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Hosapatna M, Aparna Verma, Antony Sylvan D’Souza, L. C. P. The role of width of pars compacta of substantia nigra and the midbrain area in patients with Parkinson’s disease and progressive supranuclear palsy with healthy aged individuals. Biomedicine (Taipei) 2022. [DOI: 10.51248/.v42i4.1180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction and Aim: Though numerous image processing software exists to analyse the images, measurement of substantia nigra width and midbrain area are simple yet definite tools to distinguish and diagnose the Parkinson’s disease (PD) and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) when complimented with clinical findings. Comparing the brainstem parameters in healthy, (neurodegenerative) diseased, and during the treatment helps us to assess the disease monitoring i.e., severity and progress of the disease, and formulate the best treatment strategies. This study aimed at comparison of the thickness of substantia nigra (SN) in Parkinson's disease (PD) and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) with aged healthy individuals by magnetic resonance (MR) imaging.
Material and Methods: This observational study includes the evaluation of MR images of 50 aged healthy individuals with no obvious neurological diseases, 35 classical PD, and 15 PSP patients from the Department of Radiology. Quantitative planimetric evaluation of midbrain area was calculated and the width of substantia nigra (SN) was evaluated as per standard reference criteria with computer assisted image analysis and interpretation program.
Results: The parameters like means of midbrain area and the pars compacta thickness on both right and left sides were compared both in PD and PSP patients with healthy individuals. MR image analysis showed significant decrease in the thickness of pars compacta of SN in PD patients than in PSP patients when compared with age matched healthy aged individuals.
Conclusion: Parkinsonian diseases are always associated with the neuronal loss leading to volume alterations by causing midbrain atrophy. Magnetic resonance imaging of the thickness of SN is simple and reliable imaging markers to differentiate PD and PSP when combined with clinical symptomatology.
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Riederer P, Monoranu C, Strobel S, Iordache T, Sian-Hülsmann J. Iron as the concert master in the pathogenic orchestra playing in sporadic Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2021; 128:1577-1598. [PMID: 34636961 PMCID: PMC8507512 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-021-02414-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
About 60 years ago, the discovery of a deficiency of dopamine in the nigro-striatal system led to a variety of symptomatic therapeutic strategies to supplement dopamine and to substantially improve the quality of life of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Since these seminal developments, neuropathological, neurochemical, molecular biological and genetic discoveries contributed to elucidate the pathology of PD. Oxidative stress, the consequences of reactive oxidative species, reduced antioxidative capacity including loss of glutathione, excitotoxicity, mitochondrial dysfunction, proteasomal dysfunction, apoptosis, lysosomal dysfunction, autophagy, suggested to be causal for ɑ-synuclein fibril formation and aggregation and contributing to neuroinflammation and neural cell death underlying this devastating disorder. However, there are no final conclusions about the triggered pathological mechanism(s) and the follow-up of pathological dysfunctions. Nevertheless, it is a fact, that iron, a major component of oxidative reactions, as well as neuromelanin, the major intraneuronal chelator of iron, undergo an age-dependent increase. And ageing is a major risk factor for PD. Iron is significantly increased in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) of PD. Reasons for this finding include disturbances in iron-related import and export mechanisms across the blood-brain barrier (BBB), localized opening of the BBB at the nigro-striatal tract including brain vessel pathology. Whether this pathology is of primary or secondary importance is not known. We assume that there is a better fit to the top-down hypotheses and pathogens entering the brain via the olfactory system, then to the bottom-up (gut-brain) hypothesis of PD pathology. Triggers for the bottom-up, the dual-hit and the top-down pathologies include chemicals, viruses and bacteria. If so, hepcidin, a regulator of iron absorption and its distribution into tissues, is suggested to play a major role in the pathogenesis of iron dyshomeostasis and risk for initiating and progressing ɑ-synuclein pathology. The role of glial components to the pathology of PD is still unknown. However, the dramatic loss of glutathione (GSH), which is mainly synthesized in glia, suggests dysfunction of this process, or GSH uptake into neurons. Loss of GSH and increase in SNpc iron concentration have been suggested to be early, may be even pre-symptomatic processes in the pathology of PD, despite the fact that they are progression factors. The role of glial ferritin isoforms has not been studied so far in detail in human post-mortem brain tissue and a close insight into their role in PD is called upon. In conclusion, "iron" is a major player in the pathology of PD. Selective chelation of excess iron at the site of the substantia nigra, where a dysfunction of the BBB is suggested, with peripherally acting iron chelators is suggested to contribute to the portfolio and therapeutic armamentarium of anti-Parkinson medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Riederer
- Clinic and Policlinic for Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Wuerzburg, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany. .,Department of Psychiatry, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
| | - C Monoranu
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Neuropathology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - S Strobel
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Neuropathology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - T Iordache
- George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - J Sian-Hülsmann
- Department of Medical Physiology, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
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Parkinson's disease multimodal imaging: F-DOPA PET, neuromelanin-sensitive and quantitative iron-sensitive MRI. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2021; 7:57. [PMID: 34238927 PMCID: PMC8266835 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-021-00199-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative synucleinopathy characterized by the degeneration of neuromelanin (NM)-containing dopaminergic neurons and deposition of iron in the substantia nigra (SN). How regional NM loss and iron accumulation within specific areas of SN relate to nigro-striatal dysfunction needs to be clarified. We measured dopaminergic function in pre- and postcommissural putamen by [18F]DOPA PET in 23 Parkinson's disease patients and 23 healthy control (HC) participants in whom NM content and iron load were assessed in medial and lateral SN, respectively, by NM-sensitive and quantitative R2* MRI. Data analysis consisted of voxelwise regressions testing the group effect and its interaction with NM or iron signals. In PD patients, R2* was selectively increased in left lateral SN as compared to healthy participants, suggesting a local accumulation of iron in Parkinson's disease. By contrast, NM signal differed between PD and HC, without specific regional specificity within SN. Dopaminergic function in posterior putamen decreased as R2* increased in lateral SN, indicating that dopaminergic function impairment progresses with iron accumulation in the SN. Dopaminergic function was also positively correlated with NM signal in lateral SN, indicating that dopaminergic function impairment progresses with depigmentation in the SN. A complex relationship was detected between R2* in the lateral SN and NM signal in the medial SN. In conclusion, multimodal imaging reveals regionally specific relationships between iron accumulation and depigmentation within the SN of Parkinson's disease and provides in vivo insights in its neuropathology.
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Brammerloh M, Morawski M, Friedrich I, Reinert T, Lange C, Pelicon P, Vavpetič P, Jankuhn S, Jäger C, Alkemade A, Balesar R, Pine K, Gavriilidis F, Trampel R, Reimer E, Arendt T, Weiskopf N, Kirilina E. Measuring the iron content of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra with MRI relaxometry. Neuroimage 2021; 239:118255. [PMID: 34119638 PMCID: PMC8363938 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopaminergic neurons dominate effective transverse relaxation in nigrosome 1. Ion beam microscopy reveals highest iron concentrations in dopaminergic neurons. Developed biophysical model links MRI parameters to cellular iron content. Ferritin- and neuromelanin-bound iron impact MRI parameters differently. Quantitative MRI provides a potential biomarker of iron in dopaminergic neurons.
In Parkinson’s disease, the depletion of iron-rich dopaminergic neurons in nigrosome 1 of the substantia nigra precedes motor symptoms by two decades. Methods capable of monitoring this neuronal depletion, at an early disease stage, are needed for early diagnosis and treatment monitoring. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is particularly suitable for this task due to its sensitivity to tissue microstructure and in particular, to iron. However, the exact mechanisms of MRI contrast in the substantia nigra are not well understood, hindering the development of powerful biomarkers. In the present report, we illuminate the contrast mechanisms in gradient and spin echo MR images in human nigrosome 1 by combining quantitative 3D iron histology and biophysical modeling with quantitative MRI on post mortem human brain tissue. We show that the dominant contribution to the effective transverse relaxation rate (R2*) in nigrosome 1 originates from iron accumulated in the neuromelanin of dopaminergic neurons. This contribution is appropriately described by a static dephasing approximation of the MRI signal. We demonstrate that the R2* contribution from dopaminergic neurons reflects the product of cell density and cellular iron concentration. These results demonstrate that the in vivo monitoring of neuronal density and iron in nigrosome 1 may be feasible with MRI and provide directions for the development of biomarkers for an early detection of dopaminergic neuron depletion in Parkinson’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte Brammerloh
- Department of Neurophysics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstr. 1a, Leipzig 04103, Germany; International Max Planck Research School on Neuroscience of Communication: Function, Structure, and Plasticity; Felix Bloch Institute for Solid State Physics, Faculty of Physics and Earth Sciences, Leipzig University, Linnéstr. 5, Leipzig 04103, Germany.
