beyond the basal ganglia. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Advances in dystonia".
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Abstract
Episodic ataxia type 2 (EA2) is a hereditary cerebellar ataxia associated with mutations in the P/Q-type voltage-gated calcium (Ca(2+)) channels. Therapeutic approaches for treatment of EA2 are very limited. Presently, the potassium (K(+)) channel blocker 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) constitutes the most promising treatment, although its mechanism of action is not understood. Here we show that, in contrast to what is commonly believed, therapeutic concentrations of 4-AP do not increase the inhibitory drive of cerebellar Purkinje cells. Instead, 4-AP restores the severely diminished precision of pacemaking in Purkinje cells of EA2 mutant mice by prolonging the action potential and increasing the action potential afterhyperpolarization. Consistent with this mode of action, the therapeutic efficacy of 4-AP was comparable, and not additive, to chlorzoxazone, an activator of Ca(2+)-dependent K(+) channels that also restores the precision of Purkinje cell pacemaking. The likely target of 4-AP at the concentrations used are the K(v)1 family of K(+) channels, possibly the K(v)1.5 subtype. Because at higher concentrations 4-AP blocks a large array of K(+) channels and is a proconvulsant, use of selective K(v)1 channel blockers is likely to be a safer substitute for treatment of cerebellar ataxia.
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Scholle HC, Jinnah HA, Arnold D, Biedermann FHW, Faenger B, Grassme R, Hess EJ, Schumann NP. Kinematic and electromyographic tools for characterizing movement disorders in mice. Mov Disord 2010; 25:265-74. [PMID: 20077474 DOI: 10.1002/mds.22933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing interest in rodent models for movement disorders has led to an increasing need for more accurate and precise methods for both delineating the nature of abnormal movements and measuring their severity. These studies describe application of simultaneous high-speed video kinematics with multichannel electromyography (EMG) to characterize the movement disorder exhibited by tottering mutant mice. These mice provide a uniquely valuable model, because they exhibit paroxysmal dystonia superimposed on mild baseline ataxia, permitting the examination of these two different problems within the same animals. At baseline with mild ataxia, the mutants exhibited poorly coordinated movements with increased variation of stance and swing times, and slower spontaneous walking velocities. The corresponding EMG showed reduced mean amplitudes of biceps femoris and vastus lateralis, and poorly modulated EMG activities during the step cycle. Attacks of paroxysmal dystonia were preceded by trains of EMG bursts with doublets and triplets simultaneously in the biceps femoris and vastus lateralis followed by more sustained coactivation. These EMG characteristics are consistent with the clinical phenomenology of the motor phenotype of tottering mice as a baseline of mild ataxia with intermittent attacks of paroxysmal dystonia. The EMG characteristics of ataxia and dystonia in the tottering mice also are consistent with EMG studies of other ataxic or dystonic animals and humans. These studies provide insights into how these methods can be used for delineating movement disorders in mice and for how they may be compared with similar disorders of humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans C Scholle
- Division Motor Research, Pathophysiology and Biomechanics, Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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Purkinje cell input to cerebellar nuclei in tottering: ultrastructure and physiology. THE CEREBELLUM 2008; 7:547-58. [PMID: 19082682 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-008-0086-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2008] [Accepted: 11/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Homozygous tottering mice are spontaneous ataxic mutants, which carry a mutation in the gene encoding the ion pore of the P/Q-type voltage-gated calcium channels. P/Q-type calcium channels are prominently expressed in Purkinje cell terminals, but it is unknown to what extent these inhibitory terminals in tottering mice are affected at the morphological and electrophysiological level. Here, we investigated the distribution and ultrastructure of their Purkinje cell terminals in the cerebellar nuclei as well as the activities of their target neurons. The densities of Purkinje cell terminals and their synapses were not significantly affected in the mutants. However, the Purkinje cell terminals were enlarged and had an increased number of vacuoles, whorled bodies, and mitochondria. These differences started to occur between 3 and 5 weeks of age and persisted throughout adulthood. Stimulation of Purkinje cells in adult tottering mice resulted in inhibition at normal latencies, but the activities of their postsynaptic neurons in the cerebellar nuclei were abnormal in that the frequency and irregularity of their spiking patterns were enhanced. Thus, although the number of their terminals and their synaptic contacts appear quantitatively intact, Purkinje cells in tottering mice show several signs of axonal damage that may contribute to altered postsynaptic activities in the cerebellar nuclei.