| | - Markus Morawski
- Department of Neurophysics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstr. 1a, Leipzig 04103, Germany; Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 19, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Isabel Friedrich
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 19, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Tilo Reinert
- Department of Neurophysics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstr. 1a, Leipzig 04103, Germany; Felix Bloch Institute for Solid State Physics, Faculty of Physics and Earth Sciences, Leipzig University, Linnéstr. 5, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Charlotte Lange
- Department of Neurophysics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstr. 1a, Leipzig 04103, Germany; Felix Bloch Institute for Solid State Physics, Faculty of Physics and Earth Sciences, Leipzig University, Linnéstr. 5, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Primož Pelicon
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Primož Vavpetič
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Steffen Jankuhn
- Felix Bloch Institute for Solid State Physics, Faculty of Physics and Earth Sciences, Leipzig University, Linnéstr. 5, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Carsten Jäger
- Department of Neurophysics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstr. 1a, Leipzig 04103, Germany; Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 19, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Anneke Alkemade
- Integrative Model-based Cognitive Neuroscience Research Unit, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129B, 1001 NK Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rawien Balesar
- Integrative Model-based Cognitive Neuroscience Research Unit, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129B, 1001 NK Amsterdam, The Netherlands; The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Kerrin Pine
- Department of Neurophysics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstr. 1a, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Filippos Gavriilidis
- Department of Neurophysics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstr. 1a, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Robert Trampel
- Department of Neurophysics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstr. 1a, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Enrico Reimer
- Department of Neurophysics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstr. 1a, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Thomas Arendt
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 19, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Weiskopf
- Department of Neurophysics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstr. 1a, Leipzig 04103, Germany; Felix Bloch Institute for Solid State Physics, Faculty of Physics and Earth Sciences, Leipzig University, Linnéstr. 5, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Evgeniya Kirilina
- Department of Neurophysics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstr. 1a, Leipzig 04103, Germany; Center for Cognitive Neuroscience Berlin, Free University Berlin, Habelschwerdter Allee 45, Berlin, 14195, Germany
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Variation in the concentration and regional distribution of magnetic nanoparticles in human brains, with and without Alzheimer's disease, from the UK. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9363. [PMID: 33931662 PMCID: PMC8087805 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88725-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) in the human brain was attributed until recently to endogenous formation; associated with a putative navigational sense, or with pathological mishandling of brain iron within senile plaques. Conversely, an exogenous, high-temperature source of brain MNPs has been newly identified, based on their variable sizes/concentrations, rounded shapes/surface crystallites, and co-association with non-physiological metals (e.g., platinum, cobalt). Here, we examined the concentration and regional distribution of brain magnetite/maghemite, by magnetic remanence measurements of 147 samples of fresh/frozen tissues, from Alzheimer's disease (AD) and pathologically-unremarkable brains (80-98 years at death) from the Manchester Brain Bank (MBB), UK. The magnetite/maghemite concentrations varied between individual cases, and different brain regions, with no significant difference between the AD and non-AD cases. Similarly, all the elderly MBB brains contain varying concentrations of non-physiological metals (e.g. lead, cerium), suggesting universal incursion of environmentally-sourced particles, likely across the geriatric blood-brain barrier (BBB). Cerebellar Manchester samples contained significantly lower (~ 9×) ferrimagnetic content compared with those from a young (29 years ave.), neurologically-damaged Mexico City cohort. Investigation of younger, variably-exposed cohorts, prior to loss of BBB integrity, seems essential to understand early brain impacts of exposure to exogenous magnetite/maghemite and other metal-rich pollution particles.
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Cell specific quantitative iron mapping on brain slices by immuno-µPIXE in healthy elderly and Parkinson's disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2021; 9:47. [PMID: 33752749 PMCID: PMC7986300 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-021-01145-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is essential for neurons and glial cells, playing key roles in neurotransmitter synthesis, energy production and myelination. In contrast, high concentrations of free iron can be detrimental and contribute to neurodegeneration, through promotion of oxidative stress. Particularly in Parkinson’s disease (PD) changes in iron concentrations in the substantia nigra (SN) was suggested to play a key role in degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in nigrosome 1. However, the cellular iron pathways and the mechanisms of the pathogenic role of iron in PD are not well understood, mainly due to the lack of quantitative analytical techniques for iron quantification with subcellular resolution. Here, we quantified cellular iron concentrations and subcellular iron distributions in dopaminergic neurons and different types of glial cells in the SN both in brains of PD patients and in non-neurodegenerative control brains (Co). To this end, we combined spatially resolved quantitative element mapping using micro particle induced X-ray emission (µPIXE) with nickel-enhanced immunocytochemical detection of cell type-specific antigens allowing to allocate element-related signals to specific cell types. Distinct patterns of iron accumulation were observed across different cell populations. In the control (Co) SNc, oligodendroglial and astroglial cells hold the highest cellular iron concentration whereas in PD, the iron concentration was increased in most cell types in the substantia nigra except for astroglial cells and ferritin-positive oligodendroglial cells. While iron levels in astroglial cells remain unchanged, ferritin in oligodendroglial cells seems to be depleted by almost half in PD. The highest cellular iron levels in neurons were located in the cytoplasm, which might increase the source of non-chelated Fe3+, implicating a critical increase in the labile iron pool. Indeed, neuromelanin is characterised by a significantly higher loading of iron including most probable the occupancy of low-affinity iron binding sites. Quantitative trace element analysis is essential to characterise iron in oxidative processes in PD. The quantification of iron provides deeper insights into changes of cellular iron levels in PD and may contribute to the research in iron-chelating disease-modifying drugs.
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Scholefield M, Church SJ, Xu J, Patassini S, Roncaroli F, Hooper NM, Unwin RD, Cooper GJS. Widespread Decreases in Cerebral Copper Are Common to Parkinson's Disease Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease Dementia. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:641222. [PMID: 33746735 PMCID: PMC7966713 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.641222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies of Parkinson's disease (PD) have reported dysregulation of cerebral metals, particularly decreases in copper and increases in iron in substantia nigra (SN). However, few studies have investigated regions outside the SN, fewer have measured levels of multiple metals across different regions within the same brains, and there are no currently-available reports of metal levels in Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD). This study aimed to compare concentrations of nine essential metals across nine different brain regions in cases of PDD and controls. Investigated were: primary motor cortex (MCX); cingulate gyrus (CG); primary visual cortex (PVC); hippocampus (HP); cerebellar cortex (CB); SN; locus coeruleus (LC); medulla oblongata (MED); and middle temporal gyrus (MTG), thus covering regions with severe, moderate, or low levels of neuronal loss in PDD. Levels of eight essential metals and selenium were determined using an analytical methodology involving the use of inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and compared between cases and controls, to better understand the extent and severity of metal perturbations. Findings were also compared with those from our previous study of sporadic Alzheimer's disease dementia (ADD), which employed equivalent methods, to identify differences and similarities between these conditions. Widespread copper decreases occurred in PDD in seven of nine regions (exceptions being LC and CB). Four PDD-affected regions showed similar decreases in ADD: CG, HP, MTG, and MCX. Decreases in potassium and manganese were present in HP, MTG and MCX; decreased manganese was also found in SN and MED. Decreased selenium and magnesium were present in MCX, and decreased zinc in HP. There was no evidence for increased iron in SN or any other region. These results identify alterations in levels of several metals across multiple regions of PDD brain, the commonest being widespread decreases in copper that closely resemble those in ADD, pointing to similar disease mechanisms in both dementias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Scholefield
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Centre for Advanced Discovery & Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie J. Church
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Centre for Advanced Discovery & Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jingshu Xu
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Centre for Advanced Discovery & Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Stefano Patassini
- Faculty of Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Federico Roncaroli
- Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Brain and Mental Health, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel M. Hooper
- Division of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Richard D. Unwin
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Centre for Advanced Discovery & Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Stoller Biomarker Discovery Centre & Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Garth J. S. Cooper
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Centre for Advanced Discovery & Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Madsen SJ, DiGiacomo PS, Zeng Y, Goubran M, Chen Y, Rutt BK, Born D, Vogel H, Sinclair R, Zeineh MM. Correlative Microscopy to Localize and Characterize Iron Deposition in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2020; 4:525-536. [PMID: 33532700 PMCID: PMC7835989 DOI: 10.3233/adr-200234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Recent evidence suggests that the accumulation of iron, specifically ferrous Fe2+, may play a role in the development and progression of neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) through the production of oxidative stress. Objective: To localize and characterize iron deposition and oxidation state in AD, we analyzed human hippocampal autopsy samples from four subjects with advanced AD that have been previously characterized with correlative MRI-histology. Methods: We perform scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) in the higher resolution transmission electron microscope on the surface and cross-sections of specific iron-rich regions of interest. Results: Specific previously analyzed regions were visualized using SEM and confirmed to be iron-rich deposits using EDS. Subsequent analysis using focused ion beam cross-sectioning and SEM characterized the iron deposition throughout the 3-D volumes, confirming the presence of iron throughout the deposits, and in two out of four specimens demonstrating colocalization with zinc. Analysis of traditional histology slides showed the analyzed deposits overlapped both with amyloid and tau deposition. Following higher resolution analysis of a single iron deposit using scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM), we demonstrated the potential of monochromated STEM-EELS to discern the relative oxidation state of iron within a deposit. Conclusion: These findings suggest that iron is present in the AD hippocampus and can be visualized and characterized using combined MRI and EM techniques. An altered relative oxidation state may suggest a direct link between iron and oxidative stress in AD. These methods thus could potentially measure an altered relative oxidation state that could suggest a direct link between iron and oxidative stress in AD. Furthermore, we have demonstrated the ability to analyze metal deposition alongside commonly used histological markers of AD pathology, paving the way for future insights into the molecular interactions between Aβ, tau, iron, and other putative metals, such as zinc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Madsen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Yitian Zeng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Maged Goubran
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yuanxin Chen
- Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian K Rutt
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Donald Born
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hannes Vogel
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Robert Sinclair
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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Hedges DM, Yorgason JT, Perez AW, Schilaty ND, Williams BM, Watt RK, Steffensen SC. Spontaneous Formation of Melanin from Dopamine in the Presence of Iron. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E1285. [PMID: 33339254 PMCID: PMC7766172 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9121285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is associated with degeneration of neuromelanin (NM)-containing substantia nigra dopamine (DA) neurons and subsequent decreases in striatal DA transmission. Dopamine spontaneously forms a melanin through a process called melanogenesis. The present study examines conditions that promote/prevent DA melanogenesis. The kinetics, intermediates, and products of DA conversion to melanin in vitro, and DA melanogenesis under varying levels of Fe3+, pro-oxidants, and antioxidants were examined. The rate of melanogenesis for DA was substantially greater than related catecholamines norepinephrine and epinephrine and their precursor amino acids tyrosine and l-Dopa as measured by UV-IR spectrophotometry. Dopamine melanogenesis was concentration dependent on the pro-oxidant species and Fe3+. Melanogenesis was enhanced by the pro-oxidant hydrogen peroxide (EC50 = 500 μM) and decreased by the antioxidants ascorbate (IC50 = 10 μM) and glutathione (GSH; IC50 = 5 μM). Spectrophotometric results were corroborated by tuning a fast-scan cyclic voltammetry system to monitor DA melanogenesis. Evoked DA release in striatal brain slices resulted in NM formation that was prevented by GSH. These findings suggest that DA melanogenesis occurs spontaneously under physiologically-relevant conditions of oxidative stress and that NM may act as a marker of past exposure to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Hedges
- Enterprise Information Management, Billings Clinic, 2800 10th Avenue North, Billings, MT 59101, USA;
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, C100 BNSN, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA;
| | - Jordan T. Yorgason
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, 4005 LSB, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA;
- Neuroscience Program, S-192 ESC, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; (A.W.P.); (N.D.S.); (B.M.W.)
| | - Andrew W. Perez
- Neuroscience Program, S-192 ESC, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; (A.W.P.); (N.D.S.); (B.M.W.)
| | - Nathan D. Schilaty
- Neuroscience Program, S-192 ESC, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; (A.W.P.); (N.D.S.); (B.M.W.)
- Department of Psychology, 1001 KMBL, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Benjamin M. Williams
- Neuroscience Program, S-192 ESC, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; (A.W.P.); (N.D.S.); (B.M.W.)
| | - Richard K. Watt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, C100 BNSN, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA;
| | - Scott C. Steffensen
- Neuroscience Program, S-192 ESC, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; (A.W.P.); (N.D.S.); (B.M.W.)
- Department of Psychology, 1001 KMBL, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
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Wan Z, Xu J, Huang Y, Zhai Y, Ma Z, Zhou B, Cao Z. Elevating bioavailable iron levels in mitochondria suppresses the defective phenotypes caused by PINK1 loss-of-function in Drosophila melanogaster. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 532:285-291. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Martin-Bastida A, Tilley BS, Bansal S, Gentleman SM, Dexter DT, Ward RJ. Iron and inflammation: in vivo and post-mortem studies in Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2020; 128:15-25. [PMID: 33079260 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-020-02271-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In these present studies, in vivo and and post-mortem studies have investigated the association between iron and inflammation. Early-stage Parkinson's disease (PD) patients, of less than 5 years disease duration, showed associations of plasmatic ferritin concentrations with both proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 and hepcidin, a regulator of iron metabolism as well as clinical measures. In addition ratios of plasmatic ferritin and iron accumulation in deep grey matter nuclei assessed with relaxometry T2* inversely correlated with disease severity and duration of PD. On the hand, post-mortem material of the substantia nigra compacta (SNc) divided according to Braak and Braak scores, III-IV and V-VI staging, exhibited comparable microgliosis, with a variety of phenotypes present. There was an association between the intensity of microgliosis and iron accumulation as assayed by Perl's staining in the SNc sections. In conclusion, markers of inflammation and iron metabolism in both systemic and brain systems are closely linked in PD, thus offering a potential biomarker for progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Martin-Bastida
- Centre for Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona-Madrid, Spain.
| | - Bension Shlomo Tilley
- Centre for Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sukhi Bansal
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Steve M Gentleman
- Centre for Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - David T Dexter
- Centre for Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Roberta J Ward
- Centre for Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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12
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van der Weerd L, Lefering A, Webb A, Egli R, Bossoni L. Effects of Alzheimer's disease and formalin fixation on the different mineralised-iron forms in the human brain. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16440. [PMID: 33020534 PMCID: PMC7536241 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73324-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron accumulation in the brain is a phenomenon common to many neurodegenerative diseases, perhaps most notably Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We present here magnetic analyses of post-mortem brain tissue of patients who had severe Alzheimer’s disease, and compare the results with those from healthy controls. Isothermal remanent magnetization experiments were performed to assess the extent to which different magnetic carriers are affected by AD pathology and formalin fixation. While Alzheimer’s brain material did not show higher levels of magnetite/maghemite nanoparticles than corresponding controls, the ferrihydrite mineral, known to be found within the core of ferritin proteins and hemosiderin aggregates, almost doubled in concentration in patients with Alzheimer’s pathology, strengthening the conclusions of our previous studies. As part of this study, we also investigated the effects of sample preparation, by performing experiments on frozen tissue as well as tissue which had been fixed in formalin for a period of 5 months. Our results showed that the two different preparations did not critically affect the concentration of magnetic carriers in brain tissue, as observable by SQUID magnetometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise van der Weerd
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anton Lefering
- Reactor Institute, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew Webb
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ramon Egli
- Central Institute for Meteorology and Geo-dynamics (ZAMG), Vienna, Austria
| | - Lucia Bossoni
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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13
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Xue J, Wang HL, Xiao G. Transferrin1 modulates rotenone-induced Parkinson's disease through affecting iron homeostasis in Drosophila melanogaster. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 531:305-311. [PMID: 32800558 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress are pathophysiologic mechanisms implicated in Parkinson's disease (PD). In recent years, environmental toxins are employed to increase oxidative stress mediated neuropathology and sporadic PD. Disruption of iron homeostasis has been implicated in PD patients for many years, but the functional role of iron in sporadic PD pathogenesis is still not well clarified in vivo. To address this question, we set out to investigate the effect of iron on a Drosophila rotenone model of sporadic PD. Iron homeostasis is maintained by many transporters. We found that inhibition of transferrin1 (Tsf1) expression in the central nervous system (CNS) results in reduced iron levels in brains and significantly ameliorates the neurodegenerative phenotypes of rotenone exposure Drosophila; moreover, the rotenone induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in the brain, the damaged complex I activity and the decreased ATP generation were dramatically rescued by Tsf1 knockdown. Further study indicated that all the rescue effects of Tsf1 knockdown on sporadic PD could be inhibited by malvolio (Mvl) overexpression, an iron transporter responsible for iron uptake. These results imply that Tsf1 knockdown in the CNS could attenuate rotenone toxicity by decreasing the ROS levels in brains through reducing iron levels, and manipulation of iron transporters in brains may provide a novel therapeutic strategy for sporadic PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsong Xue
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, China
| | - Hui-Li Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, China.
| | - Guiran Xiao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, China.