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Neychev VK, Fan X, Mitev VI, Hess EJ, Jinnah HA. The basal ganglia and cerebellum interact in the expression of dystonic movement. Brain 2008; 131:2499-509. [PMID: 18669484 PMCID: PMC2724906 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awn168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2008] [Revised: 05/27/2008] [Accepted: 07/02/2008] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dystonia is a neurological disorder characterized by excessive involuntary muscle contractions that lead to twisting movements or abnormal posturing. Traditional views place responsibility for dystonia with dysfunction of basal ganglia circuits, yet recent evidence has pointed towards cerebellar circuits as well. In the current studies we used two strategies to explore the hypothesis that the expression of dystonic movements depends on influences from a motor network that includes both the basal ganglia and cerebellum. The first strategy was to evaluate the consequences of subthreshold lesions of the striatum in two different animal models where dystonic movements are thought to originate from abnormal cerebellar function. The second strategy employed microdialysis to search for changes in striatal dopamine release in these two animal models where the cerebellum has been already implicated. One of the animal models involved tottering mice, which exhibit paroxysmal dystonia due to an inherited defect affecting calcium channels. In keeping with prior results implicating the cerebellum in this model, surgical removal of the cerebellum eliminated their dystonic attacks. In contrast, subclinical lesions of the striatum with either 6-hydroxydopamine (6OHDA) or quinolinic acid (QA) exaggerated their dystonic attacks. Microdialysis of the striatum revealed dystonic attacks in tottering mice to be associated with a significant reduction in extracellular striatal dopamine. The other animal model involved the induction of dystonia via pharmacological excitation of the cerebellar cortex by local application of kainic acid in normal mice. In this model the site of stimulation determines the origin of dystonia in the cerebellum. However, subclinical striatal lesions with either 6OHDA or QA again exaggerated their generalized dystonia. When dystonic movements were triggered by pharmacological stimulation of the cerebellum, microdialysis revealed significant reductions in striatal dopamine release. These results demonstrate important functional relationships between cerebellar and basal ganglia circuits in two different animal models of dystonia. They suggest that expression of dystonic movements depends on influences from both basal ganglia and cerebellum in both models. These results support the hypothesis that dystonia may result from disruption of a motor network involving both the basal ganglia and cerebellum, rather than isolated dysfunction of only one motor system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir K. Neychev
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA, Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Sofia, Bulgaria and Department of Neurosciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Xueliang Fan
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA, Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Sofia, Bulgaria and Department of Neurosciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - V. I. Mitev
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA, Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Sofia, Bulgaria and Department of Neurosciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Ellen J. Hess
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA, Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Sofia, Bulgaria and Department of Neurosciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - H. A. Jinnah
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA, Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Sofia, Bulgaria and Department of Neurosciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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Abstract
Dystonia is a neurological syndrome characterized by excessive involuntary muscle contractions leading to twisting movements and unnatural postures. It has many different clinical manifestations, and many different causes. More than 3 million people worldwide suffer from dystonia, yet there are few broadly effective treatments. In the past decade, progress in research has advanced our understanding of the pathogenesis of dystonia to a point where drug discovery efforts are now feasible. Several strategies can be used to develop novel therapeutics for dystonia. Existing therapies have only modest efficacy, but may be refined and improved to increase benefits while reducing side effects. Identifying rational targets for drug intervention based on the pathogenesis of dystonia is another strategy. The surge in both basic and clinical research discoveries has provided insights at all levels, including etiological, physiological and nosological, to enable such a targeted approach. The empirical approach to drug discovery, whereby compounds are identified using a nonmechanistic strategy, is complementary to the rational approach. With the recent development of multiple animal models of dystonia, it is now possible to develop assays and perform drug screens on vast numbers of compounds. This multifaceted approach to drug discovery in dystonia will likely provide lead compounds that can then be translated for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. A. Jinnah
- grid.21107.350000000121719311Department of Neurology, Meyer Room 6-181, Johns Hopkins University, 600 N. Wolfe Street, 21287 Baltimore, MD
| | - Ellen J. Hess
- grid.21107.350000000121719311Department of Neurology, Meyer Room 6-181, Johns Hopkins University, 600 N. Wolfe Street, 21287 Baltimore, MD
- grid.21107.350000000121719311Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 21287 Baltimore, Maryland
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