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14
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Birkl C, Birkl-Toeglhofer AM, Kames C, Goessler W, Haybaeck J, Fazekas F, Ropele S, Rauscher A. The influence of iron oxidation state on quantitative MRI parameters in post mortem human brain. Neuroimage 2020; 220:117080. [PMID: 32585344 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) techniques are known to be sensitive to brain iron content. In principle, iron sensitive MRI techniques are based on local magnetic field variations caused by iron particles in tissue. The purpose of this study was to investigate the sensitivity of MR relaxation and magnetization transfer parameters to changes in iron oxidation state compared to changes in iron concentration. Therefore, quantitative MRI parameters including R1, R2, R2∗, quantitative susceptibility maps (QSM) and magnetization transfer ratio (MTR) of post mortem human brain tissue were acquired prior and after chemical iron reduction to change the iron oxidation state and chemical iron extraction to decrease the total iron concentration. All assessed parameters were shown to be sensitive to changes in iron concentration whereas only R2, R2∗ and QSM were also sensitive to changes in iron oxidation state. Mass spectrometry confirmed that iron accumulated in the extraction solution but not in the reduction solution. R2∗ and QSM are often used as markers for iron content. Changes in these parameters do not necessarily reflect variations in iron content but may also be a result of changes in the iron's oxygenation state from ferric towards more ferrous iron or vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Birkl
- UBC MRI Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Neuroradiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Austria.
| | - Anna Maria Birkl-Toeglhofer
- Department of Pathology, Neuropathology and Molecular Pathology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Christian Kames
- UBC MRI Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Walter Goessler
- Institute of Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry, University of Graz, Austria
| | - Johannes Haybaeck
- Department of Pathology, Neuropathology and Molecular Pathology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Franz Fazekas
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Stefan Ropele
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Alexander Rauscher
- UBC MRI Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Pediatrics (Division of Neurology), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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15
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Zadlo A, Mokrzyński K, Ito S, Wakamatsu K, Sarna T. The influence of iron on selected properties of synthetic pheomelanin. Cell Biochem Biophys 2020; 78:181-189. [PMID: 32451722 PMCID: PMC7266848 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-020-00918-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
It is believed that while eumelanin plays photoprotective and antioxidant role in pigmented tissues, pheomelanin being more photoreactive could behave as a phototoxic agent. Although the metal ion-sequestering ability of melanin might be protective, transition metal ions present in natural melanins could affect their physicochemical properties. The aim of this research was to study iron binding by pheomelanin and analyze how such a binding affects selected properties of the melanin. Synthetic pheomelanin (CDM), prepared by enzymatic oxidation of DOPA in the presence of cysteine was analyzed by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, spectrophotometry, chemical analysis, and time-resolved measurements of singlet oxygen phosphorescence. Iron broadened EPR signal of melanin and increased its optical absorption. Iron bound to melanin exhibited EPR signal at g = 4.3, typical for high-spin iron (III). Iron bound to melanin significantly altered the kinetics of melanin photodegradation, which in turn modified the accessibility and stability of the melanin–iron complexes as indicated by the release of iron from melanin induced by diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid and KCN. Although bound to melanin iron little affects initial stages of photodegradation of CDM, the effect of iron becomes more pronounced at later stages of melanin photolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Zadlo
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Krystian Mokrzyński
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Shosuke Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Medical Sciences, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Wakamatsu
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Medical Sciences, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Tadeusz Sarna
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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16
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Abstract
While the initial causes of Parkinson's disease (PD) are not clearly defined, iron deposition has long been implicated in the pathogenesis of PD. The substantia nigra of PD patients, where the selective loss of dopaminergic neurons occurs, show a fairly selective and significant elevation in iron contents. However, the question remains whether iron deposition represents the initiation cause or merely the consequence of nigral degeneration. Here, we describe existing findings regarding the interaction of iron with neuromelanin and alpha synuclein, the iron deposition in experimental animal model of PD and sporadic and familial PD patients, and the treatment option involving the use of iron chelators for targeting the aberration of iron level in brain. This review may provide us a better understanding of the role of iron in PD to address the question of cause or consequence.
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17
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Du G, Lewis MM, Sica C, He L, Connor JR, Kong L, Mailman RB, Huang X. Distinct progression pattern of susceptibility MRI in the substantia nigra of Parkinson's patients. Mov Disord 2018; 33:1423-1431. [PMID: 29756399 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Susceptibility MRI may capture Parkinson's disease-related pathology. This study delineated longitudinal changes in different substantia nigra regions. METHODS Seventy-two PD patients and 62 controls were studied at both baseline and after 18 months with MRI. R2* and quantitative susceptibility mapping values from the substantia nigra pars compacta and substantia nigra pars reticulata were calculated. Mixed-effects models compared controls with PD or PD subgroups having different disease durations: early (<1 year), middle (<5 years, middle-stage PD), and late (>5 years, late-stage PD). Pearson's correlation assessed associations between imaging and clinical measures. RESULTS At baseline, R2* and quantitative susceptibility mapping were higher in both the substantia nigra pars compacta and substantia nigra pars reticulata in all PD patients (group effect, P ≤ 0.003). Longitudinally, the substantia nigra pars compacta R2* showed a faster increase in PD compared with controls (time × group, P = 0.002), whereas quantitative susceptibility mapping did not (P = 0.668). The substantia nigra pars reticulata R2* and quantitative susceptibility mapping did not differ between PD and controls (time × group, P ≥ 0.084), although both decreased longitudinally (time effect, P ≤ 0.004). Baseline substantia nigra pars compacta R2* was higher in all PD subgroups (group, P ≤ 0.006), but showed a significantly faster increase only in later-stage PD (time × group, P < 0.0001) that correlated with changes in nonmotor symptoms (r = 0.746, P = 0.002). Baseline substantia nigra pars reticulata quantitative susceptibility mapping was higher in middle-stage PD and later-stage PD (group, P ≤ 0.002), but showed a longitudinal decrease (time × group, P = 0.004) only in later-stage PD that correlated with changes in motor signs (r = 0.837, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Susceptibility MRI revealed distinct patterns of PD progression in the substantia nigra pars compacta and substantia nigra pars reticulata. The different patterns are particularly clear in later-stage patients. These findings may resolve past controversies and have implications in the pathophysiological processes during PD progression. © 2018 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangwei Du
- Department of Neurology, Penn State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Mechelle M Lewis
- Department of Neurology, Penn State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, Penn State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Christopher Sica
- Department of Radiology, Penn State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Lu He
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - James R Connor
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Lan Kong
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Richard B Mailman
- Department of Neurology, Penn State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, Penn State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Xuemei Huang
- Department of Neurology, Penn State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, Penn State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States.,Department of Radiology, Penn State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States.,Department of Kinesiology, Penn State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States
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18
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Applications of Mössbauer Spectroscopy in Biomedical Research. Cell Biochem Biophys 2018; 77:15-32. [PMID: 29704106 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-018-0843-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
A brief review on the applications of Mössbauer spectroscopy in biomedical research discusses the results of more than fifty years of experience in this field. Basing on the numerous results the main directions of biomedical applications of Mössbauer spectroscopy are considered as follows: 1) studies of the quantitative changes of iron-containing biomolecules related to pathological processes; 2) studies of the qualitative changes in iron-containing biomolecules related to pathological processes; 3) studies of the effect of various environmental factors (physical, chemical, and biological) on iron-containing biomolecules; 4) studies of metabolic processes by means of analysis of the Mössbauer nuclides pathways in organisms; 5) studies of dynamic processes; 6) studies of pharmaceutical compounds and blood substitutes containing Mössbauer nuclides; 7) miscellaneous studies. Some examples of biomedical research using 57Fe, 57Co, 119Sn, 153Sm, and 197Au Mössbauer nuclides are presented.
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19
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Sulzer D, Cassidy C, Horga G, Kang UJ, Fahn S, Casella L, Pezzoli G, Langley J, Hu XP, Zucca FA, Isaias IU, Zecca L. Neuromelanin detection by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and its promise as a biomarker for Parkinson's disease. NPJ PARKINSONS DISEASE 2018; 4:11. [PMID: 29644335 PMCID: PMC5893576 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-018-0047-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease (PD) occurs after pathogenesis is advanced and many substantia nigra (SN) dopamine neurons have already died. Now that therapies to block this neuronal loss are under development, it is imperative that the disease be diagnosed at earlier stages and that the response to therapies is monitored. Recent studies suggest this can be accomplished by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) detection of neuromelanin (NM), the characteristic pigment of SN dopaminergic, and locus coeruleus (LC) noradrenergic neurons. NM is an autophagic product synthesized via oxidation of catecholamines and subsequent reactions, and in the SN and LC it increases linearly during normal aging. In PD, however, the pigment is lost when SN and LC neurons die. As shown nearly 25 years ago by Zecca and colleagues, NM’s avid binding of iron provides a paramagnetic source to enable electron and nuclear magnetic resonance detection, and thus a means for safe and noninvasive measure in living human brain. Recent technical improvements now provide a means for MRI to differentiate between PD patients and age-matched healthy controls, and should be able to identify changes in SN NM with age in individuals. We discuss how MRI detects NM and how this approach might be improved. We suggest that MRI of NM can be used to confirm PD diagnosis and monitor disease progression. We recommend that for subjects at risk for PD, and perhaps generally for older people, that MRI sequences performed at regular intervals can provide a pre-clinical means to detect presymptomatic PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sulzer
- 1Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center , New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY USA.,2Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY USA.,3Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Clifford Cassidy
- 4The Royal's Institute of Mental Health Research, Affiliated with the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON Canada
| | - Guillermo Horga
- 1Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center , New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY USA
| | - Un Jung Kang
- 2Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Stanley Fahn
- 2Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Luigi Casella
- 5Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Gianni Pezzoli
- Parkinson Institute, ASST "Gaetano Pini-CTO", Milan, Italy
| | - Jason Langley
- 7Center for Advanced NeuroImaging, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA USA
| | - Xiaoping P Hu
- 8Department of Bioengineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA USA
| | - Fabio A Zucca
- 9Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Milan, Italy
| | - Ioannis U Isaias
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital and Julius-Maximillian-University, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Luigi Zecca
- 9Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Milan, Italy
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20
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21
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Zucca FA, Segura-Aguilar J, Ferrari E, Muñoz P, Paris I, Sulzer D, Sarna T, Casella L, Zecca L. Interactions of iron, dopamine and neuromelanin pathways in brain aging and Parkinson's disease. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 155:96-119. [PMID: 26455458 PMCID: PMC4826627 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 396] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There are several interrelated mechanisms involving iron, dopamine, and neuromelanin in neurons. Neuromelanin accumulates during aging and is the catecholamine-derived pigment of the dopamine neurons of the substantia nigra and norepinephrine neurons of the locus coeruleus, the two neuronal populations most targeted in Parkinson's disease. Many cellular redox reactions rely on iron, however an altered distribution of reactive iron is cytotoxic. In fact, increased levels of iron in the brain of Parkinson's disease patients are present. Dopamine accumulation can induce neuronal death; however, excess dopamine can be removed by converting it into a stable compound like neuromelanin, and this process rescues the cell. Interestingly, the main iron compound in dopamine and norepinephrine neurons is the neuromelanin-iron complex, since neuromelanin is an effective metal chelator. Neuromelanin serves to trap iron and provide neuronal protection from oxidative stress. This equilibrium between iron, dopamine, and neuromelanin is crucial for cell homeostasis and in some cellular circumstances can be disrupted. Indeed, when neuromelanin-containing organelles accumulate high load of toxins and iron during aging a neurodegenerative process can be triggered. In addition, neuromelanin released by degenerating neurons activates microglia and the latter cause neurons death with further release of neuromelanin, then starting a self-propelling mechanism of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Considering the above issues, age-related accumulation of neuromelanin in dopamine neurons shows an interesting link between aging and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio A Zucca
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - Juan Segura-Aguilar
- Faculty of Medicine, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Emanuele Ferrari
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - Patricia Muñoz
- Faculty of Medicine, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Irmgard Paris
- Faculty of Medicine, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Santo Tomás University, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - David Sulzer
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tadeusz Sarna
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Luigi Casella
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Luigi Zecca
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy.
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22
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Costa-Mallen P, Gatenby C, Friend S, Maravilla KR, Hu SC, Cain KC, Agarwal P, Anzai Y. Brain iron concentrations in regions of interest and relation with serum iron levels in Parkinson disease. J Neurol Sci 2017; 378:38-44. [PMID: 28566175 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Brain iron has been previously found elevated in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), but not in other brain regions, of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. However, iron in circulation has been recently observed to be lower than normal in PD patients. The regional selectivity of iron deposition in brain as well as the relationship between SNpc brain iron and serum iron within PD patients has not been completely elucidated. In this pilot study we measured brain iron in six regions of interest (ROIs) as well as serum iron and serum ferritin, in 24 PD patients and 27 age- gender-matched controls. Brain iron was measured on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with a T2 prime (T2') method. Difference in brain iron deposition between PD cases and controls for the six ROIs were calculated. SNpc/white matter brain iron ratios and SNpc/serum iron ratios were calculated for each study participant, and differences between PD patients and controls were tested. PD patients overall had higher brain iron than controls in the SNpc. PD patients had significantly higher SNpc/white matter brain iron ratios than controls, and significantly higher brain SNpc iron/serum iron ratios than controls. These results indicate that PD patients' iron metabolism is disrupted toward a higher partitioning of iron to the brain SNpc at the expenses of iron in the circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher Gatenby
- University of Washington, Department of Radiology, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Sally Friend
- University of Washington, Department of Radiology, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Kenneth R Maravilla
- University of Washington, Department of Radiology, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Shu-Ching Hu
- University of Washington, Department of Neurology, Seattle, WA 98104, United States
| | - Kevin C Cain
- University of Washington, Department of Biostatistics, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Pinky Agarwal
- Booth Gardner Parkinson's Care Center, Evergreen Health, Kirkland, WA 98034, United States
| | - Yoshimi Anzai
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Clinical Radiology, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, United States
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23
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Fernández B, Ferrer I, Gil F, Hilfiker S. Biomonitorization of iron accumulation in the substantia nigra from Lewy body disease patients. Toxicol Rep 2017; 4:188-193. [PMID: 28529891 PMCID: PMC5436624 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensitive detection of total iron content from cells, rodent and human brain extracts. There are regional differences in iron concentrations in rodent and human brain. Iron dyshomeostasis in the substantia nigra correlates with Lewy body disease. Iron imaging studies may aid in clinical diagnosis and/or serve as biomarker for disease progression.
Iron levels in the healthy human brain are known to be high in certain areas such as the substantia nigra (SN), and increase further with age. In addition, there is some evidence for a further increase in iron load in the SN of Parkinsońs disease (PD) patients as compared to controls, which correlates with motor disability. Here, we have analyzed total iron levels in cells as well as mouse and human brain samples by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Our data indicate that iron load is more pronounced in cells with dopaminergic features. Moreover, region-specific differences in iron load reflecting those in the human brain were detected in rodent brains as well. Whilst altered iron load was not observed in other regions also affected in PD patients, we report a significant increase in iron load in the SN of Lewy body disease patients as compared to Alzheimeŕs disease (AD) patients or controls, which correlates with neurodegeneration in this brain area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Fernández
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine “López-Neyra”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda del Conocimiento s/n, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Isidro Ferrer
- Institute of Neuropathology, IDIBELL-University Hospital Bellvitge, University of Barcelona, Llobregat, Spain
| | - Fernando Gil
- Dept. of Legal Medicine and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Sabine Hilfiker
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine “López-Neyra”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda del Conocimiento s/n, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Corresponding author.
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Langley J, Huddleston DE, Sedlacik J, Boelmans K, Hu XP. Parkinson's disease–related increase of ‐weighted hypointensity in substantia nigra pars compacta. Mov Disord 2016; 32:441-449. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.26883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Langley
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical EngineeringGeorgia Institute of Technology and Emory UniversityAtlanta Georgia USA
- Center for Advanced NeuroimagingUniversity of California RiversideRiverside CA
| | | | - Jan Sedlacik
- Department of NeuroradiologyUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf (UKE)Hamburg Germany
| | - Kai Boelmans
- Department of NeurologyJulius‐Maximilians‐UniversityWürzburg Germany
| | - Xiaoping P. Hu
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical EngineeringGeorgia Institute of Technology and Emory UniversityAtlanta Georgia USA
- Center for Advanced NeuroimagingUniversity of California RiversideRiverside CA
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of California RiversideRiverside California USA
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Wang JY, Zhuang QQ, Zhu LB, Zhu H, Li T, Li R, Chen SF, Huang CP, Zhang X, Zhu JH. Meta-analysis of brain iron levels of Parkinson's disease patients determined by postmortem and MRI measurements. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36669. [PMID: 27827408 PMCID: PMC5101491 DOI: 10.1038/srep36669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain iron levels in patients of Parkinson's disease (PD) are usually measured in postmortem samples or by MRI imaging including R2* and SWI. In this study we performed a meta-analysis to understand PD-associated iron changes in various brain regions, and to evaluate the accuracy of MRI detections comparing with postmortem results. Databases including Medline, Web of Science, CENTRAL and Embase were searched up to 19th November 2015. Ten brain regions were identified for analysis based on data extracted from thirty-three-articles. An increase in iron levels in substantia nigra of PD patients by postmortem, R2* or SWI measurements was observed. The postmortem and SWI measurements also suggested significant iron accumulation in putamen. Increased iron deposition was found in red nucleus as determined by both R2* and SWI, whereas no data were available in postmortem samples. Based on SWI, iron levels were increased significantly in the nucleus caudatus and globus pallidus. Of note, the analysis might be biased towards advanced disease and that the precise stage at which regions become involved could not be ascertained. Our analysis provides an overview of iron deposition in multiple brain regions of PD patients, and a comparison of outcomes from different methods detecting levels of iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Yong Wang
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Qing-Qing Zhuang
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Lan-Bing Zhu
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Hui Zhu
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Song-Fang Chen
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Chen-Ping Huang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Xiong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Jian-Hong Zhu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
- Key Laboratory of Watershed Science and Health of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
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Isaias IU, Trujillo P, Summers P, Marotta G, Mainardi L, Pezzoli G, Zecca L, Costa A. Neuromelanin Imaging and Dopaminergic Loss in Parkinson's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:196. [PMID: 27597825 PMCID: PMC4992725 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder in which the major pathologic substrate is a loss of dopaminergic neurons from the substantia nigra. Our main objective was to determine the correspondence between changes in the substantia nigra, evident in neuromelanin and iron sensitive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and dopaminergic striatal innervation loss in patients with PD. Eighteen patients and 18 healthy control subjects were included in the study. Using neuromelanin-MRI, we measured the volume of the substantia nigra and the contrast-to-noise-ratio between substantia nigra and a background region. The apparent transverse relaxation rate and magnetic susceptibility of the substantia nigra were calculated from dual-echo MRI. Striatal dopaminergic innervation was measured as density of dopamine transporter (DAT) by means of single-photon emission computed tomography and [123I] N-ω-fluoropropyl-2b-carbomethoxy-3b-(4-iodophenyl) tropane. Patients showed a reduced volume of the substantia nigra and contrast-to-noise-ratio and both positively correlated with the corresponding striatal DAT density. The apparent transverse relaxation rate and magnetic susceptibility values of the substantia nigra did not differ between patients and healthy controls. The best predictor of DAT reduction was the volume of the substantia nigra. Clinical and imaging correlations were also investigated for the locus coeruleus. Our results suggest that neuromelanin-MRI can be used for quantifying substantia nigra pathology in PD where it closely correlates with dopaminergic striatal innervation loss. Longitudinal studies should further explore the role of Neuromelanin-MRI as an imaging biomarker of PD, especially for subjects at risk of developing the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis U Isaias
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital WuerzburgWürzburg, Germany; Centro Parkinson, Pini-CTOMilan, Italy
| | - Paula Trujillo
- Department of Neuroradiology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore PoliclinicoMilan, Italy; Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di MilanoMilan, Italy
| | - Paul Summers
- Department of Neuroradiology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Marotta
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Mainardi
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano Milan, Italy
| | | | - Luigi Zecca
- Italian National Research Council, Institute of Biomedical Technologies Segrate, Italy
| | - Antonella Costa
- Department of Neuroradiology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milan, Italy
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27
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Langley J, Huddleston DE, Chen X, Sedlacik J, Zachariah N, Hu X. A multicontrast approach for comprehensive imaging of substantia nigra. Neuroimage 2015; 112:7-13. [PMID: 25731994 PMCID: PMC4415274 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We characterize the contrast behavior of substantia nigra (SN) in both magnetization transfer (MT) imaging, which is believed to be sensitive to neuromelanin (NM), and susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI). Images were acquired with a MT prepared dual echo gradient echo sequence. The first echo was taken as the MT contrast image and the second was used to generate the SWI image. SN volumes were segmented from these two types of images using a thresholding method. The spatial and signal characteristics of the extracted SWI and MT volumes were compared. Both images showed the presence of SN but the volumes of the SN identified in the two are spatially incongruent. The MT volume was more caudal than the SWI volume and with only a 12% overlap between the two volumes. Considering the SN volumes in each hemisphere separately, the average distances between the centers of mass of the volumes from the two types images are 5.1±1.1mm and 4.1±1.2mm, respectively. The frequency offsets (homodyne filtered phase/echo time) for the volumes derived from MT (NM) images and SWI images are 0.09±0.32radians/s and -1.12±0.57radians/s (p<0.0001), respectively. The MT contrasts for the two volumes are 0.16±0.02 and 0.10±0.03 (p<0.001), respectively. Our results indicate that the two contrasts are sensitive to different portions of the SN, with MT seeing the more caudal portion of the SN than SWI, likely due to variations of NM and iron content in the SN. Despite the small overlap, these regions are complementary. Our results provide a new understanding of the contrast behavior of the SN in the two imaging approaches commonly used to image it and indicate that using both may yield a more comprehensive visualization of the SN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Langley
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Daniel E Huddleston
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Center for Health Research Southeast, Kaiser Permanente, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Xiangchuan Chen
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jan Sedlacik
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nishant Zachariah
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Xiaoping Hu
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.
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28
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Dusek P, Roos PM, Litwin T, Schneider SA, Flaten TP, Aaseth J. The neurotoxicity of iron, copper and manganese in Parkinson's and Wilson's diseases. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2015; 31:193-203. [PMID: 24954801 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Impaired cellular homeostasis of metals, particularly of Cu, Fe and Mn may trigger neurodegeneration through various mechanisms, notably induction of oxidative stress, promotion of α-synuclein aggregation and fibril formation, activation of microglial cells leading to inflammation and impaired production of metalloproteins. In this article we review available studies concerning Fe, Cu and Mn in Parkinson's disease and Wilson's disease. In Parkinson's disease local dysregulation of iron metabolism in the substantia nigra (SN) seems to be related to neurodegeneration with an increase in SN iron concentration, accompanied by decreased SN Cu and ceruloplasmin concentrations and increased free Cu concentrations and decreased ferroxidase activity in the cerebrospinal fluid. Available data in Wilson's disease suggest that substantial increases in CNS Cu concentrations persist for a long time during chelating treatment and that local accumulation of Fe in certain brain nuclei may occur during the course of the disease. Consequences for chelating treatment strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Dusek
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, Charles University in Prague, 1st Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Neuroradiology, University Medicine Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Per M Roos
- Department of Neurology, Division of Clinical Neurophysiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomasz Litwin
- 2nd Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Trond Peder Flaten
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jan Aaseth
- Department of Medicine, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Kongsvinger Hospital Division, Kongsvinger, Norway
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29
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Collingwood JF, Davidson MR. The role of iron in neurodegenerative disorders: insights and opportunities with synchrotron light. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:191. [PMID: 25191270 PMCID: PMC4137459 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is evidence for iron dysregulation in many forms of disease, including a broad spectrum of neurodegenerative disorders. In order to advance our understanding of the pathophysiological role of iron, it is helpful to be able to determine in detail the distribution of iron as it relates to metabolites, proteins, cells, and tissues, the chemical state and local environment of iron, and its relationship with other metal elements. Synchrotron light sources, providing primarily X-ray beams accompanied by access to longer wavelengths such as infra-red, are an outstanding tool for multi-modal non-destructive analysis of iron in these systems. The micro- and nano-focused X-ray beams that are generated at synchrotron facilities enable measurement of iron and other transition metal elements to be performed with outstanding analytic sensitivity and specificity. Recent developments have increased the scope for methods such as X-ray fluorescence mapping to be used quantitatively rather than semi-quantitatively. Burgeoning interest, coupled with technical advances and beamline development at synchrotron facilities, has led to substantial improvements in resources and methodologies in the field over the past decade. In this paper we will consider how the field has evolved with regard to the study of iron in proteins, cells, and brain tissue, and identify challenges in sample preparation and analysis. Selected examples will be used to illustrate the contribution, and future potential, of synchrotron X-ray analysis for the characterization of iron in model systems exhibiting iron dysregulation, and for human cases of neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Friedreich's ataxia, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna F Collingwood
- Warwick Engineering in Biomedicine, School of Engineering, University of Warwick Coventry, UK ; Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Mark R Davidson
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA ; The Tech Toybox, Gainesville FL, USA
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30
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Hare DJ, Lei P, Ayton S, Roberts BR, Grimm R, George JL, Bishop DP, Beavis AD, Donovan SJ, McColl G, Volitakis I, Masters CL, Adlard PA, Cherny RA, Bush AI, Finkelstein DI, Doble PA. An iron–dopamine index predicts risk of parkinsonian neurodegeneration in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc53461h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Imaging of iron and dopamine by laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry reveals a risk index for parkinsonian neurodegeneration
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic J. Hare
- Elemental Bio-imaging Facility
- University of Technology
- Sydney, Australia
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health
- The University of Melbourne
| | - Peng Lei
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health
- The University of Melbourne
- Parkville, Australia
| | - Scott Ayton
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health
- The University of Melbourne
- Parkville, Australia
| | - Blaine R. Roberts
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health
- The University of Melbourne
- Parkville, Australia
| | - Rudolf Grimm
- Agilent Technologies
- Santa Clara, United States of America
| | - Jessica L. George
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health
- The University of Melbourne
- Parkville, Australia
| | - David P. Bishop
- Elemental Bio-imaging Facility
- University of Technology
- Sydney, Australia
| | - Alison D. Beavis
- Elemental Bio-imaging Facility
- University of Technology
- Sydney, Australia
| | - Sarah J. Donovan
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health
- The University of Melbourne
- Parkville, Australia
- Deakin University
- Burwood, Australia
| | - Gawain McColl
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health
- The University of Melbourne
- Parkville, Australia
| | - Irene Volitakis
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health
- The University of Melbourne
- Parkville, Australia
| | - Colin L. Masters
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health
- The University of Melbourne
- Parkville, Australia
| | - Paul A. Adlard
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health
- The University of Melbourne
- Parkville, Australia
| | - Robert A. Cherny
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health
- The University of Melbourne
- Parkville, Australia
| | - Ashley I. Bush
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health
- The University of Melbourne
- Parkville, Australia
| | - David I. Finkelstein
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health
- The University of Melbourne
- Parkville, Australia
| | - Philip A. Doble
- Elemental Bio-imaging Facility
- University of Technology
- Sydney, Australia
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31
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Asci R, Vallefuoco F, Andolfo I, Bruno M, De Falco L, Iolascon A. Trasferrin receptor 2 gene regulation by microRNA 221 in SH-SY5Y cells treated with MPP⁺ as Parkinson's disease cellular model. Neurosci Res 2013; 77:121-7. [PMID: 24055409 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most frequent human neurodegenerations. The neurodegeneration in PD is related to cellular iron increase but the mechanisms involved in iron accumulation remain unclear. Transferrin receptor type 2 (TFR2) is a protein expressed on cell membrane and involved in the cellular iron uptake. We hypothesized that microRNA 221 could regulate the expression of TfR2 in an in vitro model of Parkinson's disease, SH-SY5Y cells treated with MPP⁺. The miRNA 221 was selected by in silico analysis of several miRNAs predicted to target the TFR2 gene in SHSY5Y cells treated with MPP⁺. Taqman miRNA assay was used to evaluate the expression of the selected miRNAs. Using a luciferase assay we demonstrated the inhibition of TFR2 by miRNA 221. We show that in PD cellular model, TFR2 expression is regulated by miRNA 221. TFR2 and miR 221 are inversely correlated in SHSY5Y cells during the treatment with MPP⁺. Moreover, overexpression of miRNA 221 decreases the expression of TFR2, respectively, at the mRNA and protein levels. The inhibition of endogenous miRNA 221 also is able to regulate TFR2. These data suggest that miRNA 221 regulate TFR2 in PD model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Asci
- CEINGE, Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy; Department of Biochemistry and Medical Biotechnologies, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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32
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Mochizuki H, Yasuda T. Iron accumulation in Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2012; 119:1511-4. [PMID: 23070727 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-012-0905-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Although the exact cause of Parkinson's disease (PD) is still unknown, recent interest has been focused on the role of iron in the nigral cell death in PD. Several studies have shown that a selective and significant elevation in iron occurs in the substantia nigra of patients with PD. However, the mechanisms involved in iron accumulation also remain unclear. In this article, we describe recent findings regarding the mechanisms and potential toxic effects of iron accumulation in hereditary and sporadic PD and animal models of PD, including our genetic mouse model of PD. The review provides an opportunity to revisit the possible roles of iron accumulation in the pathogenic cascade(s) of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Mochizuki
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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33
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Skjørringe T, Møller LB, Moos T. Impairment of interrelated iron- and copper homeostatic mechanisms in brain contributes to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. Front Pharmacol 2012; 3:169. [PMID: 23055972 PMCID: PMC3456798 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2012.00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron and copper are important co-factors for a number of enzymes in the brain, including enzymes involved in neurotransmitter synthesis and myelin formation. Both shortage and an excess of iron or copper will affect the brain. The transport of iron and copper into the brain from the circulation is strictly regulated, and concordantly protective barriers, i.e., the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier (BCB) have evolved to separate the brain environment from the circulation. The uptake mechanisms of the two metals interact. Both iron deficiency and overload lead to altered copper homeostasis in the brain. Similarly, changes in dietary copper affect the brain iron homeostasis. Moreover, the uptake routes of iron and copper overlap each other which affect the interplay between the concentrations of the two metals in the brain. The divalent metal transporter-1 (DMT1) is involved in the uptake of both iron and copper. Furthermore, copper is an essential co-factor in numerous proteins that are vital for iron homeostasis and affects the binding of iron-response proteins to iron-response elements in the mRNA of the transferrin receptor, DMT1, and ferroportin, all highly involved in iron transport. Iron and copper are mainly taken up at the BBB, but the BCB also plays a vital role in the homeostasis of the two metals, in terms of sequestering, uptake, and efflux of iron and copper from the brain. Inside the brain, iron and copper are taken up by neurons and glia cells that express various transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Skjørringe
- Section of Neurobiology, Biomedicine Group, Institute of Medicine and Health Technology, Aalborg University Aalborg, Denmark ; Center for Applied Human Molecular Genetics, Department of Kennedy Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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34
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Hare DJ, Gerlach M, Riederer P. Considerations for measuring iron in post-mortem tissue of Parkinson’s disease patients. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2012; 119:1515-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-012-0898-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Friedman A, Galazka-Friedman J. The history of the research of iron in parkinsonian substantia nigra. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2012; 119:1507-10. [PMID: 22941506 PMCID: PMC3505548 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-012-0894-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
The role of iron in pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease is widely discussed in the literature. The authors present the history of studies of iron in parkinsonian tissue from the substantia nigra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Friedman
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
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36
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Holmes-Hampton GP, Chakrabarti M, Cockrell AL, McCormick SP, Abbott LC, Lindahl LS, Lindahl PA. Changing iron content of the mouse brain during development. Metallomics 2012; 4:761-70. [PMID: 22810488 DOI: 10.1039/c2mt20086d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Iron is crucial to many processes in the brain yet the percentages of the major iron-containing species contained therein, and how these percentages change during development, have not been reliably determined. To do this, C57BL/6 mice were enriched in (57)Fe and their brains were examined by Mössbauer, EPR, and electronic absorption spectroscopy; Fe concentrations were evaluated using ICP-MS. Excluding the contribution of residual blood hemoglobin, the three major categories of brain Fe included ferritin (an iron storage protein), mitochondrial iron (consisting primarily of Fe/S clusters and hemes), and mononuclear nonheme high-spin (NHHS) Fe(II) and Fe(III) species. Brains from prenatal and one-week old mice were dominated by ferritin and were deficient in mitochondrial Fe. During the next few weeks of life, the brain grew and experienced a burst of mitochondriogenesis. Overall brain Fe concentration and the concentration of ferritin declined during this burst phase, suggesting that the rate of Fe incorporation was insufficient to accommodate these changes. The slow rate of Fe import and export to/from the brain, relative to other organs, was verified by an isotopic labeling study. Iron levels and ferritin stores replenished in young adult mice. NHHS Fe(II) species were observed in substantial levels in brains of several ages. A stable free-radical species that increased with age was observed by EPR spectroscopy. Brains from mice raised on an Fe-deficient diet showed depleted ferritin iron but normal mitochondrial iron levels.
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37
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Galazka-Friedman J, Bauminger ER, Szlachta K, Friedman A. The role of iron in neurodegeneration--Mössbauer spectroscopy, electron microscopy, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and neuroimaging studies. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2012; 24:244106. [PMID: 22595616 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/24/24/244106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The possible role of iron in neurodegeneration was studied by various techniques: electron microscopy, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Mössbauer spectroscopy, atomic absorption, ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging. The measurements were made on human tissues extracted from liver and from brain structures involved in diseases of the human brain: substantia nigra (Parkinson's, PD), hippocampal cortex (Alzheimer's, AD) and globus pallidus (progressive supranuclear palsy, PSP). The sizes of the iron cores of ferritin, the main iron storage compound in tissues, were found to be smaller in brain than in liver. Brain ferritin has a higher proportion of H to L chains compared to liver. A significant decrease of the concentration of L chains in PD compared to control was found. No increase in the concentration of iron in PD versus control was detected; however, there was an increase of labile iron, which constitutes only 2‰ of brain iron. In AD an increase in the concentration of ferritin was noticed, without a significant increase in iron concentration. In PSP an increase of total iron was observed. Our findings suggest that the mechanisms leading to the death of nerve cells in these three diseases may be different, although all may be related to iron mediated oxidative stress.
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Friedman A, Arosio P, Finazzi D, Koziorowski D, Galazka-Friedman J. Ferritin as an important player in neurodegeneration. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2011; 17:423-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2011.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2010] [Revised: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Sian-Hülsmann J, Mandel S, Youdim MBH, Riederer P. The relevance of iron in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease. J Neurochem 2011; 118:939-57. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.07132.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Wypijewska A, Galazka-Friedman J, Bauminger ER, Wszolek ZK, Schweitzer KJ, Dickson DW, Jaklewicz A, Elbaum D, Friedman A. Iron and reactive oxygen species activity in parkinsonian substantia nigra. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2010; 16:329-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2010.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2009] [Revised: 02/11/2010] [Accepted: 02/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Abstract
Iron is considered to be a possible trigger of oxidative stress leading to neurodegeneration. This mechanism of neuronal death is proposed as a cause of Parkinson disease. Although most of researchers agree with this, controversies remain regarding the amounts of iron needed for this process. According to non destructive methods of assessment of the concentration of the total iron in substantia nigra, there is no difference between PD and control. However there is no need for an increase of the total iron in parkinsonian SN to trigger the oxidative stress but only of the non-ferritin bound labile iron. Our recent studies suggest an increase of this iron in PD SN. This finding corresponds well to a decrease of L-ferritin concentration in parkinsonian SN and also to a difference of the size of iron core of ferritin between PD and control SN. The significance of these finding will be discussed.
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43
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44
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Que EL, Domaille DW, Chang CJ. Metals in neurobiology: probing their chemistry and biology with molecular imaging. Chem Rev 2008; 108:1517-49. [PMID: 18426241 DOI: 10.1021/cr078203u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1513] [Impact Index Per Article: 94.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily L Que
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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Gellein K, Flaten TP, Erikson KM, Aschner M, Syversen T. Leaching of trace elements from biological tissue by formalin fixation. Biol Trace Elem Res 2008; 121:221-5. [PMID: 17952381 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-007-8051-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2007] [Accepted: 09/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In studies of trace elements in biological tissue, it is imperative that sample handling does not substantially change element concentrations. In many cases, fresh tissue is not available for study, but formalin-fixed tissue is. Formalin fixation has the potential to leach elements from the tissue, but few studies have been published in this area. The concentrations of 19 elements were determined by high-resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in formalin in which human and rat brain samples had been stored for different time durations ranging from weeks up to several years. Additional analysis was carried out in fixed brain samples. There was substantial leaching of elements from the tissue into the formalin, and the leaching varied considerably between different elements. For example, formalin concentrations of As, Cd, Mg, Rb, and Sb increased more than 100-fold upon long-term (years) storage, while for Ni and Cr, the leaching was negligible. The degree of leaching was strongly time-dependent. In conclusion, formalin fixation and storage of biological tissue has the potential to leach substantial fractions of several trace elements from the tissue. The potential of leaching must be critically considered when using formalin-fixed biological tissue in trace metal analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Gellein
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Stankiewicz J, Panter SS, Neema M, Arora A, Batt CE, Bakshi R. Iron in chronic brain disorders: imaging and neurotherapeutic implications. Neurotherapeutics 2007; 4:371-86. [PMID: 17599703 PMCID: PMC1963417 DOI: 10.1016/j.nurt.2007.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is important for brain oxygen transport, electron transfer, neurotransmitter synthesis, and myelin production. Though iron deposition has been observed in the brain with normal aging, increased iron has also been shown in many chronic neurological disorders including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis. In vitro studies have demonstrated that excessive iron can lead to free radical production, which can promote neurotoxicity. However, the link between observed iron deposition and pathological processes underlying various diseases of the brain is not well understood. It is not known whether excessive in vivo iron directly contributes to tissue damage or is solely an epiphenomenon. In this article, we focus on the imaging of brain iron and the underlying physiology and metabolism relating to iron deposition. We conclude with a discussion of the potential implications of iron-related toxicity to neurotherapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Stankiewicz
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 02115 Boston, Massachusetts
| | - S. Scott Panter
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Veteran’s Administration Hospital, University of California, 94121 San Francisco, California
| | - Mohit Neema
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 02115 Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ashish Arora
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 02115 Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Courtney E. Batt
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 02115 Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rohit Bakshi
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 02115 Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 02115 Boston, Massachusetts
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Koziorowski D, Friedman A, Arosio P, Santambrogio P, Dziewulska D. ELISA reveals a difference in the structure of substantia nigra ferritin in Parkinson's disease and incidental Lewy body compared to control. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2007; 13:214-8. [PMID: 17275395 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2006.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2006] [Revised: 09/18/2006] [Accepted: 10/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Iron released from ferritin may trigger oxidative stress leading to progressive neurodegeneration of substantia nigra resulting in Parkinson's disease (PD). Change in the structure of ferritin may allow an easier efflux of iron. We compared with the use of ELISA the structure of ferritin (concentrations of H and L ferritins) in substantia nigra (SN) in ten cases of PD, six of incidental Lewy body (ILB) cases and 20 controls. SN concentration of L ferritin in ILB (50.6+/-11.5 ng/mg) and in PD (52.5+/-26.0) was lower than in control (97.9+/-54.9). H ferritin in PD (534.2+/-223.1) was higher than in ILB (336.9+/-87.7) and control (374.8+/-169.3). The decrease of L ferritin in SN in PD and ILB may suggest that the whole process of neurodegeneration starts with a higher availability of free iron, which is released from the ferritin shell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Koziorowski
- Department of Neurology, The Medical University in Warsaw, ul. Kondratowicza 8, 03-242 Warsaw, Poland
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Zareba M, Szewczyk G, Sarna T, Hong L, Simon JD, Henry MM, Burke JM. Effects of photodegradation on the physical and antioxidant properties of melanosomes isolated from retinal pigment epithelium. Photochem Photobiol 2007; 82:1024-9. [PMID: 17205626 DOI: 10.1562/2006-03-08-ra-836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Melanosomes of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) are relatively long-lived organelles that are theoretically susceptible to changes induced by exposure to visible light. Here melanosomes were isolated from porcine RPE cells and subjected to high intensity visible light to determine the effects of illumination on melanosome structure and on the content and antioxidant properties of melanin. As compared to untreated melanosomes, illuminated granules showed morphologic changes consistent with photodegradation, which included variable reductions in electron density demonstrated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and particle fragmentation and surface disruption revealed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy. Illuminated melanosomes had lower melanin content, indicated by measures of absorbance and electron spin resonance (ESR) signal intensity, and reduced ability to bind iron, shown by chemical and ESR analyses. Compared to untreated melanosomes, ESR-spin trapping analyses further indicated that illuminated melanosomes show increased photogeneration of superoxide anion and reduced ability to inhibit the iron ion-catalyzed free radical decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. It appears therefore that visible light irradiation can disrupt the structure of RPE melanosomes and reduce the amount and antioxidant properties of melanin. Some of these changes occur in human RPE melanosomes with aging and the results obtained here suggest that visible light irradiation is at least partly responsible. The consequence of light-induced changes in RPE melanosomes may be a diminished capacity of melanin to help protect aged cells from oxidative damage, perhaps increasing the risk of diseases with an oxidative stress component such as age-related macular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Zareba
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA
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Friedman A, Galazka-Friedman J, Bauminger ER. Iron as a trigger of neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2007; 83:493-505. [PMID: 18808930 DOI: 10.1016/s0072-9752(07)83023-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
